Academic literature on the topic 'Italian Wars'
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Journal articles on the topic "Italian Wars"
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Uvarov, Pavel. "Italian Bankers in France and Italian Wars." ISTORIYA 14, no. 1 (123) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023946-9.
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At the last stage of the Italian Wars (1494—1559), the military, political and, most importantly, financial superiority of the Habsburgs over the Valois became quite obvious. The Spanish king could make use of silver which was already coming quite regularly and in large quantities from the mines of the New World. He controlled the old (Augsburg — Ulm) and new (Besançon — Piacenza) centres of banking capital, as well as the commercial and financial heart of the emerging world economic system — Antwerp. But King Henry II of France (1547—1559) launched a series of daring reforms, sometimes far ahead of his time. The king could rely on a more developed bureaucracy than in other countries, on a state system that had reached an advanced level of centralization, and on the economy that was still on the rise, the ‘heart’ of which were the Lyon fairs that acquired international significance. In order to continue an active foreign policy, an unprecedented step was taken — not a royal official, but a Lyon banker of Italian origin, Albizzi Del Bene (Albisse Delbeyne), was appointed to the post of surintendent des finances. Thus, the government was able to use the experience and capability of the banking world for its own purposes. Under the conditions of the war, which was fought at a great distance from the borders of the kingdom, the circulation of money was greatly simplified and became more predictable. The surintendent, closely associated with the most powerful trading and banking house Gadagni (Gadagne) of Lyon, had great weight among Italian bankers who operated not only in Lyon, but also in Venice, Rome, and Tuscany. The reformers’ plans and the progress of reform can be fully appreciated by studying documents from the Lamoignon Collection (Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, Moscow). Providing fairly clear guarantees based on the income from the Lyon fairs, the king, with the help of his surintendent and people from his entourage who were responsible for financing French policy in Italy (Constable Anne de Montmorency, royal secretary Jean Duthier), managed to attract huge sums (about 12 million Tours livres) which made it possible to resist a powerful enemy. A flexible combination of bills of exchange, clearing and other mechanisms allowed to transfer this amount of money to Italy. The crowning success of Del Bene was the creation of the Grand Parti de Lyon — a consortium of creditors to the French king. Some researchers claimed that its principles were quite comparable to the achievements of the 19th-century banking system. If there had been peace, the Grand Parti de Lyon could well have contributed to the repayment of the principal amount of borrowings and the dissolution of the accumulated interest debt. But politics had once again interfered with the economy. A new war, in which France was drawn against the will of the royal entourage, a chain of military defeats (the capture of Montmorency, the main patron of Del Bene, in 1557) and, finally, the unexpected death of Henry II shortly after the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) put an end to bold economic reforms.
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Gordon, Robert S. C. "Italian Memory and Italian Memory Wars at Auschwitz." Images 6, no. 1 (2012): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18718000-12340008.
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Abstract The Italian national memorial on the site of Auschwitz I was opened to the public in April 1980 and closed down in July 2011. The article examines the conception and genesis of the memorial in the 1970s, looking at the tensions and also the artistic richness of the project. It then examines in this light the public controversy that erupted around its proposed renovation, starting in 2008. It suggests a number of ways in which this unresolved debate throws light on key questions about Italy’s historical and contemporary memorialization of the Shoah.
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Mazarchuk, Dmitriy. "History of the Italian Wars in the Scientific Heritage of Yu. Ivonin." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 2(58) (July 3, 2022): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2022-58-2-172-182.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the place of research in the history of the Italian Wars (1494–1559) in the scientific biography of Yu. Ivonin. The research object is Yu. Ivonin’s scientific heritage (books and articles). The main source of
 analysis is the historian’s first monograph (1984). The research subject is reflection of the history of the Italian Wars in Ivonin’s works.
 The Italian Wars occupy a key place in the concept of the history of interna-
 tional relations of modern period formulated by Ivonin in the «Belarusian period» of his scientific path. This was the first conflict that grew from a regional into a pan-
 European one, it became the first knot of contradictions in the system of international relations of the early modern period. In fact, all the leading European states in all Western European regions took part in it. As a struggle for hegemony in Western Europe, the Italian Wars expressed the struggle between two principles of state development: national and universal. To
 a certain extent, their struggle was reflected in the religious confrontation of the Reformation, which culminated in the Schmalkaldic War. The peace treaties of 1559 that ended the Italian Wars did not resolve the knot of contradictions, only temporarily interrupted the conflict, which lasted for about a century.
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Gabler, Dénes. "Terra Sigillata-Funde in Der Einheimischen Siedlung Lágymányos." Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 71, no. 2 (2020): 617–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/072.2020.00016.
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Samian ware of Lágymányos. 65 pieces of Samian ware were unearthed during the excavation of the Eraviscus settlement of Lágymányos. It is a fairly small amount compared to the number of PGW finds, which is well over a thousand pieces. Despite all this, imported ceramic finds unearthed in these sites allow us to set up a timeframe of the lifespan of the settlement. A third of the finds originate from Italia, accordingly, it is presumable that in the middle to the second half of the first century this settlement was already a part of the Roman commercial circuit. Three potteries of Italian origin classifiable into three groups includes a relatively great amount of good quality A2 ware.The 26 pieces include early-type Drag. 29 and early forms also appear amongst the undecorated vessels. There are fewer Central Gaulish finds and even less (3 pieces) of Rheinzabern products. According to the Samian wares found the life of the settlement can be traced up until the Marcomannic wars (166–180 AD).Later finds suggest that the settlement was abandoned or sparsely populated afterward.
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KHUDAYBERDIEV, AZIZ. "Italian and British policy in Yemen between two world wars." Sharqshunoslik. Востоковедение. Oriental Studies 02, no. 02 (2022): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/os/vol-01issue-02-13.
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Based on the documents of the National Archives of India, including diplomatic correspondence of the Foreign Office, the Ministry of Colonies, minutes of meetings classified as "secret", this article reveals the features of the policy of Italy and Great Britain in the south of the Arabian Peninsula in the 20-30s of the XX century. The relevance of this article topic lies in the fact that even after 100 years, in the 20s of the XXIst century, Yemen remains as the object of interference by the external actors, rivalry and attempts to divide this country. The article examines the methods used by Italy and Great Britain to expand their influence in the Red Sea, in particular, attempts to win over the ruler of Asir al-Idrisi and the ruler of Northern Yemen Imam Yahya. It was revealed that Great Britain and Italy focused their efforts on unleashing the Saudi-Yemeni war, aiming to weaken Yemen and Hijazo-Nejd. At the same time, each of the parties hoped to strengthen their own influence in the Red Sea basin. The article shows that Italy had certain economic interests in Yemen. The use of Yemen as a market for Italian products, the profitable trade of the famous Yemeni coffee, the monopoly on the sale of petroleum products in Yemen and other trade advantages provided by Imam Yahya in return for Italian aid, allowed the Italians to receive some additional profits. The reorientation of Yemeni trade from Aden to Massawa would significantly reduce the role of the British colony and increase the importance of Italian colony Eritrea. As a result of the study, it is concluded that the rivalry in the south of the Arabian Peninsula between Great Britain and Italy, in which the ruler of Northern Yemen, Imam Yahya, saw the threat of a new enslavement of Yemen, largely contributed to the choice of isolation policy, which, on the one hand, helped to preserve the independence of the country, but, on the other hand, slowed down the economic and socio-political progress of Yemen.
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Sassoon, Donald. "The Italian Communist Party, Wars and Revolutions." Notebooks: The Journal for Studies on Power 1, no. 2 (2022): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26667185-01020009.
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Abstract Following the path dependence principle, the article describes the emergence of communism and the role played by wars and revolutions as unrepeatable and extraordinary catalyst factors. According to this view, communist parties can be considered institutions that outlasted the situations that created them and that, to survive, have been constantly forced to adapt to new circumstances such as fascism, the cold war or the clash of ussr. In this framework, the article describes the peculiar path of the Italian Communist Party (pci).
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Öztürk, Ahmet Erdi. "European culture wars and the Italian case." Global Affairs 2, no. 1 (2016): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2016.1139302.
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Procop, Svetlana. "Transformation of the ethnic consciousness of the Italian Basso dynasty in Bessarabia: case study." JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY AND CULTUROLOGY 32 (December 2022): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/rec.2022.32.07.
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This article has attempted, using the example of one Italian dynasty that settled in Bessarabia, to show the transformation of the ethnic consciousness of its descendants. In the second half of the 19th century, the emigration of Italians to Bessarabia was not as active as it was in Romania, for example, or in the Crimea. Nevertheless, Italian citizens who decided to emigrate to Bessarabia in search of a better life, and in our case, this is about the Basso family, stayed here forever, linking their lives with this region. Even if they were not deported, as, for example, the Italians of the Crimea, social upheavals, two world wars could not but affect their destinies, ethnic and religious identity. Many of Basso’s descendants continue to keep in touch with their Italian relatives. Periodically, scholars, journalists, entrepreneurs come from Italy to meet with the Moldavian descendants of Basso within the framework of the ethno-cultural Italian community. Today, many of Basso’s descendants have not retained their Italian citizenship, registering themselves as Romanians, Moldavians, Ukrainians, Russians. However, there are exceptions, when several descendants of Basso managed to regain Italian citizenship, move to the historical homeland of their ancestors and integrate into the modern Italian community
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Filyushkin, Alexander. "Conquest, Borders, Geopolitics." Russian History 43, no. 1 (2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04301004.
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Livonian War (1558–83) was not a local Baltic war, but a European conflict. What was the place of Livonian War in the context of European wars of the 16th century? Europe in this era experienced colonial wars, wars of independence, religious wars, Turkish wars etc. The Livonian War bears the strongest resemblance to Italian wars of 1494–1559. Those were wars about tying microstates to new monarchies. In part, a similar process took place in Livonia. It was a microstate with an obsolete socio-political hierarchy unable to fight back (the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order). Several new European monarchies, including Sweden, Poland, Lithuania, Denmark, and Russia, sought to divide it. Russia’s participation in the conflict set it apart from the Italian Wars. Europe immediately and unconditionally recognized the right of the Jagiellon, Oldenburg, and Vasa dynasties (but not that of the Rurikide dynasty) to divide the Baltic. Livonian War was also a more complex multi-faceted phenomenon for new European monarchies (especially for Sweden and Denmark), than it was a war similar to Italian wars of the first half of the sixteenth century (that is, a war for the takeover of microstates by stronger and more modern kingdoms going through a phase of active development). The same can be said of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in that it went through this active phase during the Livonian War and formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Poland also positioned itself as a state whose higher mission was to act as a shield protecting the “Christendom” from “Eastern barbarians,” among whom Russians were numbered, portrayed in a similar fashion to Turks. For Russia, this war evolved from a local border conflict to a war for the annexation of the Baltic States, and finally, for Russians, the war became a holy war against a foreign foe.
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Galip İnan, Sertuğ. "1494-1559 Italian Wars and the Participation of the Ottoman Empire in These Wars." History Studies International Journal Of History Volume 4 Issue 2, no. 4 (2012): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.9737/hist_569.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Italian Wars"
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Lizee, Zachary M. "Pietro Bembo’s Bias: Patronage, History, and the Italic Wars." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1156.
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During the Italic Wars, the Italian peninsula experienced foreign invasions and internal discord between rivaling duchies and city-states. Florence and Venice both faced internal and external discord due to the constant wars and political in fighting. Venetian Pietro Bembo wrote historical accounts of this period during the Renaissance. His contemporaries, Marino Sanudo, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Francesco Guicciardini, also wrote historical accounts of this time. My research spotlights Bembo’s history of the Venetian Republic. This history was written in a supposedly objective fashion, yet, scholarship shows that historical writing from this time contained bias. I focused on Bembo because there is a lack of scholarship that looks at his historical writings. This bias can be linked with the socio-political ties these men had. Examining his accounts of historical events and comparing them with the other three historians, Bembo’s slanted accounts illustrate the effect and importance of having a strong patronage network.
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Puzey, Guy Edward Michael. "Wars of position : language policy, counter-hegemonies and cultural cleavages in Italy and Norway." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7544.
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This thesis investigates the development of the present-day linguistic hegemonies within Italy and Norway as products of ongoing linguistic ‘wars of position’. Language activist movements have been key actors in these struggles, and this study seeks to address how such movements have operated in attempts to translate their linguistic ideologies into de facto language policy through mechanisms such as political agitation, propaganda and the use of language in public spaces. It also reveals which other extra-linguistic values and ideologies have become associated with or allied to these linguistic causes in recent years, how these ideologies have affected language policy, and whether such ideological alliances have been representative of language users’ ideologies. The study is informed by an innovative methodological framework combining the theories and metaphors of Antonio Gramsci (including hegemony and wars of position as well as his linguistic writings) with the theories of Stein Rokkan on cultural-political cleavage structures and the relationships between centres and peripheries. These constructs and relationships are thereafter documented as ideologically defining strands running through the history of the movements studied, through reference to activist periodicals and party newspapers. In Italy, the focus of the research is on the Lega Nord (Northern League), a far-right populist autonomist political movement. The Lega has sought to legitimise its imagination of a northern nation (‘Padania’) by portraying the dialects of northern Italy as minority languages, emphasising the hegemonic relationship between the Italian national language and northern dialects. The movement has also used this perception of northern dialects as peripheral and suppressed by Italian to bolster its depiction of ‘Padania’ as a wealthy periphery allegedly held back by central and southern Italy. Although this campaign has achieved some successes in increased visibility of dialects in public spaces, dialects largely remain restricted to ‘low’-status domains. In Norway, the thesis devotes special attention to the post-war efforts of the counter-hegemonic campaign for the Nynorsk standard of Norwegian, which was devised as a common denominator for Norwegian dialects, as opposed to the hegemonic standard Bokmål, which is a Norwegianisation of written Danish. In opposing the challenges of globalisation and centralisation, the Nynorsk movement has retained a radical character and is generally associated with a left-wing variant of nationalism, a key part of the Norwegian cultural cleavage structure. The social argumentation of the Nynorsk movement was instrumental in its successful promotion of dialects, now seen as an unstigmatised means of spoken communication in all social contexts.
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Lang, Heinrich. "Maurizio Arfaioli: The Black Bands of Giovanni. Infantry and Diplomacy during the Italian Wars (1526-1528) / [rezensiert von] Heinrich Lang." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2083/.
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Rezensiertes Werk:
Arfaioli, Maurizio: The black bands of Giovanni : infantry and diplomacy during the Italian wars; 1526-1528 / Maurizio Arfaioli. - Pisa : Edizioni Plus-Pisa University Press, 2005. - 204 S.: Ill.
ISBN 88-8492-231-3
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Allaire, Valeria. "Les images "italiennes" de François Ier entre 1515 et 1530 : l'attente, la crainte, la célébratiοn et la déceptiοn chez les hοmmes de culture de la péninsul". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC023/document.
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Dans l’imaginaire collectif, François Ier est à la fois le Roi chevalier, le Roi mécène, le Père des Lettres ; il est aussi le Roi bâtisseur, le Roi veneur et séducteur, le Roi captif ou encore le Traître à la Chrétienté. Notre étude propose d’enrichir ce portrait kaléidoscopique en présentant une perspective toute italienne. Dès le début de son règne, ce monarque si complexe semble hanté par la domination de l’espace politique péninsulaire. À travers la lecture de la correspondance d’ambassadeurs et de nonces, ainsi que d’ouvrages historiques et littéraires de l’époque, nous nous intéressons ici à la construction de son image à l’intérieur de la péninsule, entre 1515 et 1530. Nous avons choisi d’observer des moments considérés comme significatifs pour l’espace italien dans son rapport avec le monarque : la victoire à Marignan et la rencontre bolonaise avec Léon X en 1515, l’échec à l’élection impériale en 1519, les défaites de la Bicoque, en 1522, et de Pavie, en 1525, la campagne napolitaine de 1528. Nous souhaitons montrer comment l’élaboration de l’image du monarque ne dépend pas exclusivement des succès ou des échecs politiques et militaires, mais varie au gré des espoirs et des craintes des acteurs politiques de l’époque, offrant, parfois, une représentation inattendue. En 1529, le roi signe la Paix des Dames avec Charles Quint et abandonne ses alliés italiens à la merci de son éternel ennemi. À ce moment, une cassure s’opère ; le roi ne renonce pas définitivement à ses ambitions italiennes, mais le portrait que l’on brosse alors de lui se transforme pour s’adapter à une nouvelle configuration politique<br>This analysis deals with the representation of King Francis I wihthin the Italian peninsula spanning the period from 1515 to 1530. In the collective imagination, King Francis I is known as the Knight-King, the « Father and Restorer of Letters » and a Renaissance patron of the arts. He is equally remembered for his contribution to architecture, his hunting activities and amorous conquests, but also for his captivity and his alliance with the Turks. This study aims to broaden the range of King Francis I's multifaceted depictions by adopting a new Italian prespective in order to cast a new light on his representation. From the very beginning of his reign, this highly manifold monarch appears to have been haunted by the idea of dominating the peninsular political arena. The study is based on a corpus of letters written by ambassadors and papal nuncios as well as on historical and literary works. Emhphasis has been laid on several milestones in the history of Italy's relationships with its sovereign : the victory at the battle of Marignano and the King's meeting in Bolonia with Pope Leo X in 1515, the failure of the imperial election in 1519, the defeat at the Battle of the Bicocca, in 1522, and at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, as well as the Neapolitan campaigns of 1528. This thesis demonstrates that the king's image does not solely rely on his successes and defeats, but it largely depends on the changeing shifts in Italian political hopes and fears of the day. Our findings show that some of the depictions of King Francis I belie all expectations. In 1529, the king signs a treaty in Cambrai with Charles V and abandons his Italian allies to his long-lasting enemy. From that point onwards, a shift in politics occurs: the king does not wholly give up his Italian ambitions, but his representation changes, adapting to new political stakes
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Duc, Séverin. "Un champ de forces et de luttes à la Renaissance : L’État de Milan (1515-1530)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040185.
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Désireux de conquérir et de dominer le Milanais, François Ier (1515-1521) Francesco II Sforza (1522-1525) et Charles Quint (1526-1530) sont tous trois confrontés à un terreau politique à haut potentiel centrifuge, ce que nous appelons un « champ de forces et de luttes ». Notre enquête comparative de leur exercice successif de la domination met en lumière trois stratégies originales d’exercice direct, de délégation du pouvoir et d’intégration/médiation par les élites ou le popolo. Car chacun des princes et de leurs serviteurs conçoivent, à leur façon, leur propre pouvoir, les limites juridiques, géographiques et symboliques de celui-ci, et de celles des sujets dominés. Chacun a sa cartographie propre des rapports de force en ses terres d’origines, à Milan, en Italie, et en Europe. Très important, chaque modèle n’est pas statique mais en production, en tant que fruit d’une dialectique continue entre son héritage et une réalité chaque jour inédite, entre ses forces internes et l’influence extérieure, entre ce qu’il croit, et dit être, et ce qu’il exprime au quotidien. Dans ce contexte, la capacité d’adaptation du politique, ses modalités et ses limites face à l’inconnu et l’inédit devient cruciale afin de faire prévaloir ses attentes et défendre ses gains politiques<br>Eager to conquer and dominate the State of Milan, Francis I (1515-1521) Francesco II Sforza (1522-1525) and Charles V (1526-1530) all three face a political ground with high centrifugal potential, what we call a "field of forces and struggles". Our comparative survey of their successive exercise of domination highlights three original strategies of direct exercise, delegation of power and integration/mediation by the elites or the Popolo. In their own way, each of the princes and their servants conceive their own power, its legal, geographic and symbolic limits, and the quality of dominated subjects. Each has its own mapping power relations in its origins land whether in Milan, France and Spain. Very importantly, each model is not static but in production, as a result of continuous dialectic between its heritage and a reality each day renewed, between its internal forces and external influences, between what he believes, and said to be, and that it expresses every day. In this context, the policy of adaptability, its terms and limits of the unknown and the unexpected becomes crucial to uphold its expectations and defend its political gains
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Duc, Séverin. "Un champ de forces et de luttes à la Renaissance : L’État de Milan (1515-1530)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040185.
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Désireux de conquérir et de dominer le Milanais, François Ier (1515-1521) Francesco II Sforza (1522-1525) et Charles Quint (1526-1530) sont tous trois confrontés à un terreau politique à haut potentiel centrifuge, ce que nous appelons un « champ de forces et de luttes ». Notre enquête comparative de leur exercice successif de la domination met en lumière trois stratégies originales d’exercice direct, de délégation du pouvoir et d’intégration/médiation par les élites ou le popolo. Car chacun des princes et de leurs serviteurs conçoivent, à leur façon, leur propre pouvoir, les limites juridiques, géographiques et symboliques de celui-ci, et de celles des sujets dominés. Chacun a sa cartographie propre des rapports de force en ses terres d’origines, à Milan, en Italie, et en Europe. Très important, chaque modèle n’est pas statique mais en production, en tant que fruit d’une dialectique continue entre son héritage et une réalité chaque jour inédite, entre ses forces internes et l’influence extérieure, entre ce qu’il croit, et dit être, et ce qu’il exprime au quotidien. Dans ce contexte, la capacité d’adaptation du politique, ses modalités et ses limites face à l’inconnu et l’inédit devient cruciale afin de faire prévaloir ses attentes et défendre ses gains politiques<br>Eager to conquer and dominate the State of Milan, Francis I (1515-1521) Francesco II Sforza (1522-1525) and Charles V (1526-1530) all three face a political ground with high centrifugal potential, what we call a "field of forces and struggles". Our comparative survey of their successive exercise of domination highlights three original strategies of direct exercise, delegation of power and integration/mediation by the elites or the Popolo. In their own way, each of the princes and their servants conceive their own power, its legal, geographic and symbolic limits, and the quality of dominated subjects. Each has its own mapping power relations in its origins land whether in Milan, France and Spain. Very importantly, each model is not static but in production, as a result of continuous dialectic between its heritage and a reality each day renewed, between its internal forces and external influences, between what he believes, and said to be, and that it expresses every day. In this context, the policy of adaptability, its terms and limits of the unknown and the unexpected becomes crucial to uphold its expectations and defend its political gains
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Ansani, Fabrizio. "The munitions of the Republic. Production, commerce, and management of materiel in Renaissance Florence." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427167.
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This doctoral dissertation presents a collection of eight articles, published on different scientific journals, and focused on the theme of the production of weapons in Renaissance Florence.
Developing from the problematic military issues of the Florentine Republic, the essays will try to outline the structures of the offices charged with the organization of the army, analyzing their expenses in particular.
The interest of the Dieci di Balìa and the Otto di Pratica in the manufacture of munitions will reveal the existence of a lively market in arms, characterized by the involvement of numerous craftsmen and important firms, the polycentrism of factories and arsenals, and the innovations in several goods, such as artillery.
From the first experimentations on bronze bombards to the adoption of the French style ordnance, in fact, firearms and gunmakers will be at the core of the whole research. Comparative papers will examine developments in practices and technological transfers, as well as their repercussions on actual warfare.
The case study of the conflict between Florence and Pisa, one of the most important campaign of the late fifteenth century, will lastly underline aspects and concerns of the procurement of arms, a “revolutionary challenge” in terms of administration, production, and credit.<br>Questa tesi si compone di otto articoli scientifici, tutti dedicati all’analisi della produzione bellica fiorentina durante il periodo rinascimentale.
Partendo dalla contabilità delle magistrature militari della Repubblica Fiorentina, verrà rivelata l’esistenza di un mercato degli armamenti vivace e dinamico, caratterizzato dal coinvolgimento di numerosi maestri e di importanti aziende, dal policentrismo di arsenali e di botteghe, nonché dalle innovazioni in diversi ambiti manifatturieri.
La ricerca si focalizzerà soprattutto sulle armi da fuoco quattrocentesche, esaminando tanto le prime sperimentazioni sulle gigantesche bombarde in bronzo quanto la rapida adozione delle nuove, letali artiglierie “alla francese”.
Alcune osservazioni di carattere comparativo permetteranno di inquadrare questi ed altri sviluppi dell'"arte della guerra" toscana all'interno di un contesto, quale quello italiano, fortemente contraddistinto da numerosi trasferimenti tecnologici, militari e non.
Il case-study del conflitto tra Firenze e Pisa permetterà infine di sottolineare aspetti e problemi del munizionamento, ormai divenuto, agli inizi del Cinquecento, una vera e propria "sfida rivoluzionaria” in termini di amministrazione, produzione e credito.
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Tuart, Adrienne. "Discrimination and Desire: Italians, Cinema, and Culture in Post-War Sydney." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21877.
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This thesis begins with the arrival of thousands of Italian immigrants in Australia during the early stages of Arthur Calwell’s post-war mass immigration program. Their arrival was greeted with widespread anxiety reflecting cultural, racial, religious and economic tensions. The post-war assimilationist policy, which privileged Anglo-Australian culture, language and identity, assumed that Italians and Italian culture would be absorbed into Australian society. These assumptions were challenged through the presence of the new symbols of italianità on the streets of Sydney, as film, design, fashion and cuisine made their mark on society. The screening and reception of Italian film is an important and often overlooked cultural marker at the centre of a period of dynamic cultural exchange in Sydney between 1948 and 1971. This thesis argues that Italian cinema and the diaspora reshaped the nature and culture of post-war Sydney, and in turn, the perception of Italian identity
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D'Errico, Dora. ""Bisogna fatti et non più parole", Rhétorique et politique du conseil dans les Consulte e Pratiche della Repubblica fiorentina, 1494-1512." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENSL0675.
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L’état de guerre permanent dans lequel est plongée l’Italie au début du XVIème siècle inaugure un nouvel espace politique qui ne va pas sans modifier la langue et le lexique politiques. Cette étude se consacre à un corpus peu exploité, celui des registres des Consulte e Pratiche della Repubblica fiorentina, procès-verbaux des réunions où le gouvernement florentin convoquait les citoyens les plus « sages » afin de recueillir leurs avis sur la politique à suivre. Pour le philologue politique, l’examen de ces verbali, conduit de concert avec l’étude des écrits politiques de la même époque, notamment machiavéliens, permet d’une part de désenclaver ces registres municipaux de leur marginalité historiographique, et d’autre part de dé-machiavéliser un certain nombre de termes, d’images, de représentations, de notions, non pour les assigner à d’autres, mais pour tenter de cerner ce qui fait les contours d’une voix et d’une parole collective<br>Wars raging in Italy at the beginning of the XVIth century outline a new political space which alters the usual language of power and politics. In this context, our study concentrates on a quite forsaken corpus : the Consulte e Pratiche della Repubblica fiorentina. These texts gather the proceedings and the minutes of the meetings where « savi cittadini », summoned by the Signoria, tried to deliver advices and judgments on the current political affairs. From a philological and political perspectives, these verbali allow to restore the pratica in its central fonction of counselling and discussing all important political matters in Florence, between 1494 and 1512. They permit also to have a closer insight upon the machiavellian terminology, by stressing out all the common lexical sources and images where consiglieri and members of the political elite alike used to find a general frame for their thoughts. By doing so, this study emphatizes the diversity and the richness of a republican institution, the pratica, during times of troubles and violence
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Froldi, Alessandro. "Ways of knowing place in the Italian periferia : Quarto Oggiaro revisited." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/20172.
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This thesis explores the interplay between practices of activism and planning through a focus on place. By developing an understanding of place as a multi-situated and multi-scalar concept, I show how a theoretical approach based on a revision of the concept of place can bridge and contribute to both the fields of anthropology of planning and of social movements. Providing a series of insights into the Milanese urban periferia (outskirts) this research argues that activism and planning are continuously engaged in redefining the field of political action. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, archival and historical research, my work shows the empirical interplay between planning and politics as a central arena for the shaping of broader historical and geographical tensions. A number of controversies and episodes of protest are examined to illustrate the experiences of activists and citizens involved across different periods of contemporary Milanese history. I approached these events as elements of place-making; processes where different subjectivities, practices and ideas come together as transformative, ever-changing instances. The neighbourhood of Quarto Oggiaro in the extreme outskirts of the city has provided a setting for fieldwork research to address the idea of the anthropological places as the result of a mutual constitution between myself as the researcher and the people I encountered in the field who were engaged in defining their environment. This approach resulted central to producing collaborative processes and for unfolding a relational interpretation of places. By engaging with these experiences this thesis demonstrates the need for examining the categories and practices of political and planning imagination and the multiple practices of world-making to make a significant contribution to understanding the human and social contexts of modern urban realities.
Books on the topic "Italian Wars"
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Shaw, Christine. The Italian Wars 1494–1559. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429354.
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Guerraggio, Angelo, and Pietro Nastasi. Italian Mathematics Between the Two World Wars. Birkhäuser Basel, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7512-4.
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Pietro, Nastasi, ed. Italian mathematics between the two world wars. Birkhäuser Verlag, 2005.
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Brigaglia, Aldo. Italian algebraic geometry between the two world wars. Queen's University, 1995.
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Heller, Steven. Italian art deco: Graphic design between the wars. Chronicle Books, 1993.
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Louise, Fili, ed. Italian art deco: Graphic design between the wars. Chronicle Books, 1993.
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Charles, Burdett. Journeys through fascism: Italian travel writing between the wars. Berghahn Books, 2010.
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Ranalli, Lorraine. Gravy wars: South Philly foods, feuds & attytudes. Folger Ross Publications, 2009.
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Ranalli, Lorraine. Gravy wars: South Philly foods, feuds & attytudes. Folger Ross Publications, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Italian Wars"
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Shaw, Christine. "The legacies of the wars." In The Italian Wars 1494–1559. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429354-12.
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Shaw, Christine. "The genesis of the wars and the first French expedition." In The Italian Wars 1494–1559. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429354-2.
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Roselli, Alessandro. "The Italian-German Clearing." In Money and Trade Wars in Interwar Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137327000_7.
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Shaw, Christine. "Introduction." In The Italian Wars 1494–1559. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429354-1.
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Shaw, Christine. "The resources of war." In The Italian Wars 1494–1559. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429354-10.
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Shaw, Christine. "Propaganda and images of war." In The Italian Wars 1494–1559. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429354-11.
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Shaw, Christine. "Milan and Naples overwhelmed, 1496–1503." In The Italian Wars 1494–1559. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429354-3.
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Shaw, Christine. "The conflict widens." In The Italian Wars 1494–1559. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429354-4.
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Shaw, Christine. "New orders struggling to be born, 1512–19." In The Italian Wars 1494–1559. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429354-5.
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Shaw, Christine. "The contest for supremacy in Italy, 1520–9." In The Italian Wars 1494–1559. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429429354-6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Italian Wars"
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Costanzi, M. "XXV International congress of aeronaturics and astronautics – Proceedings VOL. 1." In XXV International congress of aeronautics and astronautics. Persiani Editore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57640/pro/979-1-259-56006-3_1/.
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The 2019 AIDAA Congress is the biennial Congress of the Italian Association of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Italian no-profit cultural association dedicated to the aerospace community. AIDAA was formed in 1969 through a merging of the former Societies AIDA (Associazione Italiana di Aerotecnica formed in 1920) and AIR (Associazione Italiana Razzi).In 1951, AIDA was among the founders of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) and in 1957 of the International Council of Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS). In 1992 AIDAA joined the Confederation of European Aerospace Societies (CEAS).The Congress is jointly hosted by AIDAA Rome Section, the Departments of Astronautic, Electric and Energetic Engineering (DIAEE) and of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMA) of Civil and Industrial Engineering Faculty and the School of Aerospace Engineering (SIA) of Sapienza University of Rome. The degree courses in Aerospace Engineering are attended by almost 1500 students.
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Zhao, Jun-Hui, Tao An, Carlo Luciano Bianco, and She-Sheng Xue. "Dense and Warm Molecular Gas in Arp 220." In RELATIVISTIC ASTROPHYSICS: 4th Italian-Sino Workshop. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2837023.
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Verardi, Michelangela. "THE ITALIAN WAR OF ENGLISH: GLOBALIZATION, INTERNATIONALIZATION TRENDS AND NATIONAL NUANCES." In 16th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2022.0544.
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Viegas, Catarina. "Late Republican and Early Empire common ware in southern Lusitania (Algarve-Portugal): the Italian imports." In 31st Congress of the Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautores, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Archaeopress Archaeology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/9781789697483-13.
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Носов, Константин Сергеевич. "KREMLINS IN ITALIAN STYLE: STATISTICA LAPPROACH TO THE ITALIAN INFLUENCE." In Международная научно-практическая конференция «Музеефикация фортификационных сооружений. проблемы и пути их решения». Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54016/svitok.2023.59.23.018.
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Итальянское влияние на русское военное зодчество началось с приездом в Россию итальянских мастеров во второй половине XV в. Итальянские архитектурные черты настолько полюбились русским зодчим, что они прослеживаются в русской архитектуре даже через два столетия после отъезда из страны последнего итальянца из той плеяды. С целью оценить степень итальянского влияния в данной работе впервые применён статистический подход к подсчёту «итальянизмов» в ряде кирпично-каменных памятников военного зодчества конца XV - начала XVIII в. Italian influence on Russian military architecture began with the arrival of Italian masters in Russia in the second half of the 15th century. Russian architects were so fond of Italian architectural features that the latter can be traced in Russian architecture even two centuries after the last Italian from that Pleiad left the country. In this work, in order to assess the degree of Italian influence, a statistical approach was, for the first time, applied to the calculation of “Italianisms” in a number of brick-and-stone monuments of military architecture of the late 15th - early 18th centuries.
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Diana, Giorgio, Federico Cheli, Paolo Belforte, Ferruccio Resta, Michele Elia, and Francesco Favo. "Diagnostic Train for High Speed Line: A Tool for Improving Vehicle and Track Maintenance." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42694.
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During 2005, the Italian railway Network Operator (RFI – Rete Ferroviaria Italiana) realized two ETR500 train sets completely dedicated to diagnostic operation on the new high speed lines being built in Italy. During 2006, these train were equipped with a complete acceleration measuring system for test activities on new Italian high speed line Turin – Novara and Rome – Neaples. A complete accelerometric measurement set up has been installed for track investigation. To this aim, the experimental set up is able to identify vertical profile of track geometry, without the limitation to 25 – 30 m, typical of the traditional measuring methods. On the other hand, a tool for predictive identification of hunting instability has been developed. For each run, it is possible to define a map, highlighting all the irregularity wavelengths involved as a function of the space: for high speed application wavelength over 100 m can become really important both for comfort and safety, because they are able to interest low frequency dynamic (around 0.8 – 1.5 Hz). Moreover, with the aim of identifying the beginning of hunting instability, a tool has been developed in order to identify yaw instability vibration mode and thus its non-dimensional damping, just by bogie yaw acceleration measurement. Both this tools have been developed by means of comparison between numerical multi body simulations and experimental measurements. Numerical simulation have been used to simulate a wide range of operating condition, that was of fundamental importance in tuning of such tools. Full evidence on these method will be given in the paper, together with an example of the obtained results.
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Isgro, Sara. "THE ITALIAN-AUSTRIAN WAR AND THE ADRIATIC COASTAL PLANNING A THEME OF MILITARY ARCHEOLOGY." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018h/21/s05.015.
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Bono, Francesco. "IMAGES OF THE GREAT WAR: NOTES ON THE PORTRAYAL OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN ITALIAN FILM IN THE 1930s." In 6th SWS International Scientific Conference on Arts and Humanities ISCAH 2019. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sws.iscah.2019.2/s07.039.
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Bocchi, S. "Feasibility study and stress analysis of friction stir extruded rods and pipes: a simulative model." In Italian Manufacturing Association Conference. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902714-50.
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Abstract. The traditional aluminium recycling process consumes a lot of energy and adversely affects the metallurgical quality of the secondary alloys produced. With the increasing need for resolving this problem, Friction Stir Extrusion (FSE) has been patented. FSE is a new solid-state recycling process through which parts can be extruded directly from waste. In this research, the analysis was focused on different process parameters, process set ups and geometries of the extruded parts. The traditional setup, where the tool rotates and advances while the chamber remains stationary, was considered, and a new one was introduced. In this configuration, the tool has only an advance feed, while rotation is performed through the chamber. Moreover, for each combination of process parameters the bonding phenomena occurrence, considering both the thermal and the stress conditions generated by the parameters, was analysed. For this purpose, the Piwnik and Plata criterion was chosen.
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Pellegrini, A. "Effect of layer and raster orientation on bending properties of 17-4 PH printed via material extrusion additive manufacturing technology." In Italian Manufacturing Association Conference. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902714-17.
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Abstract. Material Extrusion (MEX) is one of the most popular Additive Manufacturing technologies. Over the years, the material portfolio has expanded and nowadays, it covers metals such as stainless steels, copper and titanium alloys. The mechanical behaviour of metal parts realized by MEX is of great interest to understand both the potentialities and the limits of the technology. In the present work, a commercial filament of 17-4 PH stainless steel was used as feedstock material to realize four groups of bending specimens obtained by varying the printing direction and the infill line strategy. The main goal of the paper was to evaluate the effect of the above-mentioned factors on the flexural properties. With this purpose, a three-points bending test was performed and results were analysed using the one-way ANOVA approach. The density of the parts was also evaluated.
Reports on the topic "Italian Wars"
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Biancalana, Cecilia. Italy’s multiple populisms facing the Russo-Ukrainian war. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0022.
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Italy has been defined as a laboratory for populism and a “populist paradise.” Indeed, multiple forms of populism coexist in Italy, covering the entire political spectrum. From the “left-wing” Movimento 5 Stelle to the right-wing coalition composed of Fratelli d’Italia, Forza Italia and the Lega, we can be sure that populism is very popular in Italy. We can be equally sure that, over the last few years, all these parties have had links to the Putin regime. Suffice it to mention the decades-long friendship between Silvio Berlusconi and Vladimir Putin or the admiration Matteo Salvini, the head of the Lega, has demonstrated for the president of the Russian Federation. However, the Russian invasion and the extensive popular and institutional support evinced for Ukraine in its wake changed everything, leaving populist parties scrambling to review their positions and modify their discourse. In the report, I will examine the ties between the main Italian populist parties (Fratelli d’Italia, Forza Italia, Lega, Movimento 5 Stelle) and Russia and the shifts in their positions towards President Putin in the aftermath of the invasion. Against this backdrop, the September 2022 elections in Italy can be considered as a “test case” to measure the success of the populist parties’ strategies to negotiate the crisis and to shed light on the changing balance of power within the broad populist field.
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Gore, Tim, Mira Alestig, Sabita Banerji, and Giorgia Ceccarelli. The Workers Behind Sweden's Italian Wine: An illustrative Human Rights Impact Assessment of Systembolaget's Italian wine supply chains. Oxfam, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7703.
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This paper reports on an illustrative human rights impact assessment (HRIA) of the Italian wine supply chains of Systembolaget, the Swedish monopoly alcohol retailer. The HRIA aimed to evaluate the actual and potential human rights impacts at the production stage of the value chain in Italy, to identify their root causes, and to provide recommendations to relevant stakeholders concerning their prevention, mitigation and/or remediation. The assessment took just over a year and consisted of five phases of analysis using a methodology aligned with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). However, the onset of Italy’s severe first wave of coronavirus in 2020 meant that the assessment team was unable to conduct the field study phase with the full rigour required of an HRIA. The field phase started in September 2019, with an initial assessment phase based on a literature review and a round of stakeholder interviews from September 2019 to March 2020. Further, limited, worker interviews were conducted from October 2020 to January 2021. The result is an illustration of the human rights risks that are present in the areas of Italy from which Systembolaget sources its wine.
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Stumpo, Sergio. The Sustainability of Urban Heritage Preservation: The Case of Verona, Italia. Inter-American Development Bank, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006916.
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This study analyzes the Historic Center of Verona, which was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. The recognition by UNESCO is certainly understood as an element of prestige on an international level, and one of pride for the local community. Above all it indicates a clear responsibility of all citizens to preserve, carefully use, and strengthen the coherent uniqueness of the site so that present and future generations may enjoy this heritage, which is closely linked to the cultural identity of the city's inhabitants.
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Kenes, Bulent. CasaPound Italy: The Sui Generis Fascists of the New Millennium. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/op0010.
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CasaPound Italy is one of the most interesting and ambiguous populist right-wing extremist groups emerged in Europe. Its supporters say they are not ‘racist’ but are against immigration because of its impact on wages and houses; not antisemitic, but anti-Israel vis-à-vis Palestine; not homophobic, but supporters of the ‘traditional family’. Never before there was in Italy an explicitly neo-fascist group enjoying the strategic viability and the marge of political manoeuvre that was secured today by the CasaPound. Although CasaPound remains substantially marginal from an electoral point of view, its visibility in the Italian system is symptomatic of the ability of the extreme right to assimilate populist and alternative agendas in order to increase the attractiveness of their communication campaigns.
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Plessi, Fabrizio, Celestino Soddu, and Adriano Abbado. digitalyart: An exhibition honoring Italy, Host of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors of the Inter-American Development Bank. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005909.
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An exhibition of technological art from Italy, featuring the seminal piece ROMA II by Venetian contemporary master Fabrizio Plessi, with digitally designed architectural projects by Celestino Soddu, and interactive images by Adriano Abbado. Held in honor of Italy and the City of Milan, host of the 44th Annual Meeting of the IDB Board of Governors, the show was organized by the IDB Cultural Center with support from the IDB Information and Communication Technology for Development Division, and cooperation from the Istituto Italiano di Cultura of Washington, D.C.
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Sarafian, Iliana. Key Considerations: Tackling Structural Discrimination and COVID-19 Vaccine Barriers for Roma Communities in Italy. SSHAP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.014.
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This brief highlights how structural discrimination and social exclusion shape attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines among Roma communities in Italy, and the role trusted communal and public authorities can play in supporting vaccine uptake and tackling broader exclusions. Contradictions in the Italian state’s response to COVID-19, alongside ongoing forms of exclusion can increase Roma mistrust in state initiatives and prevent vaccine participation. This brief aims to aid and inform local government and public health authorities in Italy that serve populations inclusive of Roma communities. This brief is based on research conducted in-person and remotely from November 2021 to January 2022 with Roma and Sinti communities in Milan, Rome and Catania, Italy, which have distinct historical, linguistic, geographical, religious, and other forms of identification. Similarities in how the different Roma communities experience the COVID-19 pandemic, and in their vaccine decisions were identified. This brief was developed for SSHAP by Iliana Sarafian (LSE) with contributions and reviews from Elizabeth Storer (LSE), Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), Dr Marco Solimene (University of Iceland) and Dijana Pavlovic (Upre Roma). The research was funded through the British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: G7 Fund (COVG7210058). Research was based at the Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa, London School of Economics. The brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Melnyk, Iurii. Китайська газета Женьмінь Жибао про російсько-українську війну (2022). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11733.
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The objective of the study is to outline the vision of the Russian-Ukrainian war in Renmin Ribao, the main newspaper of the People’s Republic of China. The source base of the research is the content of the Renmin Ribao website during 2022 in English, Spanish, French, Russian, German, Italian, and Portuguese languages. The material was selected using the keywords «Ukraine», «Russia» (and other derivatives), analyzed using induction, vocabulary analysis, classification analysis, and content analysis. Renmin Ribao rarely uses the term “war” to refer to events in Ukraine, resorting to streamlined formulations such as “situation”, “issue”, “crisis”, “conflict” and even “Russian military operation”. The newspaper sees the United States, not Russia, as responsible for the events in Ukraine. Rather, Moscow is a victim of many years of intrigues on the part of the United States, which manifested itself in efforts to restrain and weaken Russia, in particular with the help of Ukraine. The newspaper often reproduces Russian narratives and Russian fakes, disseminates messages typical of Russian propaganda (for example, about biological laboratories in Ukraine), reports on referendums in the occupied Ukrainian territories from the evidence of the Russian RT television channel, about the annexation of four Ukrainian regions from the testimony of Chairman State Duma Vyacheslav Volodin, about the attack on the Crimean bridge from the evidence of the FSB. Renmin Ribao is inclined to the opinion of the harmfulness of anti-Russian sanctions and the impracticality of supplying weapons to Ukraine, sees a priority way out of the Russian-Ukrainian war in an abstract “peace”, and not the victory of Ukraine. The issue in which Renmin Ribao sharply diverges from the position of official Moscow is the identification of the situation in Ukraine and the situation in Taiwan. Drawing parallels between Taiwan and Ukraine is popular in both the Russian and the Western press. However, when the war began to look less and less victorious for Russia, these parallels became unacceptable to both Renmin Ribao and official Beijing. Keywords: Russian-Ukrainian war, media of China, Renmin Ribao, anti-Russian sanctions, arms supply to Ukraine, Taiwan.
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Vallerani, Sara, Elizabeth Storer, and Costanza Torre. Key Considerations: Equitable Engagement to Promote COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Undocumented Urban Migrants. SSHAP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.013.
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This brief sets out key considerations linked to the promotion of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among undocumented migrants residing in Rome, Italy. We focus on strategies to equitably distribute COVID-19 vaccines. Evidence from Italy is applicable to other contexts where vaccine administration is tied to “vaccine passports” or “immunity passes”. Undocumented migrants have been considered as some of the “hardest to reach” groups to engage in COVID-19 vaccination outreach. This brief uses the term undocumented migrant or migrant for brevity, but we refer to people living without formal Italian citizenship, refugee status or right to remain in Italy. This brief explores the everyday context of undocumented migrants lives, and how experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated difficult conditions. It links emerging vulnerabilities to perceptions of vaccines, and we suggest that migrants orientate themselves towards the vaccines within frameworks which prioritise economic survival. In many cases, migrants have accepted a COVID-19 vaccine to access paid employment, yet this has often generated mistrust in the state and healthcare system. Accordingly, this brief considers how vaccines can be distributed equitably to boost trust and inclusion in the post-pandemic world. This brief draws primarily on the ethnographic evidence collected through interviews and observations with undocumented migrants in Rome, along with civil society representatives and health workers between December 2021 and January 2022. This brief was developed for SSHAP by Sara Vallerani (Rome Tre University), Elizabeth Storer (LSE) and Costanza Torre (LSE). It was reviewed by Santiago Ripoll (IDS, University of Sussex), with further reviews by Paolo Ruspini (Roma Tre University) and Eloisa Franchi (Université Paris Saclay, Pavia University). The research was funded through the British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: G7 Fund (COVG7210058). Research was based at the Firoz Lalji Institute for Africa, London School of Economics. The brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Ghislandi, Simone, Raya Muttarak, Markus Sauerberg, and Benedetta Scotti. Human costs of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the major epicentres in Italy. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2022.res2.1.
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Deaths from COVID-19 can be miscounted due to under-reporting and inaccurate death registration. Mortality is often reported at the national level, which can result in the underestimation of the true scale of the impact of the pandemic since outbreaks tend to be localised. This study exploits all-cause daily death registration data provided by the Italian Statistical Office (ISTAT) from 1 January to 31 October to estimate the excess mortality and the corresponding changes in life expectancy during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on the five most severely hit provinces in Italy (Bergamo, Brescia, Cremona, Lodi and Piacenza), we calculate the excess mortality in 2020 compared to the average mortality of the years 2015 to 2019. Moreover, we estimate the excess mortality in the first quadrimester of 2020, and the annual life expectancy at birth. The estimated excess deaths show that during this period, mortality was significantly higher than the official mortality statistics for COVID-19. According to our estimates for the first quadrimester, life expectancy in the five provinces declined by 5.4 to 8.1 for men and by 4.1 to 5.8 years for women. In addition, we find that annual life expectancy decreased by 2.4 to 4.1 years for men and by 1.9 to 2.8 years for women compared to the 2015–2019 average. Thus, we conclude that the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial impact on population health in the hardest hit areas in Italy.
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Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.
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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.