Academic literature on the topic 'Isotopes Li et Nd'

"te a c ri hanbiiq li ues draw on many aspects of recorded past cast skill is that the statistical techniques generally cao ss r o re cliaattie ty d w in i th thEeNS cl O im . aItne system, not just those perform poorly in northern spring, with cross­ forecasts o , nanaunmd be mruo lt fipo le ad li dnieta io r n to simple linear validated anomaly correlations <0.6 for forecasts even operational use. These ttohoelrssitn at c i sti rceagl re to ss oilosn -a braes ed just one season ahead and <0.3 for forecasts two antianalogs (Livezey lude analogs an idnd se aam so pnesdapheerasd is . te S n im ce p l ( eapceorm sis btiennacte io onfo th fepeSrS si Tss te , nocrethaenidrCClain mate Normals ( OaC nd N ) B a ( r H ns utaonng 19 e8t8a ), l . O1p9 ti 9m4a ) l , tcilm im eao to fltohgeyy ), easrh . ow just as much, or more, skill at this l P in re eio se n n ic d al Correlation Analysis (CCA) (Barnett and Even if the statistically based SST forecasts were War adrda is ocrrfiemr in 1a9n8t7a ) n , a ly asnids (M eig a e ry novnecatnodrSatnoarleyy si s19a8n5d , p th earn fe -c pte , rf heocwtreevlear ti , o n th sh e ip hsisbteotrw ic eaelnrS ec SoTrda no sh moaw li sesla es nsd -d beav se e d lo ponndnFeoulrlaalndne1 tw 99 o 1). More complex methods precipitation even for regions with a strong ENSO skill scor eedso (e f . g o . p , er Lao ti nognaertksal. ha1v9e also recently been influence. In such regions, precipitation anomalies these tools has been mar lgpirneacl ip in it 9a7 ti ) o . nIn fo general, the typically show a consistent ENSO relationship in 75-much more skilful in parts of the t h tr eopeixc tr raetcrao sts using 80 per cent of the ENSO episodes this century. How­ et al. 1993). In the extratropics, statist s ic a (e l .g p . i , cWsba ut ever, even the best performing statistical SST pre­ offer little encouragement for more reliable m dr e o th uogd rd s b di e c tw tio enen sc ohbes mes have ht Pacific SST oefrv0e .8 d -0 a .9 ndcp ro re sds-ivca te li for two se d d ate aso t n ro dspa ic caolr re e la atsitoen rn s p cu re r d re ic nttiosn ta steexocfepEtNwShOenoursw ed it h in EcNoS nj Ounfcotrieocnasw ts i th (e . tgh . e , n co orrrtehleartn io nsuomfm th er e through fall. Thus if th hee ad an ionmtahleysB ta atrin st sitcoanldarnodu gh Stmp it rhe di 1c9 ti 9o6n ) . t ha Wter el nao te w s to fo cEuNsSoOn , m th ieghotbr served SST igs iv 0 e . n8irnegs io tr noanlgpE re N ci SpO ita tyieoanrsw , w ith e a in ndpatrh ti ecuplraerd . iction of central and eastern Pacific SST pitation eawsio th na abn ly o m ex a p ly ecctotrorem la atk io e such year nps re odfi0 ct . i6o -n 0 s . 7ofdpurreicnig ­ icsorcro el nastiisosn -o i v .e e . r , a in ll aybeo ar ustwhialllfboefsau ll byse ta a n rs t . iaT ll hyeleasvse ; rtahgies tent with experience (Barnston and Smith." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-41.

"Jeu as nte -A A u fr g ic uasnt. T lo h w ese in tropospheric jetstr ea le mvc el l , u de antdhew su e b st t ro A pi f c ri aclan ea st m er ildy -, deve s. These fast-moving upper pre Spoa lo re pdendes th srpoou li gch ie s s . ound early warning and disaster ltehveeltw ra inn cieties in sdpsoh rt avoeffamr-o re is atcuhrien , g m im opmaecn ts tuwm it , hproelslpuetcatnttso , reeflfyorh ts e , a w vi h ly icohndp ev o e st l -o dpiisnagstceorurnetlr ie ie fsa , ned sp reech ia alb ly ilA ita fr tiicoan , a an tm dop sp es htesr , ic to dgyentahm er ic w s. ith many other aspects of the tdo is atshtee rs s . evIen re imm ake them m creas peadc ts vuo ln fed ra ro o u re ghatn bility doafnmdsooo re th vulnerable Tropical cyclones have both direct and indirect severe consequences of natural disasters c iet eyrn to a tu t r led to th haeliam ss poacc ia ts t ed onwK ith entyhaensrtarionn fa gll. w T in hdes , doic re ecatniwmapvaecst , saanrdefdoerc la N ra attiuornalofDtihsea st 1e9r90Rseadsuc th ti eon In t ( eIrD na N ti D on R a ) l D by e ca th deeaen xc yescsyicvleonperew cip e ith it iant io th netw ha etstoec rn cu Irnw di haennO th ceeaenffeex ct tsenodfpUrnoim te odteNdaitsiaosn te s. rpTrheevemna ti joonraonbd je cptrievpearoefdInD es NsD th R ro iusgthocolv im er atK ol eongyiac . a l It sh hit the Keny arneccoorod uld be as s t . shTohwen th o a ted ind tino th cayt rect ecflto he fe nce ts ahvaaosileafavbe le rcdo ev n e ce ny dama lo rgp te e, in dgc in otuen rn tr aiteiso , ntaol re adcu ti coen , l os esspo ecially in the cyclone, however, occur when the cyclone is far from often as so acnid at esdocw io it ehconnaotm ur iacld di issa ru st petrisofn li , few , hpircohpea rt ryet it hserceegn io tr n e , butthsetrie ll bayt tra in cttesrtfhee ri n re g g io wniatlh wi tnhdes to n w or a m rd aslh at etlip tu tdoess hi tfhtattheap re o st p -d re is vaaslteenrt re iln ie f and . r T eh haeb se il it cao ti uolnd circ Culloas ti e on patterns of the many developing general ciin rc te urlaac ti t o io nnsohvaevrerbeegeinonoabl winds. the regi soenrvaendd between the cou A n tr n ies the extra-includin egw . th d e im feuntsuiroen re to cu rnraetnucrealocflidm ro at uegh variability, tsryosp te ic masl , wmeiadtlhaetr it u sy dsetewmesstle ik r e li etsh , e N fr oorn th ta lAatn la dntb ic lo coksicn il g ­ tchuerrternatdigtlioobnaallcsopn ac cee -r t n im aebopuattttehrenspootfengtlioablacths, a n is geth in e T la e ti l climate, Ke l o ec n o , nenae st Atlantic pat nyan rai cntfiaolnlsanhdavEeNaSltseor ns b , eeanndobEsuerravse ia dpbaetttw erns. inclu O, quasi-biennial oscillati eoenn , h cl u im madt ing the space-time ch an eaecvteinvtis ti etsh . roSuug ch h e im nv piarcoanrm ac e te nrtiasltidces gr oafdaetx io tre ts are currently subj nembey intraseasonal wave, and so forth. The influence of the of many studies and debates, as reflected in the 19 c9t5sw co a m te prlebxod topographical patterns and the large inland Intergovernmental Pane inland wat ieersbiosdv ie e s ry insc ig lu n d if eicL an ak teinViKce to nryiaa . , w Th h e ic h la h rg aess in c d ie inctaitfe ic d ‘d aisssceesrsnm ib elnet inf olfoncC lim lim a ate Change (IPCC) an area of about 70,000 km2 and is the second largest the recent climate trends l ’ u . eInPcCeCof te change, which freshwater lake in the world. The complex topo­ ever, that no conclusive evidence ( 1h9u9m5a ) nnaoctteid vi , tiheosw in ­ K gr i a li p m hical patterns include Mt. Kenya, Mt. human-can be derived fo anjaro, and the Great Rift Valley with its accurate inmdeutcheoddscf li omrattheed ch et aencgte io nsiagnnd al s a tt urn ib ti ult io mnoroercaltitm en a d te anptroccheasisnesofcamnobuentoab in ta s i . n D ed e ta fr i o ls of the regional natural/anthropoge f Anyamba 1992, Fremming 1970, manOdg al F lo in 1d9 la 9 te 3 r , acn ha dng ac e cu si rgan te a ls cla im re atanv ic a ilab ( lhe, u m to agne -t ihnedrucweid th ) ad celq im ua attee 1966. tch li e m si ast . ecSheavnegrees , icnocnes lu eddqau ta e n for testing various hypo­ patterns of extreme clim iantge ces ecvheanntgseosf in htuhmeasnp -a icned -u ti c m ed e like drought, would cDorm ou pgohntenatnsdoofthnear tu erxatl reme climate events are normal h ca ig ll hlfiogrhtceld ea brym th it eigIaPtC io C n . and adaptation policies, as iam nd pacco ts m m of onthpehseenon me n in atew ra o n rl nduwaildceliemvaetreyvyaeraira . b T ili htey men Gtlaolbadlegcroandcae ti ronnapbrooucte ss heusmaannd -i nsduusc ta eidn ab ein li vtiyr on o ­ f m an idn im ad al eqiuna the de atural disasters, however, te drou v g el hotpesdhoccokunatbrs ie osrbw er hserheaveef fi b ci aernettniaetsurlaeld re to so u een Conference th rc ees vita on o rga Enlnivstao ir t most o io nnmeonfs ocioecon t the anUdn it oemd ic Naat ctivi­ Sustain iaobn le s." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-60.

"T cu im rre e n tl Sycahleeasd ) qu aas rte wreeldlaatst he thLeammounltt -i D na oth io e n rt aylEIaR rt I h , odtrhoeurgm ht ajporrem di ocd ti eolnprw ob il llem re s q . u T ir hee the resolution of hOabvseearnva im to p ry o rt oafntCcooluupm le bdiamoUdneilvecrosm ity p . onTehnet, sea lt ehfo fo urgthsp ex hteernes , io onntaogfloorbeaclasdto in mga , in boatnhdth th eseeaorcee dva saonlnacn es diantcm lu odse ­ m in acn lu ydeodf ( t C he a rs toyn pe 1s9o 98 f ) m . ethods discussed above are uomciesamnatacnhdbaettmwoesepnhtehree . fl Fuo xe rsmaatntyhearbeoaus, n d th atr io ie nsoofftthhee rep F li o ca rtE in NgSaOn , d c , ur in re nstom co eupclaesdesm , oidmep ls roav re in cgapoanb le thoefo of frtehaelsie st iwcillalnrde -q suuirrfeacse ig coupling may be ess eenatd ia dli . tiA on ll tshue cc ecsusrroefnetmgpein ri ecraalt / isotn at i o st ficcaolumpe le th dom ds o . dFeo ls rirnesptlain ca ctee , a model parameterisatio nificant improvements in the SST anomaly patterns in the equatorial Pacific that th ry elraeyqeu rs ir , ecd lo m ud osd , erlad im inasp ti oonf , saun rf dacceonpv ro ecce ti sosn es, bound­ have many characteristics in common with observed to a quick solution, but, ro g v iv eemnetnhtesiam re p o li rktealny . N to onye ie o ld flEeN ss SsO uc cceosm sf puolsiin te tsh . eCm ur orreentdim ffi ocduelltspa ro re blceomnso id ferreapblliy ­ imp Iatcsthoofud ld ronuogthbte , they are worth pursuing. ce of the p ca hteirnigcc th ir ecuslpae ti c o if n ic peav tt oelruntsioinnoafgtihve en SESNTSaOndepaitsm od oes . ­ tehxe prospects for im forgotten, however, that not all of However, it is precisely this problem that must be no ctlufsuilv ly eluynodnersse ta a n so pnraolvteidmde ro sc uag le hst . p A re l dictions reside solved. Just as the ‘average’ daily weather is rarely of climate variabilit d y , th th eem re u l is ti aanmnpulaelteo th doeucgahdawles ca dloeo ce bpsteuravleda , idthteo ‘ ucnadneornsitcaanl’ diEnNgS th Oan id aeauissefm ul orceonastcroun ct ­ e2x .1 is c t ) e nc aend -e th .g e . , sien the time series o vidence for its for prediction. To reach their full potential, coupled distributions of rai cnuflaalrl ( cFhiagnugrees2i . n2ftrhae in f p al rlob (F ab ig il uir ty eim nd oidveildsun al eepdas to t E be N S ab O le etpoisroedpe li scaa te ndt he th eeivroleuv ti ooln vi nogfnoefw co duep velopments in data an ). Very recently, extratropical atmospheric and ocean interactions. There is lesdommeoedveildsehnacveeosftd ar etaeld ys t is oaonpdeinn the accuracy The most optimistic expectation is that once that may have a somewhat c ad d a if lfv er aern ia t t io unpstihnisEN fie S ld O . cEoNuSpO le , d th m ey odw el i s ll bheavaeb le cotnoqhueelrped id etnhtei fy chaanld le npg re edio ct ftmheeasiun red by the ocean s character, as other modes of climate variability. This may include Zhang te ertananl. ua1l99 ti 7 m , eFoslc la al neusr fa ( cKeleteemmapne ra et tures, from links between ENSO and the climate system not yet are now beginning to fin ddeatanlu . m1b9e9r8 ) o . M al. od1e9 ll 9e6 rs , m dis ocdoevlesremdaiyntahiediimnpienrv fe ecsttiogbaste io rv nast io onfaplodsastiab . lIemcplriomvaetdem ab e il cih ty anoin sm th seinde th ca edN al otrothmaun lt d i tropic f potential modes that link ocean basins, such as ENSO-and Barnett 1996). There is adlescoad ev aalltiPm ac eifsiccaf le o r ( vari­ related variations of SST in the tropical North Atlantic, ENSO links to rainfall may come an id dengcoed th ep aetnsLoam ti e f rece In n tl aydddiistc io u n ss etdoboycE ea n n fi -e altdmaonsdphMea re y er c o ( u1p9l9 in 7 g ). , new nointutdheeo se fcE ul N ar S O va riitas bility in the str ding generations of models need to include realistic land-southern Europe (R eolpfe -le wes .g k . i , a in ndneonrg Ha th th lp e e rn an dAfm ri acga/ ­ rae tm ali oss ti pchm er oedeclosuopflitnhge . la Snudch su rifm ac peroavnedmie ts ntvsegientvao ti lovneaThheeadp , r m ed aiyctaalbsio lity of ENS rt 1987). and adequate descriptions based on observed data of in Northern Hevm ar iyspohnerdeecOa sp d , rail on ntgiem ( e to s Ba c a ls a a le fse , w e sp se eacs ia oln ly strheep re isne it nitaal tio ve nge in ta t m io ondesltsa te is . c W ur orrekn tl oynbleainndg -s m ur afiancleym 19 e9a5n ) s . (i I . n e ., additio meda et al. driven by the development of coupled models for over several cdheacnagdenes , sis ) n ec a th u lso e la r ‘ itvnyfpairciaalbio li rty in the climate climate change projection over the next century conditional ENSO probability l u fo ernecceassetsxsi . m pe Fpcolteeds ’ e values (Dickinson et al. 1996). the Gulf Coast of the United States shows reaxaam sonal Significant advances in coupled model-based ENSO signal for both the first and second half s o tro p n le, f th g e." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-45.

"n ar eegattaikveenco to rr e im la p ti loynsa , p th hy essieca ‘ ltelliencko nnectio key va between ntphaet te lo rn ca s l ’ w (1 a9s7o2n ). tFhoellpoowiinntgosfoemmeeirngc in on gcilsusc iv oentw ai onrekdbiynoLtahm er bsm Gl aapnstzrioeatblael . a1n9d9t1h ) e . widely distributed one (e.g., see (e.g., by Berlage and DeBoer 1960), Professor Jacob pressure f an pdr ec wiapsi ta atiW on a , l ke te r m produced teleconnection Bjerknes at the University of California at Los modes of interannual blcel im to a te idve perature, and surface Angeles made the key step forward by demonstrating nise today, including the South anerrita if nbyi li tthyethlaatrgweestre scale that the atmospheric teleconnection patterns were North Atlantic O Oscillation and c o th g e ­ p eq a u rt atoof ri aalcPoaucp if liecdOmco ea dneaonfdinttheer ac gtlioobnalbaettmwo ee sp nhteh re e was Inaba le d d to it icoanr ry to scb illation. (Bjerknes 1966, 1969, and 1972). It is now clear that of fortunate circu omuste ing a first-rate scientist, Walker other parts of the global ocean also participate in the the art of statistics htaahn is work because of a confluence Southern Oscillation, manifested through changes in matical tool of the ob d se cdeesv . e F lo ir pset, shortly beforehand, sea surface temperature and the overlying atmos­ also a very ab rvational dscriaepnicdelsy . aWsaalkm er atwhaes ­ phe B ri ycctih rc e u la la ti toen. 1970s and early 1980s, climate o st fat ti hse ti cIsnd (W ian alM ker le1 99 m7a ) t . h H em av aitn ic giatn ak ewn ho understood scientists were able to document the relationships gained the oppo ertteuonrio ty lo tgoicc al Departme th netijnob19o0f3h , e h ad ehRyap sm ot uhsesso is neda nd byCaB rp je ernktneers 19 in 8 2, mwoh re odd is e c ta uisls ed (e . tgh . e , m re aqtuhierm ed ata ic a la l rg oepesrta aff capab alreryoofupteh rf is orsm tu idniges, m w an h u ic ahlT So hue th ceorunplO ed sco il cleaa ti n o -n a / tEmlosNpihneoreasvaaricao ti uopnlecdenstyrsetdemo ) n . W ve a ry lk p er raw ct ais able to t m io ankseoanmeax jo te rne si f v fo e rt d a to ta so se lv ts e . tShoeE th NeSeO qu a ( t E or l ia NlP in ac o i / f S ic oiustnhoew rn co Omsm cil oln at liyon re ), f er a r ed p h to ra saesA ra n in oftah ll e , rkaencaalcp ti rvoib ty le m th aotfh pr aed dicting Indian monsoon coined in planning documents for the international by the earl yyfyaecatrosrowfasthtehattwietnh sta taidejru te t st dbe in c om th eep1 os 8s7i0 bl s e . Tmreonpti . caDlO ur cienagntG he lo b 1 al 98A0tsmoasnpdh er 1e99 (T 0s OGaAs ) ereix es p er o i­ flsaurfgfe ic -s ie cnatlence li amr-agtleob va arl ia d ti aotnas . to de hsccre ib n e tu raynd to agnaatlh ys eereom ur p iri ucnadl, e m rs o ta dned ll iinngg , aonfdtthheeo re p ti hcyaslicsa tu l di m es e c in hcarneiassm ed s 192 T3heansdtu1d9 ie 2s4 , bWyaW lk a e lker and others (e.g., Walker aad ss voacnicae te sdinwiutnhdEeN rs S ta O n . diAngdettealielceodndnie sc c u ti sosn io pnao tt ferrencsen in trge lo la b ti aol) nsshuirp fa s ce exp is re te s d su rbeertawnedenB li lsasrg1e9 -s 3c2a ) le s h ( o i. w e. e , d n that the TOGA era (1985-94) can be found in Trenberth patterns -in particular, tphaettIen rn d s ia n an sdum re m gional rain efaarl -l et aTl. h1e 99 i8deanntd if i A ca ll tainone ta o l. f 19 so 9m6. e of the physical v ra aitn io fa nlal. l W ev a id lk eenrc ’s erfeosreatrhcehepxrio st veindceedo th feefr monso an ir osrtgaonbisseorn ­ m rev ec it h a anism ed conne l c is t e io dnsi nt aesrseosct iated with patterns. in A W se a ri lekser’ osENfp SO has st ruedciiepsi ta w ti i o th n g re te alte ly -glo more wHoerbcaal-ls le cda le tpk did no hi tsattthee rn hav Soofuitnh terannual climate variability. complete data sets (e.g., Kiladis and Diaz 1989; expected because, efotrhe re a im e p rn acOt scillatio sons th tahtartemma ig n. htI in unh itia nc alveel ly ar b , e h th einsrReocpoenlfeiw rm sk eida se nvde ra Hlao lp f e th rt et1e9 le 8c6o , nn 1e9c8t7 io , ns ansdu gg 1e9s9 te 2 d ) c so o o rr n e la ptr io ec nispib ta et t w io enenwtehaekepnreed ss uarbeopuatt te th rn esta im nd e m th oene ­ cboynW ne acltkieornsa . ndRootphee le rs w , saknidaindde nt H ifi aeldpeardt di ( t 1 io 9n8a7ltaen le-were discovered. Th y 1989) attempted to improve the usefulness of tele d ­ taitmtehemomsitdodf le thoefetah rl eec tw or ernetliae ti tohncsesnttruernyg , th beuntebdyag th a a in tcdooncnuemce ti notn patterns y work ha ing regions foorfstehaesognlaolbcelitm ha att , eipnreaddidcittiioonnb to y fille Adc in ru c w ia alspaap rt hyosfictahleepxipcltaunrdebteheantfro em rg aoitn ten atio ed . to be a m ls e o re lhyadshroew la itn io gnssh ta itp is stiw ca ilthEN EN SO SO -p rtehca ip t it w at eiroenhliignhklsy , t te hleecSoonuntehcetrinonOp sc aitltleartn io s. n A ju rsetvaisewaonfk fo nrow th leedogbesaeb rv oeudticdoennstiisftieendttfhreom se aespoin so sdaend to reegpiiosn od seo . f T th h e ey g p lo a b rt eicw ul haerr ly physical explanation precipitation was associated with ENSO in at least 75 e." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-39.

"a (o m ft oeunnti ) n an cdom th p e arison to som inten duration of tehenodrrmyaplero io r d. avTeh ra ugse , b cu y l ti a v lt aetr io in ngprtahcet ic cerso . p, genotype, planting date, and m th u es sesid ty ef iann it d io ndsu . raM ti eotneoarroelotghieca key characteristics of Agriculture is usually the first economic sector to phe t be considered as region spe lcid fi rcosuignh ce ttdheefiantim tio onss ­ abreeao ff f e te c n te dqub ic ykd ly roduegph le ttbeedc , aeusspeec so ia illlymiofis th tu erepesruipopdl ie osftsaotm io ric cendaoerfen diti ini c ti l o im on astethraetgriemseu lt dienpe deficiencies of precipi­ moisture deficiency is associated with high tempera­ on the ns differentiate me n te doernotl . ogFiocraledxraomupglhet , tduurreisngan th dewgirnodwyincgon se d a it sioonnsi . s T cr h it e ic a ti l m in in tgheofdertaeirnm fa i l ­ llm es asgn th abna si ssom of e th sepencu if m ie bderthorfesdhao ys l with precipitation nation of impacts. Crop or forage yields may be nor­ (e.g., itude of the deficiency over so dmreap th e e ri rod th o an f ti t m he etm im al eloyr ( i a .e b . o , vceo in ncoirdm in aglwdiu th ri n cr g i ti acadlrpohueg no hltog if icraalinsfta ag ll esi ) saOsrm ga unc fo h r Britain, fifteen days, none of which received and effective (i.e., low intensity and high soil infil­ in thos iz aeats0. rieogni215 on 93m6m ]) . oSfupcrh ec a ip idteaftiinoint io [B n ri is ti suhnrReaailn is ftailcl trat H io yndrroaltoeg ). ical droughts are associated with the effects c se oam so mno al n . an M d os etxst where precipitation distributi m en e d te eodropleorg io ic daslw dr i o th uoguhttrd ai enff in al oln is of periods of precipitation shortfall on surface or sub­ relate actual precipitation depa itio a n re slsaukre fa cleevw els a , tegr ro su upnpdlwya ( tie .e r) ., rsa tr th ea emrftlhoawn , rweistehrvpor ir eca ip nid ­ a ti mmoeun sc tasleosn . H monthly, seasonal, wa rtteurreyse ar t , ooraavnen ra ugaeltHay ti dornolsohgo ic rt aflald ls r o ( uDgrhatcsuapreetusaul. al1 ly 98o0u , t K of le pmheaSse1o9r8l7a ) g . are Aegqruiaclu ly lt uvraarliuam ble a . n perceptions of these conditions tdhreo ug o h cc ts u . rrM en e c te eoroof lo g m ic e a te lod ro ro lo uggihctasl re asnudltfargorm ic u p lt ruerca i­ l m on etperoercoilpoigtiacta io lddrroouugghhttto li n a ks various characteristics of pitation deficiencies; agricultural droughts are largely and potential nesvhaopro ta tr gaenss , gdriifcfuelrteun ra cles im bpea tw cts, focusing the result of soil moisture deficiencies. More time deficits, and piration (ET), seoeinlawca tu te arlien la o ps th es erbceo fo mrpeopnreenctispio ta fttihoenhdyedfr ic oileongciiceasla sy re s te d m et e (e c . tge . d , cdheapreancd te ern is tto ic nsop re fvoa rt i h li . ngAw plant’s demand for water is reservoirs, groundwater). As a result, impacts are out growth, and s t he ofphtyhse ic al sp eeactih fi ecrcpolnadnitt , i ons, biological of phase with those in other economic sectors. Also, the soil. and biological p it rsopsetratg ie esooffw riv a e te rs r ) i n is hoyfd te ro nlougsiecdalfo st rom ra ugletispy le st eam nd s ( ceo .g m ., preets in er gvopiu rs r­ , dorfocu ro gphst sh Aonu ld opaecrcaotu ional definition of agricultural poses (e.g., power generation, flood control, irri­ example, adted fi icfifeen re tnstub st natge fo srotfhe cr voap riable susceptibility gation, recreation), further complicating the sequence stage wil soil moisture idneavneleoaprm ly egnrt. o w Fo th r a in n d th q es ueansttiofriacgae ti osnyso te f m im sepsaccatlsa . te Csodm ur pientg it idornoufg or htw , aatnedrrseoq il u ir m em oi lsthuarveeliist tle su impact on final crop yield if top-conflicts between water users increase significantly. moisture en ctosn . ti Hnouw es e , v ffi ear ci , einft th teodm ef e ic eiten early growth The frequency and severity of hydrological drought result. substantial yie c ld y o lo fsss ub m so aiyli ( s19o6f6 te ) n de dfeifniendedaadtrotuhgehtr iv yeerarbaassionnescian le . whW ic hhiptphlee the The impacts of drought are crop specific because a ru gngo re ff g . atLeow ru -n fl oofwfifsre less than the long-term average betw m ee onstcrw op ea s. thPelra -s netn in s g it idvaetepshaenndolm og aitcuarla ti s o ta ngepserv io a d ry stfiomremapney ri osd tr efaam lls s . bIefqu th eenca ie cstuhaalvfelobweefnordea te srem le icnteeddahlisgohv te a m ry p between crops and locations. A period of hydrological drought lioswc on a si cdeerrtead in tothbreesihnop ld ro , gr th es esn . d se rnysic ti ovnedi era g ti roonts ur wt hmeasy tr ecsositnhca id teocw cu it rhsiancarsis ti occailatw io enatw stage for one he it r h -b Hio li w ty e v th ear, ttm he usntubmebeexrco ee fddeadystoanddeftihneelaevheyldorfop lo rgoibcaa ­ l c ca ri n ti coafltesn ta rgeedu fo crea th neotrh is ekro cr fodpr . o A cr gorp ic while missing a drought period is somewhat arbitrary. These criteria ught ium lt pua ra cltpolnancn ro in pgs will Tvhaeryibm et p w ac etesnso tr f e am hy sda ro nldog ri ivcearl ba dsr in osu . ght in an." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-29.

"ahcutm io annslairfee , m pr oosptee rt f y fe , c a ti nvdep if roddo uctive capacity. These is a critical element of the hydrological system. fervoem nt . o T ne hena ty tu preaslohrafzoarrmdstoofam no it n ig eaitn io nadavcat nce of the Information on the status of snowpack conditions can m ther. Droug iv hitt -i reeslavtaerdyfporroevciadsets co onfsb id e e lo ra w b -le noardmvaalncse tr dealm ea f d lo t w im aend fo rrerseelr ia vbolierf th ro it m ig ati e in tshioosne act diou u s se io dnfsoraroet , h e for the most part, different levels. gation is the indaetnutrie fi coaf ti ohran za artd ural hazards because of •Monitoring and early warning refers to activities with previous droughts a n of t . heAifm ir psatcsttsepa ss in ocm iat i e ti d ­ tdheacti si pornovm id aekeirnsfo at r m al a l ti l o ev neltsho at ftchaenobneseutsoefddtroouaglhetr . t w th ietshefium tu praectds ro (a ungdhtotehvee rs n ) daarnea li skseelsysm to enbteoafsw so hcei ther This information can be used by planners, emergency actions can be identifie n d ts. From this point, spec aitfeidcimmapnlaegmee rs n , tpporlo ic g y ra amnmdedsecainsd io pnom lic aikees rs th , aatnwd il o l th he elrpsttooo fu f t ur im epdarcotus gh atsseovceinattse . d Pa rttoIV re edm uc pehatsh is eesim th peacr ts of reduce the risk associated with the hazard. Moni­ geographical settings as wwie th ll adsrom ug et hhtodionl og viaerasinoguest to doa ri cat tia ng activities include the collection and analysis of quantify these impacts. Part V considers adjustment user o , ndo at fadaptraodpu ro cdtudcetvsetloopdm ec einsti , onanmdak th e e rs caonmdm ot uhneir ­ a an nddaPdaarpt ta V ti Ioncosn tr caetn eg tr iaetsesemopnlopyreedpatroed re ndeu ss cem im et phaocd ts ­ h in aza s r . dDsabtuat in a cludes not only physical data related to olo the definit lisoon so ocfiavlualn ne drabb io il lio ty g . icA al d co a m ta ptrheahtenassisv is ethgaavtg io ie n s , pr iong st ria tu m ti m on es alaanrdr an a g ct eim on esn , ts a /c nadpapco it liiecs ie , s miti­ drought monitoring system would include the collec­ imp e a ct bseo en f dr oorugchotu . ld be employed to reduce th th aetp ti roenc ip o it f a tio cl n i ) maastow lo el gliacsals tre daam ta f lo ( w e. , g r . e , se trevm oi prearnad tu grreouanndd ­ t • oPrienpcarreeadsneestshe re fleervseltoofprreedaidsiansetsesraocr tivities designed w se a n ter levels, soil moisture, snowpack, and remo improve oper­ cast ssedodfataagfrriocm satellites. This information is useful in ftoerley ­ aan ti on eamlearngdenicnys tit ( uet . igo ., naelacra ly p ab w il air ti neisng fo rsryess te p m on s, d in ogpetro ­ itnod ri i n ce gsatnodte ra acru ly ltw ur aarlnianngdtehcyhdnrioqluoegsi , cianlcldurdoiungghtth . e M us oeno i­ f u at sieofnuallfpolrands) e . no Fto in rgdrpor ught, contingency plans are them in a histo kriccu al rrent d ogrammatic responsibilities; contex ro t, u is g h th teco su nbdjie ti cotnosfaPnadrttIoIIv . iew p im ol p ic rioevsinbgetiw nf eoernmaatn io dnw fl iotw hi nonlesveev ls e ri o ty, im and coordination between levels of gov fergnomv pac eenrtn ts m , ean nd . t; d •P ec re is diiocn ti / opnolriecfyermsatkoerascw tiv it it hieasdtvhaantcepd ro fvoirdeecauss ts eros and D f the m sh a ro l ught i oul pdarntoosfan th i e nsidi t be vi ecw li e m ou aste nat d as m of ural hazard tha erveilrytuaalp ly hyaslilcarletg is pihoaensn no . omIrt ­ o ­ a fo crcm ur s r , ebnu ce tporfodbraobu il g it hyt . These forecasts can take many enon. Rather, drought is the result of an interplay p n re ddi in ct tieonnss it . yoFrorseecvaes ri ttyo ) fiso ccurrenc accu ursaucay ll yiaes so (t c im iat e e , ddw ura s highly viatrh ti o th n e , w be attw er eesnua natural event and the demand placed on between natural iable be consi pdpelryedbyrh el uam tiv aen -u to se ssoym ste emlso . nDg-rtoeurgmhtasvheo ra u g ld eidm ro puogrh ta ts ntincom ns oishtapzaarrtdssoafntdhe is w pa orrtlidc . ulLae rl deration for drought fore aydltiimm it eed is f a or condition of balance between precipitation and so d casts as well n , eva M po atnry an dsepfiirnaittiioonn . s of drought exist; it is unrealistic a in ncdorepco is riaotnem th akers are given ample opportunity to to expect a universal definition to be derived. Th the imple imseinntfao ti romnato io fnmiin ti g p at liaonnn in pr gogsrta ra m te mge ie s s . sDpreocu ti g ve htc as anfboe ll ogw ro s: u pe mdetbeyortoylpoegiocfald , isc hiypd li rnoalroygipcearl ­ , c lo agse ts reof is m al estoeoarno lo im gi pcoarl ta d n ro tudg is httinacn ti don th boe se tw oefenhyfdorroe -­ ian gric ical drought, especially in regions where snowpack so cco io rup ltur ec o o ra ntaels , d an omic if d f fe re snotc ioeco actors ipnhy it s n ic oaml, ic b . s defini io E lo agcihc al, d is a cipline tion. It mu nsdt /o be r." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-33.

"scto th ara ti rsetc ic te s d ( M mo OdSe ) l . f S or m ec it ahstadnad ta are called model output 1994). The state of ENSO is only one of many factors obs terevveedn SS gi T v en a perfect SRSoTp el feow re sckais ( t 1 -9 9i7 .e ) ., shtohweu (K se r d is hn to aKfuom re acrae st t al t . h1e99I5n ) d . ian summer monsoon m to oid ts elEuNsS ed O -a r t -N t C he E P cu rrent operational atmospheric Ward et al. (1993) discuss the useful level of skill In their study e , la ftoerd ty r -a fi i need vne fa lylspastu te brsn ta snfto ia rlpa ra d c ju ti sctamleun se ts . m of a d tr eop in ic a re l al n o ti r m th e A by f ri tchaenU fo KreM ca e st tse or th ol aotgihcaavleOb ff eiecnee (h xianm dc in aesd ts ) fo bra se th d e on specif e ie a d rs ( oofbsseeravseodn ) alSS fo Trew ca esrtess re in la ctei on 1s9h8i6p . swTih th esgeloabrael ly ladrigsetlry ib ubtaesdedSSoTn , SS st Tatiin st itchaelm ea o ch d el sism imulation wapserrieopde at 1e9d50 th -i 9r4 te . enEa ti cmh es s , e w as hoenraelpSoonue th n t. A O tla vnetrict , hean la dstade re claad ti e v , eltyhesm re aalll -ti EmNeSfOo re ccoam sts ­ u initial co unldaitt io io nnswatso st easrttiemdatwe ith th e s lig mha tl gynid tu if dfee ren otfvhaalviedah te addahisnkdic ll asstismim lar adteotwhiatthotbhtea in seadme fr osm ta t c is rto ic sasl -v av anrp ia re ti doincs ta ble and therefore random atmospheric methods. The chief limitation to further progress is a rai enrfaag ll edf or tion th ca elcm ul oad te e l. thTehebtehsitr te meondseilmeus la ti t m io antseao re flsaecaksoonf ( gJluonbeal th tr roopu ic gahlSSeSpTtefm or beecra ) s . tsAvcaclu id ra f te orfo th re ecawse ts ttgylpoibcaall ly v , a a ri l th ea ocuhghgitvheen seasonal SST pattern. Quite of ENSO would help, but would in most years be well, it sho at w io ends in sem as oodneall re ra piln ic fa altledpa th tt eeronbs se qruvietdeifn al sluffo fi rceiceanst. tsAatrmeoaslp so heu ri scedd , ynbaumtitchaely -m oondleyl -h baavseedusreaf in ul ­ T re hgu io s ns fo rofptrheec ip w it s a ystematic or tlido , n -t rhee la tmesdpaa ti pap ll l y ic var odel pre a d ti i o ct nys in g in biases. skill with lead times of a month or less before the require some kind ions wmoaun ld y r th ai antf al hlusm ea asnoin ty ( Fhoa ll sanidncerteaals . ed1 99 th 1 e ). Istuisscaelpsto ib p il o it s y si b o le f g ki ennderoaf te bdi as byadajuM stm OS ofteacdhjnuisqtumee . n T ts h , e perhaps those tropical west Africa to drought through the pro­ production of operat einot places a huge bnue rd ed en foorntthhiesg co re vsesrivoevreerdu re c c ti eonntd in ecnaedaers -. coTahsitsalcw ha e n st geAfirn ic a th nefolraensdtM because each time the m na oldd el y n is a m ch ic aanlge fo d r , eacansetwmsoedteo ls f s (e u . r g fa ., ceElb ta ohuinrdaan ry dhGaosnbgee1n99s6 ho ) w to nhbayve se v th e e ra lpo au te tnhtoirasla ne O ed S e statistics must be calculated to provide the to weaken the north African monsoon. More studies nneacleys si d sa s ad ojfu ry Msm tm u e lt n id ts e . c T ad h a is l re en qu se ir m es bltehsetgoe ne orbatta io in natnhdetorfopp ic oasls ib nloer th re g A io fr n ic aalnarnatihnrfo al p l, ogaesniwce ll inafs lu efnocr es on fundamental OiSmp st rao ti vse ti m cs enatnsdtuond th eerssecom re osdtehles , nseuecdh fo as r reg W ion ar sdwe it thaml. a ( r 1 gi 9n9a3l ) seaalssoonadlisrcau in sfsaltlh , e a re sk n il eleo de odt . her tahboosvee . related to the flux adjustments, discussed m tim ad eefboy re c th a e st sff real­ UK orM th et eeon ro olro th g e ic aasltOBfrfaizcielsw in ectes1e9 as 8o7n . dro Kungohwt le p d re gdeico ti fonEsNS in O m is a n in ysup ff airctisenotffotrher eg w io o n rl adlT se hviesreisa relatively dry area, subject to intermittent lbeescsaium se p o in rt a th n ese regions its influence is either small or Hastenr dartohuagnhdt. c T ol hleasbeorfao to re rs c a ( set . s g , ., asHw as etlelnarsatthho1s9e95b ) y , p ea ro st foBurnad zil an t than other factors. For instance, north­ are mainly statistical, although real-time dynamical patterns ( lFyo ll iandf lu west A nd eentcael. d frican w 19 b9y1 , H tro ept ic saela so Ant la ra nitn ic fa ll astenrath 1995, WSaSrTeM for eetceaosrtosl og hiacvae ard based on tropi lcbaOlAfefe ic n e . mTahdee st saitn is ctei cal 19f9o4 re ca bsy ts tahreeS1S9T 97 ) i . n In th aeddtirtoipoinc , aplaIrn ts d i of the Sahel are affected by on ENSO SSTs. On tl aanv ti ecraSgSeT , t a ro npoim ca allyAp tl aatn te ti rcnsSaSnTdsF Si o m ll i a la nrd ly , eltocaall . SS 19 T9p1a , tt Bar anns to Onceaannd (P Sam lm ith er11999866 ). , h re agvieonaboofuSt ou tw th ic Aem th e e ri cian , fl aule th nocue gh ofexEtN re SmOeE fo NrStOhs is , A no urstth ra w li eas , tnooftA ab ulsyt ra ilniatih er e ns influence precipitation in such as that in 1982-3, can dominate the circulation Drosdowsky 1993, F n re d th IendA ia uns tr O al c ia enanw north and and precipitation patterns over tropical South ericksen and i B nt aelrgo ( v e. ign . d , A sis m te e n ri t c ly a . h T ig hhe le r v ea el l -t o im f e sk iflol, resc im as itlsarhtaovethhaatdobatac in oend ­." In Droughts. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-43.

Johansson, Sveneric, Ulf Litzén, Jörg Kasten, and Manfred Kock. "Isotope Shift in B I at 2090 Å as a Probe of Cosmic Nucleosynthesis." In High Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hrfts.1992.thd4.

Lloyd-Mills, Frank, Jingyi Cheng, Meng Wang, and Wenfeng Li. "Geomechanical Characterization of Natural Shale-Sandstone Interface." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0309.