Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Isolant moléculaire'
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Robert, Gaël. "Les nanotubes de carbone comme électrodes pour l'électronique moléculaire : connexion et étude de couches auto-assemblées et de molécules uniques." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112235.
Full textConnecting a small number of molecules is an ongoing challenge in molecular electronics. During this thesis work, we have used carbon nanotubes as electrodes in two distinct configurations. In the first one, a single-walled metallic nanotube is used to build a nanometer-sized metal/self assembled monolayer/metal junction. The case of an insulating SAM is compared to the one of a σ-π-σ system. The characteristics obtained in the first case allow determining the insulating molecular barrier parameters. In the second one, we obtain structured electrical characteristics. For this system, we propose a model where the transport is modulated via the highest occupied molecular orbital. When a semiconducting nanotube is used, the proposed device geometry enables studying the behaviour o a nanotube transistor where the insulating SAM is used as an ultra-thin gate dielectric. The realized devices display excellent switching performances. We underline the major role of the SAM dipole on the transistor modulation properties. In the second configuration, we have studied and optimized a chemical synthesis to make a high number of single-molecule junctions in solution where the single molecule is connected through covalent bonds to carbon nanotubes. After deposition, we characterize a single molecule of ethylenediamine connected by two single-walled nanotubes
Félix, Vincent. "Caractérisation thermique de matériaux isolants légers. Application à des aérogels de faible poids moléculaire." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL095N/document.
Full textThe issue of preserving energy raises a number of challenges to science, particularly its efficiency. The conception and characterization of new more efficient thermal insulating materials prove fundamental in this regard. Aerogels appear as serious candidates in this area, their manufacturing process provides extreme characteristics such as high porosity and low density for some of them. Thermal characterization of such materials is tricky, their low sensitivity to heat flux makes well-known methods difficult to implement. Through the study of low molecular weight aerogel samples designed by the LCPM a characterization method suitable to these samples has been developed by the LEMTA. This “three-layers” method offers the advantages of being robust and to overcome the knowledge of parameters that are difficult to reach in such cases. Describing and validating this method is the main object of this work. In addition, thermal conductivity measurements under vacuum have been processed which allowed a deeper understanding of the structure of aerogels. The results obtained this study open perspectives for the optimization of new solutions for thermal insulation
Rayssac, Olivier. "Étude du collage par adhésion moléculaire hydrophile : application au contrôle de l'énergie de collage." Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0163.
Full textHydrophilic wafer bonding allows to put in contact two surfaces and to lead, after annealing treatment, to the creation of hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds through the interface. This process is more and more used in microtechnologies and microelectronics, particularly to get SOI structures. The objective of this study was to find the conditions allowing to control the bonding energy of the obtained structures, that is to say either to increase the bonding energy (low temperature applications), either to decrease the bonding energy (high temperature applications). In this way, some characterisation methods have been developed in order to well-understand the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the bonded structures. Various surface treatments (wet treatments and dry treatments) and various layers (dielectric layers and conductive layers) have been used. We observed the influence of surface microroughness for the SiO2/SiO2 structures too. The increase of the surface microroughness value of each SiO2 surface up to 0. 63 nm RMS allowed to decrease the bonding energy at 1100ºC from 2. 1 J. M-2 to 0. 4 J. M-2. With these results, some tools have been realised to debond the obtained structures. These tools allowed to debond thin wafers (100 μrn) processed on their two sides. Only 2/3 of a 100 mm wafer surface has been debonded. Some improvements have to be brought for arriving at the total debonding of 100 mm and 150 mm wafers surfaces. So, this study highlights a possible diversification of the wafer bonding
Duffour, Emmanuel. "Interaction plasma-isolant. Applications au lanceurélectrothermique et à l'interaction SF6-polyéthylène." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011655.
Full textUne étude fondamentale de la dynamique moléculaire, basée sur l'utilisation des méthodes numériques particulières comme les intégrateurs symplétiques et l'exploitation des différents potentiels d'interactions existants (Morse, Lennard-Jones...), a abouti à deux modèles de polymère : le polyéthylène ou PE (CH2)n. Le premier modèle dit simplifié consiste à considérer un groupement CH2 comme un atome fictif de masse molaire 14g, tandis que le second plus complet traite la dynamique de l'atome d'hydrogène au sein de la macromolécule. Ces deux modèles sont utilsés, dans le cadre de ce travail, pour diverses interactions.
Par ailleurs, des mesures expérimentales de perte de masse des matériaux polymères qui interagissent avec un plasma, créé par l'explosion d'un fil de cuivre, sont exposées. Ces résultats sont corrélés par des calculs théoriques de thermodynamique qui montrent une différence de comportement des deux polymères testés : le polyéthylène et le polyoxyméthylène, POM ou Delrin (CH2O)n.
Aubert, Flavien. "Étude conjointe par calculs ab-initio et analyse de la densité électronique du composé moléculaire (EDO-TTF)₂-PF₆ présentant une transition métal-isolant." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S146.
Full textDuring this work, we have investigated, using DFT calculation and topological analysis of the electron density, the metal to insulator phase transition occuring in the organic compound (EDO-TTF)2PF6. This phase transition takes place at 278K but can also be photo-induced on pico-second time scale. It also exhibits many different aspects of phase transition : Peierls like instability, exotic 0 +1 +1 0 charge ordering of EDO-TTF tetramers and orientational ordering of PF6 ions. Using high and low temperature band structure as well as bond critical points analysis we could fit a tight-binding model to ab-initio calculations from which we have been able to find and characterize the charge density wave and propose a transition mechanism governed by coulombic interactions
Maleville, Christophe. "Étude de la réalisation de matériau silicium sur isolant (SOI) à partir du collage par adhésion moléculaire silicium sur oxyde (procédé Smart-Cut®)." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0142.
Full textThe SOI material allows many advantages in the field of low power and low voltage applications and then appears as the base substrate for future microelectronics devices. The new Smart-Cut® process for SOI material elaboration combines two basic technologies: hydrogen implantation and wafer bonding, which allows low cost and high volume production. This thesis deals with the cleaning step before bonding optimization, the high temperature annealing of the SOI structure and the SOI material properties. Formation mechanism of macroscopic defects occurring during splitting have been explained. Then, a cleaning sequence leading to macroscopic defect free structure could have been developed. A specific tool inducing multiple internal reflections for infrared spectroscopy analysis has been involved. Then, it has been possible to study the chemical evolution of the bonding interface in case of silicon to silicon bonding, silicon to thermal oxide bonding and silicon to implanted oxide bonding. The correlation between these microscopic results and the macroscopic characterization of the bonding energy has led to the understanding of wafer bonding mechanisms. The specificities of the high temperature annealing and of thermal oxidation of the SOI structure has been discussed. Then, the annealing step has been optimized and the SOI material obtained can match ULSI industry requirements
Allix, Florent. "Etude physico-chimique d’organogels et d’aérogels de faible poids moléculaire dérivés d’acides aminés." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL035N/document.
Full textThis work describes the synthesis and the gelation properties of new amino-acid-based low-molecular-weight derivatives in organic solvents as well as the development of the corresponding aerogels by supercritical CO2 drying. We have proved that in our case the presence of phenylalanine or leucine lateral chains were necessary for gelation. A solvent parameters study led us to define a favourable narrow h Hansen parameter domain for gelation including aromatic and chlorinated solvents. The use of several spectroscopy methods (IR, NMR, circular dihroism and fluorescence) allowed to settle the interactions accountable for gelation phenomenon. Hydrogen bonds enable the unidimensional stacking-up of gelator molecules; next, the stacking-up are associated through intercolumnar - stacking interactions. Monolithic aerogels were obtained. They display noteworthy properties among them an extremely low thermal conductivity under vacuum
Eydoux, Benoit. "Etude théorique de la réactivité de la reconstruction (2X2) de l'AIN(0001)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30137/document.
Full textThe use of individual molecular systems that can act as components with electronic or logical functions requires perfectly controlled interfaces. More precisely, the support on which these systems are deposited and the metal electrodes that allow to contact an individual molecule, are interfaces that require special care in preparation. The growth of two-dimensional (2d) islands of metals on a monocrystalline insulator allows to generate 2d nano-pads that can be used as electron reservoirs by minimizing surface leakage currents. Thus, it is essential to understand the growth modes of metal/insulating systems which are at present poorly known. This work aims at describing and explaining the growth of different metals on the surface of the polar AlN (0001), which is a large gap nitride compound, by calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). In a first step, a detailed description of the various surfaces of the aluminum nitride is presented. DFT calculations permit to rationalize the reconstructions according to the experimental conditions. The (2 x 2)-Nad reconstruction is discussed, since it was observed by atomic force microscopy. In a second step, the case of the deposit of gold atoms is tackled in connection with experimental results. DFT calculations give an overview of the mechanisms that lead to the stabilization of 2d islands on AlN. The adsorption of gold is accompanied, on the one hand, by a vertical charge transfer from the AlN substrate, which satisfies the electrostatic stability criterion for a polar material and, on the other hand, by horizontal charge transfers related to the local acid-base properties of the (2 x 2)-Nad reconstruction. Finally, calculations made on two other metals, magnesium and silver, are exposed. These results open the way to new strategies using polar substrates to develop metallic monolayers on insulating substrates
Dufour-Gergam, Elisabeth. "Delta-dopage de couches de silicium élaborées par épitaxie par jet moléculaire avec implantation d'ions sb de faible énergie : application à la réalisation de transistor à effet de champ à grille tungstène." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA112254.
Full textBeaudin, Guillaume. "Nouvelles technologies de fabrication associées aux composants photoniques hybrides." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1480.
Full textSon, Sébastien. "Organogels et aérogels obtenus à partir de phénylalanine : étude de l'organisation supramoléculaire et élaboration d'un nouveau type de super-isolant thermique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0004/document.
Full textSince 1973, France's main objective in this domain has been to reduce the consumption of energy in heating residential and industrial buildings, which represents more than 40% of the national consumption. Consequently, the development of heat insulators has been the subject of research which has resulted in new materials: super thermal insulators with a thermal conductivity of less than 25 mW.m-1.K-1. Organic aerogels with a low density of Z-Phe-NH-Napht have been studied at LCPM for the past 10 years. Despite their very weak mechanical resistance they present a fibrillar structure which gives them very interesting thermal properties. A fundamental study of the supermolecular self-assembly allowed us to demonstrate the existence of two stacking methods of gelling molecules: head-to-head (monocrystals) and head-to-tail (gels) which are characterized by a specific infrared signature to the pseudo-cycles respectively on C12 and C10/C14. In addition, we also studied the sequential formation mechanism of these gels which resulted in a full model of their molecular organization from the single molecule to the fiber and based on a hexagonal packing symmetry. In aim of commercializing an insulator made from organic aerogels, we firstly optimized the protocol for obtaining aerogels to then work on improving their thermal and mechanical properties. We created a new hydrophobic insulator which has both a thermal conductivity in the range of the super heat insulators' and good mechanical properties that are compatible with industrial prerequisites for the construction of buildings
Guiller, Alexandre. "Croissance épitaxiale d'oxydes fonctionnels sur silicium et caractérisation de couches minces d'oxydes de structure pérovskite." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S063.
Full textTwo complementary approaches to address the issues related to integrated circuits miniaturization were explored. The first one relates to high-κ materials as gate oxide: films of strontium titanate were grown on silicon by molecular beam epitaxy, using the stacking of a sacrificial Srontium barrier and a buffer layer. These strontium titanate films are of high crystalline quality and show very sharp interface with Silicon, the interfacial layer being only 5 Å thick. This template layer was very efficient for the epitaxial regrowth of other functional oxides, as exemplified in the case of the ferroelectrics. The second approach refers to the use of the Mott metal-insulator transition. A detailed study was carried out in the example of lanthanum titanate, a model material. The effect of growth parameters on the metal-insulator transition was examined in detail. The oxygen constant by substituting a fraction of Titanium by Hafnium: indeed, this doping successfully compensates the small drift in Ti valence related to a small additional oxygen excess
Mechouet, Mourad. "Fils moléculaires à base de polymère conducteur/cavité isolante : formation de polypseudorotaxanes." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077038.
Full textThe aim of this work is to obtain, in only one step by electrochemistry way a conductive polymer (type polyaniline) threaded by crow ethers, named pseudopolyrotaxane. This synthesis strategy is simple and innovative and permit to reduce 7i-stacking interactions between pseudopolyrotaxanes, whish makes the material gotten more soluble and processable (easy formatting). As first approach, we studied the physical-chemistry properties of two models molecules (4-aminodiphénylamine, 7V,7V-diphényl-l,4-phénylènediamine). These molecules are selected for their reversible redox properties and for there basic structure of polyaniline, and studied with and without various crown ethers of different structure. The aim is to put in evidence an interaction possibility between these molecules models and / or their redox products with the crown ethers. The obtained results indicate an existing affinity between molecules models and / or their electrogenerated products with every used crown ether, leading to stable inclusion complexe, even the molecule length is relatively large. This affinity depends on crown ether structure used and also on molecule model structure and it redox state. The obtaining pseudopolyrotaxane entity has been tempted with two irreversible redox monomers, whose structure are derivative from polyaniline (Aminobiphenyle, 4-aminodiphénylamine), in presence of crown ether 18C6. The gotten results indicate the possibility to prepare pseudopolyrotaxane based on polyaniline (neutral or protonated) and 18C6. Neutral or protoned, this material is stable and presents different physical-chemistry properties than corresponding free polyaniline
El, Ourzaz Lahcen. "Mesures diélectriques et caractérisation de matériaux moléculaires." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10064.
Full textMaurel, Philippe. "Interactions électrons-phonoms intra-moléculaires dans les systèmes unidimensionnels quart-remplis." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30019.
Full textTuikue, Ndam Nicaise Georges. "Paludisme chez la femme enceinte : caractérisation phénotypique et moléculaire des isolats de plasmodium falciparum associés." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05P636.
Full textThis work aimed at investigating phenotype and molecular features characterizing P. Falciparum parasites causing pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM). Msp1 and msp2 genotyping demonstrated much more homologenous populations in the different sampling sites within the host, than previously reported. The ability of fresh PAM isolates to bind chondroitin sulfate receptors appeared to represent an important risk factor for low birth weight occurence in the neonates; AOR = 5. 2[1. 1-25. 1]. High level of var2csa transcription was specifically observed in PAM parasites. Compared to anti-MSP-1 IgG response, anti-VAR2CSA IgG were shown to play a role in parasite clearance in the placenta. This work allowed to update knowledge on parasites causing pregnancy-associated malaria and strengthened the hope for making a potential protective vaccin against PAM
Amrous, Ania. "Etude d'auto-assemblages moléculaires sur surfaces isolantes par microscopie à force atomique en mode non-contact sous ultravide à température ambiante." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4368.
Full textIn this thesis, we report the results obtained with the growth of highly crystalline and stable supramolecular assemblies at room temperature on insulating surfaces of bulk alkali halides single crystals. The objective of this study is to structurally characterize these self-assembled networks and understand all the interaction forces involved in the growth and diffusion processes. This is performed by joint non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) experiments in ultrahigh vacuum and theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics. We show how well-defined parameters for the choice of the molecule on the one hand such as size, shape, symmetry, flexibility and functionality, and the choice of the substrate on the other hand, influence the morphology growth and serve to steer the structure and diffusion properties of such systems
Guzman, Barney Maria Monica. "Caractérisation biologique, sérologique et moléculaire des isolats du virus de la tristeza des agrumes en Corse." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28614.
Full textEmiliani, Stéphane. "Etude de la variabilité moléculaire du virus HIV-1 : caractérisation du virus HIV-1 GER, un nouvel isolat hautement replicatif." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON1T008.
Full textPujol, Adeline. "Conception et synthèse de molécules-modèles pour surfaces isolantes." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1988/.
Full textThe understanding of the behaviour, at atomic scale, of molecules on insulating surfaces is one of pre-requisites to devising molecular nanomachines with electrical addressing. But in these conditions, the interaction between organic molecules and surface is extremely weak, leading to the diffusion of species on surface at high speed and also to 3D clustering. The aim of this thesis has been to design and to synthesize molecules-models tuned to maximize their interaction with insulating surfaces like potassium bromide or sodium chloride. Then the behaviour of these molecules has been studied by non-contact atomic force microscopy. These molecules-models comprise: (a) a rigid aromatic or polyaromatic core like triphenylene and pentabenzocorannulene, compound for which several original synthetic strategies have been explored. (b) several anchoring groups used to increase the molecule - substrate interactions and to reduce the diffusion of species on surface. These groups are designed to interact with local partial charges of surface. Two types of anchoring groups have been developed: on the one hand, chemical functions with a strong polar moment and on the other hand, zwitterions. These anchoring groups are connected to the aromatic platform by alkyl chains. The relative flexibility brought to the system by alkyl chains, allows the anchoring groups to find the best sites on surface, the ones for which the molecule-substrate interaction is maximized
Thomas, Candice. "Strained HgTe/CdTe topological insulators, toward spintronic applications." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY090/document.
Full textWith graphene-like transport properties governed by massless Dirac fermions and a topological protection preventing from backscattering phenomena, topological insulators, characterized by an insulating bulk and conducting surfaces, are of main interest to build low power consumption electronic building-blocks of primary importance for future electronics.Indeed, the absence of disorder, the generation of dissipation-less spin-polarized current or even the possibility to generate pure spin current without magnetic materials are some of the promises of these new materials.The objective of this PhD thesis has been to experimentally demonstrate the eligibility of HgTe three dimensional topological insulator system for applications and especially for spintronics.To do so, strong efforts have been dedicated to the improvement of the growth process by molecular beam epitaxy.Chemical composition, strain, defect density and sharpness of the HgTe interfaces have been identified as the major parameters of study and improvement to ensure HgTe inverted band structure, bulk gap opening and to emphasize the resulting topological surface state electronic properties. Verification of the topological nature of this system has then been performed using low temperature magneto-transport measurements of Hall bars designed with various HgTe thicknesses. It is worth noting that the high desorption rate of Hg has made the nanofabrication process more complex and required the development of a low temperature process adapted to this constraint. While the thicker samples have evidenced very complex transport signatures that need to be further investigated and understood, the thickness reduction has led to the suppression of any additional contributions, such as bulk or even side surfaces, and the demonstration of quantum Hall effect with vanishing resistance. Consequently, we have managed to demonstrate direct evidences of Dirac fermions by temperature dependent analysis of the quantum Hall effect. The next step has been to use the topological properties and especially the locking predicted between momentum and spin to test the HgTe potential for spintronics. Spin pumping experiments have demonstrated the power of these topological structures for spin injection and detection. Moreover, the implementation of HgTe into simple p-n junction has also been investigated to realize a first spin-based logic element
Boulas, Christophe. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés isolantes de monocouches d'alkyltrichlorosilanes auto-assemblées sur substrat de silicium." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-420.pdf.
Full textNalin, Renaud. "Répartition dans un sol de bactéries du genre Frankia : caractérisation moléculaire des isolats et étude biochimique de leurs hopanoïdes." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10100.
Full textLink, Didier. "Etude de la variabilité moléculaire et du pouvoir pathogène d'isolats naturels du virus des nervures jaunes et nécrotiques de la betterave : caractérisation des protéines codées par les ARN-3 et -5 de différents isolats." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/LINK_Didier_2004.pdf.
Full textBased on the CP sequence, P25 variability at aa positions 67-70, and the presence of a fifth RNA, a new BNYVV classification into 5 groups has been proposed. The effect of the hypervariable sequence of P25 has been reproduced by mutagenesis and tested upon the biological properties of the infectious clone. We have demonstrated an important role of the hypervariable sequence upon dimerization of the P25 protein and the induced symptoms on plant leaves. A full-length cDNA clone of RNA-5 has been produced and the encoded P26 protein studied. P26 was located in the nuclear compartment of infected and transfected cells, by transmission electron microscopy and GFP fusion protein, respectively. A two-hybrid screen for viral and cellular partners revealed strong transcription activation activity located within the N-terminal part of the P26 protein. Such a domain was involved in the nuclear targeting of P26 protein. On the basis of our results and observations, we proposed a new evolutionary model for this multi-component positive-stranded RNA virus
Yengui, Mayssa. "Manipulation de molécules organiques sur couches ultra-minces semi-isolantes et plots métalliques pour la fabrication de circuits moléculaires." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112289/document.
Full textFor the fabrication of molecular circuitsThe overall objective of this thesis is to study the growth of individual cobalt silicide (CoSi2) dots combined with a semi-insulating hydrogenated silicon surface (Si(100):H) to create a controlled and suitable environment for the interconnection of functionalized molecules, the premises to molecular circuits. This study, related to the context of the bottom-up molecular electronics, is performed using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at low temperature (9 K) under ultrahigh vacuum. This thesis begins with the study of the adsorption of Co atoms on the surface of Si (100)-2x1 kept at low temperature (12 K). Our investigations have led us to observe, for the first time, adsorption sites that are either stable or metastable interstitial sites on the surface and/or subsurface. With electronically induced excitations, some of the Co adsorption sites have been modified or manipulated on the Si(100) surface. This preliminary study is followed by the growth of individual cobalt silicide dots on the Si(100) while their properties are investigated at low temperature (9 K). This allowed us to identify two different types of silicide dots of nanometric sizes whose metallic character is demonstrated while low Schottky barriers at the metal/semiconductor interface are identified. In a second step, we examined the properties of individual Co-TPP molecules and their interactions with the Si(100) and hydrogenated Si(100) surfaces. The STM topographies reveal various conformations with specific properties such as an intra-molecular bistable function, as well as surprising electronic properties that allow probing the physisorbed parts of the adsorbate. A third part of this thesis addresses the possibility of exploiting the intrinsic properties of the Si(100):H surface to create molecular bridges through successive coupling of dangling bonds created at the surface of Si(100):H. Tunnel spectroscopy measurements carried out on these structures exhibit unoccupied states orbitals, signature of the coupling between dangling bonds, whose energy depends on the orientation of the dangling bond lines across the hydrogenated surface. Finally, after checking that the hydrogenation process of the Si(100) surface does not disturb the metallic character of the CoSi2 dots, we used our knowledge gained in previous chapters. This allowed us to study, for the first time, the contact between molecules of Co-TPP and metal dots. With lateral manipulation techniques, the Co-TPP molecules have been displaced and contacted to metallic pads. The tunneling spectroscopy performed on different molecules shows, firstly, that depending on their orientation relative to the CoSi2 dot, the electronic structure of each molecule is modified in a specific manner. On the other hand, we observed that the conductance spectrum influences the gap of the associated molecule, indicating a signature of electron transport between the molecule and the metal pad. Taken together, these results open new extremely rich and promising perspectives for the realization of planar molecular circuit as a prototype for fundamental studies
Han, Haoxue. "Effect of phonon interference on the thermal conductivity and heat carriers." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC002.
Full textWave interference of phonons can modify the phonon spectrum and thereby the group velocity and phonon population. These wave interferences allow the flow of thermal energy to be manipulated by controlling the materials lattice thermal conductivity and using thermal mirrors to reflect thermal phonons.The technological application of the phonon interference in materials, such as enhanced thermoelectric energy conversion and improved thermal insulation,has thrusted the exploration for highly efficient wave interference materials. First, we provide a new approach to demonstrate that heat in solids can be manipulated like light. We precisely control the heat flow by the atomic-scale phononic metamaterial, which contains deliberate flaws in the crystalline atomic lattice,channeling the heat through different phonon paths. Destructive interference between heat waves following different paths leads to the total reflection of the heat current and thus to the remarkable reduction in the material ability to conduct heat. By exploiting this destructive phonon interference, we model a very counter-intuitive possibility of thermal transport: more heat flow is blocked by the opening of the additional phonon channels. Our thermal metamaterial is a good candidate for high-fi nesse atomic-scale heat mirrors. We provide an important further insight into the coherent control of phonons which can be applied both to sound and heat propagation.Secondly, we introduce a novel ultra-compact nanocapacitor of coherent phonons formed by high-finesse interference mirrors based on atomic-scale semiconducto rmetamaterials. Our molecular dynamics simulations show that the nanocapacitor stores monochromatic terahertz lattice waves, which can be used for phonon lasing - the emission of coherent phonons. Either one- or two-color phonon lasing can be realized depending on the geometry of the nanodevice. The two-color regime of the interference cavity originates from different incidence-angle dependence of phonon wave packet transmission for two wave polarizations at the respective antiresonances. Coherent phonon storage can be achieved by cooling the nanocapacitor initially thermalized at room temperature or by the pump-probe technique. The line width narrowing and the computed relative phonon participation number confirm strong phonon confinement in the interference cavity by an extremely small amount of resonance defects. The emission of coherent terahertz acoustic beams from the nanocapacitor can be realized by applying tunable reversible stress which shifts the antiresonance frequencies.Finally, we investigate the role of two-path destructive phonon interference induced by long-range interatomic forces on the thermal conductance and conductivityof a silicon-germanium alloy by atomistic calculations. The thermal conductance across a germanium atomic plane in the silicon lattice is substantially reduced by the destructive interference of the nearest-neighbour phononpath with a direct path bypassing the defect atoms. Such an interference causes a fivefold reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity in a SiGe alloy at room temperature. We demonstrate the predominant role of harmonic phonon interferences in governing the thermal conductivity of solids by suppressing the inelastic scattering processes at low temperature. Such interferences provide a harmonic resistive mechanism to explain and control heat conduction through the coherent behaviours of phonons in solids
Norwood, Eve-Anne. "Modifications moléculaires et fonctionnelles au cours du vieillissement des poudres d’isolats de protéines solubles (WPI)." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARB281/document.
Full textDuring dairy powder manufacture, precautionary measures are taken to ensure optimal technological functionalities regarding their use requirements. However, changes in structural and functional properties appear during storage. This project aimed understand the mechanisms of changes that occur during storage of whey protein isolate (WPI) powders. To do this, WPI powders were stored under controlled conditions (20°C, 40°C and 60°C for 15 months), and their structural and functional changes after rehydration were experimentally monitored at regular intervals. The results showed that ageing follows a specific path involving first protein lactosylation and then their aggregation in the dry state. In addition, this path was characterized by a catching up behaviour from the changes obtained at lower temperatures to those at highest temperatures. The impact of these structural changes on the functional properties was mixed:the results showed that the foaming and interfacial properties were only slightly affected, while the heat-induced aggregation properties were greatly modified. To minimize these storage-induced changes, several areas for improvement were followed, playing on either the powder particle size, or on lactose content whose role appeared to be crucial for the development of the Maillard reaction. The study showed that the difference in powder particle size had no influence on their ageing path while lowering the lactose concentration allowed to significantly reduce the extent of the storage-induced changes
Bjedov, Ivana. "Mécanismes moléculaires de la mutagenèse en phase stationnaire chez Escherichia coli." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066184.
Full textLagoute, Jérôme. "Images et fluctuations du courant sur surfaces métalliques et fils moléculaires adsorbés en microscopie à effet tunnel." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30068.
Full textSarre, Caroline. "Utilisation de la méthode Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) pour le typage moléculaire du genre Scedosporium : application à des isolats collectés chez des patients atteints de mucoviscidose." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P039.
Full textGessain, Antoine. "Virus HTLV-1 et paraparesie spastique tropicale. Un rétrovirus leucemogene associe a une maladie neurologique : épidémiologie, caractérisation des isolats viraux associes et aspects moléculaires." Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA077309.
Full textDiene, Seydina Mouhamadou. "Analyse génomique et moléculaire d'isolats cliniques de bactéries multi-résistantes aux antibiotiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5049.
Full textThe increase and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter (E.P.A) species have become a major concern worldwide. The hospital-acquired infections caused by MDR bacteria have led not only to an increase in mortality, morbidity, and cost of treatment, but also continue to endanger the life of patients, especially those immunocompromised. Although the frequent misuse of antibiotic drug has greatly contributed to worldwide dissemination and resistance to antibiotics; recent studies have shown that these resistance determinants could emerge from ancient or environmental sources. Front of this worldwide concern, several studies have been reported with significant recommendations to conduct molecular epidemiology, and genomic studies, in order to control the increase and the dissemination of the antibiotic resistance. Moreover, during these last 10 years, we are witnessing the emergence and development of new technologies of high throughput sequencing and coinciding with an exponential increase of number of bacterial genomes sequenced today. Therefore, it is in this context that the project of this thesis was conducted with three essential objectives: (i) the genome sequencing of clinical MDR bacteria, the analysis and the identification of the mechanisms and the genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance (ii) the achievement of molecular epidemiology studies from clinical MDR bacteria responsible of outbreak (iii) the development and implementation of molecular tools for monitoring and diagnosis of potential MDR bacteria
Bodin, Audrey. "Un dispositif de filtre en énergie couplé à un spectromètre de masse quadrupolaire pour le dépôt d'ions moléculaires sur des surfaces isolantes avec énergie contrôlée." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2224/.
Full textMolecular electronics is an alternative technology for nanoelectronics. It requires the conception of new equipments in order to deposit large and fragile molecules on insulating surfaces under ultra high vacuum (UHV). Keeping intact the deposited molecules is essential for the functionality of the fabricated devices. The most generally used deposition technique for molecules under UHV is thermal evaporation. However, this technique is often detrimental for fragile molecules. The development of less destructive deposition methods is therefore needed. An alternative technique is based on the use of a dedicated mass spectrometer. The commercial device used for our study is a Finnigan triple quadrupole mass spectrometer TSQ700 coupled to a multi-chamber equipment under UHV called " Dinamo " UHV Factory. To transform the TSQ700 in a low energy ion source, we studied the energy distribution of the ions at the exit of the analyzer by using the simulation software SIMION(r). This study revealed that the ion beam displays a high energy tail up to 1500 eV. The ion beam must then be filtered in energy in order to remove the high energy tail. To filter the ions in energy, we decided to add an electrostatic sector. The ion current measured at the output of electrostatic sector showed that the high-energy tail has been removed after this modification. The modified spectrometer was used to deposit CF3+ ions on a KBr(001) surface then characterized by Non-Contact Atomic Force Microscopy (NC-AFM) and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). KPFM observations are consistent with the presence of positive charges
Boulenc, Pierre. "Étude théorique d'interfaces pour l'épitaxie de l'aluminate de lanthane sur silicium." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Boulenc.pdf.
Full textMougari, Faïza. "Etude phénotypique et génotypique de la résistance à la clarithromycine chez Mycobacterium abscessus, de la caractérisation des isolats à la thérapeutique." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC062.
Full textThis work focuses on phenotypic and genotypic characterization of clarithromycin resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus. This nontuberculous mycobacteria is causing infections in patients with chronic lung diseases, especially cystic fibrosis, and extra-respiratory diseases usually in a iatrogenic context. M abscessus is extremely resistant to most available antibiotics with no standard effective treatment so far. First, we reviewed current literature for nontuberculous mycobacteria and M abscessus infections. We studied M abscessus genotyping by a semi-automated REP-PCR DiversiLab® and showed that each patient is infected by a different strain but a cystic fibrosis patient is infected by the same strain over time. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) study permits to distinguish subspecies of M abscessus. We studied clarithromycin resistance mechanisms for M abscessus with two approaches: one descriptive including clinical strains (we studied also resistance to other antibiotics especially amikacin, second important antibiotic), the other done through in vitro mutant selection. We described new resistance mechanisms. The majority of mutants and resistant clinical strains had mutations of 23S rRNA or in ribosomal proteins. Natural inducible resistance was due to erm(41) gene polymorphism. Knowledge of resistance mechanisms to clarithromycin and amikacin allowed us to develop a molecular diagnostic test prototype, with Hain LifeScience (GenoType NTM-DR). The clinical evaluation in our laboratory gave highly satisfactory results. This test is now commercially available. We have developed new tools for diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of M abscessus infection
Hinaut, Antoine. "Étude par microscopie à force atomique en mode non contact et par microscopie à sonde de Kelvin de dérivés du Triphénylène sur KBr(001) dans l'ultra vide." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1616/.
Full textImaging adsorbed molecules on insulating surfaces is one of the actual challenge for nanosciences and molecular electronic. An instrument of choice to obtain atomic resolution on insulating surfaces is the atomic force microscope working in the non contact mode (NC AFM). Recently, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) a technique able to measure electric properties of surfaces has been implemented to the NC AFM. This thesis belong to a research program aimed to image single molecule adsorbed on insulating surfaces. The final goal of his project is to connect the molecule to metallic electrodes, in order to built an electronic device based on a single molecule. A major difficulty is to immobilize the molecule. At room temperature, the diffusion barrier is indeed to high to allow molecule imaging. The KBr(001) surface has been chosen for the experiments for it's ease of preparation and the easiness to get atomic resolution in NC-AFM. Molecules imaged during this thesis were designed and synthesized in the laboratory in order to interact strongly with the surface by electrostatic interactions. They are based on a plane polyaromatic triphenylene core and equipped with six polar groups. The hexamethoxytriphenylene molecule equipped with six -O-CH3 groups were imaged in NC- AFM for different coverage rates. For high coverage, images are compared to the known crystal structures of the corresponding molecular crystal. The hexacyanopropyloxytriphenylene molecule equipped with six -O-C3H6CN groups was imaged in NC-AFM and KPFM for different coverage rates. Kelvin contrasts for different monolayers or KBr surface were obtained and are presented and discussed. Finally images of the controlled manipulation of the hexacyanopropyloxytriphenylene molecule on the KBr(001) surface are presented
Al, Bayssari Charbel. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de la résistance aux antibiotiques dans le bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5028.
Full textThe detection, monitoring and dissemination of bacterial resistance to antibiotics are a major issue worldwide since the discovery and spread of multi-resistant bacteria, in particular resistance to carbapenems, specifically among Enterobacteriaceae and bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter.The emergence and dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens is a significant contributor to patient morbidity and mortality. Despite radical efforts in infection control and improvements in molecular diagnostics, carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli remain a formidable threat as few antimicrobial agents are reliably active and very little is expected to be available in the near future.The origin and source of resistance genes in the world are not well known and recent works suggest that domestic and wild animals, the environment (soil, water, rivers ..) but also the digestive tract of mammals and humans could represent a reservoir and an important source of resistance genes that may be transmissible to humans.It is in this context that this thesis project articulates with the following objectives: (i) The achievement of molecular epidemiological studies on carbapenem-resistant clinical and animal isolates collected from countries in the Mediterranean basin (Lebanon, Libya, France) and the characterization of the genetic determinants of this resistance; (ii) the description of new resistance mechanisms to imipenem; and finally (iii) The genome sequencing of clinical isolates resistant to carbapenems, the analysis of these genomes and the identification of mechanisms and genetic supports of the resistance to carbapenems and other antibiotics
Limelette, Patrice. "Propriétés de transport de systèmes électroniques fortement corrélés." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003545.
Full textMathlouthi, Najla. "Déterminisme du support moléculaire et de l'épidémiologie de la résistance aux β-lactamines chez des bacilles à Gram négatif isolés dans des hôpitaux tunisiens et libyens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0079/document.
Full textThe increase and spread of β-lactam resistance in gram negative bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter (E.P.A) species have become a major concern worldwide. The hospital-acquired infections caused by MDR bacteria have led to an increase in mortality, morbidity and cost of treatment. The frequent misuse of antibiotic drug has greatly contributed to worldwide dissemination of antibiotics resistance. Front of this worldwide concern, and various recommendations, several epidemiological and molecular studies have been reported in order to control the spread and the dissemination of these MDR. Unlike many parts of the world, there is little information concerning the molecular characterization of the β-lactam resistance genes of Gram-negative bacilli isolated in Tunisia and especially in Libya. Therefore, it is in this context that the project of this thesis was conducted with essential objectives: (i) highlight the prevalence of multi-resistant Gram negative bacilli isolated in Tunisian and Libyan hospitals (ii) identify the genetic support of resistance to β-lactams of these clinical strains (iii) study the clonal diversity of the multi-resistant strains by molecular typing (iii) study the molecular epidemiology of these BMRs in these countries in order to control the decision-making process of the treatment and the rapid identification of epidemics by implementing appropriate control measures for the spread of infections and especially developing new tools and software for the diagnosis and monitoring of potential MDR bacteria in Mediterranean countries
Pestel-Caron, Martine. "Etude de la diversité génétique de souches humaines et environnementales de Mycobacterium avium à l'aide de trois méthodes génotypiques." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES006.
Full textViallet, Benoît. "Conception d'un amplificateur optique à 1,3 (micron)m : spectroscopie de couches minces de LaF3 dopé Nd3+ et développement de procédés technologiques innovants." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/21/.
Full textNd3+ ion is a potential candidate to realize an optical amplifier at 1. 3æm. A structure based on a thin layer of lanthanum trifluoride (LaF3) doped with neodymium (Nd3+) and including a tilted Bragg grating filter is proposed. Some spectroscopic parameters, such as the polarisation of 1. 3æm emission and the effects of Nd3+ concentration have been characterized. The proposed structure is inventive by some points, for exemple, the association of a polymer material to make passive optical functions and monocrystalline Nd3+: LaF3 as an active material. Generic technologies for the low cost fabrication of optical functions such nanoimprint lithography, poli-dicing, and surface treatments has been developed. The amplifier has been modelled and conditions to obtain a high gain and high efficiency have been defined
Berrazeg, Meryem. "Développement des nouveaux outils de surveillance de l'émergence des bactéries à Gram négatif multirésistantes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5028/document.
Full textThe increase and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter (E.P.A) species have become a major concern worldwide. The hospital-acquired infections caused by MDR bacteria have led not only to an increase in mortality, morbidity, and cost of treatment, but also continue to endanger the life of patients, especially those immunocompromised. Although, the frequent misuse of antibiotic drug has greatly contributed to worldwide dissemination of antibiotics resistance. Recent studies have shown that these resistance determinants could emerge from ancient or environmental sources. Front of this worldwide concern, and various recommendations, several epidemiological and molecular studies have been reported in order to control the spread and the dissemination of the antibiotic resistance. However, it is a priority to develop new tools for monitoring antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is in this context that the project of this thesis was conducted with two essential objectives: -The development and implementation of news tools and software for monitoring and diagnosis of potential MDR bacteria. -The achievement of molecular epidemiology studies from clinical MDR bacteria responsible of outbreak
Gosselin-Théberge, Maxime. "Campylobacter dans différents environnements aquatiques : quantification et génotypage afin de mieux évaluer les risques potentiels d’infection pour l’être humain." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13370.
Full textCampylobacter is a zoonotic pathogen that is responsible for the majority of cases of bacterial gastroenteritis. Among the numerous Campylobacter transmission routes including direct contact, food and water, poultry consumption has been recognized as the major route. A strong seasonal variation in campylobacteriosis cases exists for reasons that are not well understood; environmental water is suspected to be involved. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Southeastern region of Quebec (Canada), wherein Campylobacter from different waters (drinking water source, recreational and sewage) and clinical sources was quantified and genotyped in order to evaluate the potential risks posed by environmental water. Several real-time PCR assays were compared for specific application to environmental water: two were selected for their specificity and sensitivity of quantification. Standard curves were calibrated using digital PCR to accurately determine concentrations. Campylobacter isolates from clinical and water sources were genetically compared using CGF (comparative genomic fingerprinting). Sewage waters showed the highest Campylobacter concentrations, while drinking water source and recreational waters showed the lowest (average of 3.9Log, 1.7Log and 1.0Log cells/L, respectively). CGF revealed that 6% of water isolates were genetically similar (100% homology) to clinical isolates. Summer cases of campylobacteriosis revealed isolates showing more genetic similarities with environmental water isolates compared to other seasons (p<0.01). The low Campylobacter concentrations and genetic similarities between water and clinical isolates from the same region, suggests that these environmental waters pose a real, but low risk of transmission.