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Journal articles on the topic "IT-ret"
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Drilon, Alexander E., Dayong Zhai, Evan Rogers, et al. "The next-generation RET inhibitor TPX-0046 is active in drug-resistant and naïve RET-driven cancer models." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (2020): 3616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.3616.
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3616 Background: RET fusions/mutations drive oncogenesis in lung and thyroid cancers, and several other malignancies. Selective RET inhibitors (selpercatinib/pralsetinib) are active in patients with these cancers; unfortunately, resistance often occurs. On-target resistance includes the acquisition of solvent front mutations (SFMs i.e. RET G810 substitutions). TPX-0046 is a structurally differentiated RET inhibitor that is potent against a range of RET fusions and mutations including SFMs. Methods: The rationally-designed, compact, macrocyclic RET/SRC inhibitor TPX-0046 was characterized in RET-driven in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Results: In enzymatic assays, TPX-0046 showed low nanomolar potency against wild-type RET and 18 RET mutations/fusions. It was potent against SRC and spared VEGFR2/KDR. TPX-0046 inhibited RET phosphorylation (IC50 < 10 nM) in tumor cell lines (LC2/ad, CCDC6-RET; TT, RET C634W) and Ba/F3 engineered RET models (WT, G810R). In cell proliferation assays, TPX-0046 inhibited KIF5B-RET Ba/F3, LC2/ad, and TT cells with IC50 values ~1 nM. Ba/F3 RET engineered cells with SFMs (e.g. G810C/R/S) were potently inhibited by TPX-0046 (mean proliferation IC50 1–17 nM). TPX-0046 demonstrated marked in vivo anti-tumor efficacy in RET-driven cell-derived and patient-derived xenograft tumor models. In a Ba/F3 KIF5B-RET xenograft model, a single dose of 5 mg/kg TPX-0046 inhibited > 80% of RET phosphorylation (corresponding mean free plasma concentration: 51 nM). At 5 mg/kg BID, tumor regression was observed in RET-dependent xenograft models, including those that harbor RET SFMs: TT, CTG-0838 PDX (NSCLC, KIF5B-RET), CR1520 PDX (CRC, NCOA4-RET), Ba/F3 KIF5B-RET, and Ba/F3 KIF5B-RET G810R. Conclusions: TPX-0046 is a unique next-generation RET inhibitor that possesses potent in vitro and in vivo activity against a diverse range of RET alterations, including SFM-mediated resistance. A phase 1/2 trial for RET inhibitor-resistant and naïve RET-driven cancers is on-going (NCT04161391).
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Ammer, Stefanie, Christian Lambertz, and Matthias Gauly. "Comparison of different measuring methods for body temperature in lactating cows under different climatic conditions." Journal of Dairy Research 83, no. 2 (2016): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029916000182.
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The aim of the research described here was to compare different methods of body temperature (BT) measurements in dairy cows. It was hypothesised that reticular temperature (RET) values reflect the physiological status of the animals in an equivalent way to rectal (RT) and vaginal (VT) measurements. RT, VT and RET temperatures of twelve lactating Holstein–Friesian cows were measured over five consecutive days in June and October 2013. While RT and VT were manually measured three times a day, RET was automatically recorded at 10 min intervals using a bolus in the reticulum. For comparison with RT and VT, different RET values were used: single values at the respective recording times (RET-SIN), and mean (RET-MEAN) and median (RET-MED) values of 2 h prior to RT and VT measurements. Overall, body temperatures averaged 38·1 ± 0·6, 38·2 ± 0·4, 38·7 ± 0·9, 38·5 ± 0·7 and 38·7 ± 0·5 °C for RT, VT, RET-SIN, RET-MEAN and RET-MED, respectively. RT and VT were lower than all RET measurements, while RET-SIN and RET-MED were higher than RET-MEAN (P < 0·001). RET-MEAN and RET-MED values were higher in the morning, whereas RT and VT were greatest in the evening (P < 0·001). Overall, records of RT and VT were strongly correlated (r = 0·75; P < 0·001). In contrast to RET-SIN and RET-MEAN, RET-MED was higher correlated to RT and VT. In June, coefficients were higher between all methods than in October. Relation of barn T to RT and VT was stronger when compared to RET measurements. RET-SIN was higher correlated to barn T than RET-MEAN or RET-MED. Correlation between VT and barn T was strongest (r = 0·48; P < 0·001). In summary, RET-MED showed highest correlation with VT and RT. However, single RET measurements (influenced by water or feed intake) can lead to extreme variations and differences to single VT and RT values.
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Hennige, Anita M., Reiner Lammers, Wolfgang Höppner, et al. "Inhibition of Ret Oncogene Activity by the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP1." Endocrinology 142, no. 10 (2001): 4441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.142.10.8453.
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Abstract Germline mutations in the Ret protooncogene give rise to the inherited endocrine cancer syndromes MEN types 2A and 2B and familiar medullary thyroid carcinoma. Although it is well accepted that the constitutive active tyrosine kinase of Ret oncogenes ultimately leads to malignant transformation, it is not clear whether a decrease in the autophosphorylation of oncogenic Ret forms can affect the mitogenic and transforming activities of Ret. Potential modulators of the tyrosine kinase activity of Ret could be tyrosine phosphatases that are expressed in human thyroid tissue. Therefore, we investigated the impact of the tyrosine phosphatases SHP1 and SHP2 on the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and oncogenic potency of Ret with a 9-bp duplication in the cysteine-rich domain (codons 634–636), which was described in a patient with MEN type 2A recently. SHP1 and SHP2 were stably overexpressed in NIH3T3 fibroblasts together with Ret-9bp. Coexpression of SHP1 with Ret-9bp reduced the autophosphorylation of Ret-9bp by 19 ± 7% (P = 0.01, n = 4), whereas no effect was seen with SHP2. Furthermore, Ret-9bp could be coimmunoprecipitated with SHP1 but not with SHP2 antibodies. Suppression of the Ret-9bp tyrosine kinase activity by SHP1 caused a decrease in activation of Erk2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and abolished PKB/Akt (protein kinase B) phosphorylation. In addition, diminished Ret-9bp autophosphorylation led to reduced phosphorylation of the transcription factor jun-D. Finally, the inhibitory effect on Ret-9bp signaling resulted in a 40–60% reduction of[ 3H]thymidine incorporation and in reduced ability of NIH3T3 cells to form colonies in soft agar. In conclusion, the data suggest that SHP1 caused a moderate reduction of Ret autophosphorylation, which led to a strong suppression of the Ret oncogene activity.
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Durick, Kyle, Gordon N. Gill, and Susan S. Taylor. "Shc and Enigma Are Both Required for Mitogenic Signaling by Ret/ptc2." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 4 (1998): 2298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.4.2298.
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ABSTRACT Ret/ptc2 is a constitutively active, oncogenic form of the c-Ret receptor tyrosine kinase. Like the other papillary thyroid carcinoma forms of Ret, Ret/ptc2 is activated through fusion of the Ret tyrosine kinase domain to the dimerization domain of another protein. Investigation of requirements for Ret/ptc2 mitogenic activity, using coexpression with dominant negative forms of Ras and Raf, indicated that these proteins are required for mitogenic signaling by Ret/ptc2. Because activation of Ras requires recruitment of Grb2 and SOS to the plasma membrane, the subcellular distribution of Ret/ptc2 was investigated, and it was found to localize to the cell periphery. This localization was mediated by association with Enigma via the Ret/ptc2 sequence containing tyrosine 586. Because Shc interacts with MEN2 forms of Ret, and because phosphorylation of Shc results in Grb2 recruitment and subsequent signaling through Ras and Raf, the potential interaction between Ret/ptc2 and Shc was investigated. The PTB domain of Shc also interacted with Ret/ptc2 at tyrosine 586, and this association resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc. Coexpression of chimeric proteins demonstrated that mitogenic signaling from Ret/ptc2 required both recruitment of Shc and subcellular localization by Enigma. Because Shc and Enigma interact with the same site on a Ret/ptc2 monomer, dimerization of Ret/ptc2 allows assembly of molecular complexes that are properly localized via Enigma and transmit mitogenic signals via Shc.
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Corsini, Raymond J. "Putting the “B” in ret: It had to be." Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 13, no. 1 (1995): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02354554.
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Ahn, Beung-chul, Viola W. Zhu, and Sun Min Lim. "The Next Target for NSCLC: Let It Be “RET”." Journal of Thoracic Oncology 15, no. 12 (2020): 1803–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2020.09.008.
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Carlomagno, Francesca, Teresa Guida, Suresh Anaganti, et al. "Identification of tyrosine 806 as a molecular determinant of RET kinase sensitivity to ZD6474." Endocrine-Related Cancer 16, no. 1 (2009): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/erc-08-0213.
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ZD6474 (vandetanib, Zactima, Astra Zeneca) is an anilinoquinazoline used to target the receptor tyrosine kinase RET in familial and sporadic thyroid carcinoma (IC50: 100 nM). The aim of this study was to identify molecular determinants of RET sensitivity to ZD6474. Here, we show that mutation of RET tyrosine 806 to cysteine (Y806C) induced RET kinase resistance to ZD6474 (IC50: 933 nM). Y806 maps close to the gate-keeper position at the RET kinase nucleotide-binding pocket. Although tyrosine 806 is a RET auto-phosphorylation site, its substitution to phenylalanine (Y806F) did not markedly affect RET susceptibility to ZD6474 (IC50: 87 nM), suggesting that phosphorylation of Y806 is not required for compound binding. Accordingly, the introduction of a phosphomimetic residue (Y806E) also caused resistance to ZD6474, albeit of a lesser degree (IC50: 512 nM) than the cysteine mutation. Y806C/E RET mutants were also resistant to ZD6474 with respect to intracellular signalling and activation of an AP1-responsive promoter. We conclude that Y806 is a molecular determinant of RET sensitivity to ZD6474. Y806C is a natural RET mutation identified in a patient affected by multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. Based on its rare occurrence, it is unlikely that Y806C will be a frequent cause of refractoriness to ZD6474; however, it may be envisaged that mutations at this site can mediate secondary resistance formation in patients treated with the compound.
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Jones, Stanton L. "Rational-Emotive Therapy in Christian Perspective." Journal of Psychology and Theology 17, no. 2 (1989): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164718901700203.
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Rational-emotive therapy (RET), a common cognitive-behavioral approach to psychotherapy, is critiqued from a Christian perspective. Positively, RET is openly value-oriented, prizing of rationality, and balanced in its attempt to deal with the thoughts, behaviors, and feelings of the client from a rational perspective. Such an approach can be a helpful tool for the Christian therapist to use. Difficulties with RET thought from a Christian perspective include incompatibilities with values endorsed by RET, an overemphasis on rationality, problems with the understanding of rationality and emotion, and an overly atomistic view of the self. These tensions make it quite impossible for a truly Christian approach to therapy to be overly identified with RET. Two systems of “Christian counseling” which are quite akin to RET are briefly examined in light of the RET critique.
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Dawasaz, A. A., Ibrahim Alshahrani, Syed M. Yassin, et al. "Detection of Dental Caries’ and Dermatoglyphics’ Association with Relative Enamel Thickness Using CBCT Images in Saudi Subpopulation: A Novel Approach." BioMed Research International 2021 (July 26, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5550916.
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Background. Dental caries is the localized destruction of dental hard tissues (enamel and dentine). Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index is the most commonly used dental caries index. Thickness of the outermost part of the tooth called the enamel is determined by the rate of deposition of enamel proteins. Relative enamel thickness (RET) gives a measure of enamel thickness with respect to dentine. Dental caries is influenced by a genetically determined factor called dermatoglyphics (DG). As the genes responsible for RET and DG lie on the same chromosome and develop during the same time of intrauterine life, it is biologically plausible to correlate RET and DG. Aims. This study consists of two primary aims: (1) to assess RET using cone beam computed tomography images and correlate it with caries and (2) to correlate RET with DG. Materials and Methods. 148 dental subjects were assessed for DMFT caries score and were categorized as Group 1 with DMFT = 0 and Group 2 with DMFT ≥ 1 . Following this, their DG pattern was recorded digitally. The CBCT images of these subjects were assessed for RET, and the data were analyzed statistically. Results. Mean RET in our sample population is 18.45 (SD 3.79) while mean DMFT is 5.34 (SD 5.13). Mean RET in Group 1 subjects was 19.82 (SD 4.05) while that in the Group 2 was 17.68 (SD 3.43). RET and DMFT showed a statistically significant negative correlation ( p = 0.007 ). The “Single Loop” DG characteristic showed a statistically significant difference between males and females ( p = 0.031 ). The “Simple Arch” type of DG was positively correlated with RET. Conclusion. This is the first in vivo study to assess RET using CBCT images and correlate with DMFT and DG. RET is inversely related to DMFT while directly proportional to the “Simple arch” DG pattern. Males and females differed in their “Single Loop” DG characteristic.
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Wang, Lei, Yu Zhang, Yu Gao, et al. "Prognostic and Predictive Values of Subcellular Localisation of RET in Renal Clear-Cell Carcinoma." Disease Markers 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6870470.
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Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) presents a poor prognosis and an unpredictable course. To date, no validated biomarkers can predict the outcome of RCC. Ongoing efforts are conducted to identify the molecular markers of RCC progression, as well as the targets for novel therapeutic approaches. RET is a tyrosine kinase receptor which has been investigated as a possible target in other cancers because it is involved in oncogenic activation. To evaluate the predictive and prognostic functions of RET in ccRCC, a tissue microarray study was conducted on 273 ccRCC patients. Results showed that both RET cytoplasmic and nuclear expression were independently associated with PFS and OS, and the combined RET cytoplasmic and nuclear statuses demonstrated that the ratio of high nuclear RET and cytoplasmic RET was the strongest predictor of both PFS and OS. The high cytoplasmic RET expression retained its independent poor prognostic value in targeted drug treated patients. The RET nuclear expression was associated with distant metastasis. Moreover, the RET nuclear expression was an independent predictor of ccRCC postoperative metastasis. In conclusion, RET may be useful in prognostication and can be used at initial diagnosis to identify patients with high potential to develop metastasis.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "IT-ret"
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Esteves, Cristiane Linge Exposito. ""Influência da técnica de desobturação e do limite de obturação na extrusão apical"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23135/tde-21012005-102925/.
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O controle da extrusão apical durante a reintervenção endodôntica é essencial para o sucesso do novo tratamento. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a quantidade de material sólido extruído na desobturação de canais radiculares variando-se a técnica de esvaziamento e o limite de obturação. Foram utilizados 40 incisivos inferiores previamente tratados divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o limite de obturação estabelecido. Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos levando-se em conta a técnica de desobturação empregada; manual (subgrupos A1 e B1) e mecânico-rotatória com limas de Ni-Ti (Quantec LX) (subgrupos A2 e B2). O material sólido extruído foi coletado por meio do sistema de filtração Millipore, levado à secagem em dessecador de sílica e pesado em balança analítica de precisão. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a ANOVA para dois fatores de variação sendo em seguida empregado o Teste de Tukey (α = 5%). A técnica de desobturação mecânico-rotatória produziu menor extrusão (0,66mg) que a manual (1,11mg), havendo diferença estatística significante entre elas (p < 0,05). Os canais preenchidos até o vértice radiográfico apresentaram maior quantidade de extrusão (1,38mg) do que os obturados 1 mm aquém do forame (0,39mg), observando-se diferença estatística significante entre eles (p < 0,05). A menor quantidade extrusão foi observada no subgrupo A2 (0,20mg), em que foi empregada a técnica rotatória de desobturação em canais obturados 1mm aquém do forame apical, sendo constatada diferença estatisticamente significante deste subgrupo com os demais (p < 0,05). A extrusão de material sólido durante a desobturação de canais radiculares é influenciado pela técnica empregada e pelo limite apical de obturação.<br>The apical extrusion control during the endodontic retreatment is essential for the success of the new treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare the quantity of solid apically extruded material during filling removal according the gutta-percha removal technique and root filling limit. Forty mandibular incisors with a single straight canal were selected. The canals were previously endodontically treated and then divided into two groups according the filling level. Each group was subdivided in two groups considering the retreatment technique: stainless steel hand files (subgroups A1 and B1) versus niquel-titanium rotatory instruments (subgroups A2 and B2). The extruded solid material was collected by Millipore filtration system, dried in silica desiccators and weighed in an eletrobalance. The results were analyzed using ANOVA with two variation factors and Tukey Test (α = 5%). The niquel-titanium rotatory instruments produced less extrusion (0,66mg) than the stainless steel hand files (1,11mg), with significant statistical difference between them (p < 0,05). The canals filled until the radiographic apex showed larger amount of extruded material (1,38mg) than those filled 1 mm beyond the foramen (0,39mg). It was observed significant statistical difference between them (p < 0,05). The smaller extruded debris amount was observed in subgroup A2 (0,20mg), in which one the rotary technique was used to remove the gutta-percha of canals filled 1mm beyond the apical foramen. It was verified significant statistical difference of this subgroup with the other ones (p < 0,05). The extrusion of solid material during the gutta-percha removal is influenced by the technique as well as the apical filling limit.
Books on the topic "IT-ret"
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Greenstein, Stanley. Internationalisation of law in the digital information society. Edited by Nordic Conference on Law and Information Technology. Ex Tuto Publishing, 2013.
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Hyysalo, Sampsa, and Jouni K. Juntunen. User Innovation and Peer Assistance in Small-Scale Renewable Energy Technologies. Edited by Debra J. Davidson and Matthias Gross. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190633851.013.22.
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There have been many attempts to include citizens as more active players in the proliferation of renewable energy technologies. However, the roles that citizen users play in renewables proliferation are not limited to adoption, but include technological domestication, innovation, and market creation. This chapter first reviews innovation by citizen users in the early phases of small-scale renewable energy technologies (S-RET) technology development in wind turbines, solar collectors, and low-energy housing. It then examines user innovation and peer assistance in the later phases of diffusion in air-source and ground-source heat pumps, pellet-burning systems, and solar collectors. It reviews research user motivations, diffusion pathways, and peer intermediation, and pays particular attention to how the forms of innovative citizen energy communities are changing from locality-based community energy initiatives to distributed and Internet-mediated energy communities. The chapter concludes by drawing policy implications regarding user innovation and peer assistance in the transformation of energy systems.
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Bruns, Sebastian, and Sarandis Papadopoulos, eds. Conceptualizing Maritime & Naval Strategy. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845299150.
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The 21st century is witnessing renewed tension as conflicts between major powers, serious concerns about future security alliances and global, even generational, security policy challenges arise. In the light of this, naval forces and maritime security, and understanding their underlying strategic rationale, are gaining momentum and importance. What are the roles and missions of naval forces, and how have states and the institutions themselves sought to frame their goals and methods? This book brings together experts from the United States, Europe, and Asia to reflect on how maritime and naval strategy is conceptualised and how it has been used. It celebrates the life and work of Peter M. Swartz, Captain (US Navy) ret., who since contributing to ‘The Maritime Strategy’ of the 1980s as a young Pentagon officer, has been a mentor, friend, intellectual beacon and the foremost purveyor of maritime expertise to the global naval community. With contributions by Sebastian Bruns, Seth Cropsey, Larissa Forster, Michael Haas, John Hattendorf, Peter Haynes, Andrzej Makowski, Amund Lundesgaard, Narushige Michishita, Martin Murphy, Sarandis Papadopoulos, Nilanthi Samaranayake, Jeremy Stöhs, Eric Thompson, Geoffrey Till, Sarah Vogler, Steve Wills.
Book chapters on the topic "IT-ret"
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Heydarzadeh, Shabnam, and Mehdi Hedayati. "RET Proto-Oncogene Mutations: Impact on Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis of MTC." In Thyroid Cancer - The Road From Genes to Successful Treatment [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108941.
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Variants of MTC result from different mutations in exons of the RET gene. RET proto-oncogene is activated by a DNA rearrangement and it is one of the first tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) proteins found to play a role in neoplasia. Early detection using genetic screening has become the gold standard of therapy, followed by prophylactic thyroidectomy. RET-kinase inhibitors have been developed recently for the treatment of MTC and are currently at various phases of pre- and clinical trials. Numerous autosomal dominantly inherited mutations have been demonstrated to activate RET constitutively. These mutations in separate populations are believed to be correlated with a rather heterogeneous prototype across countries. As such, one objective of this study was to demonstrate a geographical pattern of RET mutations in various populations. Advances in RET genetic screening have facilitated for the rapid recognition of hereditary MTCs and prophylactic thyroidectomy for relatives who may not show signs of the disease. In this chapter, we will discuss oncogenic RET signaling, RET inhibitors and the major RET mutations found in MTC and the necessity of RET genetic screening for the early diagnosis of MTC patients, using American Thyroid Association guidelines and genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Palmini, André, and Eliseu Paglioli. "The Irritative Zone and Seizure Onset Zone in Acute ECOG: The Quest for Relevant Epileptogenic Tissue." In Invasive Studies of the Human Epileptic Brain, edited by Samden D. Lhatoo, Philippe Kahane, and Hans O. Lüders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198714668.003.0010.
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Acute intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) is a time-honoured technique to identify the relevant epileptogenic tissue (RET) and hence guide cortical resection to control medically refractory seizures. ECoG identifies the RET through careful analysis of pattern, morphology, frequency, and localization of interictal spikes recorded directly from the exposed cortical surface. Because the development and dissemination of chronic intracranial EEG recording techniques has put emphasis on ictal recordings (thus defining an ictal onset zone), acute ECoG is often considered unnecessary in surgical planning. The chapter describes limitations and advantages of acute ECoG to define the RET in comparison with more costly and risky procedures, particularly subdural grid and SEEG recording. Specifically, it shows how the integration of lesion type and sequentially recorded ECoG spikes during operation may provide a highly cost-effective approach to successful epilepsy surgery.
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Kebebew, Electron, Douglas Wiseman, and Mustapha El Lakis. "Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a and 2b." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e, edited by Prakash Manoharan. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0118.
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2a (also referred to as type 2) is an inherited cancer syndrome in which an individual has medullary thyroid carcinoma, primary hyperparathyroidism, and/or phaeochromocytoma occurring either synchronously or metachronously. MEN type 2b (also referred to as type 3) comprises early onset medullary thyroid carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma in addition to phenotypical features such as ophthalmologic abnormalities, skeletal malformations, and a generalized ganglioneuromatosis. MEN 2a and 2b (MEN 2 and 3) are caused by germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. The proper and timely diagnosis of MEN 2a and MEN 2b will have a direct impact on patients’ quality of life, disease-specific mortality, and overall survival. It will also impact the life of family members at risk of having MEN 2a and 2b. This chapter addresses the epidemiology, genetics, diagnostic approaches, and management of MEN 2a and MEN 2b. In addition, it highlights the importance of genetic counselling for at-risk family members and optimal surveillance strategies in RET germline mutation carriers.
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Raue, Friedhelm, and Karin Frank-Raue. "Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e, edited by John A. H. Wass, Wiebke Arlt, and Robert K. Semple. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0080.
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Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare calcitonin (Ctn)-secreting tumour of the C cells of the thyroid. MTC often have the clinical and histological features of neuroendocrine tumours. They account for 3–5% of all thyroid carcinomas and occur in both sporadic (70%) and hereditary forms (30%). The familial variety of MTC is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with a high degree of penetrance and is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome. It is caused by germline-activating mutations of the RET proto-oncogene. Detection of MTC in patients has changed in recent years with the introduction of specific strategies: Ctn screening in patients with thyroid nodules and screening with molecular methods for RET proto-oncogene mutations in patients with apparently sporadic MTC and in family members at risk for MTC. By earlier identification of patients with MTC, the presentation has changed from clinical tumours to preclinical disease, resulting in a high cure rate of affected patients with much better prognosis. Surgery represents the only curative therapeutic strategy; the definitive treatment is a total thyroidectomy and, if necessary, central and lateral lymph node dissection. Tumour staging, either postoperatively or by imaging, and measuring the tumour markers Ctn and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), allows for the use of a dynamic risk-adapted stratification of follow-up procedures. In advanced metastatic MTC, molecular targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors helps controlling tumour progression and prolongs progression-free survival. The outcome for most MTC patients is excellent compared to those with other cancers.
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Boelaert, Kristien, and Anthony P. Weetman. "Thyroid cancer." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Mark Gurnell. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0247.
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Thyroid cancers are the most common endocrine malignancies and their incidence is rising globally, largely due to significant increases in small, incidentally detected low-risk tumours. Follicular epithelial cell cancer is the commonest type; this usually presents with usually well differentiated tumours and has an excellent prognosis, but occasionally highly undifferentiated; it may be induced by exposure to ionizing radiation. Medullary thyroid carcinoma arises from parafollicular C cells; it comprises 3–5% of all thyroid cancers; usually hereditary autosomal dominant forms associated with germline point mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. Rare thyroid tumours include anaplastic carcinomas, which present as a rapidly enlarging and fixed thyroid masses, sometimes with local pain; they are rapidly fatal; sarcomas; and primary lymphomas—these usually present as a rapidly enlarging thyroid mass in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
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Gatrell, V. A. C. "Hanging People." In The Hanging Tree. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198204138.003.0002.
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Abstract The Ways In Which People Were Killed On Public Scaf folds have always been shrouded in euphemism. Home secretaries would keep an emotional distance from their own orders as they pen cilled on the appeal dossiers of those they left to die a phrase sanitized by repetition: ‘The law to take its course.’ Newspapers likewise would tersely report that felons were ‘launched into eternity’. It was as if when justice was done, thought and feeling had to be muffled. We are still ret icent on the subject. Now that sexual taboos have fallen, what was and is entailed in death by execution may be one of the last agreed obsceni ties. Anxiety and distaste accompany a journey into a subject like this. Writing a book about it feels dangerous and contaminating.
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Woessner, J. Frederick, and Hideaki Nagase. "Introduction." In Matrix Metalloproteinases and TlMPs. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198502685.003.0001.
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Abstract It is a simple matter to trace the roots of this field. Although it had long been recognized that con nective tissue collagen was rapidly broken down in many physiological situations, such as bone remodelling, postpartum involution of the uterus and embrvogenesis, and in pathological process, such as decubitus ulcer, cancer and arthritis [1431, there was no evidence identifying the degradative factor(s) involved. Then in 1962, Gross and Lapiere [672] demonstrated that skin from the resorbing tail of the metamorphosing frog, when cultured on collagen gels, released an enzyme that could attack the triple-helix of collagen. This was a true collagenase that could digest collagen at neutral pH and 27 °C (well below the denaturation temperature of collagen). The same report also showed a similar activity produced by cultures of embryo skin, postpartum uterus and bone. In ret rospect, these last three activities were probably due to MMP-13.
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White, Peter B. "Militarized Ministries of Defense?" In Reconsidering American Civil-Military Relations. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535493.003.0007.
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General (Ret.) James Mattis’s tenure as secretary of defense represents a rarity in US history, in that at only one other time has the United States had a retired general in that post. This chapter places Mattis’s tenure in a comparative context. It leverages new data on comparative ministries of defense to examine patterns in the military background of ministers of defense (MoD) across a range of countries from 1964 to 2008. The analysis shows that, while not unprecedented, having a retired or active-duty military officer as MoD is relatively rare among democracies. The chapter concludes by examining the implications of another retired general or flag officer being appointed as secretary. The chapter argues that while a shift toward retired military officers as secretaries of defense would not necessarily increase the conflict propensity of the United States, it could harm the defense policymaking process. The effect would likely depend on whether a future secretary’s tenure saw the continued marginalization of civilian voices in policymaking in the Pentagon and White House.
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Som, Lalita. "Country case study 8: South Africa." In State Capitalism. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849595.003.0010.
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SOEs in South Africa form a significant part of certain vital industries that serve as inputs to other industries. They are indispensable in fulfilling the State’s developmental mission. Since the mid-2000s, the overall economic environment in South Africa has been shaped largely by the RET policy; infrastructure-led growth; the B-BBEE policy; the economic dominance of key SOEs; and by State-investment institutions, like the Public Investment Corporation. But the combination of these policies and strategies has led to many unintended adverse consequences. It helped in the emergence of a symbiotic relationship between a constitutional state with clear rules and laws and a shadow state comprising well-organized patronage networks that facilitated corruption for the enrichment of a small group. The accumulated annual costs and debt burden of South Africa’s dysfunctional SOEs, in terms of jobs losses, deterred investments, and reduced economic growth, have become so high that they now threaten the country’s fiscal position and economic sustainability. South Africans therefore continue to suffer from poverty, inequality, and unemployment on a scale not unlike their condition under apartheid.
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"N." In The Oxford Companion To Irish Literature, edited by Robert Welch and Bruce Stewart. Oxford University PressOxford, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198661580.003.0014.
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Abstract Naboth’s Vineyard (1891), a novel by *Somerville and Ross, originating as a short story entitled ‘Slide Number 42’ in the Christmas number of the Lady’s Pictorial (1890), and their only full-length treatment of Irish village life. A melodramatic plot involves the frustrated love of Harriet Donovan for the handsome Rick O’Grady whom she earlier rejected to marry John Donovan. As President of the local *Land League branch, Donovan abuses his position in trying to drive a widow, Mrs Leonard, off a farm he covets. O’Grady, who loves Mrs Leonard’s daughter Ellen, comes to her aid but incurs the jealous hatred of Dan Hurley, who loves Ellen also. Hurley plans to murder Rick, but Donovan falls into his trap and is killed instead. The authors were amazed when reviewers treated the novel as a serious work about the contemporary political situation. Its real strength lies in its vivid pictures of village scenes, and also in the characterization of Harriet Donovan, whose passion for Rick O’Grady anticipates Charlotte Mullen’s implacable desire for Roderick Lambert in The *Real Charlotte (1894). *McGee. Essays such as Davis’s ‘Nationality’ and Mitchel’s ‘Letters to the Protestant Farmers, Labourers and Artisans of the North of Ireland’ influenced Irish nationalism for many years. Indeed, the subsequent importance of these texts has eclipsed the range of political opinions debated in the pages of The Nation. Largely through the ret rospective judgements ofW. B. *Yeats, The Nation is often thought of purely as the vehicle of strident balladeering [see *ballads]; in fact, it also explored many aspects of the Irish past, promoted the Irish language, and reviewed the work of *Carlyle, Tennyson, and John Stuart Mill, as well as publishing non-political verse and translations of poetry from a wide range of European languages.
Conference papers on the topic "IT-ret"
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Imoisili, Patrick Ehi, and Tien Chien Jen. "Renewable Energy Technologies: Opportunities and Challenges for South Africa." In 2023 International Conference on Sustainable Engineering and Materials Development. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-rulyg5.
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One of Africa's biggest problems, which has an impact on its social and economic growth, is its lack of access to electricity. Due to its reliance on coal, South Africa (SA) has been acknowledged as one of the nations in Sub-Saharan Africa that has had difficulty developing its energy infrastructure. South Africa is the biggest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Africa due to its dependence on coal. The nation has been forced to switch to cleaner energy technologies like solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, and hydropower. However, as South Africa made the move from an energy based on fossil fuels to renewable energy technology (RET), it encountered both obstacles and opportunities. The review will examined the difficulties that South Africa faces, including governmental regulations, budgetary restrictions, technological issues, lack of awareness, and cultural issues. Furthermore, some of the enormous prospects for RET that exist in the nation, including solar, wind, and biomass, was also discussed.
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Islam, Mazharul, A. K. M. Sadrul Islam, and M. Ruhul Amin. "Small-Scale Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems for the Remote Communities of the Developing Countries." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50068.
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About 2 billion people of the world, mostly in rural areas of the developing countries, do not have access to grid-based electricity. The most critical factor affecting their livelihoods is access to clean, affordable and reliable energy services for household and productive uses. Under this backdrop, renewable and readily available energy from the nature can be incorporated in several proven renewable energy technology (RET) systems and can play a significant role in meeting crucial energy needs in these remote far flung areas. RETs are ideal as distributed energy source and they can be incorporated in packages of energy services and thus offer unique opportunities to provide improved lighting, health care, drinking water, education, communication, and irrigation. Energy is also vital for most of the income-generating activities, both at the household or commercial levels. Access to energy is strongly connected to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which set targets for poverty reduction, improved health, and gender equality as well as environmental sustainability. Environmentally benign renewable energy systems can contribute significantly in the above-mentioned unserved or underserved areas in the developing countries to achieve both local and global environmental benefits. This is important in the context of sustainable development in: (i) poverty alleviation, (ii) education, (iii) gender equity and empowerment, (iv) health including other benefits like improved information access through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) centers, (v) better security, and (vi) increase in social or recreational opportunities. It is evident that proliferation of renewable energy resources through implementing their applications for meeting energy demand will promote all the three dimensions namely, social, economic and environmental of sustainable development in the developing countries. Several small scale enabling RET systems have been suggested in this paper in the light of above-mentioned issues of energy sustainability and they can significantly contribute to the improvement of the livelihood of the remote impoverished rural communities of the developing countries. With the current state of technology development, several RET systems (such as wind, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, biomass and microhydro) have become successful in different parts of the world. In this paper, an exhaustive literature survey has been conducted and several successful and financially viable small-scale RET systems were analyzed. These systems have relevance to the economies of the developing countries that can be utilized for electrification of domestic houses, micro enterprises, health clinics, educational establishments and rural development centers.
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Schihl, John, Aaron W. Skiba, Campbell D. Carter, Amirreza Gandomkar, Jack Whitcomb, and Patton M. Allison. "Evaluating the Effect of Liquid Water and Steam on Jet Flame Physics." In ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2023-101575.
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Abstract The present research effort focuses on determining the effect of steam and liquid water addition on flame structure in preheated, premixed, piloted methane-air jet flames. The turbulent Reynolds Number (ReT) varied between 760 and 4,200, and two equivalence ratios (0.9 and 1.1) were considered. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of OH radicals was performed via excitation of transitions in its A-X (0,0) band (near 311 nm). Flame surface density (FSD) and average progress variable maps (c−) were derived from those images, which facilitated analysis of the turbulent flame-surface area ratio, brush thickness, and turbulent flame speeds. It was found that steam had a large impact on flame surface statistics, whereas liquid water with similar mass fractions had little-to-no effect. In cases with varying steam loading but the same ReT, FSD along the mean reaction variable contours did not appear to be affected, and minimal changes in flame structure were observed. A weak correlation between brush thickness and steam flow rate was observed, whereas liquid water addition had no impact on brush thickness. In addition to the experimental aspect of this study, computations were performed using CHEMKIN to investigate the effect of steam loading on freely propagating premixed methane-air flames. Laminar flame speed decreased with increasing steam and argon concentration, with results suggesting the leading order impact of steam dilution is to act as a heatsink due to its large specific heat constant.
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Lewis, Benjamin, Jonah Leary, Cynthia Dickman, et al. "The NSF REU/RET Research on Energy Absorbing 3D Printed Polymer Structures." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70787.
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Energy absorption capability of structures with embedded pores depends upon the amount of voids present and their configurations/distributions. In this study, the energy absorption of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) structures with varying pore shapes and sizes are investigated. The research was performed by two teams comprised of High School/Middle School teachers and undergraduate students as part of National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored Research Experience for Teacher (RET)/Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) teams. ABS samples were fabricated by Team 1 and utilized cubic unit cells with octahedral pores while Team 2 fabricated PLA samples that utilized unit cells with spherical pores. Eight sets of samples with dimensions 25mm × 25mm × 20mm were fabricated using a Makerbot Replicator 2X for ABS samples and a Lulzbot TAZ 5 for PLA samples. Each sample incorporated a 5 × 5 × 4 array of pores. All the samples were tested in compression and energy absorption per unit material volume of all the samples up to a particular maximum load was calculated from load-deflection curves. It is observed that the specific energy absorption of PLA and ABS porous structures greatly increases with increased porosity.
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NAKAMURA, Shin. "MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE TISSUE FACTOR: ROLE OF ITS N-GLYCOSYLATED CARBOHYDRATE MOIETY." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643286.
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Monocytes/macrophages and related cells are known to generate tissue factor (TF) , a membrane associated lipid-glycoprotein complex, following activation with LPS or other stimuli. Monkey (M. fuscata) mononuclear leukocytes (MNL, 3 × 106/ml) cultured with LPS (lµg/ml) in FCS-free RPMI medium were stimulated to produce the glycoprotein (TF-Apo). After a lag period of 2 h the TF-Apo production was initiated, and its accumulation reached the plateau after 12 h and then declined to approximately half of the maximum level after 24 h. A time course of the TF activity was strictly in accord with that of the TF-Apo accumulation. Tunicamycin, an antibiotic that blocks the first stage in formation of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoprotein, affected to reduce the TF expression by 15 to 65 %, when monkey MNL (3 x 106/ml) were co-cultured with LPS (1 µg/ml) and the antibiotic (10 to 100 ng/ml) for 10 h. Similar reducing effect of tunicamycin to the TF expression was observed, when RET-1, a macrophage*related cell line that generates spontaneouly TF, was cultured with the antibiotic. Interestingly, leupeptin, an inhibitor to trypsin-type proteases including cathepsin B, protected completely the tunicamycin-induced reduction of the TF expression upon its addition to the culture medium at the concentration of 7 /iM. Chymostatin, an inhibitor to chymotrypsin-type proteases, also showed the protective effect. These results indicate that TF-Apo of monocytes and RET-1 has N-linked oligosaccharides and that defect of the oligosaccharide chain causes TF-Apo to be susceptible to proteolysis during intracellular processing. Thus, the N-glycosylated carbohydrate moiety of TF-Apo of these macrophage related cells has a roll to stabilize and/or protect it against proteolytic inactivation.
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Karbalaei, Alireza, Damla Turgut, Melissa Dagley, Eleazar Vasquez, and Hyoung J. Cho. "Collaborative Multidisciplinary Engineering Design Experiences in IoT (Internet of Things) for Teachers Through Summer Research Site Program." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87491.
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The objective of the NSF RET (Research Experiences for Teachers) site program hosted by the University of Central Florida is to provide K-12 teachers with a hands-on engineering design experience covering all aspects of the Internet of Things, from the manufacturing of a sensor, to the hardware and software that allows it to connect to the Internet. This program gives teachers learning opportunities to explore the practical use of science for engineering applications, and provide a context in which students in their classroom can test their own scientific knowledge as they recognize the interplay among science, engineering and technology. The uniqueness of this site program lies in the engagement of teachers in various facets of scientific, engineering, and educational methods based on Train-the-Trainer model with rotation in multiple research labs. In order to support the STEM educational services for teachers and students in middle and high schools, our site program aims at creating competent teacher trainers who ensure quality pre-service and in-service teacher education, by providing multidisciplinary experiences that are relevant to the current technical development. Teachers in the adjacent public school districts are primary participants in this site program. Significant efforts have been made to recruit teachers serving underrepresented student populations, and female and minority teachers who can reach out to them. In our RET site program, the participants rotated to four different laboratories with a 1.5–3 week residency in each, where they learned about the practice of engineering in various disciplines at the research laboratories on the university campus under the guidance of faculty and graduate mentors. The teachers presented their learning outcomes in the final week and were invited back to share their educational implementation experiences in their classes. This site program provided teachers with interdisciplinary engineering design experiences relevant to innovative technical development, and helped them develop teacher-driven teaching modules that can be deployed in the classroom.
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Harun, Zambri, Ashraf A. Abbas, and Bagus Nugroho. "Directional Surface Roughness Influence on Turbulent Flow Structure." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5615.
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Abstract A series of experiments have been conducted to investigate turbulent flow structures when it is exposed to a highly directional riblet-type surfaces roughness (converging-diverging/herringbone pattern) at a relatively low Reynolds number (Reτ). These experiments show that even at a low Reτ, the surface pattern is able to modify the turbulent boundary layer. Over the diverging region, we observe a decrease in drag penalty, while over the converging region there is an increase of drag penalty, which is indicated by the shift in the mean velocity profiles. The surface roughness also influences the turbulence production, indicated by the elevated turbulence intensities profiles for both the converging and diverging regions. The result seems to deviate from early investigations that show an increase in turbulence intensities above the converging region and a lowered turbulence intensities above the diverging region. The discrepancy may be caused by the lower Reτ Ret in the current report. Other important statistics such as skewness and flatness are also reported.
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Grover, C. P. "Rainbow holography using external spatial filters for chromatic corrections." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.thll4.
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A promising method using external spatial filters is described for the chromatic correction of images from transmission holograms produced in white light. The spatial corrective filter or screen represents a 1-D random diffuser and is characterized by the sinc function describing the Fourier transform of its amplitude transmittance. Holograms of nondiffuse or specularly reflecting objects, for which the far field diffraction pattern can be approximated to the delta function, have been considered for chromatic corrections by these spatial filters. However, the technique is also applicable to opaque 3-D objects coated with ret- roreflective materials. By using suitable optics the image of the object illuminated with a parallel beam of laser light is formed downstream with respect to the Fourier plane. The hologram is recorded in a plane suitably positioned with respect to the image plane. When reconstructed with a conjugate wave a real image of the Fourier transform plane is obtained downstream with respect to the real image of the object. In white light a highly blurred image is obtained on a ground glass screen placed in the plane of the image. Now let the corrective spatial filter screen be placed in the plane of the real image. It would produce a slitlike distribution containing the object information in the Fourier plane. A chromatic corrected image is then obtained in the same manner as in the rainbow holographic reconstruction process.
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AlSulaimani, Aysha Mubarak, Pradip Majumdar, Reem AlHammadi, and Badhria AlHammadi. "Centralized Predictive Analytics & Diagnostics Value Creation." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211226-ms.
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Abstract The implemented maintenance strategy for rotating equipment in the field was conventional time-based (6months-1year) maintenance. Due to this maintenance philosophy, many equipment's were serviced every 6-12 months including the stand-by equipment. Thus, material, spare parts and man-hours are consumed very frequently. In 2019, company decided to convert the maintenance philosophy from time-based to running-hours based and based on OEMs recommendations, 4000 running-hours was the optimum running-hours before the equipment maintenance. By implementing this technique, the frequency of equipment maintenance was reduced and thus maintenance cost and service cost were reduced as well. Moving towards the deployment of AI technology and digitalization world, a new requirement to deploy predictive maintenance analytics and tools elevated. The Centralized Predictive Analytics & Diagnostic (CPAD) which is a centralized ret time predictive monitoring solution for critical assets. The asset specific real time data from site historian will be replicated a centralized historian to enable continuous monitoring of these assets and failure predictions. The CPAD modules get these data streams and execute performance calculations for each asset based on first principle models and also monitor for the failure predictions through data driven models using APR methods. CPAD will generate fault notifications that will be transmitted to site experts for follow-up. CPAD project will be implemented in multiple phases. The first phase will be a pilot implementation as prove of concept and will include the deployment, commissioning and monitoring of all core applications. Once pilot prove of concept implementation schussed, it will to be followed by further implementation of remaining critical rotating equipment. The deployment of predictive maintenance and analytic diagnostics solutions will add value in different forms. It will support shutdown deferrals and planning for critical equipment, it will help in reducing maintenance cost of material, consumables, spares & man hour. In addition, it will help in the transition from preventive maintenance to proactive/predictive maintenance. Furthermore, the predication ability will help in early prediction and identification of potential failures and gives advisory recommendations to support rectifications of failures before the actual failure occur. The pilot implementation started in 2020 with the deployment of 54 critical rotating equipment. The cases reported in phase-1 pilot implementation reported around $3.000.000 savings and proved the CPAD concept. A plan were put in place to capture additional assets in the CPAD system. Additional 108 equipment were deployed in phase-3 implementation of the project.
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Rakotonirina, Andriarimina Daniel, Martin Gonzalez, and Bruno Sainte-Rose. "On the Digital Twin of the Ocean Cleanup Systems." In ASME 2023 42nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2023-103055.
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Abstract The Ocean Cleanup is introducing a Digital Twin (DT) describing the cleanup systems made with netted screens to concentrate marine litters and extract them from our oceans. Our DT aims at: i) avoiding over- or under-designing the system; ii) extrapolating from one system to a fleet of systems; and iii) estimating the costs of our offshore operations. These costs are evaluated as cost per kilogram of extracted plastic which is our Key Performance Indicator (KPI). One of the main contributing parameters to the KPI is the hydrodynamic load of our “U-shape” device that spans up to 630 meters and operates at a Speed Through Water (STW or ustw) up to 1.5 m/s equivalent to a twine Reynolds number of Ret* = 1600. The DT is built with OrcaFlex (OF) using lines and links, the Naumov’s drag correlation and on a no-wave assumption. Data collected from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) are utilised to increase the accuracy of our DT for estimating the loads and the system’s dynamic deformation. The DT is built using a three-cycle validation: i) initial guess applying the Naumov’s semi-empirical drag correlation to define OF drag coefficients which is excluding the influence of the local angles of attack (AoAs); ii) calibration of the OF drag coefficients using AquaSim (AS) with its twine-by-twine drag correlation for various AoAs; iii) re-calibration of the OF drag coefficients from two-dimensional CFD simulations using Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) for a twine-by-twine establishment of a drag correlation on a one meter segment plane net to account for shielding effects at AoA &lt; 24°. By doing so, we decrease the discrepancy of our OF model, on large spans, with an error less than 15% compared to the GPGP data. For a narrow span, mostly exhibiting very low AoAs, the first cycle shows a 300% discrepancy whereas at the end of the third cycle it shows a 50% discrepancy.