Relevant bibliographies by topics / Isolated electrons

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Isolated electrons'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Isolated electrons"

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MISHRA, M. K., and A. PHUKAN. "Electron heating in a multi-dipole plasma by electrostatic plugging." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 2 (2012): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377812000815.

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AbstractThe effect of the electrostatic confinement potential on electron number densities and electron temperatures under bi-Maxwellian approximation for electron distribution function has been studied in an electrostatically plugged multi-dipole argon plasma system. Electrostatic plugging is implemented by biasing the electrically isolated multi-dipole magnetic cage. Experimental results show that the density ratio (N) and temperature ratio (T) of the two electron groups can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the magnetic cage. Out of the two groups of electrons, one group has the cold electrons, which are plasma electrons produced by the ionization process, and the other group has the hot primary electrons.
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Dewi, Herlina Arianita, Fanben Meng, Barindra Sana, et al. "Investigation of electron transfer from isolated spinach thylakoids to indium tin oxide." RSC Adv. 4, no. 90 (2014): 48815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07070d.

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Bowen, Kit. "Interactions of electrons with isolated biomolecules." Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2, no. 4 (2006): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.086.

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Izmailov, A. F., and A. R. Kessel’. "Solution of the problem of indirect interaction of localized magnetic moments through conduction electrons using the s–d exchange model." Soviet Journal of Low Temperature Physics 14, no. 3 (1988): 158–62. https://doi.org/10.1063/10.0031894.

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The path integration over the Grassmann algebra corresponding to the Fermi fields of conduction s-electrons has been used to obtain an exact expression for the effective Hamiltonian of localized d-electrons interacting with s-electrons in the s–d exchange model. In the weak magnetic field limit, the single- and double-spin terms of the effective Hamiltonian are isolated. The first of these contains static magnetization, while the second contains the indirect electron interaction potential.
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Boyd, John K. "Electron Spin Transition Solution Applicable to an Ensemble of Isolated Electrons." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 139, no. 1 (1999): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmre.1999.1770.

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Hirano, Shin-ichi, Sota Ihara, Satoshi Wakai, et al. "Novel Methanobacterium Strain Induces Severe Corrosion by Retrieving Electrons from Fe0 under a Freshwater Environment." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (2022): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020270.

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Methanogens capable of accepting electrons from Fe0 cause severe corrosion in anoxic conditions. In previous studies, all iron-corrosive methanogenic isolates were obtained from marine environments. However, the presence of methanogens with corrosion ability using Fe0 as an electron donor and their contribution to corrosion in freshwater systems is unknown. Therefore, to understand the role of methanogens in corrosion under anoxic conditions in a freshwater environment, we investigated the corrosion activities of methanogens in samples collected from groundwater and rivers. We enriched microorganisms that can grow with CO2/NaHCO3 and Fe0 as the sole carbon source and electron donor, respectively, in ground freshwater. Methanobacterium sp. TO1, which induces iron corrosion, was isolated from freshwater. Electrochemical analysis revealed that strain TO1 can uptake electrons from the cathode at lower than −0.61 V vs SHE and has a redox-active component with electrochemical potential different from those of other previously reported methanogens with extracellular electron transfer ability. This study indicated the corrosion risk by methanogens capable of taking up electrons from Fe0 in anoxic freshwater environments and the necessity of understanding the corrosion mechanism to contribute to risk diagnosis.
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Aksnes, A., J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, et al. "Instantaneous ionospheric global conductance maps during an isolated substorm." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 8 (2002): 1181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1181-2002.

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Abstract. Data from the Polar Ionospheric X-ray Imager (PIXIE) and the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) on board the Polar satellite have been used to provide instantaneous global conductance maps. In this study, we focus on an isolated substorm event occurring on 31 July 1997. From the PIXIE and the UVI measurements, the energy spectrum of the precipitating electrons can be derived. By using a model of the upper atmosphere, the resulting conductivity values are generated. We present global maps of how the 5 min time-averaged height-integrated Hall and Pedersen conductivities vary every 15 min during this isolated substorm. The method presented here enables us to study the time development of the conductivities, with a spatial resolution of ~ 700 km. During the substorm, a single region of enhanced Hall conductance is observed. The Hall conductance maximum remains situated between latitudes 64 and 70 corrected geomagnetic (CGM) degrees and moves eastward. The strongest conductances are observed in the pre-midnight sector at the start of the substorm expansion. Toward the end of the substorm expansion and into the recovery phase, we find the Hall conductance maximum in the dawn region. We also observe that the Hall to Pedersen conductance ratio for the regions of maximum Hall conductance is increasing throughout the event, indicating a hardening of the electron spectrum. By combining PIXIE and UVI measurements with an assumed energy distribution, we can cover the whole electron energy range responsible for the conductances. Electrons with energies contributing most to the Pedersen conductance are well covered by UVI while PIXIE captures the high energetic component of the precipitating electrons affecting the Hall conductance. Most statistical conductance models have derived conductivities from electron precipitation data below approximately 30 keV. Since the intensity of the shortest UVI-wavelengths (LBHS) decreases significantly at higher electron energies, the UVI electron energy range is more or less comparable with the energy ranges of the statistical models. By calculating the conductivities from combined PIXIE and UVI measurements to compare with the conductivities from using UVI data only, we observe significant differences in the Hall conductance. The greatest differences are observed in the early evening and the late morning sector. We therefore suggest that the existing statistical models underestimate the Hall conductance.Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere, particle precipitation) – Magnetospheric physics (storms and substorms)
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CARLI, TANCREDI, DOMINIK DANNHEIM, and LORENZO BELLAGAMBA. "EVENTS WITH ISOLATED CHARGED LEPTONS AND LARGE MISSING TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM AT HERA." Modern Physics Letters A 19, no. 25 (2004): 1881–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732304015142.

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Striking events with isolated charged leptons, large missing transverse momentum and large transverse momentum of the hadronic final state [Formula: see text] were observed at the electron proton collider HERA in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 130 pb-1. The H1 collaboration observed 11 events with isolated electrons or muons and with [Formula: see text]. Only 3.4±0.6 events were expected from Standard Model (SM) processes. Six of these events have [Formula: see text], while 1.3±0.3 events were expected. The ZEUS collaboration observed good agreement with the SM. However, ZEUS found two events with a similar event topology, but tau leptons instead of electrons or muons in the final state. Only 0.2±0.05 events were expected from SM processes. For various hypotheses, the compatibility of the experimental results was investigated with respect to the SM and with respect to possible explanations beyond the SM. Prospects for the high-luminosity HERA-II data taking period are given.
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Arif, K., M. T. Meftah, K. Chenini, S. Douis, Y. Ben Nana, and H. Gossa. "Contribution of Liénard–Wiechert potential to the broadening of spectral lines by electron collisions in plasmas." Physics of Plasmas 29, no. 9 (2022): 093303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0085698.

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In this work, we have calculated the relativistic collision operator representing the line broadening, by collision with free electrons, of isolated lines emitted by hydrogen-like ions (Ly- α line [Formula: see text]) of hydrogenic ions FeXXVI, CrXXIV, and CoXXVII in the temperature range of [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] and electron densities of 1021 to [Formula: see text]. To accomplish this task, we have considered the fine structure of these ions and taking into account the relativistic effects related to the free electrons. Specifically, two relativistic effects are considered: the electric field of Liénard–Wiechert, created by the free electron at the emitter ion, and the modification of the hyperbolic trajectory due to the dependent mass on the free electron velocity. The average over the velocities of the free electrons is accomplished by using the Maxwell–Juttner distribution, which is more adequate for the fast (relativistic) electrons. The results are compared to the classical case (when the electric field is the Coulomb's field) to Doppler broadening and to some experimental results (K. Koyama and M. G. Haines) available in the literature. It turns out that, at high temperatures and high densities, the Stark broadening by the relativistic electrons overcomes the Doppler broadening.
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DESFRANÇOIS, CHARLES, HASSAN ABDOUL-CARIME, and JEAN-PIERRE SCHERMANN. "GROUND-STATE DIPOLE-BOUND ANIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 10, no. 12 (1996): 1339–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979296000520.

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Ground-state dipole-bound anions are fragile molecular species which excess electrons are almost entirely located in a very diffuse orbital outside the molecular frame. They can be created by attachment of very low energy electrons to polar molecules or small clusters which dipole moments are larger than a practical critical value of 2.5 D. They present analogies with Rydberg atoms and their geometrical structures are nearly identical to those of their neutral parents. Experimentally, dipole-binding of electrons to polar systems is a non-perturbative and reversible ionization process, in contrast with conventional valence-binding. Examples of applications such as mass-spectrometric isomer selection of clusters or determination of electron attachment properties of isolated nucleic acid bases are given.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Isolated electrons"

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DI, MATTEO LEONARDO. "CMS ECAL intercalibration with electrons from W and Z decays and Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the H > WW > lvqq channel with the CMS detector." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/41813.

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The usage of isolated electrons from W and Z leptonic decays for the intercalibration of the CMS ECAL single channel response is described. The statistics of 5 fb−1, collected at LHC in 2011 at sqrt(s)=7 TeV, allowed to reach a statistical precision of about 1% in the central part of the ECAL barrel and about 4% in the ECAL endcaps. The results obtained with this method are combined with others, and the impact on the Higgs to di-photon search is shown. Subsequently, the thesis describes the search strategy for the Higgs boson in the H > WW > lvqq final state. The results are based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 17 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions accumulated during the 2011-2012 LHC run. The standard model Higgs boson is excluded at 95% confidence level in the mass ranges [215 − 490] + [525 − 600] GeV.
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Simpson, Edward Thomas. "Electron holography of isolated and interacting magnetic nanocrystals." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252128.

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Fuller, G. W. "Electron microscopy and image analysis of isolated myosin filaments." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38322.

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Archer, Anthony D. "Spectroscopic studies of field-induced electron emission from isolated microstructures." Thesis, Aston University, 1992. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/8241/.

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A detailed investigation has been undertaken into the field induced electron emission (FIEE) mechanism that occurs at microscopically localised `sites' on uncoated and dielectric coated metallic electrodes. These processes have been investigated using two dedicated experimental systems that were developed for this study. The first is a novel combined photo/field emission microscope, which employs a UV source to stimulate photo-electrons from the sample surface in order to generate a topographical image. This system utilises an electrostatic lens column to provide identical optical properties under the different operating conditions required for purely topographical and combined photo/field imaging. The system has been demonstrated to have a resolution approaching 1m. Emission images have been obtained from carbon emission sites using this system to reveal that emission may occur from the edge triple junction or from the bulk of the carbon particle. An existing UHV electron spectrometer has been extensively rebuilt to incorporate a computer control and data acquisition system, improved sample handling and manipulation and a specimen heating stage. Details are given of a comprehensive study into the effects of sample heating on the emission process under conditions of both bulk and transient heating. Similar studies were also performed under conditions of both zero and high applied field. These show that the properties of emission sites are strongly temperature and field dependent thus indicating that the emission process is `non-metallic' in nature. The results have been shown to be consistent with an existing hot electron emission model.
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McKinley, A. J. "A study of matrix isolated ions by electron spin resonance spectroscopy." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9393.

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The objective of this project was to attempt to trap small molecular ions in an argon matrix and study the structure of these ions using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. To this end an apparatus designed for matrix isolation ESR was developed in a number of stages concurrently with matrix isolation experiments. Early experiments used conventional electron impact ion sources but these sources were found to be unsuitable for producing ions to trap in an argon matrix due to the energy of the ions. In these experiments problems arose due to contamination of the matrix by methyl radicals and hydrogen and nitrogen atoms which obscured the spectral range of interest that is around g = 2. Vacuum ultra-violet photolysis was used to produce ions and was found to be successful. The molecular ion NH₃⁺ has been trapped in an argon matrix at 14K by photo-ionisation of an NH₃/Ar mixture during deposition. The NH₃⁺ cation has been found to be rigidly trapped in the argon matrix and exhibits a powder-type ESR spectrum. The derived magnetic parameters agree well with those obtained by other workers in different matrices. A strong reversible temperature dependence of the linewidth of the NH₃⁺ spectrum has been observed. Argon resonance photolysis of methyl iodide and methyl bromide argon mixtures during deposition was found to produce free methyl radicals in addition to methyl radicals interacting weakly with a high spin nucleus or nuclei. These species have been tentatively assigned on chemical evidence as CH3̇ ⋯ and CH3̇ ⋯ Br- respectively. The complexity of the spectra resulted in complete solution not being possible.
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York, Jr John Benson. "An Isolated Micro-Converter for Next-Generation Photovoltaic Infrastructure." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19326.

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Photovoltaic (PV) systems are a rapidly growing segment in the renewable energy industry.  Though they have humble origins and an uncertain future, the commercial viability of PV has significantly increased, especially in the past decade.  In order to make PV useful, however, significant effort has to go into the power conditioning systems that take the low-voltage dc from the panel and create utility compatible ac output.  Popular architectures for this process include the centralized inverter and the distributed micro-inverter, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.  One attempt to retain the advantages of both architectures is to centralize the inverter function but construct PV panel-level micro-converters which optimize the panel output and condition the power for the inverter.  The main focus of this work is to explore the technical challenges that face the evolution of the dc-dc micro-converter and to use them as a template for a vertically integrated design procedure. <br /><br />The individual chapters focus on different levels of the process:  topology, modulation and control, transient mitigation, and steady-state optimization.  Chapter 2 introduces a new dc-dc topology, the Integrated Boost Resonant (IBR) converter, born out of the natural design requirements for the micro-converter, such as high CEC efficiency, simple structure, and inherent Galvanic isolation.  The circuit is a combination of a traditional PWM boost converter and a discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), series resonant circuit.  The DCM operation of the high-frequency transformer possesses much lower circulating energy when compared to the traditional CCM behavior.  When combined with  zero-current-switching (ZCS) for the output diode, it results in a circuit with a high weighted efficiency of 96.8%.  Chapter 3 improves upon that topology by adding an optimized modulation scheme to the control strategy.  This improves the power stage efficiency at nominal input and enhances the available operating range.  The new, hybrid-frequency method utilizes areas where the modulator operates in constant-on, constant-off, and fixed-frequency conditions depending on duty cycle, the resonant period length, and the desired input range.  The method extends the operating range as wide as 12-48V and improves the CEC efficiency to 97.2% in the 250-W prototype.  Chapter 4 considers the soft-start of the proposed system, which can have a very large capacitive load from the inverter.  A new capacitor-transient limited (CTL) soft-start method senses the ac transient across the resonant capacitor, prematurely ending the lower switch on-time in order to prevent an excessive current spike.  A prototype design is then applied to the IBR system, allowing safe system startup with a range of capacitive loads from 2μF to 500μF and a consistent peak current without the need for current sensing.  Chapter 5 further investigates the impact of voltage ripple on the PV output power.  A new method for analyzing the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) efficiency is proposed based on panel-derived models.  From the panel model, an expression demonstrating the MPPT efficiency is derived, along with a ripple â "budgetâ " for the harmonic sources.  These ripple sources are then analyzed and suggestions for controlling their contributions are proposed that enable circuit designers to make informed and cost-effective design decisions.  Chapter 6 illustrates how results from a previous iteration can provide a basis for the next generation\'s design.  A zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) version of the circuit in Chapter 2 is proposed, requiring only two additional MOSFETs and one inductor on the low-voltage side.  The maximum switching frequency is then increased from 70kHz to 170kHz, allowing for a 46% reduction in converter volume (from 430cm3 to 230cm3) while retaining greater than 97% weighted efficiency.<br /><br>Ph. D.
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Stetler, Fredrik. "Isolated magnetic field structures in the Saturn magnetosphere." Thesis, KTH, Rymd- och plasmafysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214821.

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This report’s primary focus is to use the data gathered by the Cassini satellite and analyzeits magnetic field data around Saturn. By looking for isolated changes in magneticfield values locations of potential plasmoids can be determined and examined. Theseso called plasmoids are pockets of higher density plasma ,associated with an increaseor decrease of the magnetic field strength, inside the magnetosheath, which may be importantfor the interaction between the solar wind plasma and the magnetosphere. Thestudy has been made over 7 years, from the beginning of 2010 to the end of 2016. Duringthis period a number of magnetic field structures have been found and documentedin this report, along with analyzing some of their properties such as their width andmagnetic field strength.<br>Denna rapports primära fokus är att använda data insamlad av Cassini satelliten ochanalysera dess magnetiska fältdata runt Saturnus. Genom att titta efter isolerade förändringari magnetiska fältvärdena går det att lokalisera och examinera potentiella plasmoider.Dessa så kallade plasmoider är fickor med högre densitet av plasma, associerademed en ökning eller minskning av magnetisk fältdata, inne i magnetoskiktet, vilket kanvara viktigt för interaktionen mellan solvindens plasma och magnetosfären. Studien hargjorts över 7 års tid, från början av 2010 till slutet av 2016. Under denna period harett antal magnetiska fältstrukturer hittats och dokumenterats i denna rapport, genom attanalysera några av deras egenskaper så som deras bredd och magnetisk fältstyrka.
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Jayanty, Vivi. "Miniaturized electron-impact-ionization pumps using double-gated isolated vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75659.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-71).<br>There is a need for microscale vacuum pumps that can be readily integrated with other MEMS and electronic components at the chip-scale level. Miniaturized ion pumps exhibit favorable scaling down because they are surface-limited and miniaturization increases the ratio between the active surface and the chamber volume, resulting in enhanced ionization and pump rates. Therefore, scaled-down ion pumps are a promising choice for a variety of applications including portable mass spectrometers and sub-mm wavelength vacuum amplifiers. Our micropump architecture consist of a field-emission electron source that is an array of double-gated isolated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs), an electronimpact- ionization region, and a non-evaporative ion-implantation getter. Single-gated VA-CNT FEAs were tested as field emitters in high vacuum (10-9 Torr). The current density of the tested device is ~0.5A/cm2 (total current of 0.4mA) and a field enhancement factor of 1.41 x106 V/cm was measured, which is comparable to the simulation results by COMSOL. Two ways to fabricate double-gated VA-CNT FEAs were reported: one has the focus gate in plane with the extractor gate and the other has the focus gate above the extractor gate. Due to problems on fabrication process of double-gated VA-CNTs (short circuit between emitters, extractor gate, and focus gate), we were not able to collect four-terminal measurement, electron-impact-ionization, and pump data. However, procedure on how to collect and analyze field emission data with two gates to find [beta]G and [beta]F was described. In addition, procedures on how to collect and analyze data on electron impact ionization pump were also presented.<br>by Vivi Jayanty.<br>S.M.
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Monzon, Eric V. "Seismic response of isolated bridge superstructure to incoherent ground motions." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1438943.

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Murdoch, Fiona. "Evaluation of a manganese oxidising bacterium isolated from an upland water source." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311781.

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Books on the topic "Isolated electrons"

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Joshua, Jortner, Bixon M, Prigogine I, and Rice Stuart Alan 1932-, eds. Electron transfer- from isolated molecules to biomolecules. J. Wiley, 1999.

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Archer, Anthony David. Spectroscopic studies of field-induced electron emission from isolated microstructures. Aston University. Department of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics, 1992.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Implementing direct, spatially isolated problems on transputer networks. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Pontifex, Gregory H. A combined scanning tunnelling microscopy and electron microscopy study of metal electrodeposits isolated from anodic aluminum oxide films and silver colloid particles isolated from a hydrosol. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1991.

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Burrow, I. J. OSCADY: A computer program to model capacities, queues and delays at isolated traffic signal junctions. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 1987.

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Burrow, I. J. OSCADY: A computer program to model capacities, queues and delays at isolated traffic signal junctions. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Traffic Group Traffic Management Division, 1987.

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Al-Amri, Wafa M. Investigation of the structure of photosystem 1 isolated from the chloroplast of higher plants and microalgae: Purification, characterisation and electron microscopy. UMIST, 1998.

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Jortner, Joshua, Ilya Prigogine, Stuart A. Rice, and M. Bixon. Electron Transfer: From Isolated Molecules to Biomolecules, Part 1. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2009.

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Jortner, Joshua, Ilya Prigogine, Stuart A. Rice, and M. Bixon. Electron Transfer: From Isolated Molecules to Biomolecules, Volume 106, Part 1. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2007.

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Advances in Chemical Physics, Electron Transfer--From Isolated Molecules to Biomolecules. Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited, John, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Isolated electrons"

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Takabe, Hideaki. "Atomic Process in Plasmas." In Springer Series in Plasma Science and Technology. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45473-8_5.

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AbstractWhen a high-intensity laser is irradiated onto a solid gold (Z = 79), half of the electrons is partially ionized. The multi-electron structure of such ions is not obvious. Quantum mechanics of multi-electron systems and calculations of ionization statistics are required. In this chapter, the electrons in the ion are approximated to be bound in a spherically symmetric mean field, and the isolated atom is studied.The Hartree-Hock (HF) equation, which accurately describes atoms in many-electron systems, can be solved, but it is a daunting task. For this purpose, simple but error-prone approximations have been used, such as the HULLAC and OPAL codes, which use the para-potential method instead of a rigorous description of the HF. It is an intuitive and easy-to-understand approximation.Once the quantum state of the bound electrons can be calculated, the statistical distribution of ionization can be obtained by solving the Saha equation for thermal equilibrium. The threshold of ionization (continuum lowering) is determined. The calculation of such an ionic structure is presented. Due to the high temperature of the plasma, interaction with thermal radiation and free electrons cause excitation, ionization, and the reverse process. Calculations of these processes will be presented.Applications of the rate equations will be explained. In the recently introduced X-ray laser (XFEL) heating, free electrons are also non-equilibrium (non-Maxwellian). This chapter begins with a review of hydrogen and helium atoms, and then introduces the topics of atomic physics and processes from the laboratory to the universe.
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Wang, Y. J., B. D. McCombe, and W. Schaff. "Isolated Impurities, Impurity Bands and the Metal-Insulator Transition in Modulation-Doped Multiple-Quantum-Well Structures in Magnetic Fields." In Localization and Confinement of Electrons in Semiconductors. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84272-6_33.

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Mallik, Ayan, and Saikat Dey. "Isolated Power Electronic Converters." In Synthesis Lectures on Power Electronics. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-81576-8_1.

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Batarseh, Issa, and Ahmad Harb. "Isolated Switch-Mode DC-DC Converters." In Power Electronics. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68366-9_5.

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Thiele, Stefan. "Single Electron Transistor." In Read-Out and Coherent Manipulation of an Isolated Nuclear Spin. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24058-9_2.

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Naidu, S. Raghuram. "Isolated DC-DC Converters." In Understanding Power Electronics via Simulations. River Publishers, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003658658-7.

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Batarseh, Issa, and Ahmad Harb. "Non-isolated Switch Mode DC-DC Converters." In Power Electronics. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68366-9_4.

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Herper, Heike C., Barbara Brena, Carla Puglia, et al. "Electronic Structure of Isolated Molecules." In SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3719-6_4.

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Naidu, S. Raghuram. "Non-isolated DC—DC Converters." In Understanding Power Electronics via Simulations. River Publishers, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003658658-6.

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Warley, Alice. "X-Ray Microanalysis of Freshly Isolated Cells in Suspension." In Electron Probe Microanalysis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74477-8_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Isolated electrons"

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Franklin, M. J., D. E. Nivens, M. W. Mittelman, et al. "An Analogue Mic System with Specific Bacterial Consortia, to Test Effectiveness of Materials Selection and Countermeasures." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89513.

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Abstract ABSTRACT A standardized system has been established wherein microbes were recovered from specific sites (waters, sediments, slimes, tubercles) and at least six physiologically different groups of microbes were characterized and identified. These organisms were selected for properties known to be associated with microbial influenced corrosion (MIC), such as slime formation, acid production, sulfate reduction, iron chelation and precipitation, and hydrogen utilization. The organisms were characterized by their fatty acid composition. Coupons of the test material were embedded in epoxy, and utilized as working electrodes. The sterilizable test system was designed to contain multiple working electrodes, a titanium counter electrode, and a salt bridge designed to hold a standard calomel electrode. After sterilization, site water, or its surrogate enriched with dilute microbiological medium, was introduced into the system, and inoculated with a mixture of the isolated microbes. The polarization resistance (Rp) and open circuit potential (OCP) were compared to sterile controls, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical noise (ECN). Throughout the test, test metals were recovered, and the microbial community composition and metabolic activity of the organisms on the metal surface were determined. Biomass was determined by direct count of stained microbes, and by the total ester-linked fatty acids. Community composition was determined by plating and counting colony forming units (CFU's). Isolates were identified by morphologic properties, and by analysis of the polar lipids using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Microbial biofilm metabolic activity was determined with labeled acetate incorporation into the lipids. Biofilm microbial morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). in this report, the test system was used to examine the effects of sublethal and lethal exposure to hypochlorite an bacteria, which induced tubercles on carbon steel samples.
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Videla, H. A., S. G. Gómez. de Saravia, M. F. L. de Mele, and P. S. Guiamet. "Bioelectrochemical Assessment of Biofilm Effects on MIC of Two Different Steels of Industrial Interest." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90123.

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Abstract SAE 1020 and X-60 steel samples were assayed in laboratory experiments against two different microbial strains isolated from cutting-oil emulsions: Pseudomonas fluorescens and Desulfovibrio vulgaris to evaluate their resistance to microbial attack. Several electrodes were immersed during different periods of time either in a Pseudomonas fluorescens or in a Desulfovibrio vulgaris pure culture and in a mixed culture of Pseudomonas fluorescens + Desulfovibrio vulgaris. The relationship between the corrosive attack and bacterial biofilms was assessed in each case by using electrochemical experiments complemented with scanning electron microscopy observation of the samples.
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Cryan, James. "Probing Ultrafast Electron Dynamics with Attosecond X-ray Free Electron Lasers." In Laser Science. Optica Publishing Group, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1364/ls.2023.lm6f.1.

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Free Electron Lasers (FELs) are a source of intense ultrashort x-ray pulses. Recent efforts across several facilities seeks to provide isolated, sub-femtosecond pulses. This enables time-resolved measurements of electron dynamics on their natural timescale.
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Al-Humam, Abdulmohsen A., Tony Y. Rizk, Jan A. Sunner, and Iwona B. Beech. "Effects of Nitrate on Bacterial Communities in an Oil Field Environment." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10249.

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Abstract The study aimed to determine whether nitrate-utilizing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) thrive in the Hawtah oil field produced water re-injection system (PWRI). Bacterial populations were recovered through enrichments in selective growth media from samples collected at different locations in PWRI. Characterization of purified Hawtah field SRB isolates using 16S rRNA gene-based phylogeny, revealed the presence of an isolate, coded DD-H SRB, showing a high 16S rRNA sequence similarity (99%) with Desulfovibrio desulfuricans spp. desulfuricans. The change from sulfate to nitrate reduction was tested using the DD-H SRB isolate and a “wild” Hawtah SRB enrichment in the laboratory batch culture experiments. Control culture comprised a tri-species mixture of pure Desulfovibrio strains. Both, the DD-H SRB isolate and the control SRB culture, when exposed to a gradually decreasing concentration of sulfate and a concurrently increasing concentration of nitrate over a 40-day period, changed slowly from sulfate to nitrate respiration. Upon inoculation into a sulfate-free medium, fast nitrate reduction was observed. In the “wild” Hawtah field SRB population, the transition to nitrate reduction was faster. The functional gene aprA, coding for adenosine-5-phosphosulfate (APS)-reductase enzyme, which is found in all known SRB genera, was present in all tested cultures grown with nitrate as a sole electron acceptor.
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Alabbas, Faisal M., Anthony Kakpovbia, Brajendra Mishra, Charles Williamson, John R. Spear, and David L. Olson. "Corrosion of Linepipe Carbon Steel (X52) Influenced by a SRB Consortium Isolated from a Sour Oil Well." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02275.

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Abstract This work investigates microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of API(1) 5L X52 linepipe steel by a sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) consortium. The SRB consortium used in this study was cultivated from a sour oil well in Louisiana, USA. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the mixed bacterial consortium contained three phylotypes: members of the Proteobacteria (Desulfomicrobium sp.), Firmicutes (Clostridium sp.) and Bacteroidetes (Anaerophaga sp.). The biofilm and pit morphology that developed with time were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization resistance (Rp) and open circuit potential (OCP) were used to analyze the corrosion behavior. Through circuit modeling, EIS results were used to interpret the physicoelectric interactions between the electrode, biofilm and solution interfaces. The results confirmed that extensive localized corrosion activity of SRB is due to a formed biofilm in conjunction with a porous iron sulfide layer on the metal surface. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) revealed the presence of different sulfides and oxide constituents in the corrosion products for the system exposed to the SRB consortium.
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Déforge, D., F. Huet, R. P. Nogueira, P. Ponthiaux, and F. Wenger. "Electrochemical Noise Analysis of Tribo-Corrosion Processes Under Steady-State Friction Regime." In CORROSION 2005. NACE International, 2005. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2005-05369.

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Abstract Tribocorrosion processes of austenitic stainless steel in an aggressive medium close to that used in pressurized water reactor nuclear plants have been investigated by electrochemical impedance and noise measurements. The experiments were carried out under steady-state friction regime yielded by the continuous circular displacement of a fretting probe against a large disk electrode. The current fluctuations generated by film removal and surface repassivation at the wear track and flowing to a small disk electrode inserted at the center of the large one and electrically isolated from it were measured with a zero-resistance ammeter (ZRA) connected between the two electrodes. This allowed the power spectral density of the current fluctuations to be estimated at the wear track. Results have shown that only a small part of the current lines flows to the central region connected by the ZRA. This was confirmed by finite-element-method simulations that also showed that the anodic effects progressively spread out of the wear track.
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Ilyushina, A. N., and I. M. Novozhilov. "Designing an Electronic Plant Growing System in an Isolated Environment." In 2025 XXVIII International Conference on Soft Computing and Measurements (SCM). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/scm66446.2025.11060126.

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Chini, Michael. "Isolated Attosecond Pulse Generation and Field-Resolved Spectroscopy with Turn-Key Lasers." In Laser Science. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1364/ls.2024.lm4f.3.

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Attosecond pulses can provide access to electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids, but the required lasers remain inaccessible to many laboratories. Here, we describe progress in generating isolated attosecond pulses from turn-key lasers. Full-text article not available; see video presentation
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Lau, Kingsley, Ivan Lasa, Madjid Belkerdid, and Mark Haines. "Application of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors for Corrosion Monitoring of Steel in Concrete." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01737.

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Abstract Corrosion monitoring of steel-reinforced concrete structures with embedded sensors require sensor operations lasting several decades. Many corrosion sensors use probes of material similar to the reinforcing metal that require routing electrical wires to the concrete exterior that may degrade or become damaged. Other sensors require electrochemical electrodes that degrade in time or require recalibration. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors have been developed and have been presented for application in corrosion monitoring of steel-reinforced concrete structures. SAW sensors are wireless and require no local power which is promising for extended term durability while embedded in concrete structures. The passive electronic components were designed to be chemically isolated from the environmental exposure by a conformal coating yet still maintain RF signal transmission. An approach to implement SAW sensors and preliminary testing of sensor materials in concrete environments are presented.
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Nehovski, Nikolay. "High-power isolated hybrid solar inverter." In 2024 XXXIII International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/et63133.2024.10721550.

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Reports on the topic "Isolated electrons"

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Tam, Simon, Michel Macler, Michelle E. DeRose, and Mario E. Fajardo. Electronic Spectroscopy of B Atoms and B2 Molecules Isolated in Para-H2, Normal-D2, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe Matrices. Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada408930.

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Zheleva, Antoaneta M., Galina D. Nikolova, Yanka D. Karamalakova, Derek T. Ndinteh, and Veselina G. Gadjeva. In Vitro Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy Study on Radical Scavenging Abilities of an Extract Isolated from Stem Bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum Tree. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.02.07.

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Raychev, Nikolay. Can human thoughts be encoded, decoded and manipulated to achieve symbiosis of the brain and the machine. Web of Open Science, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/nsrl.v1i2.76.

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This article discusses the current state of neurointerface technologies, not limited to deep electrode approaches. There are new heuristic ideas for creating a fast and broadband channel from the brain to artificial intelligence. One of the ideas is not to decipher the natural codes of nerve cells, but to create conditions for the development of a new language for communication between the human brain and artificial intelligence tools. Theoretically, this is possible if the brain "feels" that by changing the activity of nerve cells that communicate with the computer, it is possible to "achieve" the necessary actions for the body in the external environment, for example, to take a cup of coffee or turn on your favorite music. At the same time, an artificial neural network that analyzes the flow of nerve impulses must also be directed at the brain, trying to guess the body's needs at the moment with a minimum number of movements. The most important obstacle to further progress is the problem of biocompatibility, which has not yet been resolved. This is even more important than the number of electrodes and the power of the processors on the chip. When you insert a foreign object into your brain, it tries to isolate itself from it. This is a multidisciplinary topic not only for doctors and psychophysiologists, but also for engineers, programmers, mathematicians. Of course, the problem is complex and it will be possible to overcome it only with joint efforts.
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Nealson, Kenneth. Final Scientific Report: Bacterial Nanowires and Extracellular Electron Transfer to Heavy Metals and Radionuclides by Bacterial Isolates from DOE Field Research Centers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1337164.

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Mshelia, Arhyel. Prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus suis and Campylobacter species in pigs: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.3.0053.

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Review question / Objective: What are the global prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus suis and Campylobacter species in pigs? /To determine the occurrence, associated factors, and antimicrobial resistance of the isolates of Streptococcus suis and Campylobacter species of Pigs worldwide. Information sources: The intended information sources are 20 electronic databases: MEDLINE® - (Mesh, Ovid Medline, Ovid PsycINFO, PubMed), Scopus®, ProQuest®, Google Scholar®, Web of Science® (ISI), EBSCO®, SciELO®, Wiley®, Compendex® - Engineering Village, Emerald®, Embase® - Emtree, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)®, Gale Academic OneFile®, DataCite®, J-STAGE®, SpringerLink Journals®, Journals Ovid complete®, BioMed Central Opens Access®, Nature®, Taylor &amp; Francis®], 9 periodical titles (Journal of Veterinary Science, Antibiotics, BMC Veterinary Research, Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, Journal of Veterinary Medical Science B, PLoS One, Scientific Reports, Veterinary Microbiology), and the grey literature databases.
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Musa, Padde, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Knowledge Sharing in Organisations: Finding a Best-fit Model for a Regulatory Authority in East Africa. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317432.

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Knowledge is an essential organisational asset that contributes to organisational effectiveness when carefully managed. Knowledge sharing (KS) is a vital component of knowledge management that allows individuals to engage in new knowledge creation. Until it’s shared, knowledge is considered useless since it resides within the human brain. Public organisations specifically, are more involved in providing and developing knowledge and hence can be classified as knowledge-intensive organisations. Scholarly research conducted on KS has proposed a number of models to help understand the KS process between individuals but none of these models is specifically for a public organisation. Moreover, to really reap the benefits that KS brings to an organization, it’s imperative to apply a model that is attributable to the unique characteristics of that organisation. This study reviews literature from electronic databases that discuss models of KS between individuals. Factors that influence KS under each model were isolated and the extent of each of their influence on KS in a public organization context, were critically analysed. The result of this analysis gave rise to factors that were thought to be most critical in understanding KS process in a public sector setting. These factors were then used to develop a KS model by categorizing them into themes including organisational culture, motivation to share and opportunity to share. From these themes, a KS model was developed and proposed for KS in a medicines regulatory authority in East Africa. The project recommends that an empirical study be conducted to validate the applicability of the proposed KS model at a medicines regulatory authority in East Africa.
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Bacharach, Eran, W. Ian Lipkin, and Avigdor Eldar. Identification of the etiological agent of tilapia disease in the Lake of Galillee. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597932.bard.

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Background to the topic. Tilapines serve as the second most important group of farmed fish worldwide. Massive mortality of wild and cultured tilapia has been observed recently in Israel but the pathogen of this disease has not been identified. We proposed to identify the agent responsible for disease.  Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. We characterized the lesions in diseased fish and found that the brain was one of the affected organs. We found conditions to isolate from brains of diseased fish the etiological agent of the tilapia disease and to propagate it in cell culture. This led to the identification of the pathogen as a novel RNA virus, which we named Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV). Electron microscopy of TiLV revealed virion-like particles and ether/chloroform-sensitivity assays demonstrated that TiLV is enveloped. Low passage TiLV, injected intra-peritoneally to tilapia, induced a disease with over 80% mortality. Cohabitation of healthy with diseased fish demonstrated that the disease is contagious, and that mortalities occur within few days. Fish surviving initial mortality were immune to further TiLV infections, suggesting the mounting of protective immune response. Screening cDNA libraries and high throughput sequencing determined the sequence of TiLV genome. This demonstrated that TiLV is indeed a novel virus and allowed the design of a PCRbased diagnostic test.  Implications, both scientific and agricultural. The characterization of a novel, emerging RNA virus that imposes major threat to the tilapia industry, enables the specific identification of the virus in tilapines. This allows prompt screening and surveillance of TiLV, epidemiological studies, and disease containment. This also potentially opens the way for the development of vaccines against TiLV.
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Tidd, Alexander N., Richard A. Ayers, Grant P. Course, and Guy R. Pasco. Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS): work package 6 final report development of a pilot relational data resource for the collation and interpretation of inshore fisheries data. Edited by Mark James and Hannah Ladd-Jones. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23452.

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[Extract from Executive Summary] The competition for space from competing sectors in the coastal waters of Scotland has never been greater and thus there is a growing a need for interactive seascape planning tools that encompass all marine activities. Similarly, the need to gather data to inform decision makers, especially in the fishing industry, has become essential to provide advice on the economic impact on fishing fleets both in terms of alternative conservation measures (e.g. effort limitations, temporal and spatial closures) as well as the overlap with other activities, thereby allowing stakeholders to derive a preferred option. The SIFIDS project was conceived to allow the different relevant data sources to be identified and to allow these data to be collated in one place, rather than as isolated data sets with multiple data owners. The online interactive tool developed as part of the project (Work Package 6) brought together relevant data sets and developed data storage facilities and a user interface to allow various types of user to view and interrogate the data. Some of these data sets were obtained as static layers which could sit as background data e.g. substrate type, UK fishing limits; whilst other data came directly from electronic monitoring systems developed as part of the SIFIDS project. The main non-static data source was Work Package 2, which was collecting data from a sample of volunteer inshore fishing vessels (&lt;12m). This included data on location; time; vessel speed; count, time and position of deployment of strings of creels (or as fleets and pots as they are also known respectively); and a count of how many creels were hauled on these strings. The interactive online tool allowed all the above data to be collated in a specially designed database and displayed in near real time on the web-based application.
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Nelson, Nathan, and Charles F. Yocum. Structure, Function and Utilization of Plant Photosynthetic Reaction Centers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699846.bard.

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Light capturing and energy conversion by PSI is one of the most fundamental processes in nature. In the heart of these adaptations stand PSI, PSII and their light harvesting antenna complexes. The main goal of this grant proposal was to obtain by X-ray crystallography information on the structure of plant photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) supercomplexes. We achieved several milestones along this line but as yet, like several strong laboratories around the world, we have no crystal structure of plant PSII. We have redesigned the purification and crystallization procedures and recently solved the crystal structure of the PSI supercomplex at 3.3 Å resolution. Even though this advance in resolution appears to be relatively small, we obtained a significantly improved model of the supercomplex. The work was published in J. Biol. Chem. (Amunts et al., 2010). The improved electron density map yielded identification and tracing of the PsaK subunit. The location of an additional 10 ß-carotenes, as well as 5 chlorophylls and several loop regions that were previously uninterruptable have been modeled. This represents the most complete plant PSI structure obtained thus far, revealing the locations of and interactions among 17 protein subunits and 193 non-covalently bound photochemical cofactors. We have continued extensive experimental efforts to improve the structure of plant PSI and to obtain PSII preparation amenable to crystallization. Most of our efforts were devoted to obtain well-defined subcomplexes of plant PSII preparations that are amenable to crystallization. We studied the apparent paradox of the high sensitivity of oxygen evolution of isolated thylakoids while BBY particles exhibit remarkable resilience to the same treatment. The integrity of the photosystem II (PSII) extrinsic protein complement as well as calcium effects arise from the Ca2+ atom associated with the site of photosynthetic water oxidation were investigated. This work provides deeper insights into the interaction of PsbO with PSII. Sight-directed mutagenesis indicated the location of critical sites involved in the stability of the water oxidation reaction. When combined with previous results, the data lead to a more detailed model for PsbO binding in eukaryotic PSII.
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Ohad, Itzhak, and Himadri Pakrasi. Role of Cytochrome B559 in Photoinhibition. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613031.bard.

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The aim of this research project was to obtain information on the role of the cytochrome b559 in the function of Photosystem-II (PSII) with special emphasis on the light induced photo inactivation of PSII and turnover of the photochemical reaction center II protein subunit RCII-D1. The major goals of this project were: 1) Isolation and sequencing of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast psbE and psbF genes encoding the cytochrome b559 a and b subunits respectively; 2) Generation of site directed mutants and testing the effect of such mutation on the function of PSII under various light conditions; 3) To obtain further information on the mechanism of the light induced degradation and replacement of the PSII core proteins. This information shall serve as a basis for the understanding of the role of the cytochrome b559 in the process of photoinhibition and recovery of photosynthetic activity as well as during low light induced turnover of the D1 protein. Unlike in other organisms in which the psbE and psbF genes encoding the a and b subunits of cytochrome b559, are part of an operon which also includes the psbL and psbJ genes, in Chlamydomonas these genes are transcribed from different regions of the chloroplast chromosome. The charge distribution of the derived amino-acid sequences of psbE and psbF gene products differs from that of the corresponding genes in other organisms as far as the rule of "positive charge in" is concerned relative to the process of the polypeptide insertion in the thylakoid membrane. However, the sum of the charges of both subunits corresponds to the above rule possibly indicating co-insertion of both subunits in the process of cytochrome b559 assembly. A plasmid designed for the introduction of site-specific mutations into the psbF gene of C. reinhardtii. was constructed. The vector consists of a DNA fragment from the chromosome of C. reinhardtii which spans the region of the psbF gene, upstream of which the spectinomycin-resistance-conferring aadA cassette was inserted. This vector was successfully used to transform wild type C. reinhardtii cells. The spectinomycin resistant strain thus obtained can grow autotrophically and does not show significant changes as compared to the wild-type strain in PSII activity. The following mutations have been introduced in the psbF gene: H23M; H23Y; W19L and W19. The replacement of H23 involved in the heme binding to M and Y was meant to permit heme binding but eventually alter some or all of the electron transport properties of the mutated cytochrome. Tryptophane W19, a strictly conserved residue, is proximal to the heme and may interact with the tetrapyrole ring. Therefore its replacement may effect the heme properties. A change to tyrosine may have a lesser affect on the potential or electron transfer rate while a replacement of W19 by leucine is meant to introduce a more prominent disturbance in these parameters. Two of the mutants, FW19L and FH23M have segregated already and are homoplasmic. The rest are still grown under selection conditions until complete segregation will be obtained. All mutants contain assembled and functional PSII exhibiting an increased sensitivity of PSII to the light. Work is still in progress for the detailed characterization of the mutants PSII properties. A tobacco mutant, S6, obtained by Maliga and coworkers harboring the F26S mutation in the b subunit was made available to us and was characterized. Measurements of PSII charge separation and recombination, polypeptide content and electron flow indicates that this mutation indeed results in light sensitivity. Presently further work is in progress in the detailed characterization of the properties of all the above mutants. Information was obtained demonstrating that photoinactivation of PSII in vivo initiates a series of progressive changes in the properties of RCII which result in an irreversible modification of the RCII-D1 protein leading to its degradation and replacement. The cleavage process of the modified RCII-D1 protein is regulated by the occupancy of the QB site of RCII by plastoquinone. Newly synthesized D1 protein is not accumulated in a stable form unless integrated in reassembled RCII. Thus the degradation of the irreversibly modified RCII-D1 protein is essential for the recovery process. The light induced degradation of the RCII-D1 protein is rapid in mutants lacking the pD1 processing protease such as in the LF-1 mutant of the unicellular alga Scenedesmus obliquus. In this case the Mn binding site of PSII is abolished, the water oxidation process is inhibited and harmful cation radicals are formed following light induced electron flow in PSII. In such mutants photo-inactivation of PSII is rapid, it is not protected by ligands binding at the QB site and the degradation of the inactivated RCII-D1 occurs rapidly also in the dark. Furthermore the degraded D1 protein can be replaced in the dark in absence of light driven redox controlled reactions. The replacement of the RCII-D1 protein involves the de novo synthesis of the precursor protein, pD1, and its processing at the C-terminus end by an unknown processing protease. In the frame of this work, a gene previously isolated and sequenced by Dr. Pakrasi's group has been identified as encoding the RCII-pD1 C-terminus processing protease in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The deduced sequence of the ctpA protein shows significant similarity to the bovine, human and insect interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding proteins. Results obtained using C. reinhardtii cells exposes to low light or series of single turnover light flashes have been also obtained indicating that the process of RCII-D1 protein turnover under non-photoinactivating conditions (low light) may be related to charge recombination in RCII due to back electron flow from the semiquinone QB- to the oxidised S2,3 states of the Mn cluster involved in the water oxidation process.
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