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1
Wardhani, Tara Kukuh. "Integrasi Regional Eropa Pasca Krisis Pengungsi 2015: Peran Area Schengen dalam Rekonstruksi Identitas Eropa melalui ‘Spatial “Othering”’." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 12, no. 1 (August 2, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v12i1.12941.
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This paper departs from the debate on the relevance of functional and neofunctionalmotives, such as economics, politics, and mobility, to the EU to maintainthe procurement of the Schengen area in the aftermath of insecurity crisiscaused by the large influx of refugees in 2015. This issue is important becausethe Schengen area has been one of the drivers of European regional integration.Thus, a more thorough analysis is needed in order to clarify other motives underlyingthe EU’s decision to maintain the procurement of the Schengen Area.Consequently, the author’s analysis yields three major findings to review motivesregarding the issue. First, the author analyses the transition of Schengen’s ‘ordering’forms in the European integration process, from functional to identity-drivenmotives. Second, the author analyses the ‘bordering’ practices undertaken by theEU through the Schengen area as an attempt to deconstruct the European rigidgeographical identity into a spatial geopolitical identity thus reinforcing exclusionof countries non-European. Third, the author analyses the possibility of increasingdegrees of EU inclusiveness as a strategic response to the Schengen crisis.
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Yotseva-Kanchevska, Milena. "The Membership in the Schengen Area as a Strategic Objective for the Republic of Bulgaria." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2021-0080.
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Abstract Until the escalation of the Covid-19 pandemic, joining the Schengen area was between the major foreign policy priorities for Bulgaria and Romania. Now, when having more clear view of the way out of the crisis, it is time to reopen that issue. The accession to the Schengen area will be associated with both internal and external political consequences, as well as economic ones. Despite all the benefits and advantages, the Bulgaria and Romania, in their perspective of future members of the Schengen area, have a huge responsibility arising from the forthcoming assumption of functions at the external border to ensure the security not only of Bulgarian and Romanian, but also of all European countries.
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Szymańska, Jolanta. "Europejska Agencja Straży Granicznej i Przybrzeżnej – unijna agencja z siedzibą w Polsce." Przegląd europejski 3 (May 12, 2019): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1960.
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The article presents the evolution of Frontex in the context of migration challenges of the EU and the Schengen area, and describes the specificity of agency activities at external borders. Special attention is given to Poland’s relations with Frontex, including issues such as operational cooperation between the Polish Border Guard and Frontex, obligations resulting from the location of the agency headquarters in Warsaw, and the government’s position regarding the development of the agency in the context of a broader discussion on the EU migration policy. In the study, the author argues that the strong attachment of member states, including Poland, to sovereignty in borders protection limits the possibilities for a creation of a truly European border guard. The article concludes that without an effective system for the protection of external borders, with the crisis of trust between Member States on migration issues, the Schengen area will remain under threat.
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Convey, Andrew, and Marek Kupiszewski. "Keeping up with Schengen: Migration and Policy in the European Union." International Migration Review 29, no. 4 (December 1995): 939–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900405.
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There is an inescapable relationship between the existence of migration movements and the resulting policies which are adopted by the authorities of the area concerned towards encouraging these movements, or more commonly towards attempting to control or to reduce them. This in turn means that the migration researcher must not only look at the effects of policy and changes in policy, important though this is, but must also attempt to understand the changing political factors which fuel the formation of policy. This paper aims to bring together some of the wide variety of policy issues and responses which may be observed in Europe at the present time and in the recent past, and in particular to make an assessment of the approaches being taken by the European Union member states as a whole, and also by the so-called Schengen group of member states. This article also attempts to look at the perceptions of these policies and their effects from the point of view of both the “western” and the “eastern” European countries, as migration policy issues are rarely onesided. In conclusion, it considers some of the research issues and problems which are raised by geographers and others working in this area, difficulties which might be implied by our possibly flippant title, “Keeping Up with Schengen.”
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Giordano, Alfonso. "The new political geography of migration in Europe between external borders and internal freedom of movement." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 96, no. 2 (2016): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1602047g.
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The creation of the Schengen area has modified the political geography of migration with important implications from a variety of perspectives, all of which affect the migration management policies of EU member States as well as those of third countries. On the one hand, the Schengen area established the first supranational border in the history of Europe; on the other hand, it obliged a small group of countries (those bordering non-EU States) to monitor the new border, manage refugee flows and repatriate illegal migrants from third countries, despite often being unprepared to tackle the migration phenomenon. The policies implemented in both the Mediterranean and continental countries have revealed a lack of long-term vision in dealing with several migration related issues. Currently, the absence of a single EU migration policy, the egocentric approach of some non-Mediterranean European countries and the re-emergence of border walls characterize the context. Nevertheless, migration flows and terrorism in Europe represent significant opportunities to strengthen the common European area, rather than weakening it. Moreover, evidence suggests that such global phenomena are better addressed at a supranational level rather than on a national basis.
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Nováková, Iveta. "Role of EU and National Legislation in Shaping Communication in Police Detention Centres." Internal Security 12, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6689.
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The study is devoted to a discussion on selected issues relating to the EU and national legislation which determine the process of the mainstream communication with third-country nationals in the Police Detention Centres. The study is a part of the ongoing research project of the Department of Foreign Languages of the Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava and the Bureau of the Border and Foreign Police of the Presidium of the Police Force, Slovakia titled Intercultural Communication with third-country nationals in the Police Detention Centres. The research attempts to find the answer to the following question: What means of intercultural communication (verbal and non-verbal) do police officers use with third-country nationals for mutual understanding, avoiding conflicts and correct adherence to human rights? Following the findings of the intermediate legislative and applied research, the author points out the main reasons which lead to certain difficulties in performing understandable communication in the Police Detention Centres such as loopholes in the EU legislation, non-conformity of the EU and national legislation in using the state (national) vs foreign language in official service communication with third-country nationals whose stay is unauthorised in the territory of the Slovak Republic, and in the EU and the Schengen Area, and their residence or entry into the Schengen Area is detected as irregular and subsequently clarified, with respective accountability.
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Gruszczak, Artur. "Inkorporacja acquis Schengen do prawa Unii Europejskiej i prawa krajowego państw członkowskich." Przegląd europejski 3 (May 12, 2019): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1921.
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This article takes up in the form of an interdisciplinary legal and political analysis the issue of the incorporation of the Schengen acquis into European Union law and the national legal systems of the EU member states in the light of the concept of a hybrid system of territorial governance. Accordingly, the Schengen acquis stimulated the process of intersecting the interests of internal security and the protection of Member States’ borders with the supranational ideological imperative with regard to the principle of free movement of persons. The argument developed in this article is that the incorporation of the Schengen acquis into EU law consolidated hybridity of the legal and institutional construction of the EU after the Amsterdam Treaty as a result of the contradiction between the logic of political bargain at the intergovernmental level and the vertical spillover generated at the supranational level in the institutional and decision-making dimensions. The conclusions point to the emergence, as a result of “schengenisation”, of the area of freedom, security and justice in the EU, in which the principle of free movement of people brought about diversification of the states’ adaptation mechanisms in relation to the ideologically determined project of transformation of the system of management of the territory and borders within the European Union.
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Monar, Jörg. "Enlarging the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: Problems of Diversity and EU Instruments and Strategies." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 3 (2000): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802859169.
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Ten years ago justice and home affairs (JHA) did not yet even exist as a EC/EU policy-making area. Yet—after modest beginnings in the context of the Maastricht Treaty’s “Third Pillar” in 1993—the development of EU policies in the JHA area was transformed into a fundamental treaty objective by the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999, Article 2 TEU providing for the maintenance and the development of the European Union as an “area of freedom, security and justice” (AFSJ). This new integration objective was strengthened by the introduction of a range of new policy objectives, the communitarisation of asylum, immigration and other issues of the former “Third Pillar”, the incorporation of the Schengen acquis, new and more appropriate legal instruments and improved judicial control. This, and the results of the Tampere European Council of October 1999, led to a further expansion of the scope of policy-making in justice and home affairs, with dozens of new legislative acts being adopted, a considerable number of new legislative initiatives and even the establishment of new bodies—such as the prosecution agency Eurojust and the European Police College. There is no other example in the history of EC/EU integration process of an area of previously loose intergovernmental co-operation ever having made its way so quickly to the top of the Union’s political and legislative agenda.
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Monar, Jörg. "Enlarging the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: Problems of Diversity and EU Instruments and Strategies." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 3 (2000): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000003827.
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Ten years ago justice and home affairs (JHA) did not yet even exist as a EC/EU policy-making area. Yet—after modest beginnings in the context of the Maastricht Treaty’s “Third Pillar” in 1993—the development of EU policies in the JHA area was transformed into a fundamental treaty objective by the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999, Article 2 TEU providing for the maintenance and the development of the European Union as an “area of freedom, security and justice” (AFSJ). This new integration objective was strengthened by the introduction of a range of new policy objectives, the communitarisation of asylum, immigration and other issues of the former “Third Pillar”, the incorporation of the Schengen acquis, new and more appropriate legal instruments and improved judicial control. This, and the results of the Tampere European Council of October 1999, led to a further expansion of the scope of policy-making in justice and home affairs, with dozens of new legislative acts being adopted, a considerable number of new legislative initiatives and even the establishment of new bodies—such as the prosecution agency Eurojust and the European Police College. There is no other example in the history of EC/EU integration process of an area of previously loose intergovernmental co-operation ever having made its way so quickly to the top of the Union’s political and legislative agenda.
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Ivanova, Diana. "Migration Crisis - A Main Priority for the Fifth Polish Presidency of the Visegrád Group." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0089.
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Abstract The migration crisis and related challenges for the future of the Schengen area are some of the main problems facing the EU. The opinion of the Visegrad Four on this issue, however, seriously differs from that of Brussels. Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia are firmly against the quota principle in the allocation of migrants. The aim of this article is to present the migrant crisis as a top priority during the fifth in the history Polish rotating presidency of the Visegrad Four - from July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017. This objective will be realized through the implementation of basic tasks - analysis of the documents adopted at the forums of the organization, and the views of leading politicians from the Visegrad countries
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Cesarz, Maciej Zbigniew. "The COMMUNITARIAN AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL DIMENSION OF THE EU VISA LAW." Review of European and Comparative Law 37, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.4841.
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This article explores the development of EU visa policy with special emphasis put on legal and institutional dimension. Basing on a formal analysis of primary and secondary law of the European Union and literature of the subject, it claims that intergovernmental roots of common visa policy strongly affect the current structure of EU regulations on visas. The research is focused on the formal development in this area of integration with particular attention paid to intergovernmental dimension which is still present in the framework of Schengen visa regime. Visa facilitation agreements as part of EU visa law as well as political determinants of common visa policy are also examined. The article concludes that visa issuing still remains a complex matter, characterized by dispersion of visa acquis due to separate provisions that still remain in force and which presents a mix of hard and soft law. Since the Member States have retained the right to issue national, long-term visas and the national practice of issuing uniform visas remains varied, the European integration in the area of visas is still incomplete.
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Kesel, Juraj. "European Security in the Context of Migration - Measures to Protect Borders and Security Aspects Connected with Migration." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 35 (December 31, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n35p62.
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The aim of this article is to assess the existing development of migrant crisis in connection with the divided member states of the European Union. Based on the comparison of migrant flows, study of the measures adopted in order to prevent migration and analysis of security risks of migration presented in the article it has been proven that there is a direct correlation between migration and an increased rate of terrorist attacks in Europe. The elimination of smuggling groups and the support of migrants' countries of origin have helped to mitigate migration pressure. The outcomes of the article confirm that despite the adoption of legal and technical measures by the European Union in order to secure the external border of the Schengen Area, European countries do not share the same view of how to solve the migrant crisis. The outcome of migration issue solution is to provide relevant information to the expert public in order to support a stable and safe European Union. It is an equal partnership of all the European Union member states in all the areas that is of the highest priority in order to guarantee the above state.
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Odorige, Catherine. "The Shoppers; Venue Shopping, Asylum Shopping: A Resolution in EURODAC?" Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 331 (July 12, 2018): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v331.19.
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The term shopping used in reference to two strictly legal/politically somewhat related issues ‘Asylum shopping’ and ‘Venue shopping’, belong to two different spheres of actors. Asylum shopping is descriptive of the action of asylum seekers selectivity, in choice of member state where they perceive better social and welfare conditions. Venue shopping, a concept introduced by Guiraudon in 2000, explain the action of movement by member states in the European Union from venues of national jurisdiction, less amenable to their search for more restrictive migration policy to venues howbeit transnational like transit countries and EU institutions suitable for their policy perspectives. This they did for the primary purpose of avoiding adversary activities of non-state actors and the judicial scrutiny within their national sphere. Common European Asylum System (CEAS) the Dublin Directive and the EURODAC are spill-over in the European integration Project, commonly referred to as the Schengen acquis in the area of migration and integration of third country nationals. The three directives are the results of policy search to administer the entrance and residence of third country nationals especially in the area of irregular migration.
This paper seeks to examine the inter-relationship between the two actors to which the commercial term shopping describes, how an electronic regulation in EURODAC became a check to their ‘shopping.’ For the asylum seekers exposing their agency, for the member states reducing anxieties, and influenced the ceding of powers hitherto held by member states through (intergovernmental) negotiations to the EU (Supranational) and the impact of these policy measures in checking security challenges and sanitization of this angle of asylum administration in the EU.
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McGarry, Brian. "Republic of Slovenia v. Republic of Croatia." American Journal of International Law 115, no. 1 (January 2021): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.104.
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The Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Slovenia v. Croatia marks the anticlimax of a long-running territorial dispute. It is also only the sixth time the CJEU has issued a judgment in a case instituted by one European Union member against another. Among these cases, it is the first to consider an arbitral award in a dispute between members, the first to consider a boundary dispute between members, and the first to be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. The Court found that it cannot rule on alleged infringements of European Union law when these arise from the breach of a treaty falling outside of the Union's subject-matter competence. Most directly, the Judgment may pose significant consequences for European Union internal affairs in the near term, such as Croatia's ambitions to join the Schengen Area and the Eurozone. More broadly, several of the Court's findings will be relevant beyond the European legal order, particular those concerning the meaning and effect of “ancillary” legal questions, and the bilateral or multilateral character of a dispute involving admission to an international organization.
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Nekrašas, Leonas. "Lithuanian–Latvian Local Border Traffic, 1919–1939." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 44 (December 20, 2019): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2019.44.4.
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Today, both Lithuania and Latvia are part of the Schengen Area, which means their citizens can freely travel between these states. The situation was different during the interwar years: the border between these Baltic Republics was strictly guarded, and traveling abroad was more complex. However, the order crossing for local residents of the border area was simplified by the local border traffic regime agreed upon by both countries. This paper aims to explore the evolution of Lithuanian-Latvian local border traffic policy in the interwar period and its impact on locals (primarily on Lithuania’s side). In the first few years after the establishment of the new states, border crossings for residents of Lithuania’s border area were regulated by internal state legislation. Initially, people were devastated by the requirement to cross the border only at sparsely placed border crossing points, the restrictions on trade, and the radical reduction of the border area. After the peaceful settlement of the Lithuanian-Latvian border in 1921, newly signed bilateral treaties began to solve the crucial problems of the locals. However, there were instances of bilateral friction and various incidents; authoritarian state structures also had reservations based on the issue of potentially unfavorable foreign influences. The breakthrough in the diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Latvia in the 1930s saw a new level of liberalization of the local border traffic policy. A positive impact was widely felt among the locals. However, certain economic concerns made this new policy short-lived. In the interwar years, grievances and discontent toward the new border relations were gradually replaced by acceptance and adaptation. Bilateral cooperation made it possible to react to and suit the needs of the people. The overall Lithuanian-Latvian local border traffic regime showed a tendency of liberalization over time, a process which was curtailed by certain political and economic realities and considerations.
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Pushkareva, V. V. "GIBRALTAR AND BREXIT." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 4, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2020-4-4-445-454.
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The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union with its overseas possessions returned to the political agenda the territorial dispute between Madrid and London over the Gibraltar semi-enclave. The opposite points of view have collided in the context of Brexit: the UK fundamentally defends its sovereignty over Gibraltar, Spain strives to regain the lost territory, the Gibraltarians want to maintain association with the Kingdom and not break with the European Union, the European Union is not eager to grant Gibraltar a special status, but at the same time is interested in maintaining a preferential financial zone in the South of the Iberian Peninsula. Separate issues of relations between the UK and Spain on the situation of Gibraltar for the transition period were agreed, they are set out in the “4 Memoranda”. The further fate of the territory depends on the UK's deal with the EU. The contracting parties guarantee that the interests of both Spain and Gibraltar are taken into account. Possible options: holding a referendum on the independence of Gibraltar; gaining control of Spain over the strategic objects of Gibraltar as a result of the deal; Gibraltar remains under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom and continues to cooperate with the EU; dual Spanish-British sovereignty will be established over Gibraltar; at the end of Brexit Gibraltar will not cooperate with the EU. But each of the proposed solutions requires certain concessions from the disputing parties. They are not ready to compromise yet. The authorities of Gibraltar, however, are aware that without cooperation with the UK, Spain and the European Union, their further successful state and development is impossible. More favorable conditions, in our opinion, for the Gibraltarians will arise with the accession to the Schengen area and the Customs Union.
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Šmidrkal, Václav. "They Shall—or Shall Not—Pass? Communist State Borders in the Czech Culture of Remembrance after 1989." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 31, no. 2 (April 19, 2017): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325416679693.
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This article is part of the special section titled From the Iron Curtain to the Schengen Area, guest edited by Wolfgang Mueller and Libora Oates-Indruchová. This article analyses the formation of the two mutually opposing memory poles of the communist past that crystalized in Czechia after 1989. To this end, it focuses on the issue of communist state borders, which slowly developed into one of the most controversial memory conflicts. Anti-communist Iron Curtain discourse established a new mainstream “national memory” using the previous border regime as a prime example of the non-democratic rule that violated values that were constitutive of liberal democratic order after 1989. Nevertheless, the Communists’ border discourse did not fade away after 1989. It was sustained by communist politicians, party members and former Border Guards. It still influences the public memory of state borders by stressing their legitimacy, legality, and ultimately the inevitability of protecting them. The search for unequivocal heroes and evil-doers of the communist state border regime strengthens this split memory and makes embracing its complexity hardly possible. The existence of these two opposing memory discourses, which refute one another, is not just an example of group conflict over the “right” memory. It also illustrates deep postcommunist divides in Czech society going beyond the watershed events of 1989.
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NECEL, WOJCIECH. "Emigranci w Polsce - kultura przyjęcia." Prawo Kanoniczne 58, no. 3 (January 18, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/pk.2015.58.3.04.
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The migration of population in the second decade of the twenty-rst century, in the lives of the global, as well as inter-continental and inter- national communities, is a structural phenomenon undergoing intensi- cation and it is aecting all areas of human life and the life of the Church. e Church in Poland got used to speaking about Polish emigration, the “very old” one and the “old” one, as well as the latest, which came about alongside joining the structures of the European Union and the Schengen group. A vital problem within the immigration area is the return of Polish families to Poland, at least from the British Isles and France, and, gaining dynamics from time to time, the issue of repatriation of Poles from distant Kazakhstan and the presence of Ukrainians and other Eastern nationalities on the streets of Polish cities.Mass media inform about the situation on Lampedusa island, on the Syrian-Turkish and Turkish-Iraqi borders, and the situation in the Balkans and Hungary. e crisis plunged Greece cannot manage to solve the prob- lems of the coming people. Pope Francis sympathized with the European immigrants, lamented that so many of them deceased on the way to the European continent. e politicians discussed how to divide the coming groups of refugees among the countries. With the foregoing outline, at the turn of 2014-2015, the Republic of Poland along with the rest of European Union, is faced with the necessity to develop a common immigration policy, and the Church, in agreement with the Erga migrantes instruction, should elaborate the specics of the ministry towards the immigrants.
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Novotná, Markéta. "Schengen Area - Fortress Europe?" Acta Oeconomica Pragensia 22, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.aop.435.
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Wróblewski, Łukasz, and Andrzej Kasperek. "Euroregion as an Entity Stimulating the Sustainable Development of the Cross-Border Market for Cultural Services in a City Divided by a Border." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 13, 2019): 2232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082232.
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This article discusses the issue of the sustainable development of the Polish-Czech cross-border market for cultural services in a city divided by an international border. The article uses the example of Cieszyn and Český Těšín, a city divided following the decision of the Council of Ambassadors in 1920. The research carried out so far indicates the main constraints in the harmonious functioning of the cross-border market for cultural services in this city, such as: The different cultural policies implemented on both sides of the city, the language barriers, as well as some legal and administrative differences. Therefore, the authors undertook research aimed at recognising the role of Euroregional structures in stimulating the sustainable development of this region. On the basis of an analysis of the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion’s documentation, and the results of qualitative and quantitative research, this article describes the role of the Euroregion in building a cross-border market for cultural services. The presented results shows that the level of familiarity with cultural events organised in Cieszyn and Český Těšín within the framework of Interreg cross-border projects, is much higher than the familiarity with cultural events that are organised without financial support received through the Euroregion. Recommendations were also prepared that could constitute the principles of a common cultural policy, not only for Cieszyn and Český Těšín, but also for other European cities in the Schengen Area, which, like Cieszyn and Český Těšín, have been divided by an international border.
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Szachoń-Pszenny, Anna. "Three-stage enlargement of the Schengen area to include new EU member states under the post-Amsterdam principles." Przegląd europejski 3 (May 12, 2019): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1957.
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Artykuł przedstawia najistotniejsze prawne następstwa rozszerzenia strefy Schengen na podstawie zasad poamsterdamskich, które można określić jako trójetapową akcesję do strefy Schengen. Zostały one zdefiniowane w Protokole Schengen i rozszerzone w traktatach akcesyjnych oraz prawie pochodnym UE. Obszarem badawczym są reguły dotyczące włączania nowych państw do obszaru Schengen oraz prawne konsekwencje tego procesu. Stanowią one kluczową reformę strefy Schengen i wyznaczają nowy kierunek rozwoju „obszaru bez granic”. W artykule postawiono hipotezę główną i dwie hipotezy cząstkowe. Hipoteza główna zakłada, że zasady poamsterdamskie stały się najważniejszą reformą acquis Schengen, wyznaczając prawną konieczność oraz nowe prawne następstwa rozszerzenia strefy Schengen. Konsekwentnie można postawić dwie hipotezy cząstkowe, że opracowanie zasad poamsterdamskich przyspieszyło rozwój strefy Schengen, a tym samym wzmocniło „obszar bez granic”. Druga z hipotez cząstkowych wskazuje, że obszar ten należy rozpatrywać dwuaspektowo, jako obszar prawa i obszar terytorialny, które poprzez realizację zasad poamsterdamskich ulegają stopniowemu ujednolicaniu. Przy zastosowaniu metodologii badań prawnych dokonano analizy prawa pierwotnego UE oraz unijnego prawa pochodnego w zakresie dorobku Schengen inkorporowanego do prawa UE na mocy Traktatu amsterdamskiego (TA).
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Braha, Serhii. "Political Changes in Europe and European Integration in Uriadovyi Kurier." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XIX (2018): 798–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2018-50.
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The article analyses in detail the 2018 political season in Europe. The author recalls how the year began: the European Union extended sanctions against the Russian Federation for violating the territorial integrity of our state. It is noted that ensuring strict compliance in the European Union and in companies of EU member States with the policy of non-recognition and the sanctions regime is very important for Ukraine. The author highlights the areas of Ukrainian national interest. Describes the vicissitudes of relations between Ukraine and the European Union. Reveals the content of cooperation between Ukraine and NATO. Notes that the Ukraine–EU Summit confirmed the strategic nature of the development of relations with the European Union, as well as the desire of both sides to further develop a dialogue with the EU on the integration of Ukraine into the EU Customs Union, the EU Energy Union, the common digital market and Association with the Schengen area. The Summit also analysed the topic related to the activities of the member States of the European Union and the United States to prevent the implementation of the Nord stream 2 project. Further, the author of the article examines the functioning of the free trade zone and the visa-free regime. Clarifies that more than a million of our compatriots have already used the visa-free regime, becoming true lobbyists for the European integration of Ukraine. The author also notes that one of the most noticeable factors that will affect the lives of leading European States will be the beginning of the election campaign for the European Parliament. The approach of the active phase of the campaign is beginning to change the attitude of European deputies of Ukraine. The author of the article notes that the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union may affect the “Ukrainian file” in the future composition of the European Parliament. Keywords: European Union, NATO summit, “Ukrainian issue”, dialogue, visa-free regime, European Parliament.
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Studzińska, Dominika. "Wybrane aspekty transformacji funkcji i stopnia przenikalności granicy polsko-rosyjskiej = Selected aspects of the transformation in function, and permeability, of the Polish-Russian border." Przegląd Geograficzny 91, no. 4 (2019): 553–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/przg.2019.4.6.
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The Polish-Russian border is unique, and for many reasons. One of these relates to the role of Kaliningrad Oblast vis-à-vis Russia on the one hand, and the EU and NATO on the other, making it clear how strategically important he District is from the geopolitical point of view. A second wider issue of course concerns Russia’s position on the international stage. Unsurprisingly, the Polish-Russian border has been characterised by a significant dynamic where changes of function and permeability are concerned. Given that the border plays a role even at global level, transformations that have occurred relate to changes in EU/Poland-Russian relations, even if such top-down considerations neglect a further significance from the point of view of border residents who must struggle with issues of lack of access to a stable border. The aim of the work detailed in this paper was thus to identify the functions played by the Polish-Russian border across the whole 1990–2018 period, as well as the associated degree of permeability. And despite a relatively rich literature devoted to the border in question, it is possible to note relative neglect of the matter of how that border was created and shaped, as well as a real lack of analyses when it comes to variability in status post-2012. This gap in the Polish literature, in particular, is bridged in the present paper, whose author sought the answers to three key research questions. These related to whether, and to what extent, the Polish-Russian border actually represented a barrier; to the factors determining variability of function and permeability; and to the impact of any instability of functioning on the everyday lives of inhabitants in the Poland-Kaliningrad border region. Analysis of the material compiled makes it clear that the greatest impact on the role of the border in question is that exerted by individual decisions of central governments and the European Parliament. For the years 1990–2018 saw the border’s status change under the influence of, for example: the introduction of visa-free travel (1990–1997), the Act on Foreigners (1998–2003), Poland’s accession to the EU (2004–2007), Poland’s accession to the Schengen Area (2008–2011), the introduction of local border traffic (2012–2016), the Crimean crisis (from 2014) and suspension of local border traffic (from 2016). Additionally, the role of the border has been changed by the state of border infrastructure, procedures, the image of Russia, global trends relating to borders and relations nurtured by ruling political parties.
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VotoupalovÁ, Markéta. "The Wrong Critiques: Why Internal Border Controls Don't Mean the End of Schengen." New Perspectives 27, no. 1 (February 2019): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2336825x1902700104.
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Since 2015, the collapse of the EU's Area of Freedom, Security and Justice has been widely discussed due to the re-impositions of internal border controls which seemingly undermine the premise of Schengen as a borderless area. Yet, three years later, Schengen is still alive. Employing Krasner's conceptualisation of sovereignty, this article offers a systematic analysis of why Schengen seems to be so resilient by addressing three common, yet inaccurate critiques. Firstly, it claims that re-impositions of internal controls cannot be seen as a violation of Schengen but, contrarily, as an inherent part of it. Secondly, states do not use re-impositions to selfishly regain their sovereignty. Rather, they follow the Schengen Acquis, and re-impositions are but a corrective to the legislation not being observed adequately. Indeed, what seems to define Schengen is the wish to follow the rules, not to change them. Thirdly, as current events demonstrate, if the Schengen area is to be endangered, it will be due to insufficient external border controls, not due to re-impositions or a lack of solidarity.
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Cesarz, Maciej. "Ekonomiczny i kulturowy wymiar funkcjonowania strefy Schengen`." Przegląd europejski 3 (May 12, 2019): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1959.
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The article examines the functioning of the Schengen area in the economic, social and cultural dimension. Deeply rooted in the interdisciplinary stream of European studies it adopts the analytical perspective of neo-functionalism, perceiving Schengen area as a complementary to the internal market and constructivist approach emphasising the role of ideas as a mechanism shaping the sense of identity and community. The conclusions confirm the positive impact of the Schengen on economic growth, however the benefits are not evenly distributed among the participating states. The Schengen Agreement also improves cultural exchange and is considered the greatest achievement of an integration project. It also deepens the effect of isolation from third countries, but abolition of Schengen area would bring serious economic costs and negatively affect the lifestyle and freedom of movement of Europeans.
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Mushak, N. "LEGAL REGULATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS’ FUNCTIONING WITHIN THE SCHENGEN AREA." Actual Problems of International Relations, no. 130 (2017): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.130.0.70-81.
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The article investigates the legal regulation of cross-border information systems that operate within the Schengen area. These information systems are the Schengen Information System, Visa Information System and the European Travel Information and Authorisation System. The information systems provide the opportunity of free access to the database of border and law enforcement authorities of the Schengen area member states. These authorities are able to quick and efficient collaboration as well as in interaction in support of national security, public order and effective fight against organized crime, border-crossing of illegal immigrants, drug trafficking etc. The article defines that in addition to cooperation between the competent and relevant authorities of the Schengen area member states the information systems are to be the instruments of the freedom of movement of persons, contributing at the same time of public order and national security of each of the European countries. The article analyses the main tasks and purposes of a new European travel information and authorization system. In particular, the system concerns those countries that have already signed agreements on visa-free regime with the EU. In practice, it means that the citizens of "visa-free" countries will be able to travel to the Schengen area member states without a visa, but they are required to be authorized through this system before the trip. The research also analyzes the regulations of the European Union, western and national doctrine in respect of the operation of cross-border information systems within the Schengen area.
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Budeviča, Līga, Aija Čerpinska, and Daina Znotiņa. "THE SCHENGEN AREA - THE CHALLENGES OF ITS EXISTENCE AND THE NEED FOR REFORM." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5364.
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The Schengen area is a unique structure and one of the European Union's greatest achievements allowing people to move freely within its borders. However, the factors such as the refugee crisis and the influx of asylum seekers into Europe have led several Member States to reintroduce border controls at their internal borders. The aim of the research is to explore the Schengen area, the challenges of its existence and the need for reform. In order to implement the aim of the research, the authors have determined the following tasks of the research: 1) to explore and analyse the Schengen area and the reforms taking place in it; 2) to explore the challenges of the existence of the Schengen area; 3) based on the results obtained in the research, to draw conclusions and develop proposals. The study summarizes the reforms implemented and planned in the Schengen area, evaluates the existing challenges and relevance of the reforms to overcome them. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that it is necessary to ensure the Member States adopt measures to restore the proper functioning of the Schengen area and do not request extension of the reintroduction of the border control at the internal borders.
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Budeviča, Līga, Aija Čerpinska, and Daina Znotiņa. "THE SCHENGEN AREA - THE CHALLENGES OF ITS EXISTENCE AND THE NEED FOR REFORM." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5364.
Full textAbstract:
The Schengen area is a unique structure and one of the European Union's greatest achievements allowing people to move freely within its borders. However, the factors such as the refugee crisis and the influx of asylum seekers into Europe have led several Member States to reintroduce border controls at their internal borders. The aim of the research is to explore the Schengen area, the challenges of its existence and the need for reform. In order to implement the aim of the research, the authors have determined the following tasks of the research: 1) to explore and analyse the Schengen area and the reforms taking place in it; 2) to explore the challenges of the existence of the Schengen area; 3) based on the results obtained in the research, to draw conclusions and develop proposals. The study summarizes the reforms implemented and planned in the Schengen area, evaluates the existing challenges and relevance of the reforms to overcome them. As a result of the study, the authors conclude that it is necessary to ensure the Member States adopt measures to restore the proper functioning of the Schengen area and do not request extension of the reintroduction of the border control at the internal borders.
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Rіeznikov, Valeriі. "Conceptual bases of the strategy of formation and implementation of state policy in the sphere of European integration of Ukraine." Public administration and local government 44, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/102009.
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The newest policy of Ukraine should be to develop such state concepts, strategies and programs that would contribute to the European integration of the country, taking into account the current challenges of today.
The purpose of the article is to define the conceptual foundations of the strategy of formation and implementation of state policy in the sphere of European integration of Ukraine in modern conditions.
The conceptual framework of the national strategy for the European integration of Ukraine is a general concept of the country’s long-term actions, a certain model of the mission realization and achievement of long-term goals, which defines its development prospects, main directions and priorities of activity in the European integration sphere. Such a generalized European integration concept of Ukraine is reflected in the relevant state documents, laws and by-laws, and within the framework of the state strategy, strategies for development of various spheres, sectors and sectors of economy and public life are developed and implemented in accordance with the existing requirements, rules and regulations of the euro framework documents.A significant event in the European integration of Ukraine into the EU was the introduction of amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine (concerning the strategic course of the state for the acquisition of full membership of Ukraine in the European Union and in the Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty). In addition to the issues related to the implementation of the Association Agreement, further progress on the European integration of Ukraine should also take place in the following areas: associations with the Schengen area; accession to the EU customs union; accession to the EU Energy Union; the entry into force of the common aviation space; joining the digital market, etc.Integration with the EU is an important component of Ukraine’s foreign policy. However, conceptually, European integration should be seen first and foremost as a comprehensive domestic state policy aimed at introducing reforms and transformations that are necessary and important for Ukrainian society, and only then, as a component of foreign state policy, which depends largely on the political will of the EU on the pace and full integration with our country.
Thus, the strategy of Ukraine’s integration into the European Union should ensure the country’s accession to the European political, legal, economic, informational and security space. Obtaining full EU membership in the medium term on this basis should become a major foreign policy priority of Ukraine’s policy formulation and implementation policy in the face of contemporary challenges of today.
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Gaveika, Artūrs. "SCHENGEN BORDERS CODE IN THE ASPECT OF BORDER SECURITY." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 6 (May 28, 2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2021vol6.6478.
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Latvia has joined the Schengen area in 2007 and has already passed three Schengen evaluations. The aim of the article is to analyse the Schengen Borders Code in the context of border security. Based on analysis of the Schengen Borders Code implementation in Latvia the author develops and puts forward suggestions on Schengen Borders Code content improvement as well as its judicial systematisation development. The research tasks include the investigation of the current EU and national normative regulations, legal practices, the conclusions of Latvian and foreign law researchers by using analytical, historical and comparative methods.The improvement of the national normative regulation was started long before Latvia's accession to the Schengen area. In 2006, the Schengen Borders Code entered into force, which was revised due to the migration crisis in the Mediterranean region and adopted in 2016 in an improved version. The further development of the Schengen Borders Code is important from the point of view of the right to free movement of persons and from the point of view of ensuring public security in the face of today's challenges related to terrorism, international crime, uncontrolled migration and the spread of disease.The main achievement of the research is that the author has defined the main areas of Schengen Borders Code further development.
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Gaveika, Artūrs. "SCHENGEN ACQUIS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN LATVIA." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5363.
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Latvia joined the Schengen area in 2007 and has already passed three Schengen evaluations. The novelty of the article is aimed at analysis of Schengen Acquis implementation in Latvia and offer suggestions on its further implementation development. The aim of the study is to develop and propose suggestions on Schengen Acquis content improvement and its judicial systematisation development. The research tasks are to investigate the current EU and national normative regulations, legal practices, the conclusions of Latvian and foreign law researchers by using analytical, historical and comparative methods. The improvement of the national normative regulation was started long before Latvia's accession to the Schengen area. The further development of the Schengen acquis is important from the point of view of the right to free movement of persons and from the point of view of ensuring public security in the face of today's challenges related to terrorism, international crime, uncontrolled migration and the spread of disease. The main achievement of the research is that the author has defined the main areas of Schengen Acquis development.
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Gaveika, Artūrs. "SCHENGEN ACQUIS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN LATVIA." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 3, no. 8 (October 20, 2020): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v3i8.5363.
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Latvia joined the Schengen area in 2007 and has already passed three Schengen evaluations. The novelty of the article is aimed at analysis of Schengen Acquis implementation in Latvia and offer suggestions on its further implementation development. The aim of the study is to develop and propose suggestions on Schengen Acquis content improvement and its judicial systematisation development. The research tasks are to investigate the current EU and national normative regulations, legal practices, the conclusions of Latvian and foreign law researchers by using analytical, historical and comparative methods. The improvement of the national normative regulation was started long before Latvia's accession to the Schengen area. The further development of the Schengen acquis is important from the point of view of the right to free movement of persons and from the point of view of ensuring public security in the face of today's challenges related to terrorism, international crime, uncontrolled migration and the spread of disease. The main achievement of the research is that the author has defined the main areas of Schengen Acquis development.
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Rožňák, Petr. "Migration and National Security of the Visegrad Countries. Does the Nation State Have a Superstate?" Central European Review of Economics & Finance 31, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2019.009.
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Several serious circumstances led to the writing of this essay: since 2008 the crisis remains, albeit with varying degrees of intensity, the situation in the field of international security, as well as debt and institutional crises, are worsening not only in the eurozone. Probably the organized migratory wave of war, economic and climate migrants continues to move across the permeable borders of the Schengen area, showing how the European Union is fragile and helpless. [Klaus, Weigl, 2015] German Chancellor Angela Merkel said there is no upper limit for the number of people who would be admitted to escape political persecution in their country. Germany leaves the Dublin system inconsistently, runs counter to European cohesion and stops differentiating between the immigrant and the refugee. Migration divides EU Member States into patriarchal and patrimonial and distrust between municipalities. Between „old” and „new” EU countries, scissors are opened. In addition, in some regions of Europe (France, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom) there are closed communities where the majority law is not valid. Our current socio-political and economic existence is based on a traditional understanding of security. However, the second decade of the 21st century represents a political and military conservative mirror that reflects the image of prosperity and security from a different angle than in previous years. Dramatic developments have led to massive migration of the peoples of the African and Asian continent and to the division of the European Union, especially with regard to the permanent mechanism of redistribution of asylum seekers. Our aim is to contribute to discussion and reflection on topical issues of security environment and security system as a follow-up to the dramatic development that have resulted in the massive migration of people from the African and Asian continent, and in the European Union's break-up, especially in view of the permanent mechanism of redistribution of asylum seekers. We are focused on to what extent the security system of the EU and national states has been threatened and what the threatening factors are. Our aim is to point out that the international security situation has not changed for the better in the second decade of the 21st century. For this purpose, the author uses deductive, analytical, comparative, scientific methods such as exploration, prediction, explanation, and Hanlon's razor.
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Mazzeschi, Marco, and Clayton E. Cartwright Jr. "Not Just Business as Usual in the EU: A Comprehensive Analysis of Immigration and Tax Issues Related to Business Trips in 17 Schengen Countries." International Journal of Business Administration 9, no. 2 (February 8, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijba.v9n2p46.
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This article undertakes a comparative analysis of doing business in the European Union’s Schengen Bloc vis-à-vis working in the Schengen Bloc. Through a critical review of what may constitute business activities vs. work in all 17 Schengen member states, the article establishes how international companies can minimize unintentional exposure to immigration noncompliance as well as possible tax liabilities. As the article observes, there is a general absence of a standard EU legal definition of ‘work’ vs. ‘business activities’ that international companies can apply when sending employees for business purposes to the Schengen Bloc. In the absence of specific criteria, the article outlines what characterizes business activities in 17 Schengen countries and then several international standards, which concerned parties can use a reference point. By examining various sources including EU, OECD and ILO frameworks, the article’s research indicates general terms of reference in distinguishing business activities from work, and how that distinction confers the need for a business visa or a work permit in the European Union’s Schengen Bloc.
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De Somer, Marie. "Schengen: Quo Vadis?" European Journal of Migration and Law 22, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 178–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12340073.
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Abstract The EU’s Schengen zone has been in crisis for over four years. This article critically reviews three scenarios on the way forward for the Schengen area that are currently circulating in the EU policy sphere. These include, first, proposals to improve the current rules on internal border checks within the Schengen Borders Code, either through reform or through better implementation practices. A second scenario relates to ideas on increasing the use of police checks in border regions as alternatives for internal border controls. A third scenario links to proposals on making access to the Schengen zone conditional on cooperation and good governance in the CEAS. It is submitted that the proposals in this third scenario are unfeasible for both political as well as legal reasons. More merit can be found in the discussions around the first two scenarios, albeit bearing in mind a number of important caveats.
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Szabolcs Pásztor. "The Role of Schengen in the Development of Peripheral Borderland Regions." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 44 (November 20, 2011): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/44/2626.
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This study aims to uncover the role of the Schengen borders of the European Union in rural and settlement development. Schengen integration applies certain restrictions at the external border-crossings, so the filtering role is to be taken into consideration. In addition to the disappearance of borders in the globalising economic area, the strict Schengen rules further burden the development of cross-border interactions, bringing about less frequent border crossings. Moreover, the economic integration of the affected borderlands would remain sluggish. The author points to the fact that the dynamics of a border interaction system should include a Schengen border degree between the interdependent and integrated borderland levels. Consequently, the Schengen borderlands should be in the focus of further border studies.
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Szachoń-Pszenny, Anna. "Local border traffic as a liberalization of the Schengen legal regime in the regional dimension with particular regard to the EU-Ukraine border." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 18, no. 1 (December 2020): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2020.1.9.
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Local border traffic has a legal basis in the Schengen acquis and is related to the EU’s free movement of persons, which, subject to certain conditions, is also available to third-country nationals. The subject of the article is the legal analysis of the Schengen regime in the context of cross-border cooperation with selected third countries on the external eastern border. The research thesis is proving that local border traffic is an exception to the Schengen regime and at the same time defines the regional dimension of the Schengen area. These analyses will be based on the practical context, which is the operation of the local border traffic on the example of the external eastern border of the European Union, particularly the EU-Ukraine border, which is also the external border of the EU and the Schengen area. In this context, the impact of the liberalized Schengen regime on the movement of people across the EU-Ukraine external border will be examined, which will indicate its phased nature with particular emphasis on the role of local border traffic as a transition phase between visa and visa-free traffic. The article uses comparative statistical data on both forms of liberalization of the Schengen legal regime on the border with Ukraine. At the same time, considering the local border traffic on the EU-Ukraine border, it is worth putting forward a thesis that the local border traffic is increasingly being replaced by visa-free travel. In addition, the LBT became the first step to introduce a visa-free regime, which is further liberalization of the Schengen regime.
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Suduł, Ryszard. "Droga Polski do Schengen – osiągnięcia i wyzwania w zakresie zmiany systemu ochrony granicy zewnętrznej UE." Przegląd europejski 3 (May 12, 2019): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1958.
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Author analyses in the article the problem of functioning of the external borders of the Republic of Poland in the Schengen area. The text frames the analysis in the context of the political science. The author discusses the changes in state system of protection of the state border of the Republic of Poland resulting from the integration of the Republic of Poland with the European Union, in particular with the Schengen area. The basic objective of the article is the analysis of the scope and type of organisational and administrative-logistic undertakings in the field of border protection after Poland’s participation in the Schengen Area. The analysis is started with characterisation of changes in the system of management of the state border and the ways of functioning of border services in connection with the accession to the EU were characterised. EU requirements for strengthening border infrastructure and the system of cooperation between institutions responsible for border security were also analysed. As a result, the accession of the Republic of Poland to the Schengen area entailed a complete change in the strategy of managing the state borders.
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Tobisová, Alica, Dorota Liptáková, Marek Pilát, Stanislav Szabo, Róbert Rozenberg, and Peter Káľavský. "Efficiency Analyse of Airport Commercial Area." Journal of KONBiN 51, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2021-0024.
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Abstract The article is focused on analysis of financial cost effectiveness and the utilization of business premises in the terminal building of Bratislava Airport. Our analysis is based on a comparison of sales, profitability, and number of customers of individual newsagents of the GGT a. s. company, which operates three such newsagent stands at the examined airport. Each of the newsagents are located in a different part of the airport terminal, namely Schengen, non-Schengen and check-in area. The examined shops will serve as a practical example of the usability of these areas, and our goal is to find out which of these parts of the Bratislava Airport terminal building is most used by passengers and airport visitors. The data was collected for the period from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2018, covering one full calendar year, which is a sufficient period for our analysis.
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Błażejewska, Beata, and ZBIGNIEW CIEKANOWSKI. "MIGRATION TRAFFIC AND PROTECTION OF EXTERNAL BORDERS THE EUROPEAN UNION." Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego XIV (November 2, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6158.
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The study analyzes the management of the borders of the European Union as a factor having a significant impact on improving the security of Member States. Legal regulations regulating the external borders of the Schengen Group, treated as land and sea borders as well as airports and seaports of the parties to the Schengen Convention are indicated, provided that these borders are not external borders that formally form borders. The role of entities supporting border traffic management in the European Union is described. In addition, an analysis of documented attempts to illegally cross the external borders of the EU and the borders of countries associated with the Schengen area between border control visits was made, indicating potential threats in this area.
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Moraczewska, Anna. "The Schengen Area as an illustration of the Late Westphalian order." Przegląd europejski 3 (May 12, 2019): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1920.
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Klasycznymi elementami tworzącymi przestrzeń międzynarodową są podmioty państwowe, suwerenność, terytorium, prawo międzynarodowe i pochodne tych elementów zakorzenione w ładzie wesfalskim. Ich zwornikiem są granice, które porządkują przestrzeń międzynarodową, a zmiany ich położenia, struktury czy zasad przekraczania pociągają za sobą ogromne konsekwencje dla porządku politycznego. Wyznaczniki ładu późnowesfalskiego, którymi są: zmienność, niepewność i pluralizm możliwości, burzą w pewnym wymiarze wypracowane mechanizmy funkcjonowania tych elementów. Zmiany zasad i możliwości funkcjonowania państw w środowisku międzynarodowym powodują często deficyt mechanizmów reakcji na nie i pojawiający się efekt zaskoczenia. Zmianom ulega również istota granic, do których zaliczymy: redefinicję podziału wnętrza państwa i środowiska zewnętrznego, zastępowanie percepcji granicy w kategoriach bariery na rzecz pomostu oraz rozszerzenie praktyk kontroli granic o koncepcję zarządzania granicami. Strefa Schengen urzeczywistnia porządek późnowestfalski, redefiniując pojęcie środowiska wewnętrznego i zewnętrznego, granic państwowych i granic zewnętrznych oraz jest przejawem zmienności, niepewności i sprzeczności. Strefa ewoluowała w wymiarze terytorialnym i prawnym, przechodząc przez fazy wprowadzenia, wzrostu i dojrzałości oraz schyłku, który nie oznacza upadku strefy Schengen, ale niepewność co do uwarunkowań jej działania i jest przejawem koncepcji o „niezdecydowaniu” granic. Obecna faza może stać się punktem zwrotnym w kierunku konwersji strefy Schengen, niosąc ze sobą nowe rozwiązania.
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Rapaic, Stevan. "“Mini-Schengen” as an opportunity for new regional economic integration." Medjunarodni problemi 72, no. 3 (2020): 566–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2003566r.
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The paper analyses the idea of ?Mini-Schengen? as a new opportunity for resolving disputes between the countries of the Western Balkans and as economic and political integration. The main advantages of membership in ?Mini-Schengen? are the removal of customs and all other barriers in intraregional trade, which would enable domestic companies to place their products throughout the region with the lowest possible logistic costs while maximizing protection for their products and market access opportunities. Doubts about what exactly ?Mini-Schengen? should assume and which countries of the Western Balkans would be members of this union are still numerous. In this paper, the author provided answers to some main issues about this possible integration. The paper analyses the macroeconomic situation in Albania, North Macedonia, and Serbia, anticipating which countries would achieve the greatest benefit for their economy in the case of the establishment of ?Mini-Schengen?. Political consequences of the ?Mini-Schengen? are also analysed to provide an answer to which countries would achieve the greatest political benefit from this association, and which would suffer certain political damage. The author concludes that the main conception of ?Mini-Schengen? is to create a single labour market, which would maintain a low minimum wage in Serbia and ensure stability in the influx of labour in order to keep the existing foreign investors and attract new ones.
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Karstens, Felix. "How public discourse affects attitudes towards Freedom of Movement and Schengen." European Union Politics 21, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116519874880.
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Regulating migration is currently one of the most salient issues in Europe. So far, research has overlooked how this politicisation affects attitudes towards migration regimes. This article links the literatures on public opinion and framing effects from a comparative European perspective and presents original data from representative EU-wide vignette experiments conducted in mid-December 2017 ( N = 10.827). I show that framing Schengen as a threat to public security or national identity weakens support for the status quo inside Schengen and reaffirms it amongst Schengen outsiders. Regarding Freedom of Movement only negative frames, particularly those referring to labour market risks, have a significant impact. Given the weak public support in several EU member states, these findings have important implications for the future of European migration regimes.
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Gaveika, Artūrs. "LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CREATION OF THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BORDER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Latgale National Economy Research 1, no. 4 (June 23, 2012): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/lner2012vol1.4.1827.
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The proposed theme is topical from the perspective of state and public security as well as the perspectives of the law enforcement institutions tasks in regard to the Schengen Area. Tasks of law enforcement institutions should be based on harmonized international legislation as well as the Latvian and the European Union legislation. Taking into account the socio–economic development level, the small size and quantity of the population in the Republic of Latvia, law enforcement institutions can not afford to tolerate any mistakes in the control of migration process. Such mistakes are not permissible since in 2012 Latvian law enforcement institutions will have to prove the Schengen evaluation committee the ability to implement the Schengen acquis requirements on free movement of persons. The research was done during 2007 and 2012. The research emphasizes the fact that further strengthening of the status of Latvia in the European Union and the Schengen Area is possible upon the improvement of legislation, harmonization of basic concepts in legislation and terminology, standardization of the practice of law according to uniform internationally accepted principles in the context of internal and external borders legislation.
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Djukanovic, Dragan, and Branislav Djordjevic. "“Mini Schengen” - concept, implementation and controversies." Medjunarodni problemi 72, no. 3 (2020): 595–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2003595d.
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The concept of the Regional Economic Area was developed gradually within the framework of the Berlin Process, which began its operations in 2014. A particular momentum for this initiative was given at the Berlin Process Summit, held in Trieste in July 2017, when the Consolidated Multi-Annual Action Plan for the Regional Economic Area in the Western Balkans Six was adopted. The main objective of the REA was related to trade, investment, mobility, and digital integration throughout the Western Balkans region. At the summit of Western Balkans leaders, chaired by German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Emmanuel Macron, in late April 2019, the idea of a full revival of the Regional Economic Area was again encouraged. Despite some opposition and disagreement on the part of some Western Balkan leaders for fear that the REA would compensate for the Western Balkan countries' membership in the European Union, it came to its empowering through the format of the tripartite meetings of leaders of Serbia, North Macedonia and Albania - ?Mini Schengen?. However, these meetings explicitly highlighted the link between ?Mini Schengen?, the REA and the wider context of European integration, but also that this initiative actually aimed to secure "four EU freedoms" throughout the Western Balkans region. This primarily refers to the freedom of movement of persons with a valid ID, as well as the possibility of employment, residence, and living in these countries. Moreover, mutual recognition of all diplomas and qualifications between the three countries is envisaged. It is particularly important to ensure the full inclusiveness of ?Mini Schengen? in the future, through the participation of all entities in the Western Balkans, including Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. It is equally significant that the leaders of the Western Balkan countries express solidarity regarding the continuation of European integration, as it was done at the meetings held in Novi Sad (10 October 2019), Ohrid (10 November 2019) and Tirana (21 December 2019) through support for Albania and North Macedonia to begin pre-accession negotiations with the EU. Also, ?Mini Schengen?, as an initiative for cooperation predominantly related to the economic segment, involves deepening of cooperation in both security and civilian emergencies, which is a relevant response to the current challenges in this part of Europe.
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Oates-Indruchová, Libora, and Wolfgang Mueller. "From the Iron Curtain to the Schengen Area: Memory Cultures of Bordering Communist and Postcommunist Europe." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 31, no. 2 (April 19, 2017): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325416688764.
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Gajda, Anastazja. "Znaczenie unijnego systemu wjazdu/wyjazdu dla wzmocnienia bezpieczeństwa i skutecznego zarządzania granicami zewnętrznymi." Przegląd europejski 3 (May 12, 2019): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1933.
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The European Union strives for modern and effective border management through the use of the new technologies. This study concerns the adopted on 30 November 2017 EU Entry/Exit System. This system, which is expected to become fully operational by 2020, should contribute to the acceleration of border controls at the external borders of the Schengen area and increase the freedom of movement while enhancing the Union’s internal security. In addition, it is currently replacing the existing system of manual stamping of passports and will register electronic data on entries/exits (and information on refusal of entry) of third-country nationals who have been granted a short-term stay in the Schengen area.
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Schendel, Willem van. "Southeast Asia: An idea whose time is past?" Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 168, no. 4 (2012): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003554.
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In this issue we focus on claims made by Willem van Schendel in an article 'Southeast Asia: An idea whose time is past?'. Specialists in the field, invited to comment, are Robert Cribb, James D. Sidaway, and Tharapi Than. Willem van Schendel, Southeast Asia: An idea whose time is past? - ‘Southeast Asia’: A good place to start from (Robert Crib) - Long live trans-area studies! (James D. Sidaway) - If scholar foreign policy works… (Tharapi Than) Registered readers may participate in the debate.
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BUTLER, Graham, and Gavin BARRETT. "Europe’s ‘Other’ Open-Border Zone: The Common Travel Area under the Shadow of Brexit." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 20 (December 2018): 252–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cel.2018.10.
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AbstractIn recent years, the Schengen Area—and the suppression within its territory of border controls—has become a strong focus of attention. This article focuses on another region of Europe where such controls have been suppressed: the Common Travel Area (‘CTA’). Historically, both Ireland and the United Kingdom have rejected membership of the Schengen system—albeit securing certain ‘opt-in’ rights—and instead maintained the CTA between their respective jurisdictions. The CTA has, however, garnered relatively little public attention until recently, when concerns as to the implications of Brexit for the maintenance of an open border between Ireland and Northern Ireland have gained ground, and threatened to be a deal breaker in the negotiations under Article 50 TEU on UK exit from the EU (‘Brexit’). This article examines the background to the CTA, exploring its surprisingly fluid legal framework; its development in the legal systems of Ireland and the United Kingdom; and subsequently, how it was exempted from what is now EU law as the Schengen arrangements were integrated into the Union. The recent introduction of the British-Irish Visa Scheme, which formalises some visa rules regarding citizens of third states, and which tends in the direction of consolidating CTA arrangements, is also examined. The article further explores the challenges that confront the CTA in coping with the outcome of the June 2016 Brexit referendum, which should result in the UK leaving the European Union in March 2019, and the implications of Brexit for the CTA. Finally, it seeks to identify some key characteristics of the CTA in light of experience to date.
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Arbidāne, Iluta, Jekaterina Kuprijanova, Juris Garjāns, and Viktorija Pokule. "POSSIBILITIES OF IMPROVEMENT THE PREPAREDNESS OF OFFICERS OF THE BORDER CONTROL AND IMMIGRATION CONTROL STRUCTURAL UNITS OF THE STATE BORDER GUARD FOR SCHENGEN EVALUATION ON-SITE VISITS." BORDER SECURITY AND MANAGEMENT 1, no. 6 (May 10, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/bsm.v1i6.1697.
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The aim of the research is evaluation of the present situation in Latvia concerning the preparedness of officers of the border control and immigration control structural units of the State Border Guard for Schengen evaluation on-site visits, examination of its legal regulation and practical aspects. In the research the scientific information about the Schengen evaluation historical development is summarised, its principles and mechanisms are reviewed, as well as its significance in the state border security is defined. The topicality of the theme is defined by the fact that in Latvia the regular Schengen acquis application evaluation started in July 2012 and it completed in May 2013. In practice the Member States’ evaluations are implemented on the basis of multiannual and annual evaluation programme. The next planned evaluation is foreseen in 2018. The new evaluation mechanism gave the possibility of organisation of unannounced evaluation on-site visits aiming at getting clearer picture of the present situation and working out recommendations for further actions to remedy any deficiencies in the external border control. It is obvious that the largest responsibility in Schengen acquis application enters the scope of competences of the institutions subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior, namely, the State Police and the State Border Guard. The issues of the research indicate how important and necessary is the complex approach to ensuring of Schengen evaluation on-site visits – both announced and unannounced – implementing the integrated border management in the general context of the European Union and contributing to the common state security in the European Union. In the research it was concluded that the State Border Guard implements a range of actions in accordance with its competence in the field in question, thus ensuring realisation of requirements on the corresponding level.