Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Italian Campaign'

The Second World War Italian campaign has long been overshadowed by the Normandy landings. Yet it was the longest campaign in Europe in which British forces were involved, and the first to be crowned with success. Much has been written about the strategic and tactical aspects of the Allies' Mediterranean policy, and the Italian campaign within that context, but little attention has been paid to the soldiers who executed that policy. It was principally an infantry and artillery war: the topography of Italy mitigated against any larger-scale use of armour. This thesis examines the morale, the willingness to fight, of the British front-line soldier, the infantryman, and the factors which influenced his morale during the 22 months of the campaign, and it looks at the army's response to fluctuations in morale, both at institutional and battalion levels. Morale is never constant it varies across time, across units and the individuals who make up the units, and there is ample evidence to suggest that morale in Italy, in the winter of 1944-1945, was seriously degraded. But the evidence also indicates that as high as the desertion figures were, absenteeism was not in the main the result of men's unwillingness to fight, a symptom of cowardice and self-interest. On the contrary, many deserters were men who had fought too hard, for too long, as the result of a series of political and military decisions over which they had no control, but whose morale was robust enough, in the end, to accomplished their goal.

This thesis examines the performance of the Wehrmacht's medical service during the Second World War via a case study of the German Tenth Army. Earlier histories of the Wehrmacht and its medical service drew a distinct line between 'bad' Nazis and 'good' Wehrmacht doctors. So, just as combatant officers were upheld as honourable, decent men, doing a gruelling job, medical officers were represented as the guardians of humanity in the worst of times. However, these myths have gradually been eroded due to an increasing awareness of both the medical profession's and the Wehrmacht's close relationship with National Socialism, and this led to the emergence of a more critical analysis. As the involvement and complicity of German doctors in all aspects of the Nazi regime has become apparent, focus has turned to the ways in which National Socialist ideology influenced the work of Wehrmacht doctors. This thesis focuses on the ways in which doctors responded to a variety of health challenges faced by Tenth Army troops during the first year of the Italian campaign. It examines their underlying motivations and takes into account the factors which may have influenced their decisions. As these issues are examined, this thesis demonstrates that Tenth Army medical officers were not mere Nazi automatons whose decisions were underpinned entirely by National Socialist ideology. Instead their responses were based primarily on pragmatism and influenced by their immediate environment and current experiences.

Intelligence was declared by Clausewitz to be a source of uncertainty on the battlefield, and he advised commanders to rely on their intuition instead. It is a paradox of the Second World War that when, as never before, an abundance of intelligence was available to Allied commanders, Clausewitz's dictums still influenced some of their operational decisions. This thesis explores this duality, and how it influenced the relationship between intelligence and command at the operational level of war during the conflict. It does so through the medium of the British Army, in particular Eighth Army's operational performance - under Bernard Montgomery, Oliver Leese and Richard McCreery - at defining moments of the Italian campaign. The thesis demonstrates the ambiguity present within the British Army's doctrinal attitude towards intelligence at the operational level, which was reflected in the . tardiness with which intelligence was incorporated into the army's operational machinery during the first half of the war. That this was eventually achieved was illustrated by the general efficacy of Eighth Army's intelligence organisation in Italy, and the viability of its intelligence product. Nevertheless, the peculiarities of the Italian theatre reduced the productiveness of the chief sources of intelligence, and created occasional, but critical, gaps in the intelligence picture. This only partially explains, however, why Eighth Army's operational performance in Italy was punctuated by intelligence failure. Under Montgomery and Leese, intelligence was merely an ancillary, and often sidelined, tenet of their operational technique, and it was only under McCreery that Eighth Army practised intelligence-led warfare. These findings seriously question the historiographical belief that, by the second half of the war, the British Army had fully and unconditionally incorporated intelligence into its operational considerations, and that commanders were willing to act upon it and fashion their operational methods according to its dictates.

Studies on Canadian Army military intelligence remain sparse in Canadian military historiography. This study is unique in that it focuses on the development, doctrine, and influence of intelligence within the I Canadian Corps throughout the Liri Valley battles during the Italian Campaign. It will be argued that I Canadian Corps intelligence achieved notable overall success in helping to break the Hitler Line by providing comprehensive and relatively up-to-date information on enemy dispositions and strengths which helped commanders and staff planners properly prepare for the operation. This success was attributable to three main factors: excellent intelligence personnel selection and training; the successful mentorship of I Canadian Corps intelligence by Eighth Army's intelligence cadre; and the overall effectiveness of 1st Canadian Infantry Division's intelligence organization which had been in the Mediterranean theatre since July 1943. Notwithstanding these successes, a number of faults within the Canadian Corps intelligence system must also be explained, including the poor performance of 5th Canadian Armoured Division's intelligence organization during the pursuit up the Liri–Sacco Valleys, and the mediocre execution of Corps counter-battery and counter-mortar operations. This study will demonstrate how an effective intelligence organization must augment existing army doctrine and how it can mitigate, though not completely eliminate, battlefield uncertainty. Further, it will also demonstrate that a comprehensive lessons-learned process must be undertaken to continually refine existing intelligence doctrine and procedures, with frequent training programs inculcating personnel in this doctrine. Taken as a whole, this study is unique as it is one of only several studies devoted solely to developing a greater understanding of a little-understood, and often forgotten, staff function within the Canadian Army during the Second World War.

L’elaborato analizza il fenomeno del crowdfunding. Nella prima parte si presenta questo tema elencando le sue caratteristiche principali. In seguito ci si occupa del suo sviluppo a livello globale e delle piattaforme di crowdfunding dal punto di vista operativo e legale. Infine si analizzano, tramite uno studio empirico, i dati relativi alla gestione e all’andamento delle campagne di crowdfunding di aziende italiane presenti sulla piattaforma di Kickstarter.

Dans une premiere partie sont analyses les facteurs determinant la morphogenese plio-quaternaire (lithologie et structure geologique, climats et vegetation actuels et passes). La deuxieme et la troisieme partie sont consacrees a l'etude regionale des massifs et bassins littoraux, puis de la chaine axiale. Trois themes ont ete privilegies : la tectonique recente : la distension est le mecanisme dominant, a partir du miocene superieur a l'ouest, du pliocene superieur a l'est ; elle est interrompue par deux episodes compressifs. Elle determine une orogenese decalee chronologiquement d'ouest en est. Le soulevement quaternaire atteint une moyenne globale de 15 a 20 cm 1000 ans, valeur inferieure de moitie environ a celle de la calabre. La neotectonique et l'instabilite sismotectonique declenchent des crises erosives efficaces, en synergie avec les crises bioclimatiques. La morphogenese bioclimatique. Elle s'inscrit dans le contexte humide d'une facade occidentale au vent. La degradation climatique de longue duree du pliocene superieur coincide avec une crise rhexistasique importante. Les cycles bio-climatiques du quaternaire ancien et moyen favorisent le creusement des grandes vallees, le developpement du karst et la regularisation des grands versants calcaires. Le wurm est caracterise par l'importance de la cryoclastie et l'apparition d'une morphogenese glaciaire en altitude. L'anthropisation des paysages ne devient perceptible qu'a la fin de l'age du bronze. Elle engendre une crise detritique continue jusqu'a l'epoque moderne.

L’esercito italiano e la conquista della Catalogna (1808-1811) Uno studio di Military Effectiveness nell’Europa napoleonica Settori scientifico-disciplinari SPS/03 – M-STO/02 La ricerca ha lo scopo di ricostruire e valutare l’effettività militare dell’esercito italiano al servizio di Napoleone I. In primo luogo attraverso un’analisi statistica e strategica della costruzione, e del successivo impiego, dell’istituzione militare del Regno d’Italia durante gli anni della sua esistenza (1805-14); successivamente, è stato scelto un caso di studi particolarmente significativo, come la campagna di Catalogna (1808-11, nel contesto della guerra di Indipendenza spagnola), per poter valutare il contributo operazionale e tattico dei corpi inviati dal governo di Milano e la loro integrazione con l’apparato militare complessivo del Primo Impero. La tesi ha voluto rispondere alla mancanza di studi sul comportamento in guerra dell’esercito italiano e, allo stesso tempo, introdurre nella storiografia militare italiana la metodologia di studi, d’origine anglosassone e ormai di tradizione trentennale, di Military Effectiveness. La ricerca si è primariamente basata, oltre che sulla copiosa memorialistica a stampa italiana e francese, sulla documentazione d’archivio della Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales di Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Parigi), del Ministère de la Guerre francese (Service historique de la Défence, di Vincennes, Parigi) e del Ministero della Guerra del Regno d’Italia (Archivio di Stato di Milano). Dal punto di vista dei risultati è stato possibile verificare come l’esercito italiano abbia rappresentato, per Bonaparte, uno strumento duttile e di facile impiego, pur in un contesto di sostanziale marginalità numerica complessiva di fronte alle altre (e cospicue) forze messe in campo da parte dell’Impero e dei suoi altri Stati satellite e alleati. Per quanto riguarda la campagna di conquista della Catalogna è stato invece possibile appurare il fondamentale contributo dato dal contingente italiano, sotto i punti di vista operazionale e tattico, per la buona riuscita dell’invasione; questo primariamente grazie alle elevate caratteristiche generali mostrate dallo stesso, ma anche per peculiarità disciplinari e organizzative che resero i corpi italiani adatti a operazioni particolarmente aggressive.
The Italian Army and the Conquest of Catalonia (1808-1811) A Study of Military Effectiveness in Napoleonic Europe Academic Fields and Disciplines SPS/03 – M-STO/02 The research has the purpose of reconstruct and evaluate the military effectiveness of the Italian Army existed under the reign of Napoleon I. Firstly through a statistic and strategic analysis of the development, and the following deployment, of the military institution of the Kingdom of Italy in the years of its existence (1805-14). Afterwards, a particularly significant case study was chosen, as the campaign of Catalonia (1808-11, in the context of the Peninsular War), in order to assess the operational and tactical contribution of the regiments sent by the Government of Milan and their integration in the overall military apparatus of the First Empire. The thesis wanted to respond to the lack of studies on the Italian army’s behavior in war and, at the same time, to introduce the methodology of the Military Effectiveness Studies (of British and American origin and, by now, enriched by a thirty-year old tradition) in the Italian historiography. The research is primarily based, besides the numerous memoirs of the Italian and French veterans, on the archive documentation of the Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Paris), of the French Ministère de la Guerre (Service historique de la Défence, of Vincennes, Paris) and of the Italian Ministero della Guerra (Archivio di Stato di Milano). About the results, it has been verified how the Italian army has become a flexible and suitable instrument for Bonaparte, albeit in a context of substantial overall numerical marginality in comparison to the heterogeneous forces available to the Empire and its others satellites and allied states. Regarding the campaign of Catalonia, instead, it was possible to ascertain the fundamental contribution of the Italian regiments, in an operational and tactical perspective, for the success of the invasion. This was primarily due to the excellent general characteristics shown by the expeditionary force, but also to disciplinary and organizational peculiarities that have made the Italian corps suitable for particularly aggressive operations.

The following thesis has the purpose to expose the historical and cultural evolution that interested marketing and advertising disciplines in the post-modern society. The thesis opens with a brief introduction, over the evolution of the global perception of marketing during the last century. In particular, the essay outlines how the introduction of advertising has firstly made its appearance and then, has evolved in the Italian context. Through the analysis and the comparison of various ads on means of communication like television, radio, billboards, posters on the streets and internet issued on different epochs, the essay assumes to investigate how the Italian society and its perception towards advertising has changed through the decades. An important attention has been given to the post-World-War II period and to the following process of Americanization experienced in Italy. The Americanization process meant for the Italian society a real change, or an evolution, from a peasant to a welfare society. Subsequently, the final part of the thesis is focused on giving a wider attention to controversial advertising, which is a communication method adopted by several business companies, nowadays in Italy and all over the world, in order to boost the impact generated by the ads over the users. Indeed, companies foster customers' attention to the brand or products generally violating moral, social or religious norms socially shared. In the last century, this tendency to excess in publicity contributed to give a jolt to the Italian culture which had always been controlled and influenced by moral stereotypes, taboos and values mostly set by the Catholic Church and the Italian public authorities. Eventually, the last part of the thesis is dedicated to give some useful examples of controversial marketing through the analysis of the most iconic campaigns. These campaigns helps the thesis project and researches made in the previous chapters to better understand the impact got over the Italian population during the long process of modernisation, and above all, how the controversial marketing campaigns helped to change the Italians’ mind-set anchored to the traditional patterns for too long.

Cette thèse porte sur les questions de mobilité sociale et géographique et sur les mécanismes qui les rendent possibles dans une société rurale de l'Ancien Régime. Le case study choisi est la communauté rurale de Lucento, un ancien fief médiéval situé sur le territoire - finaggio — de la ville de Turin, qui, capitale du duché de Savoie, va devenir au XVIIe le principal centre économique et administratif du Piémont. L’expansion de la ville produit des effets irréversibles sur les campagnes environnantes : la demande de biens alimentaires et surtout des fourrages et de foin (les rendements sont élevés grâce à la culture du trèfle) favorise la transformation rapide des contrats agraires, le déclin du métayage et le progrès des locations de fermes employant des salariés, la formation d’une couche moyenne rurale. Combinant macroanalyse (évolution des prix, marché foncier et urbaine, rapport rente/revenu agricole, salaires) et techniques de la microhistoire, cette thèse permet d’observer en plein XVIIe une expérience alors rare, celle d’une croissance urbaine forte dans sa composante « rurale ». L’analyse de la diversité spatiale des choix techniques (l’exemple des fumures est le plus frappant), des choix contractuels, de l'évolution des exploitations et plus encore des flux des populations, débouchent à la fois sur une microanalyse de trajectoires individuelles et familiales, surtout métayer et fermier, et sur le phénomènes de mobilité entre société paysanne et urbaine. Enfin, avec la mise en évidence de phénomènes de structure le rôle de Turin rappelle ici celui repéré pur le fermes de la région parisiennes tout comme les effects de Londres sur le migrations anglaise
This research focuses on issues of social and geographical mobility and the mechanisms that make them possible in a rural society of the Ancien Régime, in the seventeenth century. The case study is the rural community of Lucento, ancient medieval fief located on the territory of the city of Turin the capital of the Duchy of Savoia that’s becoming the main economic and administrative center of the western Piedmont. The expansion of the city produces irreversible affects on the surrounding countryside : the demand for food products and most of all forage and hay (yields are high thanks to the cultivation of clover) promotes the rapid transformation of agrarian contracts, declining sharecropping and progress rentals farms employing wage labor, the formation of a rural middle class. Combining macro analysis (price developments, land and urban market, land revenue/farm income, wages) and techniques of microhistory, this thesis make it possible to observe in the seventeenth an experience so rare : a strong urban growth in its component “rural” or “not urban”. The analysis of the spatial diversity of technical options (the case of the manure is the most striking), contractual choice, the evolution of exploitations and most of all flows of people, lead to both a microanalysis of individual and family trajectories, sharecropper and tenant farmer, and the phenomena of mobility between urban and rural society. Finally, thanks to the identification of structural phenomena, the role of Turin recalled here the farms of Bassin Parisiens as well as the effects of english migration in London in the early modern history

Lo sviluppo della comunicazione politico-elettorale nel corso degli anni ha profondamente modificato il modo in cui i messaggi provenienti dalla politica giungono al cittadino. Inoltre, l’evoluzione tecnologica del panorama mediatico ha reso sempre più facile, e accessibile a sempre più persone, la possibilità di un dialogo diretto tra il cittadino e l’esponente politico o il suo staff. Da questa dinamica appare escluso il giornalista politico, la cui intermediazione era del tutto necessaria fino a pochi anni or sono, e che oggi si trova a dover far fronte a un rischio di obsolescenza. Un rischio causato anche da pratiche e comportamenti che, nel corso degli anni, hanno contribuito a fare del giornalismo politico un facile bersaglio di accuse di eccessiva connivenza o conflittualità con il sistema politico e con quello economico. In questo lavoro, anche attraverso un’analisi svolta tra Francia e Italia, sosteniamo che l’unica via che il giornalismo può percorrere per evitare il rischio dell’obsolescenza è quella di recuperare, da un lato, i valori fondanti della professione, e dall’altro di innalzare il livello qualitativo, con una grande attenzione per la formazione e per la capacità di padroneggiare gli sviluppi tecnologici, sociali e culturali della società alla quale appartengono.
The development of political communication and election campaigning in the last decades has deeply modified the way in which political messages arrive to the citizens. Moreover, the technological evolution of the media has made easier, and more accessible to every part of the society, the possibility of a direct dialogue between citizens and politicians (or their staff). The figure that seems to be excluded from these dynamics is the political journalist, whose intermediation was necessary until recently, and who now has to face a real risk of obsolescence. This risk is caused also by practices and behaviors that, during the last years, contributed to make political journalism an easy target for accusations of excessive connivance or conflict with the political and the economical system. In this work, through also an analysis realized in France and in Italy, we argue that the only way journalism has, in order to avoid the risk of obsolescence, is to regain, on one hand, the traditional key values of the journalistic profession, and, on the other, to improve the qualitative level, with more attention to professional training and to the technological, social and cultural developments of the society.

Lo sviluppo della comunicazione politico-elettorale nel corso degli anni ha profondamente modificato il modo in cui i messaggi provenienti dalla politica giungono al cittadino. Inoltre, l’evoluzione tecnologica del panorama mediatico ha reso sempre più facile, e accessibile a sempre più persone, la possibilità di un dialogo diretto tra il cittadino e l’esponente politico o il suo staff. Da questa dinamica appare escluso il giornalista politico, la cui intermediazione era del tutto necessaria fino a pochi anni or sono, e che oggi si trova a dover far fronte a un rischio di obsolescenza. Un rischio causato anche da pratiche e comportamenti che, nel corso degli anni, hanno contribuito a fare del giornalismo politico un facile bersaglio di accuse di eccessiva connivenza o conflittualità con il sistema politico e con quello economico. In questo lavoro, anche attraverso un’analisi svolta tra Francia e Italia, sosteniamo che l’unica via che il giornalismo può percorrere per evitare il rischio dell’obsolescenza è quella di recuperare, da un lato, i valori fondanti della professione, e dall’altro di innalzare il livello qualitativo, con una grande attenzione per la formazione e per la capacità di padroneggiare gli sviluppi tecnologici, sociali e culturali della società alla quale appartengono.
The development of political communication and election campaigning in the last decades has deeply modified the way in which political messages arrive to the citizens. Moreover, the technological evolution of the media has made easier, and more accessible to every part of the society, the possibility of a direct dialogue between citizens and politicians (or their staff). The figure that seems to be excluded from these dynamics is the political journalist, whose intermediation was necessary until recently, and who now has to face a real risk of obsolescence. This risk is caused also by practices and behaviors that, during the last years, contributed to make political journalism an easy target for accusations of excessive connivance or conflict with the political and the economical system. In this work, through also an analysis realized in France and in Italy, we argue that the only way journalism has, in order to avoid the risk of obsolescence, is to regain, on one hand, the traditional key values of the journalistic profession, and, on the other, to improve the qualitative level, with more attention to professional training and to the technological, social and cultural developments of the society.

Le premier chapitre analyse l’impact d’un afflux relativement large et homogène d’immigrés polonais sur le Royaume Uni et quel effet ce choc a eu sur le vote Brexit de 2016. Je trouve que l’immigration polonaise au Royaume Uni a augmenté le vote Brexit mais pas assez pour expliquer la décision de quitter l’union européenne. Afin d’obtenir une variation exogène dans la répartition des immigrés polonais je me base sur le développement de réseaux de migrants proches des camps de réinstallation de guerre crées pour les soldats polonais après la deuxième guerre mondiale dont je collecte la localisation dans les archives nationales. Dans le deuxième chapitre j’utilise le démantèlement de camps de migrants illégaux proche de Calais et la répartition de migrants s’en suivant pour étudier l’impact d’une exposition à peu de migrants pendant une courte période de temps. Je trouve que l’exposition a peu de migrants réduit le vote Front National (le parti d’extrême droite français) mais que cet effet se dissipe si de grands groupes de migrants sont relocalisés. Dans ce cas, le contact ainsi que la taille relative du groupe jouent un rôle important dans la réaction des autochtones aux migrants. Dans le dernier chapitre j’analyse l’impact de la crise des réfugiés sur la demande et l’offre politique en Italie. Je montre que l’ouverture de petits centres d’accueil de migrants en Italie a réduit le vote d’extrême droite, les crimes de haine contre les immigrés ainsi qu’augmenté le vote en faveur des partis de gauche. Les effets proviennent principalement de municipalités qui sont moins connectes à internet
The first chapter analyses the impact of a relatively large and homogeneous shock of Polish immigrants in the UK and what impact said shock had on the Brexit vote in 2016. I finnd that Polish migration to the United Kingdom has increased voting for Brexit, but not enough to sway the vote for Leave. In order to achieve exogenous variation in the allocation of Polish immigrants I rely on the formation of migrant networks close to War Resettlement Camps created for Polish soldiers after WWII, which I collect from the National archives. In the second chapter I use the dismantlement of the illegal Migrants camp close to Calais and the subsequent redistribution of migrants to study the impact to the exposure to few migrants over a short amount of time. I find that the exposure to few migrants decreases the voting for the Front National, but that this effect dissipates if large migrant groups are resettled. In this case contact as well as relative group size play an important role in explaining native's reactions to migrants. In the last chapter I analyse the impact of the refugee crisis on the demand and supply of politics in Italy. I show that the opening of small reception centres for migrants in Italy have decreased voting for the extreme right, decreased hate crimes against immigrants as well as increased votes for left wing parties. The effects are mostly driven by municipalities, which are less connected to the internet. This shows the differential amplification effect digital media can have vis-a-vis traditional media. Furthermore, I find that mayors from extreme right wing parties close and are less likely to open reception centres than other politicians, rationally reacting to their decreased political support

Entre le XIe et le XIIe siècle, le notariat connait une transition fondamentale. Cette mutation est déjà une préfiguration très nette d’un notariat pratiqué aujourd’hui encore. Dans les villes, l’environnement du régime politique des communes, la relance économique et commerciale puis la renaissance du droit romain font émerger le notariat public. Une capacité particulière d’authentification des actes commence à être reconnue aux notaires ; ils ne sont plus des praticiens privés, mais acquièrent une qualité publique de plus en plus explicite. Ce bouleversement a évidemment des répercussions sur de nombreux éléments de la pratique du notariat. Or, ce sont ces éléments qui sont analysés dans la présente étude afin de déterminer à quel moment cette transition a lieu dans les milieux ruraux. Le monastère de Passignano est situé dans une vallée au sud du contado florentin. A la fois isolé et à la croisée de quatre grandes villes médiévales, le fonds d’archives qu’il a laissé offre un fantastique observatoire pour évaluer le moment de ce basculement. Ainsi dans les campagnes au sud de la ville de Florence, les indices de l’apparition d’un notariat public sont de plus en plus visibles entre la seconde moitié du XIe siècle et le XIIe siècle. Le formalisme devient de moins en moins rigoureux, la graphie de plus en plus lisible, des bribes de latin grammatical commencent à se disséminer et les concepts juridiques se font de plus en plus audacieux. Surtout, le seing manuel des notaires se meut progressivement. Ce signe, par lequel ils transforment le document en acte, transite d’un seing manuel local et impersonnel à un signe original et individuel. Autrement dit il mute d’un signe de validation à un signe validateur et identificateur
Between 11th and 12th century, the notariate begins a fundamental transition. This mutation is already a very clear prefiguration of a notariate still practiced today. In the cities, the political regime of the communes, the economic and commercial revival and the reborn of the roman law allow for the emrgence of the public notariate. A special capacity of authentification begins to be granted to the notaries ; they are no more private praticians and they acquire, more and more explicitly, a public quality. This upset has impacts on many elements of the practice of the notariate. Therefore, those elements are the ones analysed in this study, to determine when this transition is happening in the countries. The monastery of Passignano is located in a valley in the south of the florentine contado. Both isolated and crossroad of three important medieval cities, his archival materials is a wonderful viewpoint to evaluate the time of the switching. Thus in the countries of Florence, the indices of the apparition of a public notariate are more and more visible between the 11th and the 12th century. The formalism becomes less and less rigorous, the graphics is increasingly readable, snippets of grammatical latin are disseminated and legal concepts are more and more audacious. Mainly, the sign manual of the notaries is progressively evolving. This sign is transiting from a local and impersonal sign manual to an original and individual sign ; it is switching form a validation sign to a validation and identification sign

Le paysage représente un point de rencontre entre un modèle culturel et une perception. Ils existent deux types de paysages : celui que l’on peut concevoir comme objet d’observation et qui renvoie à un paysage pictural et artistique ; et le paysage vu en tant « qu’espace vécu » et qui appartient au domaine du paysage géographique. La littérature tout comme le cinéma, se sont depuis toujours intéressés à l’importance du paysage. Le regard que le cinéma porte sur le paysage fait référence à de nombreux modèles culturels, artistiques, littéraires et sociaux qui connaissent une évolution constante. Notre travail porte sur la perception et sur les visions du paysage qu’offrent les œuvres littéraires et cinématographiques italiennes entre 1929 et 1964. La thèse se fonde sur les théoriciens du paysage et des critiques cinématographiques et littéraires et tente de mettre en évidence les diverses fonctions (identitaires culturelles, symboliques et esthétiques) du paysage
The landscape represents a meeting point between a cultural model and people’s perception of the world. There are two types of landscape: one, conceived as object of observation which refers to a pictorial and artistic landscape, and other, seen as a lived space, part of the field of geographical landscape. Literature, as well as cinema, is mindful of the importance of the landscape. The regard cinema addresses to the landscape refers to several cultural, artistic, literary and social patterns, all of which are in constant evolution. Our study will focus on the perception and vision of the landscape displayed in Italian literary and cinematographic works between 1929 and 1964. Based on landscape theoreticians and critics of film and literature, we attempted to outline the various functions (cultural identity, symbolic, aesthetic) assumed by the landscape itself

Politique alimentaire, endettement rural et conflictualité au sujet de l'exploitation des ressources locales sont les trois thèmes autour desquels s'articule ce travail sur la république de Lucques aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Ces trois sujets représentent un point de vue privilégié pour pénétrer les principes de l'administration quotidienne de ce petit état et les mécanismes de conservation de sa liber/as constitutionnelle. Leur analyse est associée à une double perspective, vue « d'en haut» et vue « d'en bas », dont le but est de reconstruire les instruments de base avec lesquels les institutions du gouvernement central opèrent au niveau rural et les diverses attitudes de la population locale devant les sollicitations qui en dérivent quotidiennement. Dans ce contexte, le paternalisme et la « mesure de police » constituent le moyen principal grâce auquel Lucques se donne la capacité de pénétrer dans son territoire rural, d'en contrôler les diverses dynamiques socio-économiques et d'en construire, dans un rapport de conditionnement mutuel avec la population locale, les caractéristiques fondamentales. L'administration de la république lucquoise se révèle dynamique et élastique parce que dynamiques et élastiques, continuellement en devenir et exposés à des sollicitations quotidiennes, sont les phénomènes qui, à niveau local, contribuent à construire le territoire et ses configurations juridictionnelles
Food policy, rural indebtedness and conflicts concerning the exploitation of the local resources are the three topics around which this work on the Republic of Lucca in the 17th and 18th centuries is about. These three topics represent a privileged way to comprehend the daily administration principles of this small state and its constitutional libertas (freedom) preservation mechanisms. Their analysis is accomplished in two different perspectives, one from the "higher" point of view and the other from the "lower", with the objective of reconstructing the basic mechanisms used by the government institutions and the different local population's attitudes to what the subjects were daily solicited. In this context, paternalism and "police measure" are the principal instrument through which the Republic of Lucca, in a mutual relation with its local population, is given the ability to penetrate its rural territory, to control the various socio-economic dynamics of its state and to build its rural territory. The Republic of Lucca's administration appears to be dynamic and resilient since it is continuously exposed to daily soli citations, phenomena that produces the construction of the territory and its jurisdictional configurations at the local level

Questo elaborato è volto all’analisi di alcune campagne pubblicitarie cinesi prodotte da aziende straniere. La tesi, dopo aver introdotto i concetti di pubblicità e di cultura, si focalizzerà sull’adattamento culturale e sulle strategie linguistico-traduttive adottate nel settore pubblicitario e, in particolare, nelle specifiche campagne prese in esame.

Cette étude a pour but d’analyser les représentations peintes – mais aussi, à chaque fois que cela était pertinent pour le propos, les dessins, les photographies et les sculptures – des campagnes d’Italie de 1800 et de 1859. L’approche comparative de ces deux événements met en parallèle les héritages et les innovations artistiques d’« un Napoléon à l’autre », en posant à chaque fois la question de la volonté de précision et des connaissances des artistes chargés d’immortaliser les grandes phases de ces conflits, de manière à apporter un regard principalement centré sur les aspects militaires de ces représentations, en recourant notamment à l’étude iconographique. S’il s’agit avant tout d’un travail d’histoire de l’art, s’appuyant sur l’analyse stylistique et sur la réception critique des œuvres, l’approche méthodologique proposée croise d’autres disciplines afin de détailler la conception et l’organisation des œuvres : topographie, stratégie, tactique et, plus largement, d’autres domaines plus spécifiquement liés au patrimoine militaire (uniformologie, emblématique, armement…). Les œuvres sont également confrontées aux objets conservés et à l’histoire militaire qu’elles représentent, afin de comprendre comment les artistes ont conçu leurs productions et sont parvenus à rendre les faits. L’organisation du propos est divisée en trois parties, étudiant successivement la représentation topographique (les artistes se sont-ils rendus sur les lieux, ont-ils cherché à être précis en rendant les paysages et les particularités géographiques ?), le rendu de la bataille (comment la traite-t-on au début et au milieu du siècle, trouve-t-on un véritable souci de faire figurer les bonnes unités aux bons endroits et de tenter de comprendre et / ou de recomposer les manœuvres tactiques ?) et la perception héroïque (comment met-on en valeur le héros d’une époque à l’autre et comment différencier une œuvre au rendu réaliste d’une autre vouée à la glorification ou à l’édification ?)
This work deals with a comparative analysis of military paintings representing the French Italian Campaigns (1800 and 1859), including drawings, photographs and sculptures when it is relevant. The parallel is established between artistic heritages and innovations from “a Napoleon to the other”, asking the artists’ willing of precision and military knowledge when they represented these events, so these works of art are studied in a different way focused on a military approach using iconography. Although the main work is in history of art, based on the analysis of formal handling and critical reception, the methodology resorts other sciences in order to examine the artworks composition and organisation in details: in that way, artworks are confronted to topography, strategy, tactic and also military heritage testimonies (uniforms, emblems, weapons…) and history they aimed to show. The work is divided in three parts, successively studying topographical representation (did the artists travelled to see the places and did they represented precise and recognizable geographical details?), the way of painting battles (how fights were figured at the beginning and in the middle of the 19th century, can regiments and tactical manoeuvres be identified correctly?) and heroic perception (how heroes were showed in 1800 and in 1859 and how artworks can be ranked, between glorification and realistic representations?)

L’obiettivo del presente lavoro è lo studio delle trasformazioni del mondo contadino e dell’agricoltura attraverso l’analisi comparata della storia del movimento cooperativo agricolo in Italia ed in Francia nella prima metà del Novecento. Le origini e la progressiva diffusione del fenomeno a livello nazionale sono osservate a partire dalle loro differenti manifestazioni spazio-temporali, ma con la preoccupazione costante di metterle in relazione con le evoluzioni del settore primario. Al contempo mezzo di autonoma organizzazione al servizio dei contadini e strumento di controllo da parte delle autorità, le cooperative mostrano nel corso della loro storia un’indiscutibile capacità di adattamento in funzione delle opportunità e dei vincoli definiti dal contesto. Le ricerche si concentrano innanzi tutto sulla diffusione delle affittanze collettive nei latifondi della Sicilia cerealicola: si tratta di un caso specifico, tuttavia esemplificativo del rapporto tra contadini e forme associative. L’analisi delle cooperative agricole di lavoro e produzione permette il progressivo superamento della dimensione strettamente nazionale. Le esperienze italiane in materia e l’«assenza» francese sono così studiate a partire da una medesima griglia di osservazione. La dimensione comparativa diviene poi sistematica nel quadro di un’osservazione di lungo periodo delle evoluzioni a livello quantitativo, geografico ed istituzionale della cooperazione agricola nei due Paesi. Le analisi precedenti costituiscono infine la base per un tentativo di generalizzazione e di sistematizzazione delle complesse interazioni che caratterizzano il rapporto tra contadini, cooperative e trasformazioni dell’agricoltura.
This research explores the transformations of the peasantry and the evolutions of agriculture through a comparative study of agricultural co-operatives in Italy and France during the first half of the twentieth century. The origins and development of co-operatives at the national level are analyzed on the basis of multiple spaces and temporalities, but always in connection with transformations in the primary sector. Used by poor peasants as a means of self-organization, and by governments as an instrument of social control, the evolutions of co-operatives highlight an unquestionable capacity to adapt to shifting opportunities and constraints. I start by analysing the diffusion of co-operatives using collective tenant farming in the latifundia-dominated grain-producing regions of central Sicily. This specific case helps us to illustrate a broader set of relationships between peasants and collective organisations. A comparative approach is included through a comparative analysis of labour and production co-operatives in agriculture. The analytical framework that comes out of this research is then applied to Italy and to France. Finally, more systematic comparisons are made through an analysis of long term quantitative, geographical and institutional evolutions of agricultural co-operation in both countries. I am subsequently able to create the basis for a general model whose purpose is to understand the complex relations between peasants, co-operatives and the broader transformations of agriculture.
L’objectif de cette étude est d’explorer les transformations du monde paysan et les évolutions du secteur agricole à travers les itinéraires comparés des coopératives agricoles en Italie et en France, dans la première moitié du XXe siècle. Les origines et la progressive diffusion du phénomène à l’échelle nationale sont analysées à partir d’espaces et de temporalités différentes, mais toujours en rapport avec les transformations du secteur primaire. À la fois moyen d’organisation autonome des paysans pauvres et instrument au service de leur encadrement par les pouvoirs publics, les coopératives montrent au cours de leur histoire une indiscutable capacité d’adaptation en fonction des opportunités et des contraintes posées par le contexte. L’attention se concentre d’abord sur la diffusion des coopératives qui pratiquent les fermages collectifs dans les latifundia de la Sicile céréalière. C’est un cas spécifique, mais qui devient néanmoins exemplaire du rapport des paysans aux organismes collectifs. La dimension comparative est progressivement introduite, par l’observation des coopératives de travail et de culture en commun, dont l’expérience italienne et l’« absence » française sont explorées à partir de la même grille d’observation. Les croisements deviennent finalement systématiques dans le cadre d’une analyse de longue durée des évolutions quantitatives, géographiques et institutionnelles de la coopération agricole des deux pays. Cette mise en perspective constitue finalement la base d’un essai de généralisation et de modélisation des interactions complexes entre paysans, coopératives et évolutions de l’agriculture.

Ce travail de recherche naît du désir de contribuer à enrichir le domaine de l’analyse du discours en explorant des productions peu étudiées jusqu’à présent : les discours de la publicité sociétale. Avec ce terme, nous nous référons à des campagnes ayant pour objectif d’entraver ou promouvoir certains comportements au nom du bien-être collectif, ou de demander un don. Notre corpus se compose de 57 campagnes sociétales, promues en Italie et en France entre 2018 et 2020. Relativement aux thématiques traitées, nous n’avons fixé aucune limite. En ce qui concerne les annonceurs, nous avons examiné des campagnes promues par les institutions publiques, les entreprises privées, et le tiers secteur. Notre questionnement concerne les stratégies discursives employées au sein de ce corpus, très récent et actuel, que nous avons étudié sous un angle comparatif. Notre but était de voir si des analogies ou des différences majeures ressortaient en fonction des thèmes touchés, des annonceurs, des destinataires ciblés et de l’effet visé. L’approche que nous adoptons pour notre analyse relève des sciences du langage et précisément des études sur l’analyse du discours et de l’argumentation, la rhétorique, et la sémantique et pragmatique énonciatives. Afin d’investiguer les messages de notre corpus en appliquant les outils analytiques mis au point par différentes branches des sciences du langage, nous avons élaboré une grille d’analyse qui s’articule sur plusieurs plans : ces angles d’observation, qui ne correspondent pas à une hiérarchisation, sont le plan linguistique, le plan pragmatique inférentiel et illocutoire, et le plan rhétorique
This research aims at enriching the field of critical discourse analysis through the study of messages which have been little explored until now, namely the discourse of social advertising. This term refers to campaigns that ask for a donation, or try to discourage or advocate certain behaviours in the name of public interest. The corpus is made of 57 social campaigns, promoted in Italy and in France between 2018 and 2020. No limit of topic has been fixed. As far as advertisers are concerned, campaigns promoted by public institutions, private companies and non-profit organisations have been analysed. The focus lies on the discourse strategies used in this corpus, which is very recent and has been studied from a comparative point of view. The aim was to see if major similarities or differences would be revealed, depending on the topic, the advertiser, the target and the objective. This research has been carried out from a sociolinguistic perspective, and more specifically from the point of view of critical discourse analysis, argumentation, rhetoric, semantics and pragmatics. In order to examine the corpus chosen, an analysis table has been created, so as to make the most of the resources provided by the different branches of linguistics. This table is organised into three plans – which do not correspond with a hierarchisation –, namely a linguistic plan, a pragmatic plan and a rhetorical plan

Dans le cadre du modèle centre et périphérie, la recherche en question s’occupe des aspects de la production, de l’exportation, de la délocalisation, de la diffusion des matériaux céramiques durant l’époque hellénistique et romaine. En particulier, sont analysées des céramiques fines, demi-fines et conteneurs italiques échangées entre la Péninsule et le Midi durant l’époque hellénistique (IIe âge du Fer en Gaule) en comparaison avec des céramiques gauloises pendant le Haut Empire entre le Midi et la Regio X augustea. Plus précisément sont étudiés les exemples des fossiles-directeurs de la vaisselle à vernis noir campanienne et de la sigillée sud-gauloise de la Graufesenque (Aveyron), de Montans (Tarn), de Banassac (Lozère), de Lezoux (Puy-de-Dôme) ainsi que des amphores Dressel 1A-1B et des amphores gauloises. La valeur documentaire de tels artefacts (produits manufacturés) est d’une grande importance dans la compréhension des problématiques chronologiques, historiques, économiques et sociales du monde romaine. Leur analyse contribue à comprendre les dynamiques de la production et de la commercialisation d’autres marchandises comme les produits alimentaires dont les céramiques sont souvent des éléments d’accompagnement. Cette étude comparative veut approfondir la connaissance de l’univers culturel et économique romain ainsi que celle des axes commerciaux entre le centre et la périphérie, plus précisément entre l’Italie et l’Aquitaine méridionale d’une part, le Midi de la France et la Regio X d’autre part. Une partie du travail est consacrée aux axes économiques, aux voies d’eau et de terre, utilisées pour l’acheminement et la réception des marchandises et des vaisselles en époque romaine dans les régions concernées par cette recherche. La diffusion des vaisselles, objet de l’étude, est le signe d’une production à grande échelle qui va bien au-delà d’une utilisation familiale et qui se veut par conséquent précurseur du concept de globalisation que nous connaissons de nos jours
Within the framework of the central and peripheral model, the research in question deals with aspects of production, export, relocation and diffusion of ceramic materials during the Hellenistic and Roman period. In particular, fine, semi-fine and italic containers exchanged between the Peninsula and the South during the Hellenistic period (II Iron Age in Gaul) are analysed in comparison with Gallic ceramics during the Early Roman Empire between the South and Regio X augustea. More precisely, the examples of the master fossils of Campanian black glazed wares and the Gallic southern terra sigillata of Graufesenque (Aveyron), Montans (Tarn), Banassac (Lozère), Lezoux (Puy-de-Dôme) as well as the Dressel 1A-1B and Gallic amphorae are studied. The documentary value of such artefact (manufactured products) is of great importance in understanding the chronological, historical, economic and social problems of the Roman world. Their analysis helps to understand the dynamics of the production and marketing of other commodities such as food products, of which ceramics are often use as an accompaniment. This comparative study aims to deepen knowledge of the Roman cultural and economic universe as well as that of the commercial axes between the centre and the periphery, more precisely between Italy and southern Aquitaine on one hand, South of France and Regio X on the other hand. Part of the work is devoted to the economic axes, waterways and landways, used for the transport and reception of goods and pottery in Roman times in the regions concerned by this research. The diffusion of pottery, subject of the study, is a sign of large-scale production that goes far beyond family use and is therefore a precursor to the concept of globalization that we know today. The diffusion of pottery, subject of the study, is a sign of large-scale production that goes far beyond family use and is therefore a precursor to the concept of globalization that we know today

Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement. In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP. However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario. In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2007.
Advisor: James P. Jones, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of History. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 2, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 215 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

War news and public relations (PR) was a critical consideration for the Canadian Army during the Second World War. The Canadian Army developed its PR apparatus from nothing to an efficient publicity machine by war’s end, despite a series of growing pains. Canadian Military Headquarters in London appointed the first PR Officer, William Abel, in January 1940. PR services overseas grew along with the size of the army. The early days were marked by lack of coordination and often jurisdictional and personality conflicts between Abel and the other PR Officers and organizations. The 19 August 1942 Dieppe raid was the low point for both the accuracy of war news and Canadian PR involvement because Lord Mountbatten’s Combined Operations Headquarters minimized Canadian PR’s involvement in planning. This resulted in early portrayals of the raid as successful and the British censored a more honest explanation by the Canadian Army. The Sicilian and Italian campaigns provided a learning experience for the PR units. In Sicily, the news coverage of the Canadians was a public success, but PR had trouble with their allies in gaining national recognition and representation. Additionally, the question of correspondents’ priorities and delays getting to the front and transportation difficulties angered the press. Many of these problems continued in Italy until the appointment of Richard Malone, who enjoyed support from the politicians, press, and military. Applying the Mediterranean experience and participating in Allied publicity planning contributed to the excellence of Canadian PR during the Northwest Europe Campaign. PR maintained the confidence of the press while still controlling the correspondents. The army also largely overcame the temptation to censor bad news although this sometimes embarrassed Ottawa. Allied regulations sanitized war news preventing the reporting of the more disturbing aspects of war. Through censorship, the army exercised a great deal of control over the news media, yet this hegemony was incomplete because of need to keep the press friendly. Although a large sceptical minority remained, most Canadians considered their war news to be accurate. In sum, Canadian Army PR was generally successful, portraying the army positively and attracting media coverage.

Defence date: 21 July 2014
Examining Board: Professor Donatella della Porta, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor László Bruszt, European University Institute; Professor Lance Bennett, University of Washington; Professor Mario Diani, Università degli Studi di Trento.
In 2011, a vast coalition of social movement actors coordinated one of the largest and most successful political campaign that characterized recent Italian history, organizing and winning a referendum that blocked a serious attempt to privatize the entire water distribution network. In a year characterized by intense mobilizations throughout the world – with the Occupy, the 15-M and the so called Arab Spring protests dominating the scene – the main Italian organizations and networks coalesced, with the external support of some small declining or newly formed parties, and gradually captured an increasing attention in society. The main environment of action of the Referendum supporters slowly passed from the Italian streets, assemblies, and squares, to the websites of the organizations, and – during the very last phase of the campaign – to Facebook, finally conquering at least in part the very closed space of the Italian mass media. On Facebook, in particular, the politically oriented communication of the referendum supporters proved to be very pervasive: the words referendum and quorum were the most present in the statuses of the Italian users of this platform for the entire 2011. The dissertation explores in detail this successful campaign, focusing on how the activists elaborated new strategies of online communication and on the processes of adaptation that the emergence of the Social Media in the Italian political environment promoted in this social movement milieu. Adopting a very wide set of methodologies, which includes Digital Ethnography, Social Network Analysis, interviews and data collection through computer programming in Python, the author explores different aspects of the mobilization that are particularly relevant for the broader discussion on online activism and campaigning. In particular, he traces the network of websites that supported the campaign, he observes the online communication practices of the activists on the web and Facebook, he describes the link that connects online and off-line activism during this large-scale campaign, and he connects the different ways of perceiving the social media environment with divergent uses of these platforms.

Come altrove nel mondo, la ristrutturazione del settore agricolo italiano, avviatasi agli inizi degli anni Ottanta, ha assistito all'espansione della produzione export-oriented e all'emergere dell'organizzazione produttiva in filiere, in linea con la dottrina neoliberista che enfatizza l'integrazione nel mercato mondiale come mezzo e fine dello sviluppo di un paese. Un nuovo modo di produrre e fornire cibo che, combinato con le specificità locali, quali la struttura del capitale agrario in Italia, ha creato lo spazio per 'nuove' forme di sfruttamento, quali quelle basate sul lavoro migrante stagionale attraverso la pratica dell'intermediazione illecita di manodopera. Queste forme di sfruttamento sono lungi dall'essere un'eccezione, un'anomalia. Sebbene spesso associate ad isolati comportamenti delinquenziali, se non direttamente ad infiltrazioni di tipo mafioso nel comparto agricolo, la presente ricerca ha riscontrato, al contrario, che lo sfruttamento lavorativo, attraverso la pratica dell'intermediazione illecita di manodopera, è una condizione generalizzata, parte integrante della contemporanea produzione agricola italiana. Questo è mostrato attraverso il caso studio della produzione ortofrutticola fresca del Basso Lazio basato su un'indagine di tipo qualitativo, con interviste semi-strutturate e conversazioni informali per un totale di 40 colloqui con attori chiave all'interno della filiera: lavoratori, per la maggior parte immigrati; intermediatori di manodopera; produttori inseriti nella filiera ortofrutticola attraverso accordi verticali; altri informatori chiave tra cui rappresentanti sindacali del lavoro e di categoria, esponenti di associazioni specializzate presenti sul territorio.
As in many other countries in the world, the neoliberal restructuring of the Italian agricultural sector has witnessed the expansion of export-oriented production and the rise of global value chains in the agrifood sector in line with the neoliberal doctrine emphasising integration into the world market as both a means and an end of development. A new way of producing and delivering food that, coupled with country-specific conditions, such as the structure of agrarian Italian capital, have created the room for 'new' forms of exploitation, such as those based on seasonal migrant labour through practices of labour contracting, sometimes amounting to forms of forced labour. These 'new' forms of exploitation are far from being exceptional. Although often associated with the territory control of Mafia organizations, this article argues that migrant labour exploitation through the labour contracting system is an integral feature of the contemporary agricultural production in Italy. This is shown through the case study of the fruit and vegetable production in the south area of Lazio region where firms can rely, through the role of labour contractors, on cheap and disposable migrant labour, especially Indian workers.

Com o objetivo de contribuir à documentação histórica das práticas das artes musicais no contexto cinematográfico europeu, este trabalho analisará de forma breve as transformações ocorridas no cinema italiano desde a chegada dos talkies2 até a década de 1960. Para isso será utilizado como estudo de caso, o trabalho do compositor romano Ennio Morricone juntamente com o Gruppo di Improvvisazione Nuova Consonanza no filme Un tranquillo posto di campagna (1968), dirigido por Elio Petri. Sempre no âmbito músico-fílmico, será igualmente considerado o contexto histórico e social das práticas em cada período citado, que vai dos anos de 1920 aos de 1960, sendo esta última década a de principal interesse neste estudo.
Aiming to contribute to the historical documentation of the musical practices in the art of cinema in Europe, it will be analysed in this work the transformations ocurred in Italian cinema from the arrival of the talkies4 until the 1960 decade. In order to do so, it will be useful as a case study the work of roman composer Ennio Morricone along with the Gruppo di Improvvisazione Nuova Consonanza for the film Un tranquillo posto di campagna (1968), directed by Elio Petri. Always in the music-filmic practices context, some light will be shed over the historical and social scopes for each period mentioned – from the 1920’s to the 1960’s – the latter being of the greatest interest for us here.

Diploma thesis "Media campaigns of Silvio Berlusconi during general elections from 1994 to 2008" deals with the election campaigns and their cover in mass media. It summarizes style of campaign of the Berlusconi's political party Forza Italia and his coalition. The thesis compares these campaigns with those of main opposition, left- central coalition. The beginning of the thesis devotes to the résumé of Berlusconi's biography and to his entry to the politics. Further chapters summarize political situation between single campaign and they describe these campaign including their media cover. Significant space is devoted to potential influence on voter's decision because of the Berlusconi's media empire and because of his control over dominant commercial television stations Mediaset.

Con l’espressione “marketing internazionale” ci si riferisce a quell’insieme di attività adottate dall’impresa al fine di sviluppare o perfezionare la propria presenza sul mercato estero. Oggetto della presente ricerca è l’analisi degli aspetti problematici che tali attività sollevano sul piano giuridico: attraverso un approccio basato sull’integrazione della cultura economica del marketing d’impresa con quella più propriamente giuridica, l’indagine mira ad individuare le fattispecie di marketing rilevanti sotto il profilo giuridico e giuspubblicistico, ad analizzarne i profili che risultano più critici per l’impresa e proporre soluzioni concrete. La ricerca è stata condotta in collaborazione all’azienda Gruppo Meccaniche Luciani, che oltre ad essere un affermato fornitore di stampi per calzature, progetta design innovativi attraverso una sua articolazione organizzativa creativa, denominata Luciani LAB. L’impresa investe molto nell’innovazione, ed in questo senso, particolarmente significativo è stato l’acquisto di una potente stampante 3D, tecnologicamente all’avanguardia, che ha consentito all’azienda di progettare diversi prodotti, tra cui una borsa, realizzarli in prototipazione rapida, e successivamente renderli oggetto di specifiche campagne promozionali, illustrate nel presente lavoro. Viene evidenziato come queste rispecchino la peculiarità dell’approccio al marketing da parte della piccola/media impresa, descritto dalla dottrina maggioritaria come intuitivo ed empirico, distante da quello teorico e strategico del marketing management. La collaborazione con l’impresa partner del progetto ha costituito il riferimento principale per l’elaborazione del metodo con cui condurre la ricerca: l’azienda ha promosso i propri prodotti mediante diverse strumenti di marketing, come inserti pubblicitari su riviste, campagne di e-mail marketing e fiere di settore. Queste attività si distinguono tra esse non solo rispetto alle funzioni, alle differenti modalità con cui vengono impiegate e al pubblico cui si rivolgono, ma anche e soprattutto rispetto alla disciplina giuridica di riferimento: ognuna di esse infatti è regolata da un determinato complesso di regole e solleva questioni che si inseriscono in una specifica cornice giuridica. Al fine di giungere ad una sistematica trattazione dei profili giuridici connessi, si è scelto di classificare le diverse azioni di marketing in tre gruppi: quelle riferite alla comunicazione, quelle inerenti l’aspetto del prodotto e quelle che si riferiscono al cliente Per ognuna di queste aree si individua una precisa questione critica per l’impresa, e se ne trattano i profili problematici dal punto di vista giuridico. In relazione al primo gruppo, ovvero la comunicazione pubblicitaria d’impresa, si evidenziano le criticità connesse alla possibilità di tutelare giuridicamente l’idea creativa alla base del messaggio pubblicitario: si mette in discussione l’efficacia degli strumenti giuridici invocabili a sua tutela, in particolare della disciplina del diritto d’autore, della concorrenza sleale e dell’autodisciplina. Si prende come riferimento principale il contesto italiano, considerando la pluralità degli interessi pubblici, collettivi ed individuali coinvolti. Il secondo profilo d’indagine riguarda la disciplina giuridica riconducibile all’e-mail marketing, uno degli strumenti più diffusi di comunicazione digitale. L’invasività di questo sistema nella sfera personale dei destinatari impone l’adozione di adeguati rimedi da parte delle imprese per evitare di incorrere nella violazione delle disposizioni a tutela della privacy. Si trattano le diverse implicazioni derivanti dall’uso di tale strumento, in particolare quelle riferite al trattamento dei dati personali alla luce della normativa vigente in Italia e nell’Unione Europea, e connesse alle modalità di raccolta degli indirizzi e-mail dei destinatari potenzialmente interessati. Infine, la costante partecipazione alle fiere di settore da parte dell’azienda dimostra quanto l’esteriorità del prodotto costituisca uno strumento di marketing decisivo per la competitività aziendale, dunque grande è l’interesse dell’impresa a che il suo aspetto esteriore venga protetto dall’imitazione dei concorrenti. Il tema giuridico più significativo che lega il processo di marketing al prodotto dell’azienda è proprio la protezione legale del suo aspetto, ovvero la tutela del diritto esclusivo di utilizzarlo, e vietarne l’uso a terzi. L’aspetto di un prodotto può essere oggetto di protezione sulla base di diverse discipline che concorrono tra loro, sia a livello nazionale che sovranazionale, dei disegni e modelli, del marchio di forma, del diritto d’autore e della concorrenza sleale. Si è scelto di concentrare il lavoro, in particolare, sulla prima: si ricostruisce il quadro normativo e l’assetto degli interessi implicati dalla fattispecie, per arrivare ad evidenziare le principali criticità nell’interpretazione delle norme, sia a livello nazionale, che nell’Unione Europea. Si approfondiscono gli orientamenti di dottrina e giurisprudenza di alcune disposizioni chiave per l’applicazione della disciplina, quali gli artt. 6 e 7 del Regolamento CE, n. 6/2002, concernenti rispettivamente il «carattere individuale» e la «divulgazione», i due requisiti fondamentali per ottenere la registrazione e conseguente protezione giuridica del disegno. Tali nozioni sono soggette ad interpretazioni parzialmente difformi da parte dei giudici dei diversi Stati membri, e ciò contribuisce a minare l’applicazione omogenea della disciplina in tutto il territorio UE. In questo senso, viene messo in evidenza il ruolo chiave dell’orientamento della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea nell’interpretazione di tali concetti, avente l’effetto di uniformare l’approccio degli Stati. La Direttiva 98/71/CE ha introdotto la possibilità di cumulare la protezione conferita all’aspetto del prodotto dalla disciplina dei disegni e modelli con quella riconosciuta dalle altre normative. Tale previsione solleva questioni di rilievo sistematico e concorrenziale: ci si interroga su quali problemi di tipo sistematico e di concorrenza vengano sollevati dal riconoscimento su uno stesso prodotto della protezione sia come disegno che come marchio di forma, e sia come disegno che come opera dell’ingegno. In particolare nell’ambito del diritto dei marchi d’impresa e del diritto d’autore, le tutele hanno durata potenzialmente perpetua, diversamente dalla registrazione come disegno o modello, che garantisce la titolarità del diritto di utilizzare il proprio disegno in via esclusiva per un periodo limitato di massimo 25 anni. Questa differenza temporale rende il cumulo problematico sia a livello di coordinamento, che di concorrenza, poiché incentiva il sorgere di “monopoli creativi” sulle forme del prodotto. Il presente lavoro ha come obiettivo l’ampliamento della conoscenza sul tema del marketing con particolare riferimento ai profili giuridici che si pongono, con riguardo alla promozione del prodotto nell’ambito dell’Unione Europea. Si ritiene che il valore aggiunto e l’aspetto più originale della ricerca consista nella sua forte aderenza alla realtà della piccola/media impresa: tramite l’integrazione della ricerca giuridica e dello studio dei fenomeni di marketing si delineano i problemi pratici che questa si trova a dover affrontare nell’implementazione delle attività quotidiane di marketing. Tale indagine vuole essere utile a tutte le piccole/medie imprese che si trovano impreparate nell’affrontare le sfide poste dal marketing e nel conoscere le implicazioni giuridiche che da questo derivano.