Academic literature on the topic 'IT outsourcing decision makers'

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Journal articles on the topic "IT outsourcing decision makers"

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Modiri, Mahmoud, and Mohammad Dashti. "Strategic Decision Making for Outsourcing Information Systems with a Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision-Making Approach." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 8 (June 25, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i8.112.

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Today, IS supplier selection is one of the most critical steps in the outsourcing process; the success of outsourcing is highly dependent on the selection of IS suppliers. This paper proposes a new hybrid fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model, which uses decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique, analytic network process (ANP), and Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje(VIKOR) to evaluate four potential suppliers using seven factors and five decision makers using a realistic case study. the results showed that Service support is importance for outsourcing. The proposed model can help practitioners improve their decision making process.
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Ensslin, Leonardo, Clarissa Carneiro Mussi, Ademar Dutra, Sandra Rolim Ensslin, and Sandro Natalino Demetrio. "Management Support Model for Information Technology Outsourcing." Journal of Global Information Management 28, no. 3 (July 2020): 123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2020070107.

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This study deals with the problem of outsourcing management, presenting a structure to support decision-making on effective information-technology outsourcing and highlighting the advantages and disadvantages that must be addressed. Since the study involves multiple variables, partially defined and conflicting objectives, and the will of decision-makers to broaden their understanding of the impact of decisions, the study used the multicriteria decision aid constructivist method to lead data collection and analysis. The chief results presented are: (i) a structured appraisal arranged by 8 strategic objectives and 107 performance indicators; (ii) the strengths and weaknesses of the status quo; and (iii) a process diagram for generating improvements. To ensure presentation of scientific and practical recognition in accordance with the constructivist path, the epistemological view adopted meets the scientific and practical requirements to ensure validity, legitimacy, and effectiveness of a model to support a decision-making process in a practical environment.
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Perçin, Selçuk. "An integrated fuzzy SWARA and fuzzy AD approach for outsourcing provider selection." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 30, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 531–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-08-2018-0247.

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Purpose Unlike previous literature, this study offers a novel integrated fuzzy approach to the field of outsourcing decisions. The purpose of this paper is to use design ranges of evaluation criteria that satisfy the functional requirements (FRs) of decision makers to solve the outsourcing provider selection problem. Design/methodology/approach In this study, considering the expected significance of outsourcing evaluation criteria, and the FRs of decision makers expressed in linguistic terms, a robust multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tool based on the integrated use of fuzzy Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis and weighted fuzzy axiomatic design methods is proposed for use in decision process. Findings The proposed method is applied to a Turkish chemical company. A sensitivity analysis is performed and the outcomes of the proposed integrated framework are compared with those of other MCDM methods such as fuzzy-based Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, fuzzy Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje and fuzzy Multi-Objective Optimization on the basis of Ratio Analysis. This validates the usefulness and practicality of the proposed methodology. Practical implications The main contribution of this study is that it defines specific requirements that will assist company managers in eliminating alternatives that do not satisfy the needs and expectations of their company. Originality/value This paper compares the present study with other studies in the field of manufacturing. Additionally, it provides a well-documented case study, which makes the paper of value to researchers interested in the practical applications of MCDM methods.
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NAZARI-SHIRKOUHI, S., A. ANSARINEJAD, SS MIRI-NARGESI, V. MAJAZI DALFARD, and K. REZAIE. "INFORMATION SYSTEMS OUTSOURCING DECISIONS UNDER FUZZY GROUP DECISION MAKING APPROACH." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 10, no. 06 (November 2011): 989–1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622011004683.

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During the last decade, information system (IS) outsourcing has emerged as a major issue for organizations. As outsourcing decisions are often based on multicriteria approaches and group decisions, this paper proposes a structured methodology based on Fuzzy group decision making approach to evaluate and select the appropriate information system project (ISP) in an actual case. To achieve our purpose, we argue that seven criteria consisting of risk, management, economics, technology, resource, quality, and strategy and five ISPs should be considered for outsourcing decisions. Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) to find the priority and ranking of each ISP is considered. Using fuzzy theory for selecting the proper IS project can reduce ambiguities and uncertainties that are inherent in the selection procedure. A sensitivity analysis is performed to check the steadiness of the priority ranking and help decision makers to understand different scenarios that show alternative potential developments or different viewpoints concerning the relative importance of the criteria. Our proposed methodology can be applied by a cross-functional team of practitioners and IT managers to select the proper IS project. Also, the proposed approach can effectively consider complex and qualitative decision variables involved in the IS outsourcing decision-making problem. Finally, conclusion and potential issues for future research are presented. The main findings of this research have showed that the combination of AHP method and fuzzy concept to rank and prioritize of IS projects to outsource is a useful and practical tool to make traceable and reliable decision. According to results, a priority of overall score for the five candidates of IS projects reflects that project of "development of the supplier relationship management information system" performs the best, and project of "facilities management" performs the worst according to the experts' judgment in case study.
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Liyanagamage, C., and R. Ranasinghe. "Factors Determining Adoption of Outsourcing Logistics Functions: A Study of Manufacturing and Trading Sectors in Sri Lanka." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 9, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2020.9.2.1087.

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This study aims at identifying the determinants of adoption of outsourcing logistic functions in Manufacturing and Trading companies in Sri Lanka. After careful review of the existing literature perceived cost effectiveness, quality concerns of logistics outsourcing, perceived risk and perceived professionalism of logistics service provider were identified for the study as their high theoretical and empirical importance in determining outsourcing decision. Primary data was collected by means of semi structured questionnaire from 60 organizations that carry out manufacturing and trading businesses in Sri Lanka. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple and multiple linear regression analysis. Initial simple linear regression analysis proved the statistically significant impact that each of the identified variables have on the adoption of outsourcing. However the multiple regression estimated in this study to analyze the collective effect of the suggested model concludes that the decision makers perception about the cost effectiveness of outsourcing and their perception of risk of outsourcing better explain the adoption of outsourcing in Manufacturing and trading sector in Sri Lanka. Hence, the outsource decision depends on the careful assessment of the decision-making company on its cost effectiveness and possible risk. Therefore, the findings of the present study suggest that outsourcing partners should be carefully selected in order to get the benefit of outsourcing.
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Russell, Roberta S., and Marilyn Smith. "Reeling In Outsourcing: Evaluating Supply Chain Risk And Reward Under Economic Uncertainty." Journal of Service Science (JSS) 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jss.v2i1.4290.

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In todays climate of economic uncertainty, companies that have relied on outsourcing in the past to curtail costs are increasingly reeling in their outsourcing decision to more appropriately balance supply chain risk and reward. This paper provides a review of the literature on reversing supply chain outsourcing and frames the sourcing decision in terms of multiple options, including multi- sourcing, near sourcing, and in-sourcing. A decision tree model is presented to aid the decision maker in evaluating the expected value of various sourcing decisions when risks and returns are explicitly considered. Trends and conditions that influence the outsourcing decision are also discussed.
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Hunter, James D., and Allastair N. Hall. "From the shadows into the light: Let's get real about outsourcing." Journal of Management & Organization 17, no. 1 (January 2011): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200001723.

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AbstractDespite the continued popularity of outsourcing amongst managers and management researchers alike, signifi cant questions arguably remain as to the adequacy of the typical framing of the outsourcing decision. An extensive review of the literature revealed a skewed, partial and fragmented conceptualisation of the option, further exacerbated by a concerning tendency effectively to rank quantitative outcomes over qualitative outcomes, even ex post. In this article it is argued that a critical analysis of the theoretical frameworks that underlie this body of work suggests a more realistic conceptualisation of outsourcing, both for management researchers and management decision makers.
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Hunter, James D., and Allastair N. Hall. "From the shadows into the light: Let's get real about outsourcing." Journal of Management & Organization 17, no. 1 (January 2011): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2011.17.1.77.

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AbstractDespite the continued popularity of outsourcing amongst managers and management researchers alike, signifi cant questions arguably remain as to the adequacy of the typical framing of the outsourcing decision. An extensive review of the literature revealed a skewed, partial and fragmented conceptualisation of the option, further exacerbated by a concerning tendency effectively to rank quantitative outcomes over qualitative outcomes, even ex post. In this article it is argued that a critical analysis of the theoretical frameworks that underlie this body of work suggests a more realistic conceptualisation of outsourcing, both for management researchers and management decision makers.
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Ravasan, Ahad Zare, Payam Hanafizadeh, Laya Olfat, and Mohammad Taghi Taghavifard. "A Fuzzy TOPSIS Method for Selecting An E-banking Outsourcing Strategy." International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems 13, no. 2 (April 2017): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeis.2017040103.

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Selecting the appropriate IT outsourcing (ITO) strategy is important for firms in general and banking institutions in particular to achieve expected benefits, but it remains complex, risky and lengthy process for clients to select the appropriate ITO strategy. Previous academic efforts to support ITO decision incorporated a limited number of factors, which is over-simplification of multi-faceted real world problems. In this paper, after doing in-depth literature review for identifying influencing factors on such ITO decisions, a model with an application of Fuzzy TOPSIS based approach is proposed to rank and prioritize the alternatives. Throughout this study, the authors use data from a real banking case to run the model for supporting outsourcing decision for five ATM, POS, tele-banking, mobile, and internet-banking services. The proposed model can help ITO decision makers advance their decision making process, especially where parameters involve uncertainties and hardly can be assessed by human judgment.
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Liaw, Ching-Fang, Wan-Chi Jackie Hsu, and Huai-Wei Lo. "A Hybrid MCDM Model to Evaluate and Classify Outsourcing Providers in Manufacturing." Symmetry 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12121962.

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It is a common practice for enterprises to use outsourcing strategies to reduce operating costs and improve product competitiveness. Outsourcing providers or operators need to be aware of environmental protection and make products comply with the restrictions of international environmental regulations. Therefore, this study proposes a set of multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches for systematic green outsourcing evaluation. First, a team of experts is established to discuss mutually dependent relationships among criteria, and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique is applied to generate subjective influential weights. Then, a large amount of data from outsourcing providers is collected, and the criteria importance through the intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method is used to obtain the objective influential weights. Finally, a novel classifiable technique for ordering preference based on similarity to ideal solutions (classifiable TOPSIS) is proposed to integrate the performance of green outsourcing providers and classify them into four levels. The classifiable TOPSIS improves the shortcomings of conventional TOPSIS and establishes a visual rating diagram to help decision-makers to distinguish the performance of outsourcing providers more clearly. Taking a Taiwanese multinational machine tool manufacturer as an example, the performance of outsourcing providers related to manufacturing activities was investigated to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of this proposed model.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "IT outsourcing decision makers"

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Debbink, Thomas M. "MAKE-BUY DECISION MAKING: A MULTI-THEORETICAL EXAMINATION." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin997977397.

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Palmgren, Daniella, and Bränneby Linn. "Outsourcing versus in-house production : Development of a make-or-buy decision model at Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119496.

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The question regarding whether to produce in-house or to purchase from an external supplier is nowadays commonly highlighted as a central and strategic decision for manufacturing firms. Furthermore, the importance of creating a competitive and consistent make-or-buy strategy that is adapted to the context of the firm as well as to today´s dynamic business environment cannot be underestimated. Today, the division Surface and Exploration Drilling (SED) within Atlas Copco Rock Drills AB in Örebro lack a standardized and holistic process to support this decision making, why this is requested. Consequently, this master thesis aims to, in line with Atlas Copco´s business strategy, develop a decision model in order to facilitate the make-or-buy decision at the SED. In order to be able to fulfill the purpose, a thorough examination of the contemporary academic findings was executed. Furthermore, as the requested make-or-buy decision model should be adapted to the firm’s contextual circumstances, SED´s corporate strategy was analyzed and interviews with concerned employees from different functions were conducted. As a result of this, an initial list of parameters that affect the make-or-buy decision was generated. Thereafter, how to decompose, measure and prioritize this selected parameters were determined. Additionally, if any parameter should be considered as a knockout criterion was established as well. Based on this, the first draft of the decision model was developed and presented. An in depth analysis regarding areas of improvements was thereafter executed, and the first draft of the decision model was updated accordingly. Inputs to this analysis were gained from an empirical investigation. In more detail, interviews at both SED and at external suppliers, a calculative case study where the first draft of the model was tested as well as a workshop at SED were all sources of additional inputs. Based on the outcome of the in depth analysis, modifications of the first draft of the model was made which resulted in the final version of the make-or-buy decision model. The result of this investigation can consequently be described as a corporate adapted make-or-buy decision model. The model is divided into seven steps, namely: Core competence analysis Determination of module characteristics Configuration of the make-or-buy setup Request of quotations to potential supplier Volume flexibility, lead time and total cost analysis Risk evaluation Synthesis of above stated parameters, including the parameters: time flexibility impact on R&D operations acquiring competitive knowledge product flexibility the opportunity to share risks long-term capacity Furthermore, the end-user needs to have an idea of what module and what assembly level that could be of interest and use the decision model in order to investigate whether to reject or proceed with this suggested make-or-buy setup. The model also illustrates the need of a regular re-evaluation of the decision made, in order to cope with the dynamic internal and external business environment. One additional advantage with the decision model is that it takes both quantitative and more qualitative aspects into consideration after which a holistic analysis of these can be made.
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Hodosi, Georg. "Information Technology Outsourcing in Large Companies in Sweden : A Perspective on Risks, Relationships and Success Factors." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för data- och systemvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-141707.

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This thesis investigates large private companies in Sweden that have outsourced their information technology (IT). A considerable proportion of IT outsourcing (ITO) is unsuccessful. For IT service buyers, this could cause IT that does not fully work, entailing problems with the network, application, infrastructure and security, with serious consequences such as a loss of customers’ confidence and significantly increased costs. Therefore, the main research goal was to analyse and define ways to improve ITO for buyer organizations. This main research goal was accomplished through three research goals that are the followings: 1) To develop a method for risk assessment in IT outsourcing; 2) To identify the important factors in IT outsourcing relationship; and 3) To identify the success factors in IT outsourcing.                       The research strategies applied in conducting this research were design science research and survey research. To achieve the first research goal, a method was developed for assessing the ITO risks, including support for mitigating these risks. This method could help both researchers and practitioners in estimating the ITO risks and in this way improve ITO. An application based on the developed method was used to facilitate the testing of this method by several ITO decision makers in large companies concerning its usability, correctness and functionality. Moreover, a study was performed to explore ITO decision makers’ acceptance of the developed method and their use of it for assessing the ITO risks.             The second research goal investigated how to improve service buyers’ ITO relationship with their providers. A well-working ITO relationship is a critical determinant of successful ITO and is relevant to the whole ITO life cycle. This research goal was achieved by identifying and analysing the most important factors in ITO relationships, including a prioritized list of those factors that are highly recommended for use in creating and maintaining a good ITO relationship.                       The third research goal examined how to improve ITO by identifying and prioritizing the success factors (SFs) in ITO. This research identified the ITO SFs in large companies and provided a prioritized list of them to be applied in these companies with a description of the value that they could create from implementation during the ITO life cycle. Moreover, the SFs identified in large companies were compared with those identified in medium-sized companies, which could give an indication to the researchers in this field that company size matters in regard to the implementation order of the identified SFs.               In summary, the research presented in this thesis contributes with: 1) a method for assessing the risks of outsourcing IT and, in the case that IT has been outsourced, suggested ways to mitigate them; 2) the important factors that could improve ITO relationships and 3) a prioritized list of success factors that could improve IT outsourcing.
Denna avhandling undersöker stora privata företag i Sverige som har outsourcat sin IT verksamhet. Som vi uppmärksammade har en stor del av IT-outsourcingen (ITO) misslyckats. För köparen av IT-tjänsten kan det leda till bristande IT funktionalitet med allvarliga konsekvenser som i värsta fall leder till förlorade kunder och betydande kostnadsökningar. Därför är det övergripande forskningsmålet är att analysera och fastställa hur ITO:n för köparen av IT tjänsten kan förbättras. För att lösa det övergripande forskningsmålet forskningen undersökte: 1) Utvecklingen av en metod för att bedöma riskerna med IT-outsourcing; 2) Identifiering av de viktiga faktorerna inom IT-outsourcingsrelationer; och 3) Identifiering av en lista över framgångsfaktorer i IT-outsourcing. De använda forskningsstrategierna för att genomföra forskningen var ”design science research" och kartläggning. För att uppnå först huvudforskningsmålet, har en metod tagits fram för att bedöma riskerna och vägleda hur man kan minska dem. Den här metoden kan hjälpa både forskare och de som utövar IT-outsourcing med att bedöma ITO-riskerna och på så sätt förbättra sina IT-outsourcing.  En programvara baserad på den metoden har utvecklats för att underlätta testningen av metoden vilket har genomförts med IT beslutsfattare på stora organisationer, beträffande användbarhet, korrekthet och funktionalitet. Dessutom har en studie utförts för att bedöma om programvaran kan accepteras av IT beslutsfattare och få reda på om de skulle använda metoden för att bedöma ITO riskerna. Det andra forskningsmålet har undersökt hur köparna av den outsourcade IT-tjänsten kan förbättra relationen med sina leverantörer. En bra ITO-relation är en avgörande faktor för en framgångsrik ITO och den är viktig för hela livscykeln. Forskningsmålet har uppnåtts genom analys för att hitta de viktigaste faktorerna ITO-relationsfaktorer, som studien rekommenderar för att skapa och underhålla en bra ITO relation. Det tredje forskningsmålet har undersökt hur ITO kan förbättras genom att identifiera och prioritera framgångsfaktorerna i ITO. Studien har identifierat framgångsfaktorerna i stora företag och tagit fram en lista med prioriterade framgångsfaktorer som bör implementeras i de undersökta företagen. Dessutom så har nyttan av dessa framgångsfaktorer beskrivits under ITO livscykeln. Dessutom har de identifierade framgångsfaktorerna från stora företag jämförts med framgångsfaktorerna som har identifierats för medelstora företag. Denna jämförelse ger en indikation till forskarna på det här området att prioriteringen av framgångsfaktorerna är beroende av företagsstorlek. Sammanfattningsvis, den beskrivna forskningen i den här uppsatsen bidrar med: 1) En metod för att bedöma risker och förslag på hur minska dessa risker; 2) En lista med de viktiga faktorerna för att förbättra ITO relationen inom IT-outsourcing och; 3) En prioriterad lista av framgångsfaktorer som kan förbättra IT outsourcing.
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Mobus, Sandra. "Verticalização e terceirização das atividades logísticas : estudo de casos múltiplos no setor químico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56077.

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A logística permite desenvolver estratégias para a redução de custos e aumento do nível de serviço ofertado ao cliente. A tomada de decisão sobre a empresa executar internamente as atividades logísticas ou terceirizar essas atividades é uma decisão tão importante que na grande maioria das empresas ela é feita em nível de Diretoria ou Gerência. A tendência empresarial de manter o foco no negócio é uma estratégia que vem sendo adotada cada vez mais pelas empresas. Consequentemente, atividades fora do core business estão sendo terceirizadas. No setor de distribuição de produtos químicos verifica-se a presença tanto de empresas que terceirizam suas atividades logísticas quanto de empresas que verticalizam, não havendo uma unanimidade a respeito no setor. Dado este contexto, o objetivo da pesquisa é o de analisar a adoção da verticalização ou da terceirização das atividades logísticas em empresas distribuidoras de produtos químicos. Assim, a questão de pesquisa é: Por que as empresas adotam a estratégia de verticalização ou de terceirização de suas atividades logísticas? A pesquisa é qualitativa descritiva e aplicou o método de estudo de caso, através da investigação de casos múltiplos realizada em empresas distribuidoras de produtos químicos. A pesquisa utilizou como fontes de evidência entrevistas e análise de documentos, sendo inicialmente feitos dois estudos de caso pilotos e após as devidas correções foram feitos mais dois estudos de casos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a constatação dos seguintes fatores como sendo motivadores da adoção da verticalização das atividades logísticas: reduzir custos, ter maior controle da operação, aumentar os níveis de serviço logístico e focar em logística (competência central) foram determinantes, enquanto dispor de habilidades e recursos e aumentar a proximidade com o cliente foram considerados importantes. O fator atender todos os requisitos logísticos do negócio não foi levado em consideração na adoção da verticalização das empresas. Em relação à terceirização das atividades logísticas, os seguintes fatores foram identificados como motivadores de sua adoção: reduzir investimentos em ativos, reduzir custos e focar no core business foram determinantes, enquanto os fatores expandir mercados e aumentar a flexibilidade da operação foram considerados importantes. Os fatores: ter acesso a competências externas; melhorar as tecnologias de informação utilizadas e aumentar os níveis de serviço logístico não foram fatores considerados pelas empresas quando optam por terceirizar suas atividades logísticas. Assim, a dissertação buscou trazer contribuições para a área de Logística, pois explorou e analisou um tema sempre considerado atual e estratégico que é o da terceirização ou verticalização das atividades logísticas, em um mesmo contexto. Já para a prática gerencial, a principal contribuição pretendida foi a de fornecer subsídios para ajudar os executivos de logística na tomada de decisão terceirizar x verticalizar.
Logistics allow the company to develop strategies for cost reduction and increase the level of the service offered to the client. For the company to make the decision of executing internally the logistics activities or to outsource these activities is such an important one that in most of the companies this decision is made by the directors or managers. The companies’ trend to keep the focus on the business is a strategy which has been adopted more and more. Consequently, activities out of the core business of the companies are being outsourced. In the sector of distribution of chemicals we can observe the presence of companies that outsource their logistics activities and companies that insource, meaning that there is no unanimity about this in the sector. Given this context, the objective of the research is to analyze the adoption of insourcing or outsourcing of logistics activities in chemicals distribution companies. Thus, the research question is: Why do companies adopt the strategy of insourcing or outsourcing their logistics activities? The qualitative research is descriptive and applied the method of case studies, by investigating multiple cases performed in distributors of chemicals. The research used interviews as sources of evidence and analysis of documents and initially two pilot case studies were made and after corrections two more case studies were made. The results led to the finding of the following factors as drivers of the adoption of the vertical integration of logistics activities: reduce costs, greater control of the operation, increase levels of service and focus on logistics (core competency) were determinants, while having skills and resources and increase customer proximity were important. The factor meet all the requirements of the logistics business was not taken into consideration in the adoption of vertical integration of enterprises. Regarding outsourcing logistics activities, the following factors were identified as motivators of the adoption: reduce asset investment, reduce costs and focus on core business were decisive factors while the factors market expansion and increase the flexibility of the operation were considered important. The factors: have access to external expertise, improve the information technology used and increase levels of logistical service were not considered by companies when they choose to outsource their logistics activities.The dissertation sought to bring contributions to the field of logistics, since it explored and analyzed a theme that is always current and strategic, which is the outsourcing or insourcing of logistics activities, in the same context. For the management practice, the main contribution intended was to provide information that can help the logistics executives in the decision to outsource x insource.
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Köhler, Florian. "Reps or agents or both: Managers' rationale behind how to organize the sales function : About the rationale of decision-makers in manufacturing companies of the Swedish prefabricated wooden house industry behind the organization of sales forces." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-30273.

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Problem - Decision makers shape the structure of the sales function, but it is unclear how they go about it and why. The rationale for making certain decisions need to be analyzed in order to understand why different decision makers apply different sales strategies. Topic - The Swedish prefabricated wooden house industry consists of many actors with no clear market leader. The sales force seems to mainly consists of external sales agents (manufacturers' representatives, also called reps), though some manufacturers also employ direct sales agents at the manufacturing company. Prefabricated wooden houses corresponded to 86% of all building permits requested during 2015. Purpose - This thesis aims to explore decision-makers' rationale behind the organization of manufacturers' sales forces in the Swedish prefabricated wooden house industry. Method - Semi-structures interviews with decision makers at manufacturing companies in the Swedish prefabricated wooden house industry have been conducted in order to fulfill the purpose of this study. The empirical findings are then analyzed based on theory that has been collected through partly inductive, partly deductive approaches. Main results - Decision makers use different arguments to justify their strategies. Many different rationale applied translates into no clear pattern besides the one that there seems to be no clear pattern. Arguments for a rationale decision are given without analytical proof for an assumption. Some interviewees are in essence for an integrated sales force, though might also work with reps.
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Öhlin, Ebba. "The decision behind outsourcing New Product Development : An exploratory case study in the context of technical products." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78905.

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In todays increased globalized business world and with a firms’ ongoing need for higher quality and lower costs, outsourcing is a popular strategy for companies to use. This thesis intends to study outsourcing in the context of new product development (NPD). The aim of this research is to contribute to the field of operations management. This is achieved by improving the understanding of decision-making during outsourcing NPD by investigating what factors affect the outsourcing decision. This will be fulfilled by addressing the research question What affect the choice between make or buy in outsourcing New Product Development?  By conducting an exploratory single case study and performing semi-structured interviews, the factors that influence decision-making in outsourcing of NPD could be generated. The findings show that competence, time, service, costs, strategy, and ability to collaborate with supplier were important factors that influenced the decision. The factors were analyzed and compared with transaction cost economics and resource-based views, which are theoretical perspectives commonly used to understand the firm’s strategical decisions. The factors from the findings were also used to conduct a cost model and a decision model. This can help a firm’s decision-making and increase the understanding of how the decision in outsourcing of NPD is made.  The results lend support to the argument that outsourcing decisions are complex. With different factors creating different influences, and all of them need to be considered in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the decision. The findings also suggest that no theoretical perspective can alone completely explain the decision of outsourcing NPD, they need to be integrated with another demand-oriented perspective. A recommendation for further research should be to investigate how the cost model and decision model could be implemented in practical situations and in different contexts.
I dagens globala affärsvärld och företags konstanta strävande efter högre kvalité och lägre kostnader, så är utkontraktering en populär strategi att använda. Denna avhandling avser att studera utkontraktering i samband med ny produktutveckling (PU). Syftet med forskningen är att bidra till området för verksamhetsstyrning genom att förbättra förståelsen i beslutsfattande för utkontraktering av ny produktutveckling genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar beslutet av att utkontraktera. För att uppfylla detta ska forskningsfrågan Vad påverkar valet mellan att köpa eller göra i utkontraktering av ny produktutveckling? besvaras. Genom att genomföra en explorativ fallstudie och utföra semistrukturerade intervjuer så kan de påverkande faktorerna bakom utkontraktering av PU genereras. Resultatet visade att kompetens, tid, service, kostnad, strategi och förmågan att samarbeta med leverantör är viktiga faktorer att ta hänsyn till vid beslutet. Faktorerna analyserades och jämfördes med transaktionskostnad- och resursbaserad teori som är vanliga teoretiska teorier att applicera för att förstå ett företags strategiska beslut. De framtagna faktorerna användes också gör att konstruera en kostnad- och beslutsmodell som kan användas som stöd och hjälp för företags beslutsfattande och öka förståelsen för hur beslutet av att utkontraktera PU görs.  Resultatet ger stöd till tidigare forskning som menar på att beslutet av att utkontraktera är komplext vilket innebär att flera faktorer påverkar beslutet och alla faktorer behöver bli betraktade för att kunna få en heltäckande förståelse för beslutet. Resultatet visade också på att ingen av de teoretiska perspektiven kan ensamt förklara beslutet av att utkontraktera PU, utan de behöver bli integrerade med ett annat perspektiv för att fullt kunna förklara beslutet. En rekommendation till framtida forskning kan vara att undersöka praktisk tillämpning av kostnadsmodellen och beslutsmodellen och hur de kan användas i andra kontext.
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Weber, Deisi Luana Diel. "Sourcing decision: a behavioral perspective, a replication of david hall teses." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5224.

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UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
This research presents an investigation about the decision-making process regarding Make or Buy, trying to understand which variables most influence this decision to insource some activities, to outsource others, or to better estimate a percentage to combine both. The dependent variable on our research is the behavioral decision-making process, measuring the influence received by cost, quality, and monitoring. Trying to understand if differences between these independent variables influence how managers make their decision in the context of insource or outsource production. In order to test this model empirically, an experiment research was conducted, on the basis of eight different scenarios, which simulate a purchasing decision situation ranging the variables costs, quality, and monitoring of suppliers between High and Low, to understand the relationship of these constructs with the decision-making process of Brazilian managers. It was performed with a sample of 211 students from the Production Engineer course at Universidade do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos). The data was analyzed using statistical technique ANOVA. The results demonstrate that managers consider cost variation to decide about how much to internalize and how much to outsource. They change their choices when quality is higher in their suppliers than inside the company. They also evaluate manager capability to control costs over their suppliers and on their process inside the company. However, they do not change their sourcing decision due to supplier’s monitoring variation, neither when quality monitoring is considered. This issue was already addressed in Hall’s study (2012) conducted in the United States. Thus, we decided to replicate his in Brazil in order to check if in a different environment, with other economic, politic, social, and regulatory situation, the manager will change their decisions. Nevertheless, after comparing both studies, we realize that the same hypothesis was supported in both studies, what means that even in another context the same variables are considered to base managers sourcing decision.
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Blomkvist, Klas, and Samuel Cervall. "Globala försörjningsbeslut i en industriell kontext." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Industriell organisation och produktion, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-32257.

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Purpose – The purpose with this study is to investigate which factors that needs to be considered for sourcing decisions to ensure an optimal long-term decision, and which of these factors that can be quantified in a product costing model. To fulfill this purpose two research questions have been proposed: Which factors needs to be considered for a sourcing decision? Which of these factors that needs to be considered can be quantified in a product costing model? Method – A case study was conducted to fulfill the purpose of this study. The case study produced empirical data through interviews and document studies. The empirical data was interpreted and analyzed on the basis of the theoretical framework, created through literature studies. This process produced the result of this study. Findings – Factors to be considered for a sourcing decision have been identified and categorized in four over-arching categories: unit cost, logistical factors, capability factors and risk factors. These factors have been quantified in a product costing model. A preparatory decision model was created to further integrate some risk factors that could not be quantified. Implications – Both the make or buy decision and the manufacturing location decision have been considered in the product costing model presented in this study. The product costing model visualize and take into account hidden costs, rarely considered in sourcing decisions. This further enables optimal long-term sourcing decisions. Limitations – Risk factors remain difficult to quantify. This makes it difficult to determine the cost of risk factors, and as a result of that, to include them in a product costing model. Companies with similar conditions suites the model since the case study was conducted at only one company. Whether the product costing model is true for business in other contexts remain uncertain.
Syfte – Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer som bör beaktas vid ett försörjningsbeslut för att säkerställa ett långsiktigt korrekt beslut och vilka av dessa som kan kvantifieras i en kalkylmodell. För att uppfylla syftet har följande två frågeställningar formulerats: Vilka faktorer bör beaktas vid ett försörjningsbeslut? Vilka av dessa faktorer som bör beaktas kan kvantifieras i en kalkylmodell? Metod – För att uppfylla studiens syfte genomfördes en fallstudie. Med hjälp av intervjuer och dokumentstudier har fallstudien genererat empirisk data. Utifrån det teoretiska ramverket, som skapats genom litteraturstudier, har data tolkats och analyserats. Detta har gett upphov till studiens resultat. Resultat – Faktorer som bör beaktas vid ett försörjningsbeslut har identifierats och kategoriserats i fyra övergripande kategorier: enhetskostnad, logistikfaktorer, kapabilitetsfaktorer och riskfaktorer. Dessa faktorer har kvantifierats i en kalkylmodell. För vissa riskfaktorer som är svåra att kvantifiera har en förberedande beslutsmodell skapats. Implikationer – Kalkylmodellen som presenteras i denna studie beaktar både tillverka/köp-beslutet och lokaliseringsbeslutet. Kalkylmodellen tar hänsyn till dolda kostnader som sällan beaktas vid dessa typer av beslut. Detta möjliggör ett långsiktigt korrekt försörjningsbeslut. Begränsningar – Riskfaktorer är fortsatt svåra att kvantifiera och därmed kostnadsbestämma. Detta gör det svårt att inkludera dem i en kalkylmodel. Då fallstudien genomfördes på endast ett fallföretag är kalkylmodellen lämpad för företag med liknande förutsättningar. Det är därför svårt att säga hur väl kalkylmodellen stämmer för företag i andra kontexter.
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Matthee, Thomas Francois. "Make, buy or rent decision for information systems in the heavy engineering industry / Matthee, T.F." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7032.

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The study focuses on the use of information systems in the Heavy Engineering industry in South Africa and the decision to make, buy or rent information systems. Special focus was placed on the factors that influence the decision to make, buy or rent information systems. It is undeniable that changes in the competitive environment, such as technological advances and globalisation, are driving organisations toward new ways of operating. In striving to become flexible, lean, and more competitive, organisations have been increasingly swift to externalise support service functions. Every organisation must adapt to the current economic environment, the technology available in its industry and consider the risk and rewards within the industry framework. Organisations should carefully analyse the impact of their decisions, especially in consideration of the extent to which organisational competencies and competitive advantage could be affected. An extensive literature study was conducted on the factors that influence the decision to make, buy or rent. The literature study portrays the ideal state or methodologies for acquiring information systems and the best practices used in evaluating the best option for the organisation. The literature indicated the criteria for evaluating the decision to make, buy or rent information systems are the business need, in–house experience, project skills, project management and the time frame. These criteria can be broken down into the factors that have an influence on the decision, competitive advantage, security, skills, expertise, available resources, cost, time, implementation, support, maintenance, performance, quality, documentation, vendor issues, size of organisation, expected annual transactions, software control, functionality, productivity and increased turnover. Calculating the benefit that can be achieved from information systems must also include measures to incorporate the total benefit, not only the financial benefit. The balance scorecard approach measures the total return accompanying an investment in information systems, broken down into four sections, the financial perspective that measures the tangible outcomes, the customer perspective that measures customer value (quality, delivery and skill), the internal process perspective that measures the internal processes that add value and have the greatest impact on strategy and finally the learning and growth perspective that measures the intangible assets which focuses on human capital. Information systems form part of the corporate strategy, competitive positioning and must be aligned with the overall strategy of the organisation. A survey was done to determine the opinions about the different options managers/organisations have to consider when seeking to fulfil organisational requirements for information systems. Methodological issues as well as considerations with regard to gathering the data were discussed. A questionnaire was designed to collect data to obtain the information needed to solve the research problem. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was tested and it was found that a moderate to high level of consistency exists. The survey results were then presented in frequency tables and were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as inferring possible trends or conclusions based on relationships between certain responses on specific related questions and referring to the literature study. A framework was compiled from the literature study and empirical study that can be used for the purpose of decision–making in the make, buy or renting of information systems in the heavy engineering environment in South Africa. Benefits from purchasing software from a vendor include competitive advantage, available resources, implementation of the system, support to the system, system performance, documentation and training, and business functionality. Benefits from open source offerings include the size of the organisation and the number of expected annual transactions by the organisation. Benefits from SaaS (Software as a service) include competitive advantage, expertise, system performance and business functionality. Benefits from the outsourcing of development and other IT functions include competitive advantage, security, skills, available resources, implementation of the system, support to the system, system performance, documentation and training, business functionality and technical functionality. Benefits from developing in–house all or part of the effort include competitive advantage, security, skills, expertise, available resources, time, implementation of the system, support to the system, maintenance and upgrades, system performance, quality, documentation and training, business functionality, technical functionality, productivity improvements and increased turnover. Overall the linkage between the literature study and the empirical study concludes
Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Ilten, Paul. "Ansätze für profitables Wachstum von BPO-Dienstleistern." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-175529.

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In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, wie eine theoriegeleitete Bewertung der Auslagerungseignung von Geschäftsprozessen erfolgen kann und welche Ansatzpunkte für profitables Wachstum von Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)-Anbietern in Deutschland sich aus der Nutzung einer entsprechenden Methodik ableiten lassen. Dazu wird in drei Schritten vorgegangen. In einem ersten Schritt wird ein theoretisch-konzeptionelles Bewertungsmodell zur Bestimmung der Auslagerungseignung von Geschäftsprozessen entwickelt. In einem zweiten Schritt werden Möglichkeiten einer konzeptionellen Übertragung dieses Modells auf Praxisanwendungen geprüft. Im abschließenden dritten Schritt wird gezeigt, wie die Verwendung des in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Bewertungsmodells im Rahmen der Marktbearbeitungsaktivitäten von BPO-Dienstleistern einen Beitrag zum profitablen Wachstum dieser Anbieter leisten kann
In this thesis it is studied how a theory-based assessment of business processes regarding their adequacy for outsourcing can be carried out and what starting points for profitable growth of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) providers in Germany can result from the application of such a methodology. For this purpose a three step approach is taken. As a first step a theory-based concept of an assessment model to determine the adequacy of outsourcing business processes is developed. As a second step possibilities for transferring the concept of this model to real life applications are examined. In a final third step it is shown how the assessment model developed here can be used as part of the marketing activities of BPO companies to contribute to their profitable growth
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Books on the topic "IT outsourcing decision makers"

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Strategic outsourcing: A structured approach to outsourcing decisions and initiatives. New York: AMACOM, 1999.

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Robert, Heller. The decision makers. London: Guild, 1989.

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Guy, Tatiana Valentine, Miroslav Kárný, and David H. Wolpert, eds. Decision Making with Imperfect Decision Makers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24647-0.

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Borrmann, Christine. Outsourcing: Bedeutung und Chancenpotential für Hamburg. Hamburg: Das Institut, 1997.

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Karen, Fortin, ed. Taxation for decision makers. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.

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Karen, Fortin, ed. Taxation for decision makers. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.

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Karen, Fortin, ed. Taxation for decision makers. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.

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1935-, Stein Judith K., ed. Presentations for decision makers. 3rd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996.

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1935-, Stein Judith K., ed. Presentations for decision makers. 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.

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Atrill, Peter. Financial management for decision makers. 6th ed. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "IT outsourcing decision makers"

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Cordell, Andrea, and Ian Thompson. "Outsourcing Decision Matrix." In The Procurement Models Handbook, 85–87. Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Earlier editions published as: Purchasing models handbook: a guide to the most popular business models used in purchasing / Andrea Reynolds and Ian Thompson.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351239509-26.

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Vagadia, Bharat. "Strategic Outsourcing Decision Governance." In Strategic Outsourcing, 101–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22209-2_8.

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Gerardi, Bart. "Identify Decision Makers." In No-Drama Project Management, 105–21. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-3991-8_8.

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Kendrick, David A. "Multiple Decision Makers." In Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Applied Econometrics, 116–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2746-9_12.

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Eldo, Frezza. "Surrogate Decision Makers." In Medical Ethics, 181–86. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2019.: Productivity Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429506949-25.

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Rolstadås, Asbjørn, Bjørnar Henriksen, and David O’Sullivan. "Approaching the Partner Selection and Location Decision." In Manufacturing Outsourcing, 109–17. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2954-7_13.

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Lacity, Mary C., Leslie P. Willcocks, and David Feeny. "Making the Outsourcing Decision." In Information Systems and Outsourcing, 212–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230594838_7.

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Bunn, Michael, and Zack Campbell. "Outsourcing Investment Decision Making." In Winning the Institutional Investing Race, 41–45. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-0832-8_7.

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de Almeida, Adiel Teixeira, Cristiano Alexandre Virgínio Cavalcante, Marcelo Hazin Alencar, Rodrigo José Pires Ferreira, Adiel Teixeira de Almeida-Filho, and Thalles Vitelli Garcez. "Decision on Maintenance Outsourcing." In International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, 249–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17969-8_7.

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D’Onofrio, Rosalba, and Massimo Sargolini. "Interaction with Decision-Makers." In The Urban Book Series, 301–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65581-9_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "IT outsourcing decision makers"

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Lisse, Stephen D. "Applying System Dynamics for Nuclear Power Plant Design." In ASME 2014 Small Modular Reactors Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smr2014-3308.

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This study analyzed a system dynamics model for outsourcing engineering services in a large and complex project organizational structure that is typically associated with nuclear power plants. A literature review indicated that most of the reviewed papers implied the project engineering resources were totally insourced or the authors were silent regarding any resources that were outsourced. Comprehensive sensitivity analysis of various model parameters was performed. Results of running the SD model indicate that the quality and productivity of the outsourced resources and the initial number of assigned experienced engineers significantly impacted the amount and timing of engineering work completion. An analysis was also performed on the project outcomes by varying the number of initial and changed engineering tasks. The results indicate the decision to insource/outsource engineering work on nuclear power plant projects may have significant cost and time impacts which should be considered by decision makers.
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Parry, Joe. "Visualisation for Decision-Makers." In 2011 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference (EISIC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eisic.2011.88.

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MONTERO, J. "CLASSIFIERS AND DECISION MAKERS." In Proceedings of the 6th International FLINS Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702661_0006.

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Melton, R. B., and R. F. Ambrosio. "Interoperability Checklist for decision-makers." In Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2010.5590183.

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Power, Daniel. "Supporting Decision-Makers: An Expanded Framework." In 2001 Informing Science Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2384.

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A conceptual framework for Decision Support Systems (DSS) is developed based on the dominant technology component or driver of decision support, the targeted users, the specific purpose of the system and the primary deployment technology. Five generic categories based on the dominant technology component are proposed, including Communications-Driven, Data-Driven, Document-Driven, Knowledge-Driven, and Model-Driven Decision Support Systems. Each generic DSS can be targeted to internal or external stakeholders. DSS can have specific or very general purposes. Finally, the DSS deployment technology may be a mainframe computer, a client/server LAN, or a Web-Based architecture. The goal in proposing this expanded DSS framework is to help people understand how to integrate, evaluate and select appropriate means for supporting and informing decision-makers.
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Mbiatem, Jane, Atour Taghipour, and Beatrice Canel-Depitre. "Supplier Selection Approaches for Decision Makers." In the 8th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3268891.3268895.

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Biron, Daniele, Francesco Zauli, and Davide Melfi. "Integrated information to support decision makers." In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Wayne F. Feltz and John J. Murray. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.794738.

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Li, Zhaolei, Qunqi Wu, and Yaqi Zhang. "Three-Stage Outsourcing Decision Model Based on Different Outsourcing Patterns." In International Conference of Logistics Engineering and Management (ICLEM) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41139(387)152.

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Yu, Shipeng, Evangelia Christakopoulou, and Abhishek Gupta. "Identifying Decision Makers from Professional Social Networks." In KDD '16: The 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2939672.2939707.

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Sasaki, Hideyasu. "Decision making under asynchronous time constraint among bilateral decision makers." In 2010 International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition (SoCPaR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/socpar.2010.5686521.

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Reports on the topic "IT outsourcing decision makers"

1

Brecke, Fritz H., and Sharon K. Garcia. Desktop Training for Decision Makers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387734.

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Brock, Floyd. Enhanced Computer Graphics for Decision Makers. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1237.

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Bruce, B., and D. Davidson. GIS for decision makers: an operational definition. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/193939.

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SIVAKS, ANNA, OKSANA GORBUNOVA, and YEVGENY FROLOV. ALGORITHM FOR MAKING A STRATEGIC DECISION ABOUT OUTSOURCING. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2020-1-3-126-136.

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Basar, Tamer. Stochastic Systems with Multiple Decision Makers and Parametric Uncertainties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada206655.

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Basar, Tamer. Stochastic Systems with Multiple Decision Makers and Parametric Uncertainties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada221384.

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Papastavrou, Jason D., and Michael Athans. Optimum Configuration for Distributed Teams of Two Decision-Makers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada199641.

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Cruz, Jose B., Basar Jr., and Tamer. Stochastic Dynamic Systems with Multiple Decision Makers and Parametric Uncertainties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada179382.

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Jungbauer, Thomas, Sean Nicholson, June Pan, and Michael Waldman. The Organization of Innovation: Property Rights and the Outsourcing Decision. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28379.

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Ludwig, Jens, and Sendhil Mullainathan. Fragile Algorithms and Fallible Decision-Makers: Lessons from the Justice System. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29267.

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