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Books on the topic 'IST shock'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Gorbikov, Sergey. Fundamentals of the qualitative theory of dynamical systems with shock interactions. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2083333.

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The monograph introduces the most general type of dynamical systems with shock interactions. The concept of local features of these systems is given. Local features of dynamical systems with shock interactions of the first six types are studied. Their topological equivalence, i.e. their sameness, is proved. Two simplest vibration shock systems are studied, which are of fundamental importance for practice. It is intended for researchers, engineers, students and postgraduates interested in the study of dynamic systems and processes.

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2

Size matters: measuring the effects of inequality and growth shocks. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/934-1.

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Understanding the relationship between income inequality and economic growth is of utmost importance to economists and social scientists. In this paper we use a Bayesian structural vector autoregression approach to estimate the relationship between inequality and growth via growth and inequality shocks for two large economies, China and the USA, for the years 1979–2018. We find that a growth shock is inequality-increasing, and an inequality shock is growth-reducing. We also find, however, that the sizes of the effects of these shocks are very small, accounting for under 2 per cent of the varia

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3

"Shock Waves, Procs of the 20th Int Symp (in 2 Volumes)". World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 1997.

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4

Deakin, Charles D. Defibrillation and pacing during cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0063.

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Defibrillation is the passage of electrical current across the myocardium to allow synchronized repolarisation and return of a perfusing rhythm. It is now an established intervention for patients in shockable rhythms during cardiac arrest and is administered every 2 minutes during resuscitation until return of spontaneous circulation. Modern biphasic waveforms are more effective than older monophasic waveforms, achieving first shock success rate of approximately 90%. For ventricular fibrillation in adults, the initial shock should be delivered at 150 J, and if further shocks are required, esca

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5

Evans, Charlotte, Anne Creaton, Marcus Kennedy, and Terry Martin, eds. Shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722168.003.0010.

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It is essential that the retrievalist is au fait with the clinical syndrome of shock. A précis of the pathophysiology of shock is explained and conditions that progress to shock are listed. Risk factors are identified and interventions are covered. The retrievalist is given evidence-based guidance on the use of interventions and treatments to support these patients.

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6

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Shock. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0026.

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Shock: definition and diagnosis 446Hypovolaemic shock 450Cardiogenic shock 452Anaphylactic shock 456Septic shock: pathogenesis 458Shock, or acute circulatory failure, defines a state in which the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissue is insufficient to meet basal metabolic needs, leading to tissue hypoxia, and, if persistent, to MOF and death. Shock results from tissue hypoperfusion and microcirculatory dysfunction, and should thus not be restricted to hypotension. Although frequent, hypotension is not mandatory for the diagnosis of shock. In the absence of hypotension, increased lact

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7

Hatfield, Anthea. Shock. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199666041.003.0020.

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Shock is a clinical diagnosis that occurs when the circulation fails. Read this chapter carefully and learn to recognize the early signs and symptoms of shock. Ideally you should be treating shock even as you make the diagnosis. This chapter will teach you about the different types of shock, their distinguishing features, and specific treatments. You will also learn to distinguish the different stages of shock and the physiology paragraphs will help you understand the changes the body’s metabolism.

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8

Pang, Diana, and Joseph A. Carcillo. Pediatric Shock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199918027.003.0008.

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The chapter on pediatric shock recognition and management provides essential information on types of shock and its management. It contains summaries of hypovolemic, hemorrhagic, cardiogenic, vasoplegic, septic, metabolic, and dysoxic shock. All types of shock are best treated when therapy is targeted toward achieving specific goals (goal-directed therapy), and this chapter provides guidelines for clinical, hemodynamic, and biochemical goals. To achieve those goals, the chapter also provides guidelines on the use of key therapies, including isotonic crystalloid and colloid, blood products, cate

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9

Lee, Angela, and Gebhard Wagener. Distributive Shock. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0011.

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The distributive shock chapter reviews the definition, classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic goals of shock. It examines the cardiovascular factors and mechanisms leading to impaired oxygen delivery and its effect on the pathogenesis of shock. It reviews the compensatory mechanisms in shock that cause symptoms and organ manifestations in patients with acute circulatory failure. This chapter also discusses the limitations and benefits of different monitoring modalities during shock management including central venous pressure, mixed venous oxyge

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10

Hearne, Rory. Housing Shock. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447353898.001.0001.

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The unprecedented housing and homelessness crisis in Ireland is having profound impacts on Generation Rent, the wellbeing of children, worsening wider inequality and threatening the economy. Housing Shock contextualises the Irish housing crisis within the broader global housing situation by examining the origins of the crisis in terms of austerity, marketisation and the new era of financialisation, where global investors are making housing unaffordable and turning homes into assets for the wealthy. The COVID-19 pandemic has also shown the central importance of secure, affordable, decent standa

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11

Sobol, Julia, and Jack Louro. Obstructive Shock. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0012.

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In the perioperative period, various mechanisms can lead to the development of shock. The type of shock needs to be rapidly elucidated and initial management steps initiated to minimize the time of tissue hypoperfusion. Obstructive shock is caused by physical obstruction of circulation either into or out of the heart. The mechanisms that lead to obstructive shock either prevent blood from entering the right heart during diastole such as a tension pneumothorax or pericardial tamponade, or prevent the heart from ejecting the blood due to a physical obstruction, as in the case of pulmonary emboli

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12

Abcejo, Arnoley S., and Jeffrey J. Pasternak. Neurogenic Shock. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0072.

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Neurogenic shock is a pathophysiologic state of systemic hypoperfusion characterized by a significant decrease in systemic vascular resistance secondary to loss of sympathetic tone. Neurogenic shock is most commonly seen in the setting of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) but can also occur following significant brain injury. Interruption of sympathetic fibers causes loss of basal vascular sympathetic tone, commonly allowing unopposed parasympathetic tone. As a result, severe hypotension and bradycardia can further exacerbate neurologic injury and organ perfusion. Understanding the physiologic an

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13

Vostral, Sharra L. Toxic Shock. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479877843.001.0001.

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In 1980, young, healthy women in the United States suddenly began to get sick and even die. The unexpected link to these deaths was superabsorbent tampons. Thousands of women used them during their menstrual periods, signaling the potential for a large-scale outbreak. Toxic Shock: A Social History traces the emergence of this new illness of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and its relationship to tampon technology. This multifaceted history engages microbiology, design and innovation, journalism and mass communication, product liability, and federal policy and regulation. The broad scope captures th

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14

Fiza, Babar, and Vivek Moitra. Introduction to Shock. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0009.

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The chapter “Introduction to Shock” reviews the definition, classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic goals of shock. It examines the cardiovascular factors and mechanisms leading to impaired oxygen delivery and its effect on end organ perfusion and the pathogenesis of shock. This chapter reviews the compensatory mechanisms in shock that cause the signs and symptoms, along with organ manifestations, reported in patients with acute circulatory failure. This chapter also discusses the limitations and benefits of different monitoring modalities during

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15

Kimmoun, Antoine, and Bruno Levy. Pathophysiology of shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0149.

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Shock remains a major cause of intensive care unit admission. Initially categorized into hypovolaemic, cardiogenic, and distributive shock, understanding of the pathophysiology has recently evolved such that tissue hypoperfusion in all shock states leads to a dysregulated inflammatory response. After 24 hours, septic shock and ischaemiareperfusion related to hypovolaemic and cardiogenic shock share similar haemodynamic and pro-inflammatory profiles. Vascular hyporesponsiveness to catecholamines is a major consequence of this common pathophysiology, which is focused upon activation of NF-κ‎b wi

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16

Escudier, Marcel. Oblique shockwaves and expansion fans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0012.

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External supersonic gas flow in which changes in the fluid and flow properties are brought about by direction change is analysed in this chapter. In addition, it is shown that flow over a corner between two flat surfaces resulted in an oblique shockwave if the angle between the two surfaces is less than 180° (a concave corner). The analysis of flow through an oblique shockwave is based upon the superposition of the flowfield for a normal shock onto a uniform flow parallel to the shock. It is also shown that both weak and strong oblique shocks can occur. For an angle in excess of 180° (a convex

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17

Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. The Response of Consumption to Unanticipated Changes in Income. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.003.0009.

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In this chapter we examine tests of the hypothesis that consumption will respond to unanticipated income changes and that the response will depend on the persistence of the shock and on the degree of imperfection in the credit and insurance markets. The literature has considered three approaches to estimating the effect of income shocks on consumption, that is, the marginal propensity to consume. One identifies episodes in which income changes unexpectedly and seeks to evaluate, in a quasi-experimental setting, how consumption reacts. A second estimates the marginal propensity to consume with

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18

Schott, Christopher K., and Jessica A. Fozard. Hypotension and Shock (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0008.

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Hypotension is a common cause of rapid response team (RRT) activation. It is critical to be able to rapidly identify the etiology of hypotension. In the setting of a rapid response team call, there is often limited time and information available when first encountering a hypotensive patient. With attention to key elements in the patient’s history of present illness, physical exam, and findings of predominant changes in systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures, RRTs can rapidly narrow their differential diagnosis. We will discuss the initial evaluation and treatment recommendations based on the

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19

Rajeev, S. G. Shocks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805021.003.0006.

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When the speed of a fluid exceeds that of sound, discontinuities in density occur, called shocks.The opposite limit from incompressibility (constant density) is constant pressure. In this limit, we get Burgers equation. It can be solved exactly in one dimension using the Cole–Hopf transformation. The limit of small viscosity is found not to be the same as zero viscosity: there is a residual drag no matter how small it is. The Maxwell construction of thermodynamics was adapted by Lax and Oleneik to derive rules for shocks in this limit. The Riemann problem of time evolution with a discontinuous

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20

Miller, Michael K. Shock to the System. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691217000.001.0001.

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How do democracies emerge? This book presents a novel theory of democratization that focuses on how events like coups, wars, and elections disrupt autocratic regimes and trigger democratic change. The book demonstrates that more than nine in ten transitions since 1800 occur in one of two ways: countries democratize following a major violent shock or an established ruling party democratizes through elections and regains power within democracy. This framework fundamentally reorients theories on democratization by showing that violent upheavals and the preservation of autocrats in power — events

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21

Zeitlin, Vladimir. Wave Turbulence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0013.

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Main notions and ideas of wave (weak) turbulence theory are explained with the help of Hamiltonian approach to wave dynamics, and are applied to waves in RSW model. Derivation of kinetic equations under random-phase approximation is explained. Short inertia–gravity waves on the f plane, short equatorial inertia–gravity waves, and Rossby waves on the beta plane are then considered along these lines. In all of these cases, approximate solutions of kinetic equation, annihilating the collision integral, can be obtained by scaling arguments, giving power-law energy spectra. The predictions of turbu

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22

Litell, John M., and Nathan I. Shapiro. Pathophysiology of septic shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0297.

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The pathophysiology of sepsis is the result of a dysregulated host response to infection. Interactions between conserved pathogenic signals and host recognition systems initiate a systemic reaction to local infection. Pro- and anti-inflammatory intermediates and associated coagulatory abnormalities lead to altered macrovascular, microvascular, and mitochondrial function. Uncorrected, these processes yield similar patterns of failure in multiple organ systems. Mortality increases with successive organ failures. Although commonly thought to be a manifestation of impaired renal circulation, septi

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23

Ghodsee, Kristen, and Mitchell Orenstein. Taking Stock of Shock. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001.

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Using an interdisciplinary approach, this book evaluates the social consequences of the post-1989 transition from state socialism to free market capitalism across Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Blending ethnographic accounts with economic, demographic, and public opinion data, it provides insight into the development of new, unequal, social orders. It explores the contradictory narratives on transition promoted by Western international institutions and their opponents, one of qualified success and another of epic catastrophe, and surprisingly shows that data support both narrativ

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24

Himelblau, Harry. IEST-RP-DTE012.1 : Handbook for Dynamic Data Acquisition and Analysis. Institute of Environmental Sciences and Techn, 1994.

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25

Fieldhouse, Edward, Jane Green, Geoffrey Evans, et al. Electoral Shocks. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800583.001.0001.

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This book offers a novel perspective on British elections, focusing on the importance of increasing electoral volatility in British elections, and the role of electoral shocks in the context of increasing volatility. It demonstrates how shocks have contributed to the level of electoral volatility, and also which parties have benefited from the ensuing volatility. It follows in the tradition of British Election Study books, providing a comprehensive account of specific election outcomes—the General Elections of 2015 and 2017—and a more general approach to understanding electoral change.We exami

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26

Tucker-Abramson, Myka. Novel Shocks. Fordham University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823282708.001.0001.

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Novel Shocks argues that the political and cultural origins of neoliberalism lie in the battles over suburban and urban space in the 1950s and early 1960s. At the end of World War II, Harry Truman’s administration launched a national program of urban renewal that sought to create a new and distinctly American modernity, which would underpin US global hegemony. The program’s effects in Manhattan were particularly notable: throughout the 1950s and 1960s, New York bulldozed vast areas of land deemed “slums” or “blighted” to make way for freeways, public and private housing projects, medical cente

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27

Lange, Barbara Rose. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190245368.003.0011.

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The Epilogue describes how economic and social shocks of the late 2000s, in particular the 2008 world economic crisis, affected local fusion musics in Central Europe. It discusses changes in artistic personhood, musical sociality, creative processes, and connections to the West European musical market; efficiency penetrated the creative process, and more aspects of the individual became monetized. The Epilogue describes how far-right nationalism and its musical expression strengthened in the late 2000s, and how others made musical interventions against these trends. It describes how musicians

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28

Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. ICU treatment of cardiovascular failure. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0150.

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Cardiovascular failure or shock is best defined as inadequate delivery or utilization of oxygen for cellular metabolic needs. The majority of shock states are characterized by limitations in perfusion rather than extraction of oxygen by tissues. It is important to recognize that ineffectual tissue perfusion may occur in the absence of hypotension and, therefore, a normal blood pressure does not exclude shock. This chapter covers the etiology of shock, as well as symptoms, complications, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

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29

Borsboom, Denny. Mental disorders, network models, and dynamical systems. Edited by Kenneth S. Kendler and Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0011.

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Network approaches have been proposed as an alternative way of thinking about relations between symptoms of mental disorders. Unlike traditional psychometric approaches, network models view these associations as the result of direct interactions between symptoms. Disorders are defined as alternative stable states of a network due to increased connectivity between symptoms. This increased connectivity creates a pattern of reinforcement, so the system can get stuck in a state of prolonged activation. Mental health is defined as the stable state of a weakly connected network. Although symptomatol

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Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. ICU treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0152.

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Bacteria are the most frequent causes of severe sepsis and septic shock, while viruses, fungi, and parasites are implicated less often. Positive cultures are found in only 60% of cases; this may be the result of previous antibiotic therapy or inadequate sampling or testing. The etiology of sepsis is constantly changing; whereas Gram-negative organisms used to make up the majority of cases, Gram-positive bacteria now predominate. Sepsis due to fungal disease has also seen a dramatic rise. These changes may be explained by alterations in patient demographics, such as an increasingly elderly popu

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31

Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. Continuity and Instability: The Spiral Sets In. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796992.003.0008.

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This chapter reviews the 1964–79 period, during which the social tensions accumulated over the previous decades erupted, a wave of political violence without parallel in Europe shook the country, and the steep rise of labour’s bargaining power caused a persistent wage shock. Political consensus was sustained by spending policies aimed at particularistic inclusion, leading to both a fragmented welfare system and growing budget deficits, which were largely monetized. Driven also by a challenging international environment, macroeconomic disequilibria accumulated. Although the country’s institutio

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32

Levine, Robert Arthur. Shock Therapy for the American Health Care System. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216014423.

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Shock Therapy For the American Health Care System describes the problems of the health care system and offers a program of comprehensive reform that is more far-reaching than anything currently being proposed. From a veteran physician comes this remarkably clear-eyed look at what's wrong with how we adminster and pay for health care and what can be done to fix it. In Shock Therapy for the American Health Care System: Why Comprehensive Reform Is Needed, Dr. Robert Levine offers an easily understandable diagnosis of the problems plaguing our current health care infrastructure, with discussions t

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33

Rostagno, Massimo, Carlo Altavilla, Giacomo Carboni, et al. Monetary Policy in Times of Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895912.001.0001.

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The 20th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) offers an opportunity to look back on the record of the European Central Bank (ECB) and learn lessons that can improve the conduct of policy in the future. This volume charts the way the ECB has defined, interpreted, and applied its monetary policy framework—its strategy—over the years from its inception, in search of evidence and lessons that can inform those reflections. Our ‘Tale of Two Decades’ is largely a tale of ‘two regimes’: one—stretching slightly beyond the ECB’s mid-point—marked by decent growth in real incomes and a distrib

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34

Spevetz, Antoinette, and Joseph E. Parrillo. Diagnosis and management of shock in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0150.

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Sepsis is triggered by an infection and treatment of sepsis requires timely identification of the patient, and rapid treatment with antibiotics, source control, and fluids. In the absence of a true biomarker for sepsis, the clinician needs to recognize which patients are at risk, as well as the common signs and symptoms of infection. The site of infection, the patient’s phenotype, and the location of the patient will help drive decisions about initial antibiotic therapy. Patients with sepsis should be treated to ensure adequate cardiac output and organ perfusion, which usually requires infusio

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35

Thiele, Holger, and Uwe Zeymer. Cardiogenic shock in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0049.

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Cardiogenic shock complicating an acute coronary syndrome is observed in up to 10% of patients and is associated with high mortality still approaching 50%. The extent of ischaemic myocardium has a profound impact on the initial, in-hospital, and post-discharge management and prognosis of the cardiogenic shock patient. Careful risk assessment for each patient, based on clinical criteria, is mandatory, to decide appropriately regarding revascularization by primary percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting, drug treatment by inotropes and vasopressors, mechanical left

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36

Thiele, Holger, and Uwe Zeymer. Cardiogenic shock in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0049_update_001.

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Cardiogenic shock complicating an acute coronary syndrome is observed in up to 10% of patients and is associated with high mortality still approaching 50%. The extent of ischaemic myocardium has a profound impact on the initial, in-hospital, and post-discharge management and prognosis of the cardiogenic shock patient. Careful risk assessment for each patient, based on clinical criteria, is mandatory, to decide appropriately regarding revascularization by primary percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting, drug treatment by inotropes and vasopressors, mechanical left

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37

Thiele, Holger, and Uwe Zeymer. Cardiogenic shock in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0049_update_002.

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Cardiogenic shock complicating an acute coronary syndrome is observed in up to 10% of patients and is associated with high mortality still approaching 50%. The extent of ischaemic myocardium has a profound impact on the initial, in-hospital, and post-discharge management and prognosis of the cardiogenic shock patient. Careful risk assessment for each patient, based on clinical criteria, is mandatory, to decide appropriately regarding revascularization by primary percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting, drug treatment by inotropes and vasopressors, mechanical left

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38

Thiele, Holger, and Uwe Zeymer. Cardiogenic shock in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0049_update_003.

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Cardiogenic shock complicating an acute coronary syndrome is observed in up to 10% of patients and is associated with high mortality still approaching 50%. The extent of ischaemic myocardium has a profound impact on the initial, in-hospital, and post-discharge management and prognosis of the cardiogenic shock patient. Careful risk assessment for each patient, based on clinical criteria, is mandatory, to decide appropriately regarding revascularization by primary percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting, drug treatment by inotropes and vasopressors, mechanical left

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39

Redgrave, Alexandra, Sebastian Kaufmann, and Jessica Hundley. Kaufmann Mercantile Guide: How to Split Wood, Shuck an Oyster, and Master Other Simple Pleasures. Princeton Architectural Press, 2015.

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40

Peake, Sandra L., and Matthew J. Maiden. Management of septic shock in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0298.

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The management of septic shock is a medical emergency. Following prompt recognition, treatment priorities are haemodynamic resuscitation, empirical antimicrobials, urgent control of the source of infection and monitoring the response to therapy. Haemodynamic resuscitation is focused on maintaining an adequate macrocirculation, while also ensuring adequacy of microcirculatory blood flow to the cells. Intravenous fluids and catecholamines have been the mainstay of therapy. However, the amount and type of fluids, choice of vasoactive medications, and the appropriate resuscitation endpoints have b

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41

De Backer, Daniel, and Patrick Biston. Vasopressors in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0034.

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Vasopressors are used in various shock states to correct hypotension, aiming at restoring or improving organ and tissue perfusion. Vasopressor therapy may be associated with excessive vasoconstriction, but also metabolic and other side-effects. Hence, the ideal target for arterial pressure remains undetermined. Adrenergic agents remain the most commonly used vasopressor agents. Adrenergic agents increase arterial pressure through stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors. The effects of the different adrenergic agents differ mostly due to variable associated beta-adrenergic effects. Epinephrin

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42

Leopold, Estella B. Stories From the Leopold Shack. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190463229.001.0001.

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In 1934, conservationist Aldo Leopold and his wife Estella bought a barn - the remnant of a farm - and surrounding lands in south-central Wisconsin. The entire Leopold clan - five children in all - worked together to put into practice Aldo's "land ethic," which involved ecological restoration and sustainability. In the process, they built more than a pleasant weekend getaway; they established a new way of relating to nature. In 1948, A Sand County Almanac was published, and it has become a beloved and foundational text of the conservation movement. Decades later, Estella B. Leopold, the younge

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43

Abe, Hiroyuki, Amane Sasada, Shigeki Tabata, and Minako Abe. Heat Shock Protein Vaccine Therapy for Ovarian Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190248208.003.0009.

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Despite advances in chemotherapeutic regimens, ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis. Therefore important effective treatments are urgently needed. Many studies have reported that the immune system plays a critical role in disease progression and overall survival. One known effective immunotherapy is the dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine pulsed with tumor-associated antigens. This chapter reports on a method of production of a novel DC-based vaccine. The key technologies are (a) monocyte collection without leukapheresis, (b) monocyte expansion, (c) production of dendritic cells, (d) multiple ove

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44

Hellwig, Timothy, Yesola Kweon, and Jack Vowles. Democracy Under Siege? Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846208.001.0001.

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For the worlds democracies, the Global Financial Crisis of 2008–9 was catalyst for the most precipitous economic downturn in eight decades. This book examines how the GFC and ensuing Great Recession affected the workings of mass politics in the established democracies. The initial wave of research on the crisis concluded it did little to change the established relationships between voters, parties, and elections. Yet, nearly a decade since the initial shock, we are witnessing a wave of political changes, the extent to which has not been fully explained by existing studies. How did the economic

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Neisius, Andreas, Micheal E. Lipkin, Glenn M. Preminger, and James F. Glenn. Stone fragmentation techniques. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0017.

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After its implementation in 1980, shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) became the first-line treatment for more than 80% of patients with urolithiasis. During the last three decades, SWL technology has advanced rapidly in terms of shock wave generation, focusing, patient coupling, and stone localization. Indications for SWL have evolved as well. Although endoscopic treatment techniques continue to improve, SWL continues to be considered first-line therapy for the treatment of many urinary stones. This chapter reviews the fundamental principles of SWL and presents advances in lithotripsy technology suc

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Alonso Salinas, Gonzalo Luis, Marina Pascual Izco, Covadonga Fernández-Golfín, Luigi P. Badano, and José Luis Zamorano. Ischaemic heart disease: acute coronary syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0029.

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Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a non-invasive and accessible tool that should be widely used in the evaluation of patients with suspected or known acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Its role is crucial in the management of patients with suspected ACS without electrocardiographic changes or elevation of cardiac markers, allowing the formulation of differential diagnosis between cardiac and extracardiac aetiologies. If the ACS is confirmed, initial assessment of regional and global left and right ventricle contractile function is fundamental in establishing the management strategy and may h

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LoPiccalo, Katherine, Jonathan Robinson, and Ethan Yeh. Income, Income Shocks, and Transactional Sex. Edited by Scott Cunningham and Manisha Shah. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199915248.013.21.

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Transactional sex is an important factor in the spread of HIV, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This chapter reviews empirical evidence on the economic incentives that influence the decision to supply transactional sex, and it discusses several policies that may affect supply decisions. While the primary motivation for entering the transactional-sex market is the large income premium relative to other jobs, unexpected income shocks also affect sexual behavior. Based largely on a set of studies in western Kenya, the chapter shows that women are more likely to supply unprotected sex when they

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Yoshino, Naoyuki, Pornpinun Chantapacdepong, and Matthias Helble, eds. Macroeconomic Shocks and Unconventional Monetary Policy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838104.001.0001.

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Barely two decades after the Asian financial crisis Asia was suddenly confronted with multiple challenges originating outside the region: the 2008 global financial crisis, the European debt crisis, and, finally developed economies’ implementation of unconventional monetary policies. Especially the implementation of quantitative easing (QE), ultra-low interest rate policies, and negative interest rate policies by a number of large central banks has given rise to concerns over financial stability and international capital flows. One of the regions most profoundly affected by the crisis was Asia

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Tao, Jing, and Jeffrey J. Schwartz. Perioperative Adrenal Crisis. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0028.

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Perioperative adrenal insufficiency (AI) (adrenal crisis) is an uncommon life-threatening condition manifested by distributive shock that is poorly responsive to the administration of fluids and vasopressors. Timely treatment with high doses of glucocorticoids can be life saving. The difficulty is in recognizing the patient at risk, suspecting the diagnosis, and distinguishing it from other forms of shock. The incidence of adrenal crisis is rare, in large part, due to the liberal use of perioperative “stress dose” steroids in patients already receiving steroids. In this chapter we review the p

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Piatkowski, Marcin. Drivers of Poland’s Successful Transition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789345.003.0006.

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In this chapter I explain the proximate drivers of Poland’s economic success since 1989. I divide the transition into the initial period of ‘shock therapy’ during 1989 1991 and then the second period of economic recovery after 1992. I discuss the ongoing debate on the pros and cons of ‘shock therapy’ versus a ‘gradual’ approach to post-communist transition. I use the example of Poland’s ‘shock therapy’ to analyze both approaches. I conclude that that the differences in actual policies were smaller than implied by the rhetoric of both sides of the debate. I then explain why Poland was more succ

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