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1
Valegård, P. G., L. B. F. M. Waters, and C. Dominik. "What happened before?" Astronomy & Astrophysics 652 (August 2021): A133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039802.
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Context. Planets form in circumstellar disks around pre-main-sequence stars. A key question is, how do the formation and evolution of protoplanetary disks depend on stellar mass? Studies of circumstellar disks at infrared and submillimeter wavelengths around intermediate-mass Herbig Ae/Be stars have revealed disk structures such as cavities, gaps, and spiral arms. The Herbig Ae/Be stars represent an older population of intermediate-mass pre-main-sequence stars. Since these evolve toward the main sequence on timescales comparable to those of typical disk dissipation, a full picture of disk dispersal in intermediate-mass pre-main-sequence stars must include the intermediate-mass T Tauri (IMTT) stars. Aims. We seek to find the precursors of the Herbig Ae/Be stars in the solar vicinity within 500 pc from the Sun. We do this by creating an optically selected sample of IMTT stars from the literature, here defined as stars of masses 1.5 M⊙≤ M*≤ 5 M⊙ and with a spectral type between F and K3. Methods. We used literature optical photometry (0.4–1.25 μm) and distances determined from Gaia DR2 parallax measurements together with Kurucz stellar model spectra to place the stars in a HR diagram. We employed Siess evolutionary tracks to identify IMTT stars from the literature and derived masses and ages. We used Spitzer spectra to classify the disks around the stars into Meeus Group I and Group II disks based on their [F30/F13.5] spectral index. We also examined the 10 μm silicate dust grain emission and identified emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). From this, we built a qualitative picture of the disks around the IMTT stars and compared this with available spatially resolved images at infrared and submillimeter wavelengths to confirm our classification. Results. We find 49 IMTT stars with infrared excess. The identified disks are similar to the older Herbig Ae/Be stars in disk geometries and silicate dust grain population. The detection frequency of PAHs is higher than from disks around lower mass T Tauri stars but less frequent than from Herbig Ae/Be disks. Spatially resolved images at infrared and submillimeter wavelengths suggest gaps, and spirals are also present around the younger precursors to the Herbig Ae/Be stars. Conclusions. Comparing the timescale of stellar evolution toward the main sequence and current models of protoplanetary disk evolution, the similarity between Herbig Ae/Be stars and the IMTT stars points toward an evolution of Group I and Group II disks that are disconnected and represent two different evolutionary paths.
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Naimark, Michael. "Two Unusual Projection Spaces." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14, no. 5 (October 2005): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.2005.14.5.597.
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Two immersive projection environments, both unconventional, both exploring different methods of 3D and panoramic imaging, and both produced as art installations, are described. Displacements (1980–1984) recreated an interior living space using a panoramic motion picture method and relief projection. Be Now Here (1995–1997) recreated outdoor public plazas using a panoramic motion picture method, stereopsis, and four channel sound. Both installations were unusual in that no intentions existed for anything more general or useful than the installations themselves as individual artworks.
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Parhi, S., B. P. Pandey, M. Goossens, and G. S. Lakhina. "Numerical Simulation of Twisted Solar Corona." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 185 (1998): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900239235.
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The solar corona supports a variety of waves generated by convective upwelling motion in the photosphere. In order to explain the observed coronal temperature profile, resonant absorption of MHD waves by coronal plasma (Goossens et al, 1995) has been proposed as a possible candidate. The physical picture is that the footpoint motion in the photosphere constantly stirs the coronal plasma leading to the MHD wave generation which is then resonantly absorbed producing the enhanced heating of the corona. Here we consider the problem of MHD wave propagation in a twisted solar corona.
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Knight, Arthur. "Spotlight on Film: All the World's a Stage." Media Information Australia 43, no. 1 (February 1987): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x8704300103.
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One phenomenon dominates the history of motion pictures: at one time or another, a single country has emerged as the most creative and vital source of film making on the international scene. It is almost as if a spotlight moved across the stages of the world, pausing now here, now there, to illuminate the work of an entire group of artists. This was perhaps understandable in the Soviet Union during the mid-Nineteen-Twenties, when a new government actively encouraged experimentation in all the arts, and particularly the art of the motion picture.
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Häusler, Christian O., and Michael Hanke. "An annotation of cuts, depicted locations, and temporal progression in the motion picture "Forrest Gump"." F1000Research 5 (September 8, 2016): 2273. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9536.1.
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Here we present an annotation of locations and temporal progression depicted in the movie “Forrest Gump”, as an addition to a large public functional brain imaging dataset (http://studyforrest.org). The annotation provides information about the exact timing of each of the 870 shots, and the depicted location after every cut with a high, medium, and low level of abstraction. Additionally, four classes are used to distinguish the differences of the depicted time between shots. Each shot is also annotated regarding the type of location (interior/exterior) and time of day. This annotation enables further studies of visual perception, memory of locations, and the perception of time under conditions of real-life complexity using the studyforrest dataset.
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Adams, Stefan, Nicolas Dirr, Mark Peletier, and Johannes Zimmer. "Large deviations and gradient flows." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 2005 (December 28, 2013): 20120341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0341.
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In recent work we uncovered intriguing connections between Otto’s characterization of diffusion as an entropic gradient flow on the one hand and large-deviation principles describing the microscopic picture (Brownian motion) on the other. In this paper, we sketch this connection, show how it generalizes to a wider class of systems and comment on consequences and implications. Specifically, we connect macroscopic gradient flows with large-deviation principles, and point out the potential of a bigger picture emerging: we indicate that, in some non-equilibrium situations, entropies and thermodynamic free energies can be derived via large-deviation principles. The approach advocated here is different from the established hydrodynamic limit passage but extends a link that is well known in the equilibrium situation.
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Sofi, Mohammad Dawood. "Rethinking the Root Causes of The Tunisian Revolution and its Implications." Contemporary Arab Affairs 12, no. 3 (September 2019): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2019.123003.
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What happened within and beyond Tunisia in 2010–11 has been told repeatedly from a number of perspectives, each putting a greater or a lesser emphasis on one or several variables ranging from society, politics, economics, to religion or the involvement of external dynamics. An exploration of the causes of the Arab Spring and the factors that shaped its outcome is critical when answering several frequently raised questions, some of which are highlighted here. This article provides a concise picture of the Arab Spring and its consequences for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It defines the meaning of revolution by examining various explanations and interpretations provided by several theorists and shows which explanation(s) best fits the Tunisian case. Moreover, the study explains how multiple factors, such as social and economic injustice, authoritarian rule, the internet, and social media have played a role in enabling the Tunisian Revolution to happen.
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Shlomai, Hadar, David S. Kammer, Mokhtar Adda-Bedia, and Jay Fineberg. "The onset of the frictional motion of dissimilar materials." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 24 (June 1, 2020): 13379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916869117.
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Frictional motion between contacting bodies is governed by propagating rupture fronts that are essentially earthquakes. These fronts break the contacts composing the interface separating the bodies to enable their relative motion. The most general type of frictional motion takes place when the two bodies are not identical. Within these so-called bimaterial interfaces, the onset of frictional motion is often mediated by highly localized rupture fronts, called slip pulses. Here, we show how this unique rupture mode develops, evolves, and changes the character of the interface’s behavior. Bimaterial slip pulses initiate as “subshear” cracks (slower than shear waves) that transition to developed slip pulses where normal stresses almost vanish at their leading edge. The observed slip pulses propagate solely within a narrow range of “transonic” velocities, bounded between the shear wave velocity of the softer material and a limiting velocity. We derive analytic solutions for both subshear cracks and the leading edge of slip pulses. These solutions both provide an excellent description of our experimental measurements and quantitatively explain slip pulses’ limiting velocities. We furthermore find that frictional coupling between local normal stress variations and frictional resistance actually promotes the interface separation that is critical for slip-pulse localization. These results provide a full picture of slip-pulse formation and structure that is important for our fundamental understanding of both earthquake motion and the most general types of frictional processes.
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Bai, Chen, and Arieh Warshel. "Revisiting the protomotive vectorial motion of F0-ATPase." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 39 (September 11, 2019): 19484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909032116.
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The elucidation of the detailed mechanism used by F0 to convert proton gradient to torque and rotational motion presents a major puzzle despite significant biophysical and structural progress. Although the conceptual model has advanced our understanding of the working principles of such systems, it is crucial to explore the actual mechanism using structure-based models that actually reproduce a unidirectional proton-driven rotation. Our previous work used a coarse-grained (CG) model to simulate the action of F0. However, the simulations were based on a very tentative structural model of the interaction between subunit a and subunit c. Here, we again use a CG model but with a recent cryo-EM structure of cF1F0 and also explore the proton path using our water flooding and protein dipole Langevin dipole semimacroscopic formalism with its linear response approximation version (PDLD/S-LRA) approaches. The simulations are done in the combined space defined by the rotational coordinate and the proton transport coordinate. The study reproduced the effect of the protomotive force on the rotation of the F0 while establishing the electrostatic origin of this effect. Our landscape reproduces the correct unidirectionality of the synthetic direction of the F0 rotation and shows that it reflects the combined electrostatic coupling between the proton transport path and the c-ring conformational change. This work provides guidance for further studies in other proton-driven mechanochemical systems and should lead (when combined with studies of F1) to a complete energy transduction picture of the F0F1-ATPase system.
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Schwartz, Charles. "An approach for modeling tachyons with gravitation." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 19 (July 10, 2019): 1950103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19501033.
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This work expands previous efforts, within the classical theories of Special and General Relativity, to include tachyons (faster-than-light particles) along with ordinary (slower-than-light) particles at any energy. The objective here is to construct a Hamiltonian that includes both the particles and the gravitational field that they produce. We do this with a linear approximation for the Einstein field equations; and we also assume a time-independent gravitational metric implied by a static picture of the particles’ motion. The resulting formulas will allow serious modeling to test the idea that cosmic background neutrinos may be tachyons, which can produce the observed gravitational effects now ascribed to some mysterious Dark Matter.
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VOITKIV, A. B. "FEW-BODY QUANTUM DYNAMICS IN RELATIVISTIC ION-ATOM COLLISIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 20, no. 01 (January 10, 2006): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979206033127.
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Until recently the theory of relativistic ion-atom collisions was basically restricted to the description of the motion of a single electron in the external field generated by the atomic nucleus and that of the ion-projectile. In the present article we review some of the very recent developments in the theory of relativistic ion-atom collisions which go beyond the single-active-electron picture. Here we discuss processes in which two electrons actively participate and focus our attention in the following two kinds of such processes: (i) double ionization of helium by relativistically moving highly charged nuclei and (ii) two-center dielectronic transitions in relativistic collisions between an atom and an ion.
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R. Newlin, Dev, and C. Seldev Christopher. "Novel Random Valued Impulse Denoising Technique." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24233.
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The pictures in the advanced arrangement are generally corrupted by drive commotion which is because of the unexpected blunders in correspondence channels or electronic sensors. Most existing strategies fall flat at high clamor thickness. Here another versatile insertion procedure is foreseen for reclamation of exceptionally corrupted pictures by arbitrary esteemed drive clamor. This new method gives a more corrected preferred picture quality over the standard Versatile Middle Channel, Standard Middle Channel, Choice Based Calculation, Dynamic Exchanged middle Channel, Choice Based Un-symmetric Trimmed Middle Channel and altered Choice Based Un-symmetric Trimmed Middle Channel. The strategy anticipated is confirmed for its proficiency against various pictures and is found to give enhanced Pinnacle Motion to-Commotion Proportion.
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Döbrich, Oliver, Thomas Gereke, and Chokri Cherif. "A Finite Element Based Approach for the Accurate Determination of the Shear Behaviour of Textiles with the Picture-Frame Shear Test." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 1105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1105.
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Picture frame shear tests are state of the art for determining the shear force vs. shear angle behaviour for in-plane deformation of most technical textiles, such as woven fabrics. Many publications describe this test and the used picture frames. Benchmark tests showed that the measured shearing behaviour for one sample depends on the picture frame used. The shearing rigidity of most textiles is very small compared to the in-plane tensile stiffness, so slight imperfections on the experimental setup have a significant effect on the measured results. During the picture frame test, wrinkles may form on the sample surface during the motion of the picture frame above a critical shear angle. These wrinkles can be described as local fabric buckling. If forming of wrinkles leads to a lower level of internal energy compared to a further shearing of the fabric, local wrinkles occur due to the principle of least action. Because of this effect, the measured shear force above the first formation of wrinkles is inaccurate for describing the exact shearing behaviour of textiles. Another possibility for measuring the shear force vs. shear angle behaviour is the bias-extension test. Here, higher shear angles can be achieved without the formation of wrinkles. Both methods are compared in this paper for different textile samples. The relationship of the shear angle and the applied shear force is an important mechanical value and one of the most important input parameter in numerical drape simulations. The analysis of wrinkles, which occur during textile draping, demands exact input parameters for the simulation. Most important for the drape simulation of technical high-performance textiles are accurate values for the bending and shear behaviours. This paper presents simulation results of the wrinkling during a picture frame shear test. Results show that the input parameter for the shear rigidity delivered by the picture frame shear test do not exactly reproduce the formed wrinkles and are, therefore, not suitable for an exact drape simulation. The underestimation of the shear force vs. shear angle behaviour will be shown with a finite element simulation model. The adaptation of the picture-frame and bias-extension parameters for a proper use in numerical drape simulations are examined.
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Majeed, M. Tariq, and M. Nauman Malik. "Determinants of Household Poverty: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2015): 701–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.701-718.
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) aim at halving the percentage of world population in 1990 with income less than US $ 1 a day and halving the share of people who suffer from hunger by 2015. Being a developing nation, poverty reduction should be our foremost obligation. An appreciable decline has occurred recently, headcount decreased from 34.46 percent in 2000-01 to 23.94 in 2004-05 [Pakistan (2006-07)]. However, seeing only the statistics and the trends in poverty we can just observe that what happened to poverty in different periods and also the decomposition of poverty in different years gives us a more appropriate picture of the incidence of poverty. This knowledge is useful because it informs us whether poverty is increasing or decreasing overtime. However, this information does not provide us the details of the causes of poverty. For instance, is poverty high due to low education attainment or large family size or due to any other reason? Here is a need of research about the determinants of poverty that are positively or negatively linked with the poverty status. This is the area where research can be most useful because firstly we have to understand the main determinants of poverty before designing the most efficient policy to reduce poverty in the country.
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Frey, Sándor, Zsolt Paragi, Judit O. Fogasy, and Leonid I. Gurvits. "The first estimate of radio jet proper motion at z > 5." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 446, no. 3 (November 29, 2014): 2921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2294.
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Abstract The extremely high-redshift (z = 5.3) radio source SDSS J102623.61+254259.5 (J1026+2542) is among the most distant and most luminous radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) known to date. Its one-sided radio jet structure on milliarcsecond (mas) and ∼10-mas scales typical for blazars was first imaged at 5 GHz with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) in 2006. Here we report on our dual-frequency (1.7 and 5 GHz) imaging observations performed with the European VLBI Network (EVN) in 2013. The prominent jet structure allows us to identify individual components whose apparent displacement can be detected over the time span of 7.33 yr. This is the first time when jet proper motions are directly derived in a blazar at z > 5. The small values of up to ∼0.1 mas yr−1 are consistent with what is expected in a relativistic cosmological model if redshift is a measure of distance. The apparent superluminal jet speeds, considered tentative because derived from two epochs only, exceed 10 c for three different components along the jet. Based on modelling its spectral energy distribution, J1026+2542 is known to have its X-ray jet oriented close to the line of sight, with significant Doppler boosting and a large bulk Lorentz factor (Γ ≈ 13). The new VLBI observations, indicating ∼2.3 × 1012 K lower limit to the core brightness temperature, are consistent with this picture. The spectral index in the core region is −0.35.
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Rødje, Kjetil. "Intra-Diegetic Cameras as Cinematic Actor Assemblages in Found Footage Horror Cinema." Film-Philosophy 21, no. 2 (June 2017): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/film.2017.0044.
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This article proposes a reconceptualization of the term “actor” within motion pictures and presents the argument that “acting” is a matter of distributed agency performed by heterogeneous assemblages. What constitutes an actor is what I will label as a “cinematic actor assemblage,” a term that comprises what is commonly known as human actors as well as material entities that play an active part in motion picture images. The use of intra-diegetic cameras in contemporary found footage horror films constitutes a particular case of such cinematic actor assemblages. Through a dynamic relational performance, cameras here take on roles as active agents with the potential to affect other elements within the images as well as the films’ audiences. In found footage horror the assemblage mode of operation creates suspense, since the vulnerability of the camera threatens the viewer's access to the depicted events. While human characters and individual entities making up the camera assemblage are disposable, the recording is not. Found footage horror crucially hinges upon the survival of the footage. I will further suggest that these films allow filmmakers to experiment with the acting capabilities of intra-diegetic cameras.
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Tamarin, Talia, and Yohai Kaspi. "The Poleward Motion of Extratropical Cyclones from a Potential Vorticity Tendency Analysis." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 4 (March 3, 2016): 1687–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0168.1.
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Abstract The poleward propagation of midlatitude storms is studied using a potential vorticity (PV) tendency analysis of cyclone-tracking composites, in an idealized zonally symmetric moist GCM. A detailed PV budget reveals the important role of the upper-level PV and diabatic heating associated with latent heat release. During the growth stage, the classic picture of baroclinic instability emerges, with an upper-level PV to the west of a low-level PV associated with the cyclone. This configuration not only promotes intensification, but also a poleward tendency that results from the nonlinear advection of the low-level anomaly by the upper-level PV. The separate contributions of the upper- and lower-level PV as well as the surface temperature anomaly are analyzed using a piecewise PV inversion, which shows the importance of the upper-level PV anomaly in advecting the cyclone poleward. The PV analysis also emphasizes the crucial role played by latent heat release in the poleward motion of the cyclone. The latent heat release tends to maximize on the northeastern side of cyclones, where the warm and moist air ascends. A positive PV tendency results at lower levels, propagating the anomaly eastward and poleward. It is also shown here that stronger cyclones have stronger latent heat release and poleward advection, hence, larger poleward propagation. Time development of the cyclone composites shows that the poleward propagation increases during the growth stage of the cyclone, as both processes intensify. However, during the decay stage, the vertical alignment of the upper and lower PV anomalies implies that these processes no longer contribute to a poleward tendency.
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PONCE DE LEON, J. "INVARIANT DEFINITION OF REST MASS AND DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES IN 4D FROM BULK GEODESICS IN BRANE-WORLD AND NON-COMPACT KALUZA–KLEIN THEORIES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 12, no. 05 (May 2003): 757–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271803003384.
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In the Randall–Sundrum brane-world scenario and other non-compact Kaluza–Klein theories, the motion of test particles is higher-dimensional in nature. In other words, all test particles travel on five-dimensional geodesics but observers, who are bounded to spacetime, have access only to the 4D part of the trajectory. Conventionally, the dynamics of test particles as observed in 4D is discussed on the basis of the splitting of the geodesic equation in 5D. However, this procedure is not unique and therefore leads to some problems. The most serious one is the ambiguity in the definition of rest mass in 4D, which is crucial for the discussion of the dynamics. We propose the Hamilton–Jacobi formalism, instead of the geodesic one, to study the dynamics in 4D. On the basis of this formalism we provide an unambiguous expression for the rest mass and its variation along the motion as observed in 4D. It is independent of the coordinates and any parameterization used along the motion. Moreover, we are able to show a comprehensive picture of the various physical scenarios allowed in 4D, without having to deal with the subtle details of the splitting formalism. Moreover we study the extra non-gravitational forces perceived by an observer in 4D who describes the geodesic motion of a bulk test particle in 5D. Firstly, we show that the so-called fifth force fails to account for the variation of rest mass along the particle's worldline. Secondly, we offer here a new definition that correctly takes into account the change of mass observed in 4D.
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Agam, Yigal, Jie Huang, and Robert Sekuler. "Neural Correlates of Sequence Encoding in Visuomotor Learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 3 (March 2010): 1418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00662.2009.
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To examine the neural basis of sequence learning, a fundamental but poorly understood human ability, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) while subjects viewed and memorized randomly directed sequences of motions for later imitation. Previously, we found that the amplitude of ERPs elicited by successive motion segments decreased as a function of each segment's serial position. This happened when subjects were required to remember the sequence, but not when they were performing a perceptual task. Here, to study the functional significance of this amplitude gradient in sequence learning, we presented each sequence several times in succession and examined changes in ERP amplitude as subjects learned the sequence through repeated observation and imitation. Behaviorally, with each repetition subjects grew more accurate in reproducing what they had seen. At the same time, ERPs grew smaller with each successive presentation, replicating and extending previous demonstrations of repetition suppression. Importantly, a comparison of ERPs to segments occupying different serial positions within a sequence revealed a decreasing amplitude gradient that grew steeper with sequence repetition. This sharpening of the amplitude gradient may reflect an explicit encoding process that relies on a magnitude code for serial order.
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Jee, Ah-Young, Tsvi Tlusty, and Steve Granick. "Master curve of boosted diffusion for 10 catalytic enzymes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 47 (November 9, 2020): 29435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019810117.
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Molecular agitation more rapid than thermal Brownian motion is reported for cellular environments, motor proteins, synthetic molecular motors, enzymes, and common chemical reactions, yet that chemical activity coupled to molecular motion contrasts with generations of accumulated knowledge about diffusion at equilibrium. To test the limits of this idea, a critical testbed is the mobility of catalytically active enzymes. Sentiment is divided about the reality of enhanced enzyme diffusion, with evidence for and against. Here a master curve shows that the enzyme diffusion coefficient increases in proportion to the energy release rate—the product of Michaelis-Menten reaction rate and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG)—with a highly satisfactory correlation coefficient of 0.97. For 10 catalytic enzymes (urease, acetylcholinesterase, seven enzymes from the glucose cascade cycle, and one other), our measurements span from a roughly 40% enhanced diffusion coefficient at a high turnover rate and negativeΔGto no enhancement at a slow turnover rate and positiveΔG. Moreover, two independent measures of mobility show consistency, provided that one avoids undesirable fluorescence photophysics. The master curve presented here quantifies the limits of both ideas, that enzymes display enhanced diffusion and that they do not within instrumental resolution, and has possible implications for understanding enzyme mobility in cellular environments. The striking linear dependence of ΔGfor the exergonic enzymes (ΔG<0), together with the vanishing effect for endergonic enzyme (ΔG>0), are consistent with a physical picture in which the mechanism boosting the diffusion is an active one, utilizing the available work from the chemical reaction.
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van Gerner, Henk Jan, Ko van der Weele, Martin A. van der Hoef, and Devaraj van der Meer. "Air-induced inverse Chladni patterns." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 689 (December 5, 2011): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.411.
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AbstractWhen very light particles are sprinkled on a resonating horizontal plate, inverse Chladni patterns are formed. Instead of going to the nodal lines of the plate, where they would form a standard Chladni pattern, the particles are dragged to the antinodes by the air currents induced by the vibration of the plate. Here we present a detailed picture of the mechanism using numerical simulations involving both the particles and the air. Surprisingly, the time-averaged Eulerian velocity, commonly used in these type of problems, does not explain the motion of the particles: it even has the opposite direction, towards the nodal lines. The key to the inverse Chladni patterning is found in the averaged velocity of a tracer particle moving along with the air: this Lagrangian velocity, averaged over a vibration cycle, is directed toward the antinodes. The Chladni plate thus provides a unique example of a system in which the Eulerian and Lagrangian velocities point in opposite directions.
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Chahdi, Chadi. "Revisiting Binarism: Hollywood’s Representation of Arabs." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 83 (August 2018): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.83.19.
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This article throws into relief the tropes by which Hollywood has come to churn out identical Arabs bent on destruction, yet ones that need to be salvaged. However, the salvation process is never complete(d) because the Arabs are not worthy of redemption, which sinks them further into the abyss of darkness. The representation of Arabs in Hollywood movies mostly aims at disseminating a stereotypical image that demeaninglyhomogenizestheir cultures and identities. Hollywood here participates in a process of imperial hegemony. The repetition in producing suchimagined cultureof Arabs and Muslims is seen as a hegemonic act of naturalizing orientalist ideologies that tend to over-idealize the Western culture and relegate the Eastern counterpart. In this light, this article attempts to deconstruct the visual representations (ideologies) produced to malign and vilify Arabs in Hollywood movies. Such movies are always premised upon a structure of binary oppositions that establish a motion picture of a civilized center dominating the margins, the so-called uncivilized subjects.
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Goltsman, Maria. "Об общих графических закономерностях восприятия живописи и балета: мнемоническая форма танца [On some graphic regularities of perception in painting and dance: Mnemonic form of dance]." Sign Systems Studies 31, no. 2 (December 31, 2003): 393–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2003.31.2.05.
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On some graphic regularities of perception in painting and dance: Mnemonic form of dance. The present article handles some problems of the mechanisms of visual perception in painting and classical ballet. It proceeds from the assumption that the interaction between those arts is based on the similarity of their formal languages. The main attention focuses on the questions of how and why does the classical ballet use the code of painting? The interaction between pictorial art and ballet occurs through the theatre, which is considered to be a picture coming alive in European tradition. This principle is taken here as a main method of analysis of ballet art and it is used in two ways. The first handles a problem of composition of a ballet as a theatrical performance. The second analyses the movement itself — the language of the choreography as such. The last part of the article contains the answer to the question — why does the ballet need such aspects of pictorial code as frontal composition of a picture coming alive, memory photo, multiplication of the similar images and repeating movements. Dance is dynamic, picture is stable. To represent a movement, the painting uses the rhythm and visual repeating of lines and contours. It helps to construct an illusion of motion and brings the temporal aspect into a static piece of art. Whereas different stops, poses and fixations in ballet help it to visualize the movement, to capture the space. This is one of the ways for ballet to leave its trace in space as much as in the memory of the spectators, to become fixed in space, to prevent the dispersion of dance in the thin air and to surmount in such a way the ephemera characteristic of it.
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Kandratsenka, Alexander, Hongyan Jiang, Yvonne Dorenkamp, Svenja M. Janke, Marvin Kammler, Alec M. Wodtke, and Oliver Bünermann. "Unified description of H-atom–induced chemicurrents and inelastic scattering." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 4 (January 8, 2018): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710587115.
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The Born–Oppenheimer approximation (BOA) provides the foundation for virtually all computational studies of chemical binding and reactivity, and it is the justification for the widely used “balls and springs” picture of molecules. The BOA assumes that nuclei effectively stand still on the timescale of electronic motion, due to their large masses relative to electrons. This implies electrons never change their energy quantum state. When molecules react, atoms must move, meaning that electrons may become excited in violation of the BOA. Such electronic excitation is clearly seen for: (i) Schottky diodes where H adsorption at Ag surfaces produces electrical “chemicurrent;” (ii) Au-based metal–insulator–metal (MIM) devices, where chemicurrents arise from H–H surface recombination; and (iii) Inelastic energy transfer, where H collisions with Au surfaces show H-atom translation excites the metal’s electrons. As part of this work, we report isotopically selective hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) translational inelasticity measurements in collisions with Ag and Au. Together, these experiments provide an opportunity to test new theories that simultaneously describe both nuclear and electronic motion, a standing challenge to the field. Here, we show results of a recently developed first-principles theory that quantitatively explains both inelastic scattering experiments that probe nuclear motion and chemicurrent experiments that probe electronic excitation. The theory explains the magnitude of chemicurrents on Ag Schottky diodes and resolves an apparent paradox––chemicurrents exhibit a much larger isotope effect than does H/D inelastic scattering. It also explains why, unlike Ag-based Schottky diodes, Au-based MIM devices are insensitive to H adsorption.
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Aharonov, Yakir, Eliahu Cohen, Fabrizio Colombo, Tomer Landsberger, Irene Sabadini, Daniele C. Struppa, and Jeff Tollaksen. "Finally making sense of the double-slit experiment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 25 (May 31, 2017): 6480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704649114.
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Feynman stated that the double-slit experiment “…has in it the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality, it contains the only mystery” and that “nobody can give you a deeper explanation of this phenomenon than I have given; that is, a description of it” [Feynman R, Leighton R, Sands M (1965) The Feynman Lectures on Physics]. We rise to the challenge with an alternative to the wave function-centered interpretations: instead of a quantum wave passing through both slits, we have a localized particle with nonlocal interactions with the other slit. Key to this explanation is dynamical nonlocality, which naturally appears in the Heisenberg picture as nonlocal equations of motion. This insight led us to develop an approach to quantum mechanics which relies on pre- and postselection, weak measurements, deterministic, and modular variables. We consider those properties of a single particle that are deterministic to be primal. The Heisenberg picture allows us to specify the most complete enumeration of such deterministic properties in contrast to the Schrödinger wave function, which remains an ensemble property. We exercise this approach by analyzing a version of the double-slit experiment augmented with postselection, showing that only it and not the wave function approach can be accommodated within a time-symmetric interpretation, where interference appears even when the particle is localized. Although the Heisenberg and Schrödinger pictures are equivalent formulations, nevertheless, the framework presented here has led to insights, intuitions, and experiments that were missed from the old perspective.
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Amin, Khunsa, Jinzi Mac Huang, Kevin J. Hu, Jun Zhang, and Leif Ristroph. "The role of shape-dependent flight stability in the origin of oriented meteorites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 33 (July 26, 2019): 16180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815133116.
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The atmospheric ablation of meteoroids is a striking example of the reshaping of a solid object due to its motion through a fluid. Motivated by meteorite samples collected on Earth that suggest fixed orientation during flight—most notably the conical shape of so-called oriented meteorites—we hypothesize that such forms result from an aerodynamic stabilization of posture that may be achieved only by specific shapes. Here, we investigate this issue of flight stability in the parallel context of fluid mechanical erosion of clay bodies in flowing water, which yields shapes resembling oriented meteorites. We conduct laboratory experiments on conical objects freely moving through water and fixed within imposed flows to determine the dependence of orientational stability on shape. During free motion, slender cones undergo postural instabilities, such as inversion and tumbling, and broad or dull forms exhibit oscillatory modes, such as rocking and fluttering. Only intermediate shapes, including the stereotypical form carved by erosion, achieve stable orientation and straight flight with apex leading. We corroborate these findings with systematic measurements of torque and stability potentials across cones of varying apex angle, which furnish a complete map of equilibrium postures and their stability. By showing that the particular conical form carved in unidirectional flows is also posturally stable as a free body in flight, these results suggest a self-consistent picture for the origin of oriented meteorites.
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Prasetya, Yoga, and Helta Anggia. "An analysis of students’ listening comprehension through video-based internet material (BBC) in second grade students of SMAN 4 Bandar Lampung in 2016-2017." Journal of English Education Studies 2, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30653/005.201921.39.
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This research aims to apply BBC (British Broadcasting Cooperation) to students. BBC is one of broadcaster in Britain and it provides a website to learn. Its name is BBC Learning English and it shows many videos and the facilities to learn. The purpose of this research is to analyze the students’ listening comprehension. In this research, I used qualitative research. The kind of research was used to get information about phenomenon and an accident during the research. The method of this research was audio-visual method where students used their sight and hearing sense. Because BBC provided many videos, it was apt with this method. In here, students did not merely acquire the information from their hearing sense but they were helped by the picture and the accident. The result of this research showed that the improvement from first meeting to second meeting. The improvement happened in their comprehension. In the first meeting, six students can be said fail in the test. They wrote everything in the video but they could not comprehend the topic. In the second meeting, most of them caught the material well. The topic was comprehended extensively. Mostly, students could simply comprehend the material that I presented through BBC. Based on the fact in this research, they preferred to use this website than others. It stimulated them to learn. It is a proof that BBC could help them in the listening comprehension. It is not only about listening comprehension but students could learn grammar and vocabulary.
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Ruban, Dmitry A. "Did plate tectonics control the generic diversity of Jurassic brachiopods? One point of view." Geologos 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logos-2018-0006.
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Abstract Possible plate tectonic controls on faunal diversity dynamics have been discussed in the geological literature for around 50 years. The new model of plate tectonic processes is here linked to Jurassic generic diversity (simple α-diversity) of brachiopods. This comparison offers three observations, four hypotheses and three unresolved issues. Most importantly, changes in the global plate root mean square speed coincided with brachiopod diversity dynamics, which can be explained hypothetically by either environmental disturbance triggered by more active plate motion or activity of any process (such as eustasy) tied to plate tectonic mechanisms and with an impact on marine benthic communities. It is also established that global generic diversity dynamics of brachiopods during the Jurassic coincided with the regional picture as established for the Northern Caucasus and the Swiss Jura Alps; this coincidence is difficult to explain with regard to plate tectonics. These and other speculative considerations do not clarify the role of the plate tectonic factor in Jurassic generic diversity dynamics of brachiopods, and, thus, they indicate important issues for further research.
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Geiger, Jeffrey. "Exquisite wonder: Colour film, realism and the Yankee voyage, 1936–38." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 8, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00015_1.
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This article looks at rare Kodachrome film taken across Oceania, mostly shot by a skilled amateur filmmaker, Edmund Zacher, to document the circumnavigation of the famous clipper Yankee. There are three intertwined lines of inquiry traced here. The first explores relations between US imperialism, moving image media and a popular imaginary, considering how experiences of virtual travel engage with cultural ideology. The second examines how this footage may be interpreted: how might critical frameworks brought to bear on amateur non-fiction differ from those commonly applied to professional and narrative fiction film? A key reference point is the theory of cinematic gesture developed by Giorgio Agamben, who expands on the work of Gilles Deleuze and his notion of the movement image. This stress on gesture and on the mediality of moving images leads towards a third key area under consideration: colour and the (then) new medium of Kodachrome. Homing in on relations between colour stock and motion picture realism, this study explores the ways that Kodachrome colour might have affected broader perceptions of the world itself.
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Li, JingChun, BiCheng Yong, YiQiang Li, FuXing Xun, Federico Canavese, and HongWen Xu. "Eosinophilic Granuloma of the Thumb Presenting in a 4-Month-Old Child: Case Report and Review of the Literature." Journal of Hand and Microsurgery 11, no. 03 (October 1, 2018): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1670923.
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AbstractEosinophilic granuloma (EG) is a benign bone tumor of unknown origin usually seen in children. It is typically found in flat and long bones of the skull and of the appendicular skeleton, respectively. Small bones are rarely affected. The diagnosis and treatment of EG can be challenging as differential diagnosis includes several disorders that can cause osteolytic lesions. Moreover, surgical treatment can be difficult due to the small size of the bone and surrounding structures. Here we describe a case of EG of the proximal phalanx of the thumb (P1 D1) presenting in a 4-month-old boy with persistent swelling and limited range-of-motion of the interphalangeal joint in the left thumb. Over a 6-year follow-up, no sign of relapse was observed. Moreover, the curetted bone did regenerate, and it appeared homogenously dense as normal trabecular bone on the last plain radiographs; the patient was symptom-free at the last follow-up visit. Clinical presentation, treatment, pathoanatomy, localization, and complication of this form of tumor are discussed, and all previously reported cases are reviewed to give a more comprehensive picture of EG of the hand and fingers.
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Capistrano–Filho, Roberto A., Ademir F. Pazoto, and Lionel Rosier. "Control of a Boussinesq system of KdV–KdV type on a bounded interval." ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations 25 (2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cocv/2018036.
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We consider a Boussinesq system of KdV–KdV type introduced by J.L. Bona, M. Chen and J.-C. Saut as a model for the motion of small amplitude long waves on the surface of an ideal fluid. This system of two equations can describe the propagation of waves in both directions, while the single KdV equation is limited to unidirectional waves. We are concerned here with the exact controllability of the Boussinesq system by using some boundary controls. By reducing the controllability problem to a spectral problem which is solved by using the Paley–Wiener method introduced by the third author for KdV, we determine explicitly all the critical lengths for which the exact controllability fails for the linearized system, and give a complete picture of the controllability results with one or two boundary controls of Dirichlet or Neumann type. The extension of the exact controllability to the full Boussinesq system is derived in the energy space in the case of a control of Neumann type. It is obtained by incorporating a boundary feedback in the control in order to ensure a global Kato smoothing effect.
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Hijazo-Gascón, Alberto, and Reyes Llopis-García. "Applied cognitive linguistics and foreign language learning. Introduction to the special issue." International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 57, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iral-2018-2004.
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Abstract This introduction provides an overview of the intersection between Applied Cognitive Linguistics and Second/Foreign Language Learning. First, the relevance of Cognitive Linguistics (CL) for Applied Linguistics in general is discussed. The second section explains the main principles of CL and how each relates to the acquisition of second languages: (i) language and human cognition, (ii) language as symbolic, (iii) language as motivated; and (iv) language as usage-based. Section three offers a review of previous literature on CL and L2s that are different from English, as it is one the main aims of this Special Issue to provide state-of-the-art research and scholarship to enhance the bigger picture of the field of Second Language Acquisition beyond English as the target language. Spanish as L2/FL in Applied Cognitive Linguistics is the focus of the next section, which leads to a brief overview of the papers included in the Issue, featuring Spanish as the L2 with L1s such as English, French, German and Italian. Polysemy, Motion Events Typology, Cognitive Grammar and Construction Grammar are the Cognitive Linguistics areas addressed in the contributions here presented.
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Yu, Gongchen, Mingpo Yang, Peng Yu, and Michael Christopher Dorris. "Time compression of visual perception around microsaccades." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00029.2017.
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Even during fixation, our eyes are in constant motion. For example, microsaccades are small (typically <1°) eye movements that occur 1~3 times/second. Despite their tiny and transient nature, our percept of visual space is compressed before microsaccades (Hafed ZM, Lovejoy LP, Krauzlis RJ. Eur J Neurosci 37: 1169–1181, 2013). As visual space and time are interconnected at both the physical and physiological levels, we asked whether microsaccades also affect the temporal aspects of visual perception. Here we demonstrate that the perceived interval between transient visual stimuli was compressed if accompanied by microsaccades. This temporal compression extended approximately ±200 ms from microsaccade occurrence, and depending on their particular pattern, multiple microsaccades further enhanced or counteracted this temporal compression. The compression of time surrounding microsaccades resembles that associated with more voluntary macrosaccades (Morrone MC, Ross J, Burr D. Nat Neurosci 8: 950–954, 2005). Our results suggest common neural processes underlying both saccade and microsaccade misperceptions, mediated, likely, through extraretinal mechanisms.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we show that humans perceive the duration of visual events as compressed if they are accompanied by microsaccades. Despite the tiny and transient nature of microsaccades, time compression extended more than ±200 ms from their occurrence. Moreover, the number, pattern, and temporal coincidence of microsaccades relative to visual events all contribute to this time misperception. Our results reveal a detailed picture of how our visual time percepts are altered by microsaccades.
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Carriger, Michael. "Three strikes and you are out?" Journal of Strategy and Management 10, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-08-2016-0049.
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Purpose Much has been written in both the management and finance literatures about the impact of downsizing on the financial health and market valuation of companies. However, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the frequency of downsizing and the impact of frequent downsizings. The purpose of this paper is to look at trends in downsizing, asking the question are companies that downsize once more likely to downsize again. The paper also looks at the impact of frequent downsizing, asking the question are frequent downsizers differentially impacted compared to less frequent downsizers. Design/methodology/approach Companies that appeared on the Fortune 500 in 2014 and were also on the list in 2008 were assessed for the impact of repeat downsizings on financial measures (profitability, efficiency, debt, and revenue) and market valuation. A trend analysis was conducted to assess the trend in downsizing and repeated downsizing from 2008 through 2014. A series of univariate analysis of variances were conducted to assess the impact of repeated downsizings on the financial and market valuation indicators. Findings Findings indicate that companies that downsize between 2008 and 2009 were more likely to downsize again in future years. And this repeat downsizing happened at a higher rate than would be expected by the percentage of companies that initially downsized. Findings also indicate that multiple downsizings had a significantly negative impact on the company’s financial performance as measured by two profitability ratios (return on assets and return on investment) and a borderline significant negative impact on the company’s market valuation as measured by stock equity, regardless of industry or initial financial health of the company. Originality/value Two competing theories were considered and the evidence found here support both. However, the “band-aid solution” theory, that downsizing may function as a band-aid addressing the symptoms that lead to the downsizing but not the underlying disorder or cause may be a more parsimonious explanation for the results here. It is hoped that these findings will inform both scholars and practitioners, giving both a clearer picture of the impact of multiple downsizings on corporate performance.
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Guo, Hua, and Ahmed H. Zewail. "Femtosecond real-time probing of reactions. XIV. Rydberg states of methyl iodide." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 947–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-123.
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The elementary reaction dynamics of methyl iodide in two Rydberg states leading to an iodine and a methyl radical occur on the femtosecond time scale (M.H. Janssen, M. Dantus, H. Guo, and A.H. Zewail. Chem. Phys. Lett. 214, 281 (1993)). In this article, we consider the dynamics of this elementary process which involves both the Rydberg and valence states. Direct comparisons are made between theory and experiment with special focus on the following observations: large isotope effects, mode dependence of the predissociation rates, and coherence effects. The quantal molecular dynamics in two-dimensions show that the initial wave packet motion occurs along a vibrational mode involving the light atoms accompanied by transitions from the Rydberg state to the repulsive state; subsequent dynamics on the dissociative state lead to the C—I bond cleavage. The theoretical calculations also give the decay behavior of the Rydberg states with lifetimes in agreement with those observed in the femtosecond experiments. Moreover, the large isotope effect in observed predissociation rates of CH3I and CD3I has been successfully reproduced by the same model. The two-dimensional dynamics underscore the shortcomings of a one-dimensional picture in which the C—I serves as the sole reaction coordinate. The model presented here offers a viable mechanism for the dynamics of these Rydberg states.
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NITSCHE, J. M., and G. K. BATCHELOR. "Break-up of a falling drop containing dispersed particles." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 340 (June 10, 1997): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097005223.
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The general purpose of this paper is to investigate some consequences of the randomness of the velocities of interacting rigid particles falling under gravity through viscous fluid at small Reynolds number. Random velocities often imply diffusive transport of the particles, but particle diffusion of the conventional kind exists only when the length characteristic of the diffusion process is small compared with the distance over which the particle concentration is effectively uniform. When this condition is not satisfied, some alternative analytical description of the dispersion process is needed. Here we suppose that a dilute dispersion of sedimenting particles is bounded externally by pure fluid and enquire about the rate at which particles make outward random crossings of the (imaginary) boundary. If the particles are initially distributed with uniform concentration within a spherical boundary, we gain the convenience of approximately steady conditions with a velocity distribution like that in a falling spherical drop of pure liquid. However, randomness of the particle velocities causes some particles to make an outward crossing of the spherical boundary and to be carried round the boundary and thence downstream in a vertical ‘tail’. This is the nature of break-up of a falling cloud of particles.A numerical simulation of the motion of a number of interacting particles (maximum 320) assumed to act as Stokeslets confirms the validity of the above picture of the way in which particles leak away from a spherical cluster of particles. A dimensionally correct empirical relation for the rate at which particles are lost from the cluster involves a constant which is indeed found to depend only weakly on the various parameters occurring in the numerical simulation. According to this relation the rate at which particles are lost from the blob is proportional to the fall speed of an isolated particle and to the area of the blob boundary. Some photographs of a leaking tail of particles in figure 5 also provide support for the qualitative picture.
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Marsden, Brian G. "Small Bodies in The Outer Solar System." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 172 (1999): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100072407.
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This report is a continuation of three earlier reviews (Marsden 1996a, 1996b, 1998) that included a summary of our orbital knowledge of the Kuiper Belt. Presented at conferences held in the middle of 1994, 1995 and 1996, respectively, these reviews showed the steadily developing picture of a system dominated by the platinos, librating in the 2:3 mean-motion resonance with Neptune, and the cubewanos, a somewhat more distant population of nonlibrating objects with low orbital eccentricities. The existence of a 3:4 Neptune librator and a 3:5 Neptune librator was also suspected. These librators have now been confirmed, and a possible 4:7 librator and possible second 3:5 librator have also been found. The known and suspected multiple-opposition librators are listed in Table 1. Here it is important to note that the orbital semimajor axes a (in AU), eccentricities e and inclinations i (in degrees with respect to the 2000.0 ecliptic) are mean values that eliminate the large 12-year and 30-year periodicities arising from the indirect perturbations by Jupiter and Satum on sun-centered orbits. The numbers in parentheses are the semimajor axes (in AU) corresponding to the resonances. Following the absolute magnitude H, the entries “Nep.” and “Ura.” show the minimum distances (in AU) from Neptune and Uranus (the latter being of course quite small for the most eccentric 2:3 Neptune librators) within several millennia of the present time.
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Comes, F. J. "Vector Correlations in Molecular Photofragmentations." Laser Chemistry 11, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1991): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/lc.11.151.
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Photofragmentation spectroscopy—the study of “half collisions” with polarized light of subdoppler line width—opens a window to look into the structure of molecules. The energy partitioning among the particular degrees of freedom of the products of the fragmentation reaction is described by the scalar properties, the direction and magnitude of a particular type of motion is described by the vector properties. The measurement of the scalar and vector properties allows a pictorial view of the intermediate state. The forces which make the fragments fly apart or rotate and vibrate can be “seen” from the line shapes. Information on the unstable intermediate state is gained from the stable fragments long after the dissociation of the parent molecule. In particular, information on the “lifetime” of the intermediate on a femtosecond time scale can be obtained.A number of molecules, mainly three and four atomic, have been studied by this technique. Hydrogen peroxide has shown up as a textbook example. A complete analysis was possible including not only correlation of different types of fragment motion but also a correlation of the two coincident particles formed from the same parent molecule. The experimental results are in full agreement with recent calculations of the dynamics of the fragmentation on newly obtained potential energy surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide shows a strong dependence of its potential energy on the dihedral angle in the two electronic states amenable to laser excitation. This experiment further demonstrates that an analysis is also possible if two states are excited simultaneously.Another good example is the fragmentation of hydrazoic acid for which also coincident pair correlation has been treated. Here again the results agree excellently with a qualitative picture which can be drawn from recently calculated ab initio potential energy surfaces. The HN3 example is much more complicated than the former one due to its higher structured upper potential energy surface. Strong rotational excitation is observed in the N2 fragment leaving the NH fragment rotationally cold.The treatment of vector correlations in molecular photofragmentation is a powerful tool for the study of the dynamics of molecular dissociation reactions.
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Rybakovsky, Oleg L., and Tamara A. Fadeeva. "Depopulation in the regions of Russia by the beginning of 2020." POPULATION 23, no. 3 (2020): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.3.11.
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The article summarizes the natural increase / decrease in the population of the regions and macroregions of the Russian Federation for 1992-2019. Depopulation is a steady natural population decline, it's characteristic of most European territories (countries or parts thereof), whose population was heavily affected in World War II. This applies to both sides of the conflict — and fascist Germany (as well as militaristic Asian Japan), on the one hand; and the territories of modern Poland, the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, the European part of the Russian Federation, parts of the former Yugoslavia, on the other hand. As a result, since the 1970s the population of these territories began to enter a period of depopulation, the excess of mortality over fertility. This happened as a result of a downward demographic wave, the so-called «first echo of the Second World War», as well as due to global trends of declining birth rates in the entire developed and rapidly developing world. In general, over the 28 years of the post-Soviet period from the beginning of 1992 to the beginning of2020, depopulation covered all European regions of Russia with the exception of 5 republics of the North Caucasus and the Republic of Kalmykia. A somewhat different picture was observed beyond the Ural Range. Here, the depopulation in most large industrial regions was primarily due to the post-Soviet migration outflow of the population to the European part of the country — to the capital regions and plains of Southern Russia with a favorable climate. Positive natural growth was only in the oil and gas bearing Tyumen oblast, the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha), Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as well as in the republics of Southern Siberia, whose indigenous population professes Buddhism. The article presents an analysis for each of the typical groups of Russian regions, provides statistics for 28 years of the demographic (reproductive) development of territories, substantiates conclusions, among which the main one is the following. The decrease in the volume of current and upcoming demographic human losses in Russia depends on the consistency, scientific justification, efficiency, effectiveness and selectivity of the country's demographic policy.
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Zhou, Dong, Liu, Metternicht, Shen, You, Zhao, and Xiao. "Are There Sufficient Landsat Observations for Retrospective and Continuous Monitoring of Land Cover Changes in China?" Remote Sensing 11, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11151808.
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Unprecedented human-induced land cover changes happened in China after the Reform and Opening-up in 1978, matching with the era of Landsat satellite series. However, it is still unknown whether Landsat data can effectively support retrospective analysis of land cover changes in China over the past four decades. Here, for the first time, we conduct a systematic investigation on the availability of Landsat data in China, targeting its application for retrospective and continuous monitoring of land cover changes. The latter is significant to assess impact of land cover changes, and consequences of past land policy and management interventions. The total and valid observations (excluding clouds, cloud shadows, and terrain shadows) from Landsat 5/7/8 from 1984 to 2017 were quantified at pixel scale, based on the cloud computing platform Google Earth Engine (GEE). The results show higher intensity of Landsat observation in the northern part of China as compared to the southern part. The study provides an overall picture of Landsat observations suitable for satellite-based annual land cover monitoring over the entire country. We uncover that two sub-regions of China (i.e., Northeast China-Inner Mongolia-Northwest China, and North China Plain) have sufficient valid observations for retrospective analysis of land cover over 30 years (1987–2017) at an annual interval; whereas the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain (MLYP) and Xinjiang (XJ) have sufficient observations for annual analyses for the periods 1989–2017 and 2004–2017, respectively. Retrospective analysis of land cover is possible only at a two-year time interval in South China (SC) for the years 1988–2017, Xinjiang (XJ) for the period 1992–2003, and the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during 2004–2017. For the latter geographic regions, land cover dynamics can be analyzed only at a three-year interval prior to 2004. Our retrospective analysis suggest that Landsat-based analysis of land cover dynamics at an annual interval for the whole country is not feasible; instead, national monitoring at two- or three-year intervals could be achievable. This study provides a preliminary assessment of data availability, targeting future continuous land cover monitoring in China; and the code is released to the public to facilitate similar data inventory in other regions of the world.
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Osborne. "Breather Turbulence: Exact Spectral and Stochastic Solutions of the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation." Fluids 4, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4020072.
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I address the problem of breather turbulence in ocean waves from the point of view of the exact spectral solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation using two tools of mathematical physics: (1) the inverse scattering transform (IST) for periodic/quasiperiodic boundary conditions (also referred to as finite gap theory (FGT) in the Russian literature) and (2) quasiperiodic Fourier series, both of which enhance the physical and mathematical understanding of complicated nonlinear phenomena in water waves. The basic approach I refer to is nonlinear Fourier analysis (NLFA). The formulation describes wave motion with spectral components consisting of sine waves, Stokes waves and breather packets that nonlinearly interact pair-wise with one another. This contrasts to the simpler picture of standard Fourier analysis in which one linearly superposes sine waves. Breather trains are coherent wave packets that “breath” up and down during their lifetime “cycle” as they propagate, a phenomenon related to Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) recurrence. The central wave of a breather, when the packet is at its maximum height of the FPU cycle, is often treated as a kind of rogue wave. Breather turbulence occurs when the number of breathers in a measured time series is large, typically several hundred per hour. Because of the prevalence of rogue waves in breather turbulence, I call this exceptional type of sea state a breather sea or rogue sea. Here I provide theoretical tools for a physical and dynamical understanding of the recent results of Osborne et al. (Ocean Dynamics, 2019, 69, pp. 187–219) in which dense breather turbulence was found in experimental surface wave data in Currituck Sound, North Carolina. Quasiperiodic Fourier series are important in the study of ocean waves because they provide a simpler theoretical interpretation and faster numerical implementation of the NLFA, with respect to the IST, particularly with regard to determination of the breather spectrum and their associated phases that are here treated in the so-called nonlinear random phase approximation. The actual material developed here focuses on results necessary for the analysis and interpretation of shipboard/offshore platform radar scans and for airborne lidar and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurements.
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Shibayama, Naoya, Ayana Sato-Tomita, Mio Ohki, Kouhei Ichiyanagi, and Sam-Yong Park. "Direct observation of ligand migration within human hemoglobin at work." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 9 (February 18, 2020): 4741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913663117.
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Hemoglobin is one of the best-characterized proteins with respect to structure and function, but the internal ligand diffusion pathways remain obscure and controversial. Here we captured the CO migration processes in the tense (T), relaxed (R), and second relaxed (R2) quaternary structures of human hemoglobin by crystallography using a high-repetition pulsed laser technique at cryogenic temperatures. We found that in each quaternary structure, the photodissociated CO molecules migrate along distinct pathways in the α and β subunits by hopping between the internal cavities with correlated side chain motions of large nonpolar residues, such as α14Trp(A12), α105Leu(G12), β15Trp(A12), and β71Phe(E15). We also observe electron density evidence for the distal histidine [α58/β63His(E7)] swing-out motion regardless of the quaternary structure, although less evident in α subunits than in β subunits, suggesting that some CO molecules have escaped directly through the E7 gate. Remarkably, in T-state Fe(II)-Ni(II) hybrid hemoglobins in which either the α or β subunits contain Ni(II) heme that cannot bind CO, the photodissociated CO molecules not only dock at the cavities in the original Fe(II) subunit, but also escape from the protein matrix and enter the cavities in the adjacent Ni(II) subunit even at 95 K, demonstrating the high gas permeability and porosity of the hemoglobin molecule. Our results provide a comprehensive picture of ligand movements in hemoglobin and highlight the relevance of cavities, nonpolar residues, and distal histidines in facilitating the ligand migration.
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Haehnel-Taguchi, Melanie, Otar Akanyeti, and James C. Liao. "Afferent and motoneuron activity in response to single neuromast stimulation in the posterior lateral line of larval zebrafish." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 6 (September 15, 2014): 1329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00274.2014.
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The lateral line system of fishes contains mechanosensory receptors along the body surface called neuromasts, which can detect water motion relative to the body. The ability to sense flow informs many behaviors, such as schooling, predator avoidance, and rheotaxis. Here, we developed a new approach to stimulate individual neuromasts while either recording primary sensory afferent neuron activity or swimming motoneuron activity in larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Our results allowed us to characterize the transfer functions between a controlled lateral line stimulus, its representation by primary sensory neurons, and its subsequent behavioral output. When we deflected the cupula of a neuromast with a ramp command, we found that the connected afferent neuron exhibited an adapting response which was proportional in strength to deflection velocity. The maximum spike rate of afferent neurons increased sigmoidally with deflection velocity, with a linear range between 0.1 and 1.0 μm/ms. However, spike rate did not change when the cupula was deflected below 8 μm, regardless of deflection velocity. Our findings also reveal an unexpected sensitivity in the larval lateral line system: stimulation of a single neuromast could elicit a swimming response which increased in reliability with increasing deflection velocities. At high deflection velocities, we observed that lateral line evoked swimming has intermediate values of burst frequency and duty cycle that fall between electrically evoked and spontaneous swimming. An understanding of the sensory capabilities of a single neuromast will help to build a better picture of how stimuli are encoded at the systems level and ultimately translated into behavior.
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Abbott, Tristan H., Timothy W. Cronin, and Tom Beucler. "Convective Dynamics and the Response of Precipitation Extremes to Warming in Radiative–Convective Equilibrium." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 1637–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-19-0197.1.
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Abstract Tropical precipitation extremes are expected to strengthen with warming, but quantitative estimates remain uncertain because of a poor understanding of changes in convective dynamics. This uncertainty is addressed here by analyzing idealized convection-permitting simulations of radiative–convective equilibrium in long-channel geometry. Across a wide range of climates, the thermodynamic contribution to changes in instantaneous precipitation extremes follows near-surface moisture, and the dynamic contribution is positive and small but is sensitive to domain size. The shapes of mass flux profiles associated with precipitation extremes are determined by conditional sampling that favors strong vertical motion at levels where the vertical saturation specific humidity gradient is large, and mass flux profiles collapse to a common shape across climates when plotted in a moisture-based vertical coordinate. The collapse, robust to changes in microphysics and turbulence schemes, implies a thermodynamic contribution that scales with near-surface moisture despite substantial convergence aloft and allows the dynamic contribution to be defined by the pressure velocity at a single level. Linking the simplified dynamic mode to vertical velocities from entraining plume models reveals that the small dynamic mode in channel simulations (≲2% K−1) is caused by opposing height dependences of vertical velocity and density, together with the buffering influence of cloud-base buoyancies that vary little with surface temperature. These results reinforce an emerging picture of the response of extreme tropical precipitation rates to warming: a thermodynamic mode of about 7% K−1 dominates, with a minor contribution from changes in dynamics.
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Sanz, Ángel S., Milena D. Davidović, and Mirjana Božić. "Bohmian-Based Approach to Gauss-Maxwell Beams." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051808.
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Usual Gaussian beams are particular scalar solutions to the paraxial Helmholtz equation, which neglect the vector nature of light. In order to overcome this inconvenience, Simon et al. (J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1986, 3, 536–540) found a paraxial solution to Maxwell’s equation in vacuum, which includes polarization in a natural way, though still preserving the spatial Gaussianity of the beams. In this regard, it seems that these solutions, known as Gauss-Maxwell beams, are particularly appropriate and a natural tool in optical problems dealing with Gaussian beams acted or manipulated by polarizers. In this work, inspired in the Bohmian picture of quantum mechanics, a hydrodynamic-type extension of such a formulation is provided and discussed, complementing the notion of electromagnetic field with that of (electromagnetic) flow or streamline. In this regard, the method proposed has the advantage that the rays obtained from it render a bona fide description of the spatial distribution of electromagnetic energy, since they are in compliance with the local space changes undergone by the time-averaged Poynting vector. This feature confers the approach a potential interest in the analysis and description of single-photon experiments, because of the direct connection between these rays and the average flow exhibited by swarms of identical photons (regardless of the particular motion, if any, that these entities might have), at least in the case of Gaussian input beams. In order to illustrate the approach, here it is applied to two common scenarios, namely the diffraction undergone by a single Gauss-Maxwell beam and the interference produced by a coherent superposition of two of such beams.
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Callahan, Cory, and Janie Hubbard. "Protest and prayer: the Jewish and Catholic presence at Selma." Social Studies Research and Practice 14, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 238–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-02-2019-0008.
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Purpose The recent motion picture Selma infused fresh interest – and controversy – into the political and emotional peak of America’s modern Civil Rights Movement. Ava DuVernay, the film’s director, faced criticism for her exclusion of the Jewish presence from the movie’s portrayal of the March 21, 1965 Voting Rights March. The recent attention presents a teachable moment and new energy for thinking deeply about this pivotal event in America’s past. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The authors provide valuable historical domain knowledge surrounding the 1965 Voting Rights March, present the requisite plans and curriculum resources for implementing wise-practice instructional strategies, and explore the rationale underpinning the inquiry-based activities. Findings The authors share innovative approaches, at the secondary and elementary levels, integrating historical domain knowledge with renewed interest in the 1965 Voting Rights March to create powerful teaching-and-learning experiences. The approaches are innovative because they contain dynamic curriculum materials and reflect wise-practice use of historical photographs within the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) Framework for Social Studies State Standards. Practical implications The approaches shared here are centered around questioning, a key to student learning. The lessons feature the development of questions, both from teachers and students, as classes work collaboratively to interpret a potentially powerful historical photograph and use historical events to practice thinking deeply about important topics. Originality/value Social studies classrooms are ideal educational spaces to develop and practice the analytical skills and dispositions students need to meet the challenge of critiquing visual information that concerns complex public issues, such as the role of religion in society.
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Hoh, N. J., and R. N. Zia. "Force-induced diffusion in suspensions of hydrodynamically interacting colloids." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 795 (April 20, 2016): 739–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.209.
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We study the influence of hydrodynamic, thermodynamic and interparticle forces on the diffusive motion of a Brownian probe driven by a constant external force through a dilute colloidal dispersion. The influence of these microscopic forces on equilibrium self-diffusivity (passive microrheology) is well known: all three act to hinder the short- and long-time self-diffusion. Here, via pair-Smoluchowski theory, we explore their influence on self-diffusion in a flowing suspension, where particles and fluid have been set into motion by an externally forced probe (active microrheology), giving rise to non-equilibrium flow-induced diffusion. The probe’s motion entrains background particles as it travels through the bath, deforming the equilibrium suspension microstructure. The shape and extent of microstructural distortion is set by the relative strength of the external force $F^{\mathit{ext}}$ to the entropic restoring force $kT/a_{\mathit{th}}$ of the bath particles, defining a Péclet number $\mathit{Pe}\equiv F^{\mathit{ext}}/(2kT/a_{\mathit{th}})$; and also by the strength of hydrodynamic interactions, set by the range of interparticle repulsion ${\it\kappa}=(a_{\mathit{th}}-a)/a$, where $kT$ is the thermal energy and $a_{\mathit{th}}$ and $a$ are the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic sizes of the particles, respectively. We find that in the presence of flow, the same forces that hinder equilibrium diffusion now enhance it, with diffusive anisotropy set by the range of interparticle repulsion ${\it\kappa}$. A transition from hindered to enhanced diffusion occurs when diffusive and advective forces balance, $\mathit{Pe}\sim 1$, where the exact value is a sensitive function of the strength of hydrodynamics, ${\it\kappa}$. We find that the hindered to enhanced transition straddles two transport regimes: in hindered diffusion, stochastic forces in the presence of other bath particles produce deterministic displacements (Brownian drift) at the expense of a maximal random walk. In enhanced diffusion, driving the probe with a deterministic force through an initially random suspension leads to fluctuations in the duration of probe–bath particle entrainment, giving rise to enhanced, flow-induced diffusion. The force-induced diffusion is anisotropic for all $\mathit{Pe}$, scaling as $D\sim \mathit{Pe}^{2}$ in all directions for weak forcing, regardless of the strength of hydrodynamic interactions. When probe forcing is strong, $D\sim \mathit{Pe}$ in all directions in the absence of hydrodynamic interactions, but the picture changes qualitatively as hydrodynamic interactions grow strong. In this nonlinear regime, microstructural asymmetry weakens while the anisotropy of the force-induced diffusion tensor increases dramatically. This behaviour owes its origins to the approach toward Stokes flow reversibility, where diffusion along the direction of probe force scales advectively while transverse diffusion must vanish.
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Ascarrunz, Eduardo, Julien Claude, and Walter G. Joyce. "Estimating the phylogeny of geoemydid turtles (Cryptodira) from landmark data: an assessment of different methods." PeerJ 7 (August 22, 2019): e7476. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7476.
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Background In the last 20 years, a general picture of the evolutionary relationships between geoemydid turtles (ca. 70 species distributed over the Northern hemisphere) has emerged from the analysis of molecular data. However, there is a paucity of good traditional morphological characters that correlate with the phylogeny, which are essential for the robust integration of fossil and molecular data. Part of this problem might be due to intrinsic limitations of traditional discrete characters. Here, we explore the use of continuous data in the form of 3D coordinates of homologous landmarks on the turtle shell for phylogenetic inference and the phylogenetic placement of single species on a scaffold molecular tree. We focus on the performance yielded by sampling the carapace and/or plastral lobes and using various phylogenetic methods. Methods We digitised the landmark coordinates of the carapace and plastron of 42 and 46 extant geoemydid species, respectively. The configurations were superimposed and we estimated the phylogenetic tree of geoemydids with landmark analysis under parsimony, traditional Farris parsimony, unweighted squared-change parsimony, maximum likelihood with a Brownian motion model, and neighbour-joining on a matrix of pairwise Procrustes distances. We assessed the performance of those analyses by comparing the trees against a reference phylogeny obtained from seven molecular markers. For comparisons between trees we used difference measures based on quartets and splits. We used the same reference tree to evaluate phylogenetic placement performance by a leave-one-out validation procedure. Results Whatever method we used, similarity to the reference phylogeny was low. The carapace alone gave slightly better results than the plastron or the complete shell. Assessment of the potential for placement of single species on the reference tree with landmark data gave much better results, with similar accuracy and higher precision compared to the performance of discrete characters with parsimony.
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Fernández, Julio A. "Dynamics of Comets: Recent Developments and New Challenges." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 160 (1994): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900046568.
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There is a broad consensus that long-period comets come from a huge reservoir surrounding the solar system, as proposed originally by Oort. Yet, the classical picture of the Oort cloud has substantially changed during the last decade. In addition to passing stars, the tidal force of the galactic disk and giant molecular clouds have also been identified as major perturbers of the Oort cloud. In particular, the latter may be responsible for limiting the size of the stable Oort cloud to no more than ≈ 104AU, i.e. about one tenth of the classical Oort's radius.Most comets are injected into the planetary region by the quasi-steady action of the tidal force of the galactic disk. The concentration of aphelion points of dynamically young comets toward mid-galactic latitudes is a consequence of its dominant influence. The frequency of comet passages into the inner planetary region could experience significant fluctuations with time as the Oort cloud meets random strong perturbers. The observed ordered pattern of most comet aphelia, associated with the galactic structure, argues against a recent strong perturbation of the Oort cloud.The origin of the Jupiter family has become another point of intense debate. Jupiter family comets may come from a transneptunian comet belt -the Kuiper belt- from where they can reach the planetary region through chaotic motion. The Kuiper belt has become accessible to large telescopes, as shown by the recent discoveries of 1992QB1 and 1993FW, possibly belt members. The major challenge will be to explore the region usually inaccessible to external perturbers that goes from ~30 AU to a few thousand AU. A significant mass may have been locked there from the beginnings of the solar system, giving rise to an inner core that feeds the outer or classical Oort cloud. Our aim will be to briefly discuss some of the topics summarized here.
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Balasis, G., I. A. Daglis, E. Zesta, C. Papadimitriou, M. Georgiou, R. Haagmans, and K. Tsinganos. "ULF wave activity during the 2003 Halloween superstorm: multipoint observations from CHAMP, Cluster and Geotail missions." Annales Geophysicae 30, no. 12 (December 21, 2012): 1751–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1751-2012.
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Abstract. We examine data from a topside ionosphere and two magnetospheric missions (CHAMP, Cluster and Geotail) for signatures of ultra low frequency (ULF) waves during the exceptional 2003 Halloween geospace magnetic storm, when Dst reached ~−380 nT. We use a suite of wavelet-based algorithms, which are a subset of a tool that is being developed for the analysis of multi-instrument multi-satellite and ground-based observations to identify ULF waves and investigate their properties. Starting from the region of topside ionosphere, we first present three clear and strong signatures of Pc3 ULF wave activity (frequency 15–100 mHz) in CHAMP tracks. We then expand these three time intervals for purposes of comparison between CHAMP, Cluster and Geotail Pc3 observations but also to be able to search for Pc4–5 wave signatures (frequency 1–10 mHz) into Cluster and Geotail measurements in order to have a more complete picture of the ULF wave occurrence during the storm. Due to the fast motion through field lines in a low Earth orbit (LEO) we are able to reliably detect Pc3 (but not Pc4–5) waves from CHAMP. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that ULF wave observations from a topside ionosphere mission are compared to ULF wave observations from magnetospheric missions. Our study provides evidence for the occurrence of a number of prominent ULF wave events in the Pc3 and Pc4–5 bands during the storm and offers a platform to study the wave evolution from high altitudes to LEO. The ULF wave analysis methods presented here can be applied to observations from the upcoming Swarm multi-satellite mission of ESA, which is anticipated to enable joint studies with the Cluster mission.