Academic literature on the topic 'Issues on Xitsonga verbs'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Issues on Xitsonga verbs.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Issues on Xitsonga verbs"
1
Hlungwani, Madala Crous. "Intransitive psych verbs and nominalisation in Xitsonga." South African Journal of African Languages 34, sup1 (2014): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2014.896531.
Full text
2
Mabaso, XE. "Some issues regarding the standardisation of the terminative vowel in Xitsonga." South African Journal of African Languages 37, no. 2 (2017): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2017.1378271.
Full text
3
Cho, Sae Youn. "Some Issues on Causative Verbs in English." Language and Information 13, no. 1 (2009): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29403/li.13.1.5.
Full text
4
Thomas, Anita. "Input Issues in the Development of L2 French Morphosyntax." Languages 6, no. 1 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010034.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this article is to discuss the role of input characteristics in the development of French verb morphology. From a usage-based perspective, several cognitive and linguistic factors contribute to the ease or difficulty of processing input in L2 acquisition. This article concentrates on frequency, salience, and form–function association, factors that might influence what aspects of input are available to the learners’ attention. A presentation of French verb morphology from this perspective shows how these factors can contribute to the use of the regular -er verb paradigm as a default. A review of empirical studies confirms the influence of input characteristics. The results suggest that the dominant pattern of regular verbs and the scarcity of salient clues from irregular verbs contribute to the specificity of L2 French development. The conclusion addresses the question of enriching L2 classroom input with irregular verbs. Such an input could facilitate the perception of form–function association, and thus, contribute to a more efficient development of French verb morphology. The article concludes by suggesting other ways of studying the influence of input as well as avenues for future research.
5
Amberber, Mengistu. "Functional Verbs in Predicate Formation: Event-Type Hierarchy and Grammaticization." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 21, no. 1 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v21i1.1395.
Full textAbstract:
Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Historical Issues in Sociolinguistics/Social Issues in Historical Linguistics (1995)
6
Chung, Siaw-Fong. "Direct (dis)agreement verbs." Journal of Second Language Studies 3, no. 1 (2020): 111–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jsls.17006.chu.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract “*I am not agree with you” is an incorrect use of agree frequently seen in the writing of Taiwanese learners. Yet, not many studies have discussed the use of agree and disagree in the literature. Many studies are concerned more about the politeness of (dis)agreement, especially in detailing the relationship between speaker and hearer. We took a lexical semantic approach to compare the use of agree and disagree in essays written by native English speakers and Taiwanese learners in the ICNALE (International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English). The essays were based on two topics concerning societal issues collected in the corpus – (a) whether smoking should be completely banned in restaurants and (b) whether college students should take a part-time job or not – the writers were asked to respond to each issue by agreeing or disagreeing. Our results showed that when given clear instructions to agree or disagree, both native and learners tended to state (dis)agreement in the very first sentence in their essays, but Taiwanese learners relied more on the uses of agree and disagree more often than the native speakers did. The errors committed by learners on the use of agree (not for disagree) were between 25–35% in our data. The results will bring significant comparisons of the lexical semantics of related verbs (verbs of social interaction) in future studies.
7
Naigles, Letitia R., and Paula Terrazas. "Motion-Verb Generalizations in English and Spanish: Influences of Language and Syntax." Psychological Science 9, no. 5 (1998): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00069.
Full textAbstract:
English and Spanish speakers differ in the ways they talk about motion events, but how have these different modes of expression become instantiated as differing generalizations—as syntactic rules, lexical patterns, or both? In two studies, we asked English- and Spanish-speaking adults to interpret novel motion verbs presented in three types of sentence frames. Overall, English speakers expected novel verbs to encode the manner of motion, whereas Spanish speakers expected the verbs to encode the path of motion. The sentence frames also significantly affected how the speakers interpreted the novel verbs. We conclude that speakers of different languages represent their different generalizations about the composition of motion verbs both lexically and syntactically, and discuss how these generalizations might be important for issues of language acquisition and linguistic relativity.
8
Un-udom, Suwitchan, and Nathaya Un-udom. "A Corpus-Based Study on the Use of Reporting Verbs in Applied Linguistics Articles." English Language Teaching 13, no. 4 (2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n4p162.
Full textAbstract:
Reporting verbs is one of the most important issues in writing academic paper because they are used to express the process and reliability of claims to support authors’ writing. Therefore, the current study aimed at investigating (1) the most frequently used category of reporting verbs in applied linguistic articles and (2) how the category used in the citation process is used. 52 articles from three applied linguistic journals were analyzed using Antconc software’s concordance function. This study focused on reporting verbs used in the literature review section since it consists of more reporting verbs than other sections in articles. The reporting verbs in the articles were analyzed into a concordance line and then were classified into Hyland’s Framework of reporting verbs (2002). The results of the study showed that the uses of reporting verbs were classified into research acts, which was the most frequent use of reporting verbs, discourse acts, and cognition acts respectively. The study also presented the frequently used of reporting verbs in different subcategories of the research, discourse, and cognition acts. Additionally, reporting verbs were examined to investigate the verb forms and voices used in applied linguistic articles. The use of reporting verbs according to Hyland’s (2002) framework, verb forms, and voices are also discussed.
9
Mo, Junhua. "A Critical Review of the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis: Theoretical, Conceptual and Empirical Issues." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 11, no. 2 (2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1102.14.
Full textAbstract:
The Unaccusative Hypothesis (Perlmutter 1978; Burzio 1986) posits that intransitive verbs are not homogenous, but can be further divided into unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs. This distinction has ever since become a topic of heated discussion not only in the field of theoretical linguistics, but also in applied linguistics. Oshita (1997, 2001) proposes the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis to delineate the mental representation and developmental path of L2 acquisition of unaccusatives. This hypothesis suggests that unaccusatives are first misanalysed by L2 learners as unergatives and L2 learners have to undergo a three-stage process before they can truly acquire the distinction between unaccusatives and unergatives. This hypothesis also predicts a U-shaped pattern in the non-target passivization and avoidance of unaccusatives by L2 learners of different levels. This study is focused on the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis with L2 English as its main example. It first of all gives a lengthy account of this hypothesis by introducing its framework, foundations, content and predictions. Then it points out that the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis is theoretically innovative, but conceptually inadequate and empirically controversial. Finally, this study calls for more studies to test and improve the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis.
10
Leontyeva, Varvara. "On the History of Studying Modal Verbs in the German Language." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 51 (September 30, 2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-51-3-64-76.
Full textAbstract:
The article is an overview and a summary of the study of modal verbs in the German language in Russian and foreign linguistics, from Antiquity to the present day, in line with the holistic study of modality in world linguistics. Using the methods of generalization and systematization, the author analyzes monographs and articles by Russian and foreign experts in the field of the history of the German language, functional grammar, and morphology. While a considerable number of works by foreign and Russian linguists in the 20th century are devoted to the issues of semantics of preterite-present and modal verbs in specific historical periods of the development of the German language, there are still many open questions in this area. Throughout almost the entire 20th century, Germanists viewed modal verbs mainly as a means of expressing internal modality, i.e., the attitude of the speaker to the action being performed. However, in the late 20th and early 21st century, they began to actively study the subjective use of modal verbs. Much modern literature on the subject is devoted to the study of German modal verbs in the function of subjective (epistemic) modality. This article focuses on etymological, semantic, grammatical, and functional features of modal verbs in modern German and discusses a number of controversial issues, such as the question of whether modal verbs are a closed or open cluster of vocabulary, that is, whether it is possible, at the present stage of language history, to include other linguistic units into the category of modal units, it these other units answer certain semantic or grammatical criteria. It is also open to discussion whether there is a one-to-one corre-spondence between a modal verb and the type of modal relations that is expressed with the help of this verb in speech, and vice versa. The author highlights such significant aspects as grammaticalization of modal verbs, correlation of modal verbs with various types of modal relations, primary and secondary meanings of modal verbs, characteristics of the preterito-presentia, compatibility of modal verbs, and syntactic features of their usage. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that it gives a more comprehensive understanding of functions and pragmatics of modal verbs as a special lexical cluster in speech.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Issues on Xitsonga verbs"
1
Malungani, Evelyn Tintswalo. "Break and bend verbs in Xitsonga." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49872.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The break and bend verbs in Xitsonga forms part of the larger verb class of verbs of change
of state. Such verbs show two events, i.e. a process and a transition. These verbs have
been investigated in Xitsonga with regard to the following properties: the syntactic categories
within which they may appear, the levels of representation within lexical semantics and their
semantic features.
The break verbs in Xitsonga appear in three syntactic categories, i.e. transitive verbs, verbal
roots with transitive and intransitive suffixes and ideophones, which may appear as derived
verbs with transitive and intransitive suffixes. The bend verbs appear only as transitive or
intransitive verbs, but they may have a shadow argument with the phrase [hi NP] which gives
rise to instrument-subject alternation. Most of the bend verbs may also appear in structures
with inalienable possession.
The break verbs have five semantic features: break, split and crack, smash and crush,
demolish, tear. The bend verbs have six semantic features: bend, bend or fold, bend or twist,
be crooked, lean over, kneel.
The break verbs, which may also appear, as ideophones are clear examples of ergative verbs
in Xitsonga. Such verbs denote a change of state and they occur as both transitive and
intransitive verbs.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die breek- en buigwerkwoorde in Xitsonga vorm deel van die groter klas van werkwoorde,
bekend as verandering-van-toestand ('change-of-state') werkwoorde. Hierdie soort
werkwoorde vertoon twee tipes gebeure ('events'), naamlik proses en oorgang ('transition').
Hierdie werkwoorde word vir Xitsonga ondersoek met betrekking tot die volgende
eienskappe: die sintaktiese kategorieë waarin hulle mag verskyn, die vlakke van
representasie in die leksikale semantiek, en die semantiese kenmerke van hierdie
werkwoorde.
Breekwerkwoorde in Xitsonga verskyn in drie sintaktiese kategorieë, naamlik transitiewe
werkwoorde, werkwoordstamme met transitiewe en intransitiewe suffikse, en ideofone, wat as
afgeleide werkwoorde met transitiewe en intransitiewe suffikse mag verskyn. Die buigwerkwoorde
mag slegs as transitiewe of intransitiewe werkwoorde verskyn, maar hulle mag 'n
skadu-argument neem met die frase [hi NP], wat die instrument-subjek alternasie kan
realiseer. Die meeste buigwerkwoorde kan ook in strukture verskyn wat onvervreembare
besit illustreer.
Die breekwerkwoorde het vyf semantiese kenmerke: breek, kloof, kraak, slaan en druk,
verwoes en skeur. Die buigwerkwoorde het ses semantiese kenmerke: buig, vou, draai,
gebuig wees, oorleen en kniel.
Die breekwerkwoorde, kan ook as ergatiewe werkwoorde verskyn in Xitsonga. Sulke
werkwoorde dui verandering-van-toestand aan, en hulle mag as beide transitiewe en
intransitiewe werkwoorde verskyn.
2
Baloyi, Sikheto Samual. "The polysemy of motion verbs in Xitsonga." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53145.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores selected motion verbs in Xitsonga within the framework of lexical
sementics postulated by Pustejovsky (1995). This study examines the polysemy of the
respective selected motion verbs in sentences with various noun subject types in Xitsonga.
The motion verbs examined are: -~ (go), -@_ (come), -famba (go away), -baleka (run
away), -kasa (crawl), -khandziya (climb up) and -gonya (ascend). Syntactically, these
verbs occur in example sentences as evidenced below:
The subject NP is [human] Sipho u ya ekaya hi milenge.
Sipho is going home on foot.
The subject NP is [inanimate] Tafuia ri tile exikolweni hi movha.
The table is delivered at school by car.
The subject NP is [weather noun] : Mpfula yi fambile etikweni.
The rain has stopped in the country.
Nkwangulatilo wu khandziya entshaveni.
Rainbow climbs up to the mountain.
Moya wo kasa.
The wind is blowing slowly.
The subject NP is [concrete noun]: Vuswa byi fambile emasin'wini.
Food is carried to the field.
Mugayo wu gonyile emakete.
Maize meal is expensive in the market.
The subject NP is [abstract noun] : Rivengo ri fambile eka vanhu.
Hatred has ended from people. The subject NP is [natural phenomenon]
Dyambu ri balekile emapapeni.
The sun is very hot in the sky.
The study explores the selected motion verbs and establishes the specific properties of
selection restrictions, assignment of arguments as well as the event structure or sentences
with the motion verbs.
Lastly, the lexical conceptual paradigm is examined in order to determine the different
senses or meanings of the motion verbs.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek geselekteerde bewegingswerkwoorde in Xitstonga binne die
raamwerk van die leksikale semantiek ontwikkel deur Pustejovsky (1995). Die studie
ondersoek die polisemie van die onderskeie bewegingswerkwoorde in sinne met
verskillende onderwerp tipes in Xitsonga.
Die bewegingswerkswoorde wat ondersoek word is: -Y.ê_ (gaan), -ta (kom), -famba
(weggaan), -baleka (hardloop), -kasa (kruip), -khandziya (klim) and -gonya (daai) .. Hierdie
werkwoorde verskyn sintakties in voorbeelde soos hier onder geillustreer:
Die subjek NP is [mens] Sipho u ya ekaya hi milenge.
Sipho gaan huis toe per voet.
Die subjek NP is [nie-lewend] Tafuia ri tile exikolweni hi movha.
Die tafel gaan na die skool per motor, d.i. die tafel
word per motor afgelewer by die skool.
Die subjek NP is [weer naamwoord]: Mpfula yi fambile etikweni.
Die reën het weggegaan (gestop) in die land
Nkwangulatilo wu khandziya entshaveni.
Die reënboog klim teen die berg op.
Moya wo kasa.
Die wind kruip, d.i. waai stadig
Die subjek NP is [konkrete naamwoord]: Vuswa byi fambile emasin'wini.
Kos het gegaan (is geneem) na die land
Mugayo wu gonyile emakete.
Mieliemeel het gestyg in die mark
Die subjek NP is [abstrakte naamwoord]:Rivengo ri fambile eka vanhu.
Haat het geëindig by mense Die subjek NP is [natural phenomenon]
Dyambu ri balekile emapapeni.
Die son het weggehardloop uit die lug, d.i. dit is
baie warm.
Die studie ondersoek die geselekteerde bewegingswerkwoorde en stel vas wat die
spesifieke eienskappe is van seleksiebeperkings, toekenning van argumente en die
gebeurtenis struktuur van sinne met die bewegingswerkwoorde.
Laastens word die leksikale konseptueie paradigma ondersoek ten einde die verskillende
betekenisonderskeidings van die bewegingswerkwoorde vas te stel.
3
Usinga, Marinkie Mmaditaba. "The lexical-semantic representation of break verbs in Xitsonga." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2088.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. A. (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2001<br>This study explores the lexical semantic representation of break verbs in Xitsonga.
Chapter One is the introduction of this study. It describes the statement of the problem. The main aim of this study is described which m bnef is to investigate the form, struc e and interpretation of break verbs in Xitsonga. The significance of this study, which is to highlight the semantic value of break verbs in Xitsonga is discussed. The methodology, lite rature review as well as the theta - theory and its properties have been examined.
Chapter Two explores the predicate argument structure. The difference between two lexical representations, which are lexical-syntactic and lexical semantic representations was investigated. A brief definition of break verbs as well as the six categories of the verbs of change of state have also been discussed. This chapter also analyses the lexical features of break verbs. Various sub - classes of external arguments and of internal argument are observed.
Chapter Three presents the lexical - semantic representation of break verbs where focus is on argument structure, event structure, qualia structure and lexical inheritance
structure.
Chapter Four deals with the syntactic alternation and selection restriction of break verbs. The difference between transitive and intransitive alterna tions was also highlighted.
This chapter also explores some of the different types of verbal alternations, such as '
instrument subject alternation', ' locative alternation' and the ' with/ against alternation'
.
Chapter Five gives the main conclusion of this study.
4
Mabaso, Ximbani Eric. "Issues on Xitsonga verbs." Diss., 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1077.
Full textAbstract:
This study focuses on the predicate argument structure (PAS) of a sub-class of
verbs in Xitsonga - verbs of change of possession: give, contribute, future having,
providing, obtaining and verbs of exchange. It is shown that these verbs select
various theta roles to form their PAS in the different alternations allowed in this
language. The effects of the applicative {-el-} and causative {-is-} verbal affixes on
the PAS of such verbs are also considered. The study confirms the fact that the
ordering of objects in ditransitive verbs is determined by an interplay of syntactic and
semantic factors. Ambiguity arises in the case of two animate objects. In this case
the object with a definite reading will appear adjacent to the verb.<br>African Languages<br>M. A. (Arican Languages)
5
Masia, Hlupheka Enock. "Nxopaxopo wa kholokhexini ya swivulavulelo swa maendli mo vulavula hi ku dya eka Xitsonga (An analysis of collocation of idioms derived from verbs of ingestion in Xitsonga)." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1154.
Full textAbstract:
PhD (Xitsonga)<br>Ehansi ka Senthara ya M. E. R. Mathivha ya Tindzimi ta Afrika, Vutshila ni Ndhavuko<br>Ndzavisiso lowu wu wela ehansi ka dyondzonkulu ya semantiki, naswona wu kongomana ni kholokhexini eka Xitsonga. Ndzavisiso wu xopaxopa swivulavulelo swa maendli yo vulavula hi ku dya ku kuma tipatironi ta tikholokhexini leti humelelaka nawona ni tinhlamuselo leti humeseriwaka erivaleni hi tipatironi toleto. Xikongomelo xin’wana i ku kuma ntsengo wa tinxaka ta tikholokheti leti talaka ni leti nga taliki ku humelela na maendli yo vulavula hi ku dya. Eka ndzavisiso lowu ku tirhisiwa thiyori ya “Norms and Exploitations” leyi tshuriweke hi Hanks (2004). Thiyori leyi yi hlamusela leswaku rito i tshaku eka kholokhexini, kambe ku nga ri eka xivumbeko xa vulongoloxamarito. Mahungu ya ndzavisiso lowu ma hlengeletiwile hi ku tsavula swivulavulelo swa Xitsonga leswi vulavulaka hi maendli yo dya ku suka eka matsalwa ya vatsari lava landzelaka: Ntsanwisi, H.W.E. (1968): Tsonga Idioms; Bila, V. na Marhanele, M.M. (2016): Tihlungu ta Rixaka. Dikixinari ya Ririmi ra Xitsonga; Baloyi, P.B. (1988): Vulombe bya mitsheketo; Magagane, M.G. (2004): Tolo na Tolweni; Maluleke, A.V. Maluleke, G.V. na Malungana, S.J. (2004): Magenge ya Ntumbuluko; Maluleke, S.S. (1995): Vamandika na Vanyankwave; Malungana, S.J. (1997): Timitsu ta Vatsonga; Malungana, S.J. (1997): Vele ra Makwenu; Malungana, S.J. (1997): Mfuwo wa Rixaka i Xifuva; Malungana, S.J. (1998): Tinhlanga ta mfuwo wa Rixaka; Malungana, S.J. (1999): Mbewu ya Vatsonga; Malungana, S.J. (2005): Siku Rin’wana; Manganyi, K.T.C. (1995): Garingani; Malungana M. na Ngobeni B.M. (2006): Nhlalala ya Rixaka; Rikhotso, F. (1993): Khale ka Makwangala; Rikhotso, F. (1995): Ndzhaka Yerhu, Rikhotso, F. (1996): Phehlwa ra Gwambe na Dzavana; Ngobeni, B.M. (2004): A hi tsheketeni; Nkuna, B. (2007): Emarhumbini; Thuketana, F.A (1991): N’wambilu Makokoro na Shabangu, I.S. (2006): Vuxaka bya Nkava ni Rhumbu, ni swivulavulelo swo huma eka tibuku ta ntivoririmi ta Marivate, C.T.D na Mathumba, D.I. (1974): Xitsonga xa Rixaladza; Marivate, C.T.D., Mathumba, D.I. na B.J. Masebenza, B.J. (1976): Mayana Xitsonga Ntangha 6; Marivate, C.T.D., Mathumba, D.I. na Masebenza, B.J. (1974): Mayana Xitsonga fomo II; Marivate, C.T.D., Mathumba, D.I. na Masebenza, B.J. (1975): Mayana Xitsonga Ntangha 8; Mayevu, G.S. Mayevu na Nkatini, N.L. (1976) na N.L. Nkatini (1976): Xihluke xa Xitsonga fomo III; Xingulana xa Ririmi; Marhanele, M.M. (1981): Nkondo, C.P.N, (1981): Xiletelo xa Xitsonga; Mushwana, S.E. na Ndhlovu, M.M. (1988): Ririmi ra
Manana; Mushwana, S.E. na Ndhlovu, M.M. (1987): Ririmi ra Manana; Mkhari, N.B. na Shikwambana, J.M. (1988): Ririmi ra Manana; Mkhari, N.B. na Shikwambana, J.M. (1987): Ririmi ra Manana; Shabangu, I.S. (1996): Nyeleti ya Mahlahle; Shabangu, I.S. (2006): Xiseluselu; Shabangu, I.S. (2007): Xiseluselu na Mabunda, N.V, Mabunda, P.N. na Nkuzana, K.J. (1991): Xitsonga xa Vagingiriki. Mahungu ya ndzavisiso lowu ma xopaxopiwa hi ku tirhisa nxopaxopo wa patironi ya khophasi (Corpus Pattern Analysis) leyi eka yona nhlamuselo ya rito yi fambelanisiwaka ni matirhiselo ya rona eka tipatironi ta tikholokhexini. Ndzavisiso lowu wu tlhela wu xopaxopiwa hi ku tirhisa nxopaxopo wa maavelo ya ntsengo (Quantitative Distributional Analysis) ku kuma tipatironi eka ntsemakanyo wa xiyimo xa nkoka xa swa tinhlayo ta tikholokhexini ta marito lama valangiwaka.<br>NRF
6
Chirobe, Kudakwashe. "Nxopaxopo wa maendli ya mfambo yo pfumala xiendliwa eka Xitsonga." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/728.
Full textAbstract:
MA (Xitsonga)<br>M.E.R. Mathivha Centre for African Languages, Arts and Culture<br>Xikongomelonkulu xa ndzavisiso lowu i ku xopaxopa maendli ya mfambo yo
pfumala xiendliwa eka Xitsonga. Maendli ya mfambo ma nga aviwa hi
mitlawantsongo mimbirhi ku nga maendli ya mfambo yo tsutsuma na maendli ya
mfambo yo khunguluka. Ndzavisiso lowu wu kongomisa eka maendli ya mfambo yo
tsutsuma. Swi nga tlhela swi koteka ku ava maendli ku ya hi tinhlamuselo leti ma ti
paluxaka, tanihi maendli ya xihlovo na maendli ya mpakaniso. Eka ndzavisiso lowu,
ku kaneriwa hi maendli ya mfambo ehansi ka mitlawa mimbirhi ya maendli ma
mfambo lama paluxaka maendlelo na maendli lama endzeni ka wona ma nga na
nhlamuselo leyi kongomisaka eka tlhelo. Eka ntirho lowu ku kaneriwa maendli mo
ringana 24. Mitlawa leyi ya tinxaka ta maendli ya mfambo yi tlhela yi aviwa hi
mitlawantsongo ya mune ku nga maendli ya mfambo lama nchumu wu fambaka
hinkwawo ku suka eka ndhawu yo karhi ku ya eka yin’wana, maendli ya mfambo
lawa ku fambaka xirho xa nchumu wo karhi ntsena, maendli ya mfambo lama ku
fambaka nchumu hi ndlela yin’we na maendli ya mfambo ya muhulahula. Mahungu
ya ndzavisiso lowu ma hlengeletiwa hi ku tirhisa yin’wana ya maendlelo ya
phurayimari leyi vuriwaka endlelo ra nhlokohlo (elicitation), laha ku tirhisiwaka
swivulwa leswi nga vumbiwa hi swichudeni leswi dyondzaka Xitsonga swa lembe ra
vunharhu eYunivhesiti ya Vhenda. Ndzavisiso lowu wu endliwa ehansi ka thiyori ya
thitha (theta-theory), ku nga thiyori leyi tirhanaka na vuxaka bya riendli ni swiphemu
swa swivulwa leswi ri tirhaka na swona, leswi kumekaka eka tindhawu ta
nhlokomhaka na swiendliwa. Hi ku ya hi thiyori leyi, agumente yin’wana ni yin’wana
yi fanela ku nyikiwa nhlamuselo (ntirho) yo karhi hi riendli. Tinhlamuselo ta kona ti
katsa leti landzelaka: muendli, nkongomelo, ndhawu, muamukeri, muvabyi, tlhelo,
nkarhi, mukhuva ni tin’wana na tin’wana. Eka ndzavisiso lowu ku tirhisiwa tindlela
timbirhi ku xopaxopa mahungu. Ndlela yo sungula i leyi vuriwaka nxopaxopo wa
nkoka hi ku landza mikongomelo (thematic qualitative analysis), kasi ya vumbirhi yi
vuriwaka manyikelo ya tinhlamuselo eka tiagumente ta swivulwa hi riendli (theta-role
assignment). Tiagumente hinkwato leti nga eka swivulwa swa ndzavisiso lowu, leti
katsaka tinhlokomhaka, swihetisi na swilandzelandzhaku, ta kombisiwa kasi na
tinhlamuselo leti tiagumente ti nyikiwaka tona hi riendli ti paluxiwa.
Books on the topic "Issues on Xitsonga verbs"
1
Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Grammatical Tone Patterns of Affirmative Main Clause Verbs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter begins with a brief background section introducing what is meant by grammatical tone patterns in Bantu languages. Eight different grammatical tone patterns can be identified for affirmative main clause verbs, representing eighteen inflections. The tone patterns for all eighteen inflections are illustrated and discussed in detail in the core eight sections of the chapter. The tone patterns of high-toned extensions and Object Markers are also illustrated and analyzed. The concluding section takes up some analytical issues raised by grammatical tone, including the accentual properties of the tone patterns, the abstract relationship between the source of the high tone patterns and the target syllables for tone realization, and how the grammatical tone patterns of Chichewa could have led to the skewing, in the synchronic verb system, toward toneless stems.
2
Tooley, Michael. Causes, Laws, and Ontology. Edited by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
Different approaches to causation often diverge very significantly on ontological issues, in the case of both causal laws, and causal relations between states of affairs. This article sets out the main alternatives with regard to each. Causal concepts have surely been present from the time that language began, since the vast majority of action verbs involve the idea of causally affecting something. Thus, in the case of transitive verbs describing physical actions, there is the idea of causally affecting something external to one — one finds food, builds a shelter, sows seed, catches fish, and so on — while in the case of intransitive verbs describing physical actions, it is very plausible that they involve the idea of causally affecting one's own body — as one walks, runs, jumps, hunts, and so on.
3
Viau, Joshua, and Ann Bunger. Argument Structure. Edited by Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder, and Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.9.
Full textAbstract:
Children acquiring any language must develop an understanding both of how event components are encoded in verb meanings and of the argument structure of those verbs, that is, how the participants of the event that each verb describes map onto linguistic arguments. This chapter begins with an overview of the major issues in the study of argument structure, including a consideration of the balance of power between verbs and constructions as it pertains to the encoding of thematic relations and a comparison of theoretical approaches with an eye toward learnability. The core of the chapter consists of a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of developmental research on argument structure.
4
Richard, Mark. Opacity. Edited by Ernest Lepore and Barry C. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552238.003.0027.
Full textAbstract:
There seems to be a lot of opacity in our language. Quotation is opaque. The modal idioms are apparently opaque. Propositional attitude ascriptions seem opaque, as do the environments created by verbs such as ‘seeks’ and ‘fears’. Opacity raises a number of issues — first and foremost, whether there is such a thing. This article concentrates on the question of whether there is any opacity to be found in natural language, examining various reasons one might have for denying that apparent opacity is genuine.
5
Kaufmann, Magdalena, and Stefan Kaufmann. Modality and Mood in Formal Semantics. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.24.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter presents a survey of the most important features of the formal semantic analysis of modality and mood. It first focuses on modality as exemplified by the modal verbs, presenting the main concepts and introducing the most common basic formal apparatus used in its analysis, and surveying some of the issues that are currently central in the field. The chapter then turns to the treatment of mood, discussing formal semantic treatments of both “sentential mood” and “verbal mood”. The last part of the chapter addresses the issue of modal subordination. The chapter aims to give a sense of the major phenomena and theoretical approaches, as well as introduce the primary literature.
6
Axel-Tober, Katrin, and Remus Gergel. Modality and Mood in Formal Syntactic Approaches. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.21.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter discusses a selection of major approaches to modality and mood in generative syntax. The primary focus lies on the representation of modal auxiliaries and verbs. Key issues relating to modal adverbs and a selection of aspects pertaining to mood are reviewed. Central points addressed are the structural options for different types of modality including the raising vs control debate and the possible structural correlates of epistemic modality addressed in the literature. The chapter incorporates a discussion of “coherent constructions” following a tradition established for German modals. The latter serves as an illustration of a different type of possible syntactic analysis and, in virtue of its data coverage, also of points of variation even between closely related languages like English and German.
7
Champollion, Lucas. The stage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755128.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter presents a distilled picture of the crucial issues in the theoretical background assumptions and develops the framework on which strata theory is built. This framework is essentially a synthesis of the work by Lønning (1987), Link (1998), Krifka (1998), Landman (2000), and others. Its mathematical foundation is classical extensional mereology, which is presented and discussed at length. The overview in this chapter is intended as a reference point for future researchers, and spells out the relevant background assumptions as explicitly as possible, especially in the case of points where the literature has not yet reached consensus on a preferred analysis. Issues discussed in this chapter include the meaning of the plural morpheme, the question whether the meanings of verbs are inherently pluralized, the formal properties of thematic roles, and the compositional process.
8
Dworkin, Steven N. The medieval Hispano-Romance lexicon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the lexicon of Old Spanish. It first surveys the dictionaries and other lexical resources available to the student of the medieval language, before going on to describe briefly the various historical lexical strata and issues of lexical stability. It next offers a rich series of examples of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and function words found in Old Spanish that did not survive into the modern language. The chapter next gives examples of Old Spanish lexical doublets and of lexical items that have undergone major semantic changes over time. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the creation in Old Spanish of neologisms through such processes of derivational morphology as suffixation, prefixation, and compounding. Emphasis falls here on words that did not survive into the modern language.
9
Silk, Alex. Normative Language in Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805076.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter develops a contextualist account of normative language, focusing on broadly normative readings of modal verbs. The account draws on a more general framework for implementing a contextualist semantics and pragmatics, Discourse Contextualism. The aim of Discourse Contextualism is to derive the discourse properties of normative language from a contextualist interpretation of an independently motivated formal semantics, along with principles of interpretation and conversation. In using normative language, interlocutors can exploit their grammatical and world knowledge, and general pragmatic reasoning skills, to manage an evolving system of norms. Discourse Contextualism provides a perspicuous framework for further philosophical theorizing about the nature of normativity, normative language, and normative judgment. Delineating these issues can help refine our understanding of the space of overall theories and motivate more fruitful ways the dialectics may proceed. Discourse Contextualism provides a linguistic basis for a more comprehensive theory of normativity and normative discourse and practice.
10
Dworkin, Steven N. A Guide to Old Spanish. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book describes the linguistic structures that constitute Medieval or Old Spanish as preserved in texts written prior to the beginning of the sixteenth century. It emphasizes those structures that contrast with the modern standard language. Chapter 1 presents methodological issues raised by the study of a language preserved only in written sources. Chapter 2 examines questions involved in reconstructing the sound system of Old Spanish before discussing relevant phonetic and phonological details. The chapter ends with an overview of Old Spanish spelling practices. Chapter 3 presents in some detail the nominal, verbal, and pronominal morphology of the language, with attention to regional variants. Chapter 4 describes selected syntactic structures, with emphasis on the noun phrase, verb phrase, object pronoun placement, subject-verb-object word order, verb tense, aspect, and mood. Chapter 5 begins with an extensive list of Old Spanish nouns, adjectives, verbs, and function words that have not survived into the modern standard language. It then presents examples of coexisting variants (doublets) and changes of meaning, and finishes with an overview of the creation of neologisms in the medieval language through derivational morphology (prefixation, suffixation, compounding). The book concludes with an anthology composed of three extracts from Spanish prose texts, one each from the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. The extracts contain footnotes that highlight relevant morphological, syntactic, and lexical features, with cross references to the relevant sections in the body of the book.
Book chapters on the topic "Issues on Xitsonga verbs"
1
Larson, Richard K. "Some Issues in Verb Serialization." In Serial Verbs. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssls.8.07lar.
Full text
2
Givón, T. "Some Substantive Issues Concerning Verb Serialization." In Serial Verbs. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssls.8.06giv.
Full text
3
Torrego, Esther. "Experiencers and Raising Verbs." In Current Issues in Comparative Grammar. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0135-3_5.
Full text
4
Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård. "1. The Slavici-verbs with an excursus on the Indo-European ē-verbs." In Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.97.38ras.
Full text
5
Mayo, Bruce. "Describing verbs of motion in prolog." In Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.114.11may.
Full text
6
Campos, Héctor, and Paula Kempchinsky. "Case Absorption, Theta Structure and Pronominal Verbs." In Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.69.15cam.
Full text
7
Schulte, Kim. "Vowel Centralization in Romanian Verbs of Slavic Origin." In Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.270.16sch.
Full text
8
Herschensohn, Julia. "What does zero syntax add to an analysis of French psych verbs?" In Semantic Issues in Romance Syntax. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.173.08her.
Full text
9
Tortora, Christina. "The post-verbal subject position of Italian unaccusative verbs of inherently directed motion." In Semantic Issues in Romance Syntax. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.173.17tor.
Full text
10
Kellogg, M. Kimberly. "Dynamic conceptualization and the substitution of nouns and verbs in aphasia." In Cultural, Psychological and Typological Issues in Cognitive Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.152.16kel.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Issues on Xitsonga verbs"
1
Surtani, Nitesh, Khushboo Jha, and Soma Paul. "Issues with the Unergative/Unaccusative Classification of the Intransitive Verbs." In 2011 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ialp.2011.54.
Full text
2
Novikova, Viktoriya R., and Anna B. Guliyants. "USAGE OF MODAL VERB SHOULD AND VERB OF OBLIGATION HAVE TO IN RUSSIAN-ENGLISH STUDENTS’ WRITTEN TRANSLATIONS." In Люди речисты - 2021. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-49-5-2021-260-276.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with issues related to understanding of modality in Russian and English languages; studying the meanings of the modal verb should and the verb of obligation have to and the peculiarities of their use; provides the analysis of the use of these verbs in written Russian-English translation by students.