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Hlungwani, Madala Crous. "Intransitive psych verbs and nominalisation in Xitsonga." South African Journal of African Languages 34, sup1 (2014): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2014.896531.
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Mabaso, XE. "Some issues regarding the standardisation of the terminative vowel in Xitsonga." South African Journal of African Languages 37, no. 2 (2017): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2017.1378271.
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Cho, Sae Youn. "Some Issues on Causative Verbs in English." Language and Information 13, no. 1 (2009): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29403/li.13.1.5.
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Thomas, Anita. "Input Issues in the Development of L2 French Morphosyntax." Languages 6, no. 1 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010034.
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The aim of this article is to discuss the role of input characteristics in the development of French verb morphology. From a usage-based perspective, several cognitive and linguistic factors contribute to the ease or difficulty of processing input in L2 acquisition. This article concentrates on frequency, salience, and form–function association, factors that might influence what aspects of input are available to the learners’ attention. A presentation of French verb morphology from this perspective shows how these factors can contribute to the use of the regular -er verb paradigm as a default. A review of empirical studies confirms the influence of input characteristics. The results suggest that the dominant pattern of regular verbs and the scarcity of salient clues from irregular verbs contribute to the specificity of L2 French development. The conclusion addresses the question of enriching L2 classroom input with irregular verbs. Such an input could facilitate the perception of form–function association, and thus, contribute to a more efficient development of French verb morphology. The article concludes by suggesting other ways of studying the influence of input as well as avenues for future research.
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Amberber, Mengistu. "Functional Verbs in Predicate Formation: Event-Type Hierarchy and Grammaticization." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 21, no. 1 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v21i1.1395.
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Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Historical Issues in Sociolinguistics/Social Issues in Historical Linguistics (1995)
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Chung, Siaw-Fong. "Direct (dis)agreement verbs." Journal of Second Language Studies 3, no. 1 (2020): 111–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jsls.17006.chu.
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Abstract “*I am not agree with you” is an incorrect use of agree frequently seen in the writing of Taiwanese learners. Yet, not many studies have discussed the use of agree and disagree in the literature. Many studies are concerned more about the politeness of (dis)agreement, especially in detailing the relationship between speaker and hearer. We took a lexical semantic approach to compare the use of agree and disagree in essays written by native English speakers and Taiwanese learners in the ICNALE (International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English). The essays were based on two topics concerning societal issues collected in the corpus – (a) whether smoking should be completely banned in restaurants and (b) whether college students should take a part-time job or not – the writers were asked to respond to each issue by agreeing or disagreeing. Our results showed that when given clear instructions to agree or disagree, both native and learners tended to state (dis)agreement in the very first sentence in their essays, but Taiwanese learners relied more on the uses of agree and disagree more often than the native speakers did. The errors committed by learners on the use of agree (not for disagree) were between 25–35% in our data. The results will bring significant comparisons of the lexical semantics of related verbs (verbs of social interaction) in future studies.
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Naigles, Letitia R., and Paula Terrazas. "Motion-Verb Generalizations in English and Spanish: Influences of Language and Syntax." Psychological Science 9, no. 5 (1998): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00069.
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English and Spanish speakers differ in the ways they talk about motion events, but how have these different modes of expression become instantiated as differing generalizations—as syntactic rules, lexical patterns, or both? In two studies, we asked English- and Spanish-speaking adults to interpret novel motion verbs presented in three types of sentence frames. Overall, English speakers expected novel verbs to encode the manner of motion, whereas Spanish speakers expected the verbs to encode the path of motion. The sentence frames also significantly affected how the speakers interpreted the novel verbs. We conclude that speakers of different languages represent their different generalizations about the composition of motion verbs both lexically and syntactically, and discuss how these generalizations might be important for issues of language acquisition and linguistic relativity.
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Un-udom, Suwitchan, and Nathaya Un-udom. "A Corpus-Based Study on the Use of Reporting Verbs in Applied Linguistics Articles." English Language Teaching 13, no. 4 (2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n4p162.
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Reporting verbs is one of the most important issues in writing academic paper because they are used to express the process and reliability of claims to support authors’ writing. Therefore, the current study aimed at investigating (1) the most frequently used category of reporting verbs in applied linguistic articles and (2) how the category used in the citation process is used. 52 articles from three applied linguistic journals were analyzed using Antconc software’s concordance function. This study focused on reporting verbs used in the literature review section since it consists of more reporting verbs than other sections in articles. The reporting verbs in the articles were analyzed into a concordance line and then were classified into Hyland’s Framework of reporting verbs (2002). The results of the study showed that the uses of reporting verbs were classified into research acts, which was the most frequent use of reporting verbs, discourse acts, and cognition acts respectively. The study also presented the frequently used of reporting verbs in different subcategories of the research, discourse, and cognition acts. Additionally, reporting verbs were examined to investigate the verb forms and voices used in applied linguistic articles. The use of reporting verbs according to Hyland’s (2002) framework, verb forms, and voices are also discussed.
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Mo, Junhua. "A Critical Review of the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis: Theoretical, Conceptual and Empirical Issues." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 11, no. 2 (2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1102.14.
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The Unaccusative Hypothesis (Perlmutter 1978; Burzio 1986) posits that intransitive verbs are not homogenous, but can be further divided into unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs. This distinction has ever since become a topic of heated discussion not only in the field of theoretical linguistics, but also in applied linguistics. Oshita (1997, 2001) proposes the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis to delineate the mental representation and developmental path of L2 acquisition of unaccusatives. This hypothesis suggests that unaccusatives are first misanalysed by L2 learners as unergatives and L2 learners have to undergo a three-stage process before they can truly acquire the distinction between unaccusatives and unergatives. This hypothesis also predicts a U-shaped pattern in the non-target passivization and avoidance of unaccusatives by L2 learners of different levels. This study is focused on the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis with L2 English as its main example. It first of all gives a lengthy account of this hypothesis by introducing its framework, foundations, content and predictions. Then it points out that the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis is theoretically innovative, but conceptually inadequate and empirically controversial. Finally, this study calls for more studies to test and improve the Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis.
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Leontyeva, Varvara. "On the History of Studying Modal Verbs in the German Language." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 51 (September 30, 2020): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2020-51-3-64-76.
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The article is an overview and a summary of the study of modal verbs in the German language in Russian and foreign linguistics, from Antiquity to the present day, in line with the holistic study of modality in world linguistics. Using the methods of generalization and systematization, the author analyzes monographs and articles by Russian and foreign experts in the field of the history of the German language, functional grammar, and morphology. While a considerable number of works by foreign and Russian linguists in the 20th century are devoted to the issues of semantics of preterite-present and modal verbs in specific historical periods of the development of the German language, there are still many open questions in this area. Throughout almost the entire 20th century, Germanists viewed modal verbs mainly as a means of expressing internal modality, i.e., the attitude of the speaker to the action being performed. However, in the late 20th and early 21st century, they began to actively study the subjective use of modal verbs. Much modern literature on the subject is devoted to the study of German modal verbs in the function of subjective (epistemic) modality. This article focuses on etymological, semantic, grammatical, and functional features of modal verbs in modern German and discusses a number of controversial issues, such as the question of whether modal verbs are a closed or open cluster of vocabulary, that is, whether it is possible, at the present stage of language history, to include other linguistic units into the category of modal units, it these other units answer certain semantic or grammatical criteria. It is also open to discussion whether there is a one-to-one corre-spondence between a modal verb and the type of modal relations that is expressed with the help of this verb in speech, and vice versa. The author highlights such significant aspects as grammaticalization of modal verbs, correlation of modal verbs with various types of modal relations, primary and secondary meanings of modal verbs, characteristics of the preterito-presentia, compatibility of modal verbs, and syntactic features of their usage. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that it gives a more comprehensive understanding of functions and pragmatics of modal verbs as a special lexical cluster in speech.
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신명신. "Issues and suggestions regarding the teaching of English multi-word verbs." Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 8, no. 2 (2008): 179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15738/kjell.8.2.200806.179.
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Blumberg, Kyle, and Ben Holguín. "Embedded Attitudes." Journal of Semantics 36, no. 3 (2019): 377–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffz004.
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Abstract This paper presents a puzzle involving embedded attitude reports. We resolve the puzzle by arguing that attitude verbs take restricted readings: in some environments the denotation of attitude verbs can be restricted by a given proposition. For example, when these verbs are embedded in the consequent of a conditional, they can be restricted by the proposition expressed by the conditional’s antecedent. We formulate and motivate two conditions on the availability of verb restrictions: (i) a constraint that ties the content of restrictions to the “dynamic effects” of sentential connectives and (ii) a constraint that limits the availability of restriction effects to present tense verbs with first-person subjects. However, we also present some cases that make trouble for these conditions, and outline some possible ways of modifying the view to account for the recalcitrant data. We conclude with a brief discussion of some of the connections between our semantics for attitude verbs and issues concerning epistemic modals and theories of knowledge.
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Kinder, John J. "Auxiliary verbs, dictionaries and the late evolution of the Italian language." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics. Series S 18 (January 1, 2004): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.18.08kin.
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The use of be as an auxiliary verb with intransitive verbs has declined in all the Romance languages over the past five centuries. Today, Spanish and Portuguese use only have, in Catalan and Romanian be occurs in marginal contexts, and in French, be is used with approximately 40 verbs. Italian is a notable exception, since be is still used as the auxiliary of nearly 300 intransitive verbs, as well as with all transitives in the passive and with all reflexives. This well-known fact is a notorious source of difficulty for language teachers and students, partly because there have been few adequate descriptions or even taxonomies of the semantic classes of intransitive verbs which take be. This paper reports an attempt to describe the selection of auxiliary verbs in Italian in terms of contemporary dictionaries of Italian. The paper offers a description of auxiliary selection based on the Auxiliary Selection Hierarchy proposed by Sorace (2000), using some recent monolingual dictionaries as sources. This raises some issues about the use of dictionaries as source material for grammatical descriptions.
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Verroens, Filip, B. De Clerck, and D. Willems. "I blackberried him twice and skyped him a happy Father’s day." French Syntax in Contrast 33, no. 2 (2010): 285–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.33.2.10ver.
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In this article we zoom in on the Verbs of Instrument of Communication (B. Levin 1993) in English and French and address a number of interesting issues. We examine the structural possibilities of the old and new Verbs of Instrument of Communication in comparison with one another and across the two languages. First, despite the creative uses of these verbs, some structural differences between the languages still prevail in the old and new Verbs of Instrument of Communication. For instance, while English allows non-pronominal realisation of object and recipient in the so called double-object construction, this is not the case for French. Secondly, it can be observed that some verbs are more frequent in one construction than in another. For instance, while ‘fax someone something’ does occur with significant frequency in English and French, ‘telephone someone something’ occurs much less frequently. The observed cross-linguistic syntactic differences are explained in terms of a different conceptualisation of the communicative event where the structural possibilities correspond to different semantic frames.
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Trips, Carola, and Achim Stein. "Contact-Induced Changes in the Argument Structure of Middle English Verbs on the Model of Old French." Journal of Language Contact 12, no. 1 (2019): 232–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-01201008.
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This paper investigates contact-induced changes in the argument structure of Middle English verbs on the model of Old French. 1 We study two issues: i) to what extent did the English system retain and integrate the argument structure of verbs copied from French? ii) did the argument structure of these copied verbs influence the argument structure of native verbs? Our study is based on empirical evidence from Middle English corpora as well as a full text analysis of the Ayenbite of Inwyt and focusses on a number of verbs governing a dative in French. In the first part of the paper we define the contact situation and relate it to Johanson’s (2002) model of code copying. In the second part we comment on Allen’s (1995) study of please and some other psych verbs and corroborate her assumptions that i) semantic similarity triggered change within the set of these verbs, and ii) this change has reflexes in the syntactic realisation of the dative argument as a prepositional phrase. We propose a method to identify contact-induced change beyond the verb class originally affected. More explicitly, based on further empirical evidence, we show that the argument structure of the native verb give, a transfer of possession verb, was also affected by these changes and that these effects are stronger in texts that are directly influenced by French.
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Ali, Watad. "A Linguistic Issue In By NafīS AL-Dīn Abū L-Faraj Ibn Al-Kaṯār (Thirteenth Century)". Journal of Semitic Studies 65, № 2 (2020): 531–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgaa018.
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Abstract The treatise by Nafīs al-Dīn Abū l-Faraj Ibn al-Kaṯār, also known as Shams al-Ḥukamā, active circa the end of the thirteenth century CE, is written in Middle Arabic in the Arabic script. Verses of the Torah and quotes from Samaritan religious poems are written in Samaritan Hebrew letters. The treatise is extant in a number of Samaritan manuscripts kept in various libraries in Israel and abroad. While the title of this work is , its contents encompass numerous topics in a variety of fields: linguistics, exegesis, religious law and more. Among the linguistic issues it addresses, for example are topics in phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. The present article discusses two interrelated linguistic issues in phonology and morphology, the first dealing with the conjugation of irregular verbs: the phonological discussion focuses on the concept of ‘iwaḍ (compensation) and in morphology we discuss I/y verbs and, by the way, also I/n verbs. In addition, I examine this work's affinities with the grammatical theories expounded by the Samaritan grammarian Ibn Mārūṭ and the rabbinic grammarian Yehuda Ḥayyūj.
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Gooden, Shelome. "Discourse aspects of tense marking in Belizean Creole." English World-Wide 29, no. 3 (2008): 306–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.29.3.04goo.
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Debates on the relationship between the aspectual properties of verbs and past marking in Caribbean English Creoles tend to focus on two main issues. The first is the semantic function of the “relative past” and its relation to the unmarked verb, and the second is the discourse functions of the relative past marker and the unmarked verb. This paper addresses two issues related to this debate. Using fieldwork data from Belizean Creole, I present a qualitative analysis of tense usage in discourse focusing on the role of the inherent lexical aspect (aktionsart) of predicates. I examine how two different notions of past meaning are distributed between marked and unmarked verbs with different aktionsarten. I also look at the discourse function of these verbs in the contexts of the meanings expressed. I argue that an analysis of both the aktionsarten of the verbs and discourse factors are critical to developing an understanding of the range of meanings and functions of both the relative past marker and the unmarked verb. The paper also presents a new approach to the study of temporal reference in creoles. The picture-based story method provides an objective way of evaluating speakers’ choice of grounding and also facilitates comparison across speakers, given that several potentially variable aspects of the narrative are controlled for.
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SHAALAN, KHALED, MARWA MAGDY, and ALY FAHMY. "Analysis and feedback of erroneous Arabic verbs." Natural Language Engineering 21, no. 2 (2013): 271–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000223.
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AbstractArabic language is strongly structured and considered as one of the most highly inflected and derivational languages. Learning Arabic morphology is a basic step for language learners to develop language skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Arabic morphology is non-concatenative and provides the ability to attach a large number of affixes to each root or stem that makes combinatorial increment of possible inflected words. As such, Arabic lexical (morphological and phonological) rules may be confusing for second language learners. Our study indicates that research and development endeavors on spelling, and checking of grammatical errors does not provide adequate interpretations to second language learners’ errors. In this paper we address issues related to error diagnosis and feedback for second language learners of Arabic verbs and how they impact the development of a web-based intelligent language tutoring system. The major aim is to develop an Arabic intelligent language tutoring system that solves these issues and helps second language learners to improve their linguistic knowledge. Learners are encouraged to produce input freely in various situations and contexts, and are guided to recognize by themselves the erroneous functions of their misused expressions. Moreover, we proposed a framework that allows for the individualization of the learning process and provides the intelligent feedback that conforms to the learner's expertise for each class of error. Error diagnosis is not possible with current Arabic morphological analyzers. So constraint relaxation and edit distance techniques are successfully employed to provide error-specific diagnosis and adaptive feedback to learners. We demonstrated the capabilities of these techniques in diagnosing errors related to Arabic weak verbs formed using complex morphological rules. As a proof of concept, we have implemented the components that diagnose learner's errors and generate feedback which have been effectively evaluated against test data acquired from real teaching environment. The experimental results were satisfactory, and the performance achieved was 74.34 percent in terms of recall rate.
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Al-Shujairi, Yasir Bdaiwi Jasim, Ahlam Muhammed, and Yazan Shaker Okla Almahammed. "Transitivity and Intransitivity in English and Arabic: A Comparative Study." International Journal of Linguistics 7, no. 6 (2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v7i6.8744.
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<p>English and Arabic are two major languages which have many differences and similarities in grammar. One of the issues which is of great importance in the two languages is transitivity and intransitivity. Therefore, this study compares and contrasts transitivity and intransitivity in English and Arabic. This study reports the results of the analysis of transitivity and intransitivity in the two respective languages. The current study is a qualitative one; in nature, a descriptive study. The findings showed that English and Arabic are similar in having transitive and intransitive verbs, and in having verbs which can go transitive or intransitive according to context. By contrast Arabic is different from English in its ability to change intransitive verbs into transitive ones by applying inflections on the main verb. Additionally, Arabic is different from English in the fact that some Arabic transitive verbs can take up to three objects.</p>
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Hock, Hans Henrich. "Proto-Indo-European verb-finality." Proto-Indo-European Syntax and its Development 3, no. 1 (2013): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.3.1.04hoc.
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Although the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European as verb-final is widely accepted, there continue to be dissenting opinions (e.g. Friedrich 1975). See e.g. Pires & Thomason (2008), who question the fruitfulness of Indo-European syntactic reconstruction. In this article I address two issues: First, the reconstructable subordination strategies, including relative-correlative structures, are perfectly in conformity with verb-final typology — pace Lehmann (1974) and Friedrich (1975) who considered relative clauses with finite verbs and relative pronouns incompatible with SOV. Second, verb-final reconstruction makes it possible to account for prosodic and segmental changes that single out finite verbs, such as the non-accentuation of Vedic finite verbs and i-apocope preferentially targeting finite verbs in Italic, Celtic, and Baltic-Slavic. Both developments find a natural, prosodically motivated explanation if we accept PIE as SOV, but not if we do not accept that reconstruction. These facts show that, pace Pires & Thomason (2008), the reconstruction of PIE as verb-final is a fruitful hypothesis.
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Cheng, Le, and Xin Wang. "Modals and Modality in Legal Discourse." International Journal of Semiotics and Visual Rhetoric 1, no. 1 (2017): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsvr.2017010103.
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In this study, parallel corpora of the Civil and Commercial Laws and the English translation of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter P. R. C.) are built. Modal verbs in the legal texts are examined from the perspective of genre analysis and semantics. Moreover, a comparative study on different variations of legal genre is adopted. This study further explores the findings from a sociosemiotic perspective in terms of the distinctions on modal verbs and modality between different variations of legal genre. The authors have noticed the disparity of modal verbs in different situations depends on distinct functions of situations. Although linguistic and textual analyses are significant in exploring issues of legal texts, it is not enough to linger within these domains.
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Imre, Attila. "A Logical Approach to Modal Verbs 3. “Must”." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 9, no. 3 (2017): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2017-0031.
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AbstractThe article aims at a logical approach to discussing must, organized around the core meaning of necessity, split into epistemic (logical necessity) and deontic necessity (obligation). After discussing must as a central modal auxiliary, we present various meanings of must, relying on authoritative sources published for international (English), Hungarian, and Romanian students. Possible issues of teaching must are also dealt with, supported by data from a popular TV series containing modal verbs. The conclusion discusses the importance and relativity of a number of occurrences, trying to offer a possible teaching option for modals stemming from practice.
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Gill, Kathleen. "On the Metaphysical Distinction Between Processes and Events." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 23, no. 3 (1993): 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1993.10717326.
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In theMetaphysics, Aristotle pointed out that some activities are engaged in for their own sake, while others are directed at some end. The test for distinguishing between them is to ask, ‘At any time during a period in which someone is Xing, is it also true that they have Xed?’ If both are true, the activity is being done for its own sake. If not, it is being done for the sake of some end other than itself. For example, if I am thinking, it is true that I have thought. But if I’m making a blouse, it is not true that I have made a blouse, at least not this particular blouse. That’s not true until I have completed the project.There have been a number of attempts to deepen our understanding of this distinction. Anthony Kenny devoted a chapter of Action, Emotion, and Will to this issue, exploring the effect tense has on implication relations, and using that as a basis for dividing verbs of action into state-verbs, activity-verbs and performance-verbs. In more recent years the trend has been to generalize these categories so as to include occurrences other than actions, i.e., occurrences which do not involve intentions. While interest in this area tends to focus primarily on linguistic issues, such as the categorization of verbs, or on the logical analysis of sentences, there has been some interest in related metaphysical issues. In 1978 Alexander Mourelatos published ‘Events, Processes, and States,’ a paper which has turned out to be quite influential, in which he proposes an ontological trichotomy of occurrences. In his view, processes and events form distinct categories within the general category of occurrences. In this paper I will examine the reasoning underlying Mourelatos’s claim, arguing that the differences between processes and events cannot provide the basis for an ontological subcategorization of occurrences.
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Lee, Chung-Kyu. "A Study of Japanese Compound Verbs Conducted by Korean Researchers:Retrospectives and Further Issues." Korean Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 68 (March 31, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18704/kjjll.2016.03.68.83.
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XUE, NIANWEN, and MARTHA PALMER. "Adding semantic roles to the Chinese Treebank." Natural Language Engineering 15, no. 1 (2009): 143–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324908004865.
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AbstractWe report work on adding semantic role labels to the Chinese Treebank, a corpus already annotated with phrase structures. The work involves locating all verbs and their nominalizations in the corpus, and semi-automatically adding semantic role labels to their arguments, which are constituents in a parse tree. Although the same procedure is followed, different issues arise in the annotation of verbs and nominalized predicates. For verbs, identifying their arguments is generally straightforward given their syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank as they tend to occupy well-defined syntactic positions. Our discussion focuses on the syntactic variations in the realization of the arguments as well as our approach to annotating dislocated and discontinuous arguments. In comparison, identifying the arguments for nominalized predicates is more challenging and we discuss criteria and procedures for distinguishing arguments from non-arguments. In particular we focus on the role of support verbs as well as the relevance of event/result distinctions in the annotation of the predicate-argument structure of nominalized predicates. We also present our approach to taking advantage of the syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank to bootstrap the predicate-argument structure annotation of verbs. Finally, we discuss the creation of a lexical database of frame files and its role in guiding predicate-argument annotation. Procedures for ensuring annotation consistency and inter-annotator agreement evaluation results are also presented.
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Klumpp, Gerson. "Functions of valency operators in Kamas." Lingua Posnaniensis 58, no. 2 (2016): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/linpo-2016-0014.
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AbstractThis article provides an account of the functional range of Kamas valency operators. Kamas is an extinct South Siberian language of the Samoyed branch of Uralic, which was in close contact with Turkic for many centuries. In the early 20th century, Kamas had two valency operators: (i) -Tə derived transitive from intransitive verbs as well as causative from transitive verbs; and (ii) -Ō derived intransitive from transitive verbs; in addition the intransitivizer, probably departing from pairs like edə- ‘hang up (tr.)’ > ed-ȫ- ‘hang (itr.)’, had acquired the function of specifying imperfective state-of-affairs, e.g. iʔbə- ‘lie down, lie’ > iʔb-ȫ- ‘lie’. The two markers may occur in combination in the order “increase-decrease” (-T-Ō), but not vice versa. While on the one hand the valency operators may be understood as verb derivation morphemes proper, i.e. verbs derived with the suffixes -Tə- and -Ō- are considered new lexical entries, their functional range also covers combinations with participles otherwise unspecified for voice. The valency decreaser -Ō occurs with participles of transitive verbs in order to specify P-orientation. The valency increaser -Tə has a variety of causative readings, among them causative-reflexive, causative-permissive, and causative-instrumental, and it also qualifies as a marker of control and/or characterizing activity. The discussion in this article is focused mainly on classificational issues.
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Sarah Nijer Alotaibi, Sarah Nijer Alotaibi. "Pointing out some issues related to Surat Algalam)English Abstract(." journal of king abdulaziz university arts and humanities 27, no. 1 (2019): 175–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/art.27-1.6.
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Then, the wording of the Surah was overviewed: starting from the letters, putting all possible examples from it to the words and some of their types. Reasons behind selecting certain words or verbs and excluding others were mentioned. Afterwards, the research was developed to include sentences, their types and the internal relations among them, such as switching, deletion, statements and definition. Sentence structure was surveyed including connection and separation as well as summarization, redundancy and equality. In this research, it was attempted to identify all sides of semantics in the Surah. Only some examples were mentioned, rather than pointing out all rhetoric evidences.
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Dorohovych, N. O. "CASE GOVERNMENT OF VERBS IN POLISH: PECULIARITIES OF TEACHING TO UKRAINIAN SPEAKING STUDENTS." PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Word, no. 3(55) (April 12, 2019): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7402-2019-3(55)-237-244.
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Issues of teaching case government of certain Polish verbs which differ from those in Ukrainian are described in the article. The list of 31 Polish verbs and their Ukrainian equivalents are analyzed. The author tries to find out factors that play an important role in forming and developing grammar competence of students in the process of teaching Polish as a foreign language. The importance of teaching Polish grammar through communicative approach is also highlighted in the article. The main attention is drawn to different types of exercises on verbal government that can be useful in removing errors and overcoming the linguistic interference by Ukrainian students learning Polish.
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CHEN, JIDONG. "When transparency doesn't mean ease: learning the meaning of resultative verb compounds in Mandarin Chinese." Journal of Child Language 44, no. 3 (2016): 695–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000916000192.
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AbstractChildren have to figure out the lexicalization of meaning components in learning verb semantics (e.g. Behrens, 1998; Gentner, 1982; Tomasello & Brooks, 1998). The meaning of an English state-change verb (e.g. break) is divided into two portions (i.e. cause and result), respectively encoded with a separate verb in a Mandarin resultative verb compound (RVC). The majority of Mandarin monomorphemic verbs do not specify any realization of a state change (like hunt), or only imply it (like wash) (Talmy, 2000). This study examines the acquisition of the constructional meaning of RVCs and the semantic division of labor between the component verbs. Four groups of Mandarin-learning children (aged 2;6, 3;6, 4;6, and 6;1) participated in an elicitation experiment. The results reveal that, although transparency in form facilitates their learning of the state-change meanings of RVCs, Mandarin children have difficulties in unpacking the meanings of individual verbs, revealing language-specific learning issues.
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Dalpanagioti, Thomai. "Frame-semantic issues in building a bilingual lexicographic resource." Constructions and Frames 5, no. 1 (2013): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.5.1.01dal.
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This paper discusses the issues that emerged from applying frame semantics to the development of a small-scale bilingual database for Greek and English motion verbs. Proposing an alternative to current lexicography in Greece, the database exploits available corpora and query systems, and carries out a (manual) frame-semantic analysis of the extracted data. The most important theoretical implication of the database is that by combining frame semantics with conceptual metaphor theory and corpus-based information on usage patterns, we can make precise (monolingual) descriptions and effective (cross-linguistic) comparisons. From a practical perspective, the database complements existing English FrameNet and contributes to the creation of a new resource, i.e. a FrameNet for Greek.
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COURTNEY, ELLEN H., and MURIEL SAVILLE-TROIKE. "Learning to construct verbs in Navajo and Quechua." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 3 (2002): 623–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005160.
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Navajo and Quechua, both languages with a highly complex morphology, provide intriguing insights into the acquisition of inflectional systems. The development of the verb in the two languages is especially interesting, since the morphology encodes diverse grammatical notions, with the complex verb often constituting the entire sentence. While the verb complex in Navajo is stem-final, with prefixes appended to the stem in a rigid sequence, Quechua verbs are assembled entirely through suffixation, with some variation in affix ordering.We explore issues relevant to the acquisition of verb morphology by children learning Navajo and Quechua as their first language. Our study presents naturalistic speech samples produced by five Navajo children, aged 1;1 to 4;7, and by four Quechua-speaking children, aged 2;0 to 3;5. We centre our analysis on the role of phonological criteria in segmentation of verb stems and affixes, the production of amalgams, the problem of homophony, and the significance of distributional learning and semantic criteria in the development of the verb template. The phenomena observed in our data are discussed in light of several proposals, especially those of Peters, Pinker, Slobin, and Hyams.
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Kaleta, Radosław. "Some Differences between Narkamauka and Tarashkevica as exemplified by selected issues related to verbs." Linguodidactica 17 (2013): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/lingdid.2013.17.07.
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Li, Wenchao. "Multi-verb constructions in Old Chinese and Middle Chinese." Asia-Pacific Language Variation 4, no. 1 (2018): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aplv.16013.li.
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Abstract Multiple verb constructions have been studied intensively in Chinese. However, given the typological differences between the Indo-European languages and Chinese, it is no surprise that the application of a ‘Western’ notion, namely ‘serial verb construction’ (SVC), has caused much debate. This study provides a working definition of ‘SVC’ in Old Chinese and then turns to diachronic issues, for example, the combinatorial possibilities of multiple verbs in Old Chinese, pre-Middle Chinese, and Middle Chinese, clarifying which kind of complex constructions may be regarded as verb serialising and which as verb compounding. With this in place, the study approaches an understanding of the evolution of multiple verb formations in Chinese. The finding reveals that multiple verbs in Old Chinese are combined via verb serialisation. Six combinatorial possibilities are confirmed: (a) unergative V + unergative V; (b) transitive V + unaccusative V; (c) unaccusative V + unaccusative V (change of state); (d) unergative V + unaccusative V; (e) transitive V + transitive V; (f) unaccusative V + unaccusative V (motion). These can be further classified into two groups: Group I: (a)–(d) are successive SVCs; Group II: (e)–(f) are coordinate SVCs. In pre-Middle Chinese, there are signs of verb compounding. The occurrence of disyllabic word roots in the Early Han Dynasty as well as (de)grammaticalisation may be responsible for this. In Middle Chinese, the grammaticalisation of transitive change-of-state verbs, and the degrammaticalisation of motion verbs, led to three different lexical categories: (a) partial intransitive change-of-state verbs turned into resultative complements (resulting in [transitive V + unaccusative V] SVC transiting into predicate-complement V-V (change-of-state)); (b) partial motion verbs degrammaticalised and turned into directional complements (resulting in [unergative V + unaccusative V] SVC transiting into predicate-complement V-V (motion)); and (c) the first verb in [coordinate SVC] receives preverbalisation (giving rise to modifier-predicate V-V).
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Rappaport Hovav, Malka, and Beth Levin. "Change of State Verbs: Implications for Theories of Argument Projection." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 28, no. 1 (2002): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v28i1.3842.
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Recent work in argument expression has focused on verbs showing multiple argument projection options, often with concomitant shifts in aspectual classification or assignment of so-called "aspectual roles" (e.g., measure or incremental theme). Theories of argument projection generally adopt one or both of the following hypotheses: (1) argument projection is aspectually determined; (2) argument expression is not lexically determined. Although much recent work incorporates the conjunction of the two hypotheses, they represent two distinct issues: whether argument expression is aspectually driven and whether argument expression is lexically or syntactically determined. It is possible to argue that argument projection is lexically determined and aspectually driven (e.g., Tenny 1987, 1992, 1994) or to argue that projection is not completely lexically determined but not completely aspectually driven either (e.g., Jackenoff 1990). We argue against each individual hypothesis, as well as against their conjunction. We do this through a close examination of the argument expression properties of change of state verbs and a comparison of these properties with those of aspectually-related verbs.
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Bavant, Marc. "Basque Resultatives and Related Issues." Lingua Posnaniensis 54, no. 2 (2012): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-012-0011-3.
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ABSTRACT Marc Bavant. Basque Resultatives and Related Issues. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. LIV (2)/2012. The Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-252-2, pp. 7-22. Basque has an impressive number of resultative constructions for transitive verbs, not to mention dialectal variants. The purpose of this paper is to classify them according to Nedjalkov’s typology and compare Basque resultatives with similar periphrastic constructions in Classical Armenian. On the way, we meet the questions of Basque diatheses, of voice ambiguity of past participles, and of the affinity between possession and resultativity. The paper is based on material available in the literature and discussions with a native speaker or a specialist of the field. It appears that only “mediopassive”, a detransitivizing transformation, can be considered a diathesis, whereas the so-called “passive” and “antipassive” are respectively an objective and a subjective resultative. Also LAFITTE’S so-called “parfait” (1979) is a resultative, possessive in form and rather subjective in meaning. Classical Armenian displays a strikingly similar series of resultatives and the same kind of voice ambiguity for its past participle. It is hypothesized that the voice ambiguity may be related to the existence of a possessive resultative construction.
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Audring, Jenny, Geert Booij, and Ray Jackendoff. "Menscheln, kibbelen, sparkle." Linguistics in the Netherlands 34 (November 23, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.34.01aud.
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Abstract German, Dutch and English have surprisingly large sets of verbal diminutives: verbs ending in -el/-le and carrying an attenuative and/or iterative meaning. These verbs exhibit particular properties that make them interesting for morphological theory. Focussing on Dutch data, this paper sketches the challenges that arise with respect to structure, productivity and meaning, and proposes a constructionist account that allows for a better understanding of the issues. The central notion is the schema, a generalization over the structure of complex words. In contrast to rules, whose main function is to generate new words, schemas motivate existing words by marking their structure as non-arbitrary. We discuss the modelling options this gives us and apply them to the verbal diminutives.
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Karakale, Filiz. "Advantages of Keeping a Diary in Teaching Russian Language." Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 6, no. 1 (2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v6i1.574.
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The purpose of this study is to reveal the benefits of getting students from the end of level A1 or from the beginning of level A2 according to European Common Framework of Reference, to keep a diary in teaching Russian as a foreing language. We will try to explain the studied topic with concrete examples from our professional experiences at Ankara University TOMER. We will stand on contribution of keeping a diary especially in learning “perfective and imperfective cases of verbs” and “motion verbs” as the most difficult issues in Russian language, giving examples from the diaries of students. This study also aims to prove that, getting students to keep a diary lets them express their thoughts in writing freely. Keywords: Foreign language teaching, Russian language, TOMER, Get students to keep a diary
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Kashkin, E. "Verbs describing motion of substances in some Finno-Ugric languages." Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, no. 1 (2020): 462–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716114.
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The article deals with verbs describing motion of substances (‘fl ow’, ‘stream’, ‘pour’ etc.) in three Finno-Ugric languages (Komi, Western Khanty, and Hill Mari), which were not considered in the previous typological studies of this domain. The article is aimed at identifying the semantic oppositions between such verbs from the typological perspective. The material has been collected primarily in fieldwork by elicitation and is compared to the data available in dictionaries (sometimes coming from other language varieties). Methodologically, I rely on the frame-based approach to lexical typology, which involves collocational analysis as the key procedure for highlighting semantic oppositions A sketch of falling verbs in each language is provided (focusing on how the basic parameters of cross-linguistic variation are realized in my sample), since they are contiguous to the domain being in the main focus. The main part of the article provides the description of flowing & pouring verbs in each language from the sample. I discuss several semantic features of these verbs, such as the opposition between a stream and drops, the colexification of moving liquids and granular substances (with some language-specific constraints dealing with some properties of the situations), special lexemes for small amounts of liquids emitted from some entity, etc. Some issues underdescribed in typological studies are touched upon (e.g. a special verb in Khanty for small portions of liquids or pouring substance moving in the air, such as fog or flour). The semantic connections between, on the one hand, flowing & pouring, and, on the other hand, falling of multiple subjects are analyzed, taking into account the restrictions on the subject of falling (natural entity vs. artifact, size of singular entities) and on the whole situation (distributivity) available for this colexification pattern. Other polysemy patterns developed by the verbs in question are considered as well, e.g. the extension of the basic lexeme kis’s’yny ‘flow, pour’ in Komi to some situations of destruction
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Zatorska, Agnieszka. "Selected issues of nominalizations as propositional arguments in Polish and Slovene sentences with psych-verbs." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe 15 (2015): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2015.15.32.
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Chung-Kyu, Lee. "Current situation and future issues of contrastive study on compound verbs in Japanese and Korean." Korean Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 65 (June 30, 2015): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.18704/kjjll.2015.06.65.167.
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Beliën,, Maaike. "Dutch manner of motion verbs: Disentangling auxiliary choice, telicity and syntactic function." Cognitive Linguistics 23, no. 1 (2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2012-0001.
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AbstractDutch manner of motion verbs play a prominent role in the literature on unaccusativity. As these verbs can take both hebben ‘have’ and zijn ‘be’ as their perfective auxiliaries, they are considered to show both unergative and unaccusative behavior. The general consensus is that these verbs normally take hebben, yet occur with zijn if they are ‘telicized’ by an endpoint, and that the auxiliaries are diagnostics for the syntactic status of prepositional phrases (PPs). The paper presents attested data that reveal that this generalization is untenable: there are examples that take the opposite auxiliary from what the generalization predicts. To account for the full set of data, the paper takes a cognitive-grammar perspective, arguing that auxiliary choice, telicity and syntactic status of PPs are independent issues requiring their own explanations. Auxiliary choice is analyzed in terms of alternate construals of a motion event: with hebben as a type of act and with zijn as a change of location. In this manner, the paper adds to a growing body of literature that questions the usefulness of the coarse unergative–unaccusative distinction, advocating a ‘local analysis’ instead.
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Vostrikova, Ekaterina V., and Petr S. Kusliy. "Triviality and grammatical correctess: contemporary issues in intensional semantics." Philosophy Journal 13, no. 4 (2020): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2020-13-4-52-68.
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The article is devoted to the study of the semantics of embedded questions (interrogative subordinate clauses), as well as the nature of restrictions on the licensing of declarative and interrogative clauses as complements of propositional attitude verbs. The authors show that this topic goes back to the key aspects of the semantic and cognitive program of G. Frege and is of key importance for the philosophy of language. Using the analytical apparatus of contemporary semantics, the authors investigate this topic on the material of the most recent theoretical works. They show how the semantics of embedded questions contributes to the development of a new perspective on the structure of meaning and the cognitive potential of natural language users. The authors also identify a number of theoretical shortcomings and empirical limitations of several theories of the semantics of embedded questions and point at some directions for future research.
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Nesselhauf, Nadja, and Ute Römer. "Lexical-grammatical patterns in spoken English." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 12, no. 3 (2007): 297–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.12.3.02nes.
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Based on a large set of data from one of the biggest available corpora of spoken British English (the 10-million word spoken component of the BNC), this article explores central lexical-grammatical aspects of progressive forms with future time reference. Among the phenomena investigated are verb preferences, adverbial co-selection, subject types, and negation. It is demonstrated that future time progressives in spoken British English are patterned to a considerable extent (for example that it is individual verbs, rather than semantic groups of verbs, that preferably occur in such constructions) and that actual language use often runs counter to claims that can be found in traditional grammatical descriptions of the construction. A number of general and often neglected issues in the analysis of lexical-grammatical patterns are also addressed, in particular the notion of pattern frequency.
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Prévost, Philippe. "TRUNCATION AND MISSING INFLECTION IN INITIAL CHILD L2 GERMAN." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25, no. 1 (2003): 65–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263103000032.
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This paper examines the nature of finite and nonfinite main declarative sentences produced by L2 child learners. It claims that two of the main proposals on the root infinitive (RI) phenomenon, the Truncation Hypothesis (TH) and the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (MSIH), are not mutually exclusive in child SLA because they are hypotheses on completely different issues. According to the TH, different roots are involved: RIs are VPs underlyingly, whereas finite clauses are IPs or CPs. The MSIH claims that L2 learners have difficulties using the exact inflectional morphology, which leads them to produce verbs with an infinitival marker or no inflection at all. These so-called default forms are finite. In principle, then, an L2 learner could project truncated structure and produce default finite forms at the same time. This possibility is investigated in longitudinal data from an English-speaking child learning German. Two complementary sets of data can be accounted for by the hypotheses. Verbs bearing a nonfinite marker are restricted to nonfinite positions, which is consistent with the TH. Bare (uninflected) forms occur in the same (finite) positions as verbs inflected for person and number, which suggests that they are finite. This finding is consistent with the MSIH.
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Siudzińska, Natalia, and Kamila Brzeszkiewicz. "Children’s Syntactic Competence at Age 6.5–7.5 Years (Based on Utterances with Verbs of Motion)." Slavistica Vilnensis 65, no. 1 (2020): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2020.65(1).39.
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The article is devoted to selected issues associated with acquiring syntax competence by children who are beginning early school education. The principal aim of the article is to demonstrate how children at this age attain sentence structures constituted by verbs of movement. The feature of the selected predicates is the fact that they open a position for the biggest out of all verb classes number of positions opened by a predicate (an agent, three locative positions, an object, a tool), which gives an opportunity to view the process of acquiring syntax competence by children. Sentences with verbs of movement, chosen form utterances of children whose task was to describe situations presented in illustrations, served as the material for the research.
 Studies have shown that children aged between six and a half to seven and a half were able to employ the verbs of movement and the proper syntactic structure appropriately in the given circumstances. Two-position structures (single, undeveloped sentences) dominated the collected data, indicating that children create short and precise messages, naming only what is most important for them in the illustration (i.e. what they considered to be the subject of the statement). The children employed all syntactic positions. The most frequently employed positions were LOCATOR [which way] in the verbs of linear movement, TOOL and OBJECT in the phrasal verbs. The LOCATOR [from] was the least employed position. The study demonstrated that syntax development is inextricably linked to the increase in the number of words in the child’s active vocabulary. The evidence for the above statement was derived from the errors resulting from the limited amount of lexical resources acquired by children within this age group. The children did not show any major problems when it came to employing inflected forms of words. The problem was only the correct use of prepositions, especially in the context of employing the LOCATOR position [which way].
 The examination findings have confirmed the presuppositions of the authors that despite the diversity of syntax positions this class of verbs is mastered fairly well by children at this age.
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Son, Se-mo-dol. "The Issues and Tasks of Studies on Auxiliary Verbs in Medieval Korean and Early Modern Korean." Korean Historical Linguistics 25 (October 30, 2017): 7–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14727/khl.2017.25.7.
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Burnyeat, M. F. "Apology30b 2-4: Socrates, money, and the grammar of γίγνεσθαι". Journal of Hellenic Studies 123 (листопад 2003): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3246257.
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AbstractThe framework of this paper is a defence of Burnet's construal ofApology30b 2-4. Socrates does not claim, as he is standardly translated, that virtue makes you rich, but that virtue makes money and everything else good for you. This view of the relation between virtue and wealth is paralleled in dialogues of every period, and a sophisticated development of it appears in Aristotle. My philological defence of the philosophically preferable translation extends recent scholarly work on εἶναι in Plato and Aristotle to γίγνεσθαι, which is the main verb in the disputed sentence. When attached to a subject, both verbs make a complete statement on their own, but a statement that is further completableby adding a complement. The important point is that the addition of a complement does not change the meaning of the verb from existence to the copula. Proving this is a lengthy task which takes me into some of the deeper reaches of Platonic and Aristotelian ontology, and into discussion of whether Greek ever acquired a verb that corresponds to modern verbs of existence. I conclude that even when later authors such as Philo Judaeus, Sextus Empiricus and Plotinus debate what we naturally translate as issues of existence, none of the verbs they use (εἶναι, ὑπάρχειν, ὑφεστηκέναι) can be said to have existential meaning.
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Witkowska, Katarzyna. "O wybranych funkcjach trybu rozkazującego zwrotów frazeologicznych." Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza 26, no. 1 (2019): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2019.26.1.10.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss several secondary problems related to the description of paradigms of Polish phraseological units with a verbal component, i.e. indication of the selected function of their imperative forms. The considerations focus on two general issues. Firstly, they present the possible contexts of using said phrases and, secondly, they verify the hypothesis that verbal phraseological units inherit the properties of verbs with regard to the possibility of occurrence in certain imperative form functions.
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Shelina, E. A. "TO GIVE, TO ORDER, AND TO CONFIRM. THE FRENCH PRELATES' POWER IN THE WORLD OF THE 13TH CENTURY CHARTERS." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 2(53) (2021): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-2-136-147.
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As corpora of medieval texts became available online, and platforms for textometric analysis (TXM, among others) were developed in the last decade, it has become possible to explore old historiographical issues from a new perspective. This study explores the actions of medieval dominants and the forces they used to perform those actions. The author unites a corpus of the author unites a corpus of the charters of prelates of the French dioceses from the period following the “documentary revolution”, because the general increase in the number of charters since the 12th century enables the author to work at the level of particular social groups. The charters of bishops and archbishops and the charters of abbots and abbesses of the 13th century were collected from online editions of medieval French cartularies (from the Chartae Galliae, the Cartulaires d'Île-de-France, and the Cartulaire blanc). The author generated lists of the most frequent verbs and nouns in the ablative and examined the most common adverb co-occurrences for the most frequent verbs of the two corpora. As a result of the study, a number of observations were obtained. 1) Along with the group of verbs that denote the activity of creating a charter and of disseminating the information, the most frequent verbs refer to the activities of giving, ordering and confirming in the corpus of bishops. These three main activities were distinguished by analyzing the structure of verb binomials in the corpus. 2) The activities of abbots appear to be different from those of bishops: the verbs of ordering are far less frequent, while the verbs of selling and exchanging are more common. While bishops form the dominant group within the whole society, the activities of the abbots in society are less conspicuous (abbots dominate within their monasteries). 3) The auctoritas, although an important power force that enables the majority of power actions, is not the only one used by prelates: members of the Church acted by voluntas; a large amount of actions requires consent or counsel. Finally, the promise requires the force of fides, etc. 4) The 13th century society was the one where all actions were judged as more or less spiritual, and where the less spiritual power actions and practices of the prelates were also ‘spiritualised’. Although different groups of verbs attract different kinds of adverbs (e.g. one should serve ‘honestly and devotedly’, one possesses ‘peacefully’, one commands and orders ‘firmly and rigorously’), they all have positive connotations. The charters serve to reproduce a system where the spiritual plays a dominant role and where attaining the celestial realm is the central goal of all actions (documents on the exercise of power belong to the same system as theological texts).
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Gagarina, Natalia Vladimirovna. "Does the acquisition of aspect have anything to do with aspectual pairs?" ZAS Papers in Linguistics 33 (January 1, 2004): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.33.2003.195.
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The purpose of this research was to trace the developmental steps in the acquisition of aspectual oppositions in Russian and to examine the validity of the 'aspect before tense' hypothesis for L1-speaking children. Imperfective/perfective verbs and their inflections, as well as aspectual pairs, were analysed in the first five months of verb production (and the respective months in the input) in three children. Additionally, the first four months of verb production were investigated in one boy with less data. Verb forms marked for the past and for the present occur simultaneously in all children. These early forms relate to 'here and now' situations: verbs marked for the past denote 'resultative' events that are perceived by the children as occurring during the speech time or immediately before it, while verbs marked for the present typically denote on-going events. Thus, with early tense oppositions (or tense morphology) children mark aspectual contrasts in the moment of speech: evidence in favour of the 'aspect before tense' hypothesis.
 
 A strong preference in using the perfective aspect for the past and the imperfective aspect for the present events has been found in both adults and children. Further, only very few aspectual pairs were documented within the analysed period (from the onset of verb production to the period when children produce rule-driven inflectional forms). The productive use of the finite forms of perfective and imperfective verbs doesn't concord with the ability of the productive use of the contrastive forms of one lemma. Data suggest that children (start to) learn aspectual forms in an item-based manner. The acquisition of aspectual oppositions (aspectual pairs) is lexically dependent and is guided by the contextual 'thesaurus'. Aspectual pairs are learned in a peace-meal way during much longer, than observed for this article, period of time. Generally, aspect is not learned as a rule, also because there are no (uniform) rules of forming of aspectual pairs, but as the 'satellite' of the inherent lexical meaning of verbs of diverse Aktionsarten.
 
 The issues addressed here are relevant for other Slavic languages, exhibiting the morphological category of aspect.