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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Italy – Foreign relations – Germany

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Academic literature on the topic 'Italy – Foreign relations – Germany'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Italy – Foreign relations – Germany"

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Barlas, Dilek. "FRIENDS OR FOES? DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN ITALY AND TURKEY, 1923–36." International Journal of Middle East Studies 36, no. 2 (2004): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743804362045.

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Turkey's foreign policy and relations in the early Republican era, before and during World War II, has been subject to systematic and scholarly research, leading to numerous publications since the 1970s. Although no less significant than Britain, Germany, or the Soviet Union in shaping Turkish inter-war foreign policy and priorities, Italy does not seem to have received a similar degree of attention in this growing literature. Italy is usually treated in the works on Turkish foreign relations only as a threat that Turkey's foreign and strategic policy aimed to counter after 1934.

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Vovchuk, Liudmyla. "Foreign Consulates in Odesa (1920s – 1930s)." Eminak, no. 1(41) (April 13, 2023): 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).628.

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The purpose of the research paper is to highlight the history of repatriation missions and consular institutions of Poland, Albania, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Japan and Spain in Odesa during 1922-1938, analysis of the main areas of activity within the consular district and the consular staff’s characteristics. The scientific novelty. The general picture of the foreign diplomatic presence in Odesa, represented by the repatriation missions of Turkey, Albania and Poland, as well as five consulates, has been reconstructed. Their personnel composition and key areas of activity are shown.

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Kotova, Elena. "The German Question in the Foreign Policy of the Austrian Empire in 1850—1866." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016050-4.

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For centuries, the House of Austria (the Habsburgs) maintained its leadership in the Holy Roman Empire, and later in the German Union. But in the middle of the 19th century the situation changed, Austria lost its position in Germany, lost to Prussia in the struggle for hegemony. The article examines what factors influenced such an outcome of the German question, what policy Austria pursued in the 50—60s of the 19th century, what tasks it set for itself. The paper traces the relationship between the domestic and foreign policy of Austria. Economic weakness and political instability prevented th

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Nesterova, T. P. "France and Attempt to Resolve the Italo-Ethiopian Conflict in Late 1935: the Hoare–Laval Plan." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 8 (2020): 398–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-8-398-411.

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The article is devoted to the policy of France towards Italy and Ethiopia at the initial stage of the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935—1936. It is shown that in the autumn of 1935, the French government took a position aimed at a peaceful settlement of the Italian-Ethiopian conflict at the expense of Ethiopia, since relations with Italy were much more important for France than relations with Ethiopia, and “real policy” required France to reach an agreement primarily with Italy. It is noted that a similar position was taken by the United Kingdom. It is indicated that this resulted in the formation o

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Muslimova, E. O., A. G. Nesterov, and N. V. Rakitina. "Transregional Cooperation of German Federal States with Eastern Regions and Countries (Late 20th — 21st Century)." Nauchnyi dialog 13, no. 8 (2024): 444–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-8-444-462.

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This study examines the formation and development of transregional relations between the federal states of Germany (Bundesländer) and Eastern countries and regions. It presents the findings of a normative-legal analysis of the foundations of international and foreign policy activities of German federal states, based on national legislation. The focus is on the institutional framework for cross-border interactions between individual administrative units of the Federal Republic of Germany and their foreign partners. The research explores partnerships with both neighboring Middle Eastern territor

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Odiljonovich, Ismatullaev. "The Use of Public Diplomacy Tools In Uzbekistan’s Foreign Relations." Buletin Antropologi Indonesia 2, no. 3 (2025): 6. https://doi.org/10.47134/bai.v2i3.4363.

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This article analyzes cultural cooperation and cultural diplomacy, which are among the key areas in the relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and European countries. The author attempts to show that these relations are being actively demonstrated through various cultural fields ‒ particularly with the developed countries of the European Union such as Germany, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom ‒ by organizing artist exhibitions, photo exhibitions in museums, and displays of traditional folk arts, including ceramic art. The author has also attempted to put forward their own recommenda

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GOMÓŁKA, Krystyna. "ECONOMIC CONTACTS BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION." Historical and social-educational ideas 10, no. 6/2 (2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2018-10-6/2-53-61.

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After regaining independence in the early 1990s, the Republic of Azerbaijan signed many international agreements. It also established relations with the European Union. Economic contacts between the partners were revived by the partnership and cooperation agreement’s entry into force in 1999. It assumed political dialogue, assistance in building democracy, cooperation in the sphere of economy and investment. In terms of trade in goods and services, the country have granted each other most-favored-nation clauses in the collection of customs duties and charges, transit clearance, composition and

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Bederman, David J. "Jurisprudence of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission: Albania Claims." American Journal of International Law 106, no. 2 (2012): 271–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.2.0271.

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Albania ranks among the smallest and poorest countries in Europe, located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas just north of Greece. It gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912 (accounting for the fact that a majority of the population is Muslim) and subsisted as a monarchy for much of the interwar period. Albania was occupied by Italy (and then Nazi Germany) for all of the Second World War. Communist partisans expelled the Germans in 1944, without the assistance of Soviet forces, and thus began nearly a half-century of a totalitarian, isolationist rule by an extremely repressive Com

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Trunov, Philipp. "Germany’s security and defense policy : transformation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 1 (2022): 254–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.01.10.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant obstacles to the implementation of national foreign policies, including the reduction of the resource base. This article analyzes the schemes and forms of government activities that can reduce the negative impact of the pandemic factor. The object of the study is the Federal Republic of Germany, which is currently at a turning point in its development: the end of A. Merkel’s «era» (autumn 2021) is accompanied by a large number of unresolved foreign policy tasks that prevent Germany from establishing itself as a world power. The article provides a d

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Naumov, Alexander O., and Alexander V. Senin. "Anschluss of Austria and the position of the Great Powers: the path to disaster. Based on little-known archival documents." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2024): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2024-1-98-111.

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The annexation of the Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938 is an important element in the crisis of the Versailles system of international relations, which ended with the outbreak of World War II in Europe. The particular historical and political importance of this event consisted in the fact, that it was the first aggressive action of the Third Reich that led to the disappearance of a sovereign state from the map of Europe. However, despite the significance of this tragedy, it seems to be insufficiently studied in scientific literature. It should be pointed out that the First Austrian republic is

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Italy – Foreign relations – Germany"

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Di, Feliciantonio Susanna. "The Europeanisation of foreign policy : Germany, Italy and the Balkans, 1991-1999." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616004.

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Hamid, Mahmud Shakir. "US foreign policy and Germany (1933-1949)." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683058.

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Miller, Mark James. "The official East German response to Willy Brandt and Neue Ostpolitik, 1969-1972." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610841.

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Marcuzzi, Stefano. "Anglo-Italian relations during the First World War." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2e1d8ba7-53eb-4c29-8974-d1fa0e36cc65.

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This thesis examines how the newly-born Anglo-Italian alliance operated during World War I, and how it influenced each of Britain's and Italy's strategies. It argues that Britain was Italy's main partner in the conflict: Rome sought to make Britain the guarantor of the London treaty, which had brought Italy into the war on the side of the Allies, as well as its main naval and financial partner within the Entente. London, for its part, used its special partnership with Italy to reach three main objectives. The first was to have Rome increasingly involved in the Entente's global war, thus going

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Mason, Andrea 1976. "Opponents of Hitler in search of foreign support : the foreign contacts of Carl Goerdeler, Ludwig Beck, Ernst von Weizsäcker and Adam von Trott zu Solz, 1937-1940." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29516.

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This thesis examines the attempts made by Carl Goerdeler, Ludwig Beck, Ernst von Weizsacker and Adam von Trott zu Solz to obtain the support of the British government in their effort to overthrow the Nazi regime between 1937 and 1940. The circumstances surrounding each mission are detailed, including the degree of readiness on the part of the German opposition for a coup d'etat and the particular form of support sought from the British to increase the chance of success in each case. Consideration is given to the factors which conditioned the British reaction to the resistance emissaries, inclu

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Albers, Martin. "The policies of Britain, France and West Germany towards the People's Republic of China, 1969-1982." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708129.

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Cata, Edmond. "Foreign Military Intervention and Democratization: A Comparative Analysis of Germany, Japan, Italy and South Korea." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342103600.

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James, William Andrew Philip Justin. "Trust and the transformation of the German question, 1960-1970." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609881.

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Van, der Heyden Ulrich Klaus Helmut. "GDR development policy with special reference to Africa, c. 1960-1990." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001860.

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This thesis explores the political, economic and theoretical underpinnings of the German Democratic Republic’s (GDR’s) development policies towards the Third World between c.1960 and 1990. Particular attention is paid to Africa. Case studies of assistance to SWAPO and the ANC further focus the attention of the reader on southern Africa in particular. Aspects of both military and civilian aid are considered, including both development initiatives overseas in Africa, and development training for Africans within the GDR itself. Since German “reunification”, the GDR’s history has been explored lar

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Condren, John. "Louis XIV et le repos de l'Italie : French policy towards the duchies of Parma, Modena, and Mantua-Monferrato, 1659-1689." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8259.

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Between 1659 and 1689, northern Italy was generally at peace, having endured almost three decades of continuous war from the 1620s. The Peace of the Pyrenees of November 1659, between the French and Spanish crowns, seemed to offer the young Louis XIV an opportunity to gradually subvert Spanish influence over the small princely families of the Po valley. The Houses of Farnese, Este, and Gonzaga-Nevers, respective rulers of Parma, Modena, and Mantua-Monferrato, had all been allies of France at various points in the Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659), but had gained scant reward for their willingness

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Books on the topic "Italy – Foreign relations – Germany"

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Dinger, Dörte. From friends to collaborators: A constructivist analysis of changes in Italo-German relations with the end of the Cold War. Nomos, 2013.

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Dinger, Dörte. Zwischen Furcht und Bewunderung?: Italienische Haltungen zur neuen deutschen Aussenpolitik. P. Lang, 2006.

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Podmore, Will. Britain, Italy, Germany and the Spanish Civil War. Edwin Mellen Press, 1998.

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Melchior, Luca. Sù pes Gjermaniis: Zwischen Dissoziation und Integration : Kommunikationsräume friaulischer Einwanderer in Bayern. Lang, 2009.

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Knox, MacGregor. Common destiny: Dictatorship, foreign policy, and war in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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Klinkhammer, Lutz. L' Occupazione tedesca in Italia: 1943-1945Lutz Klinkhammer. Bollati Boringhieri, 1993.

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Klinkhammer, Lutz. Zwischen Bündnis und Besatzung: Das nationalsozialistische Deutschland und die Republik von Salò 1943-1945. M. Niemeyer, 1993.

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8

Frank, Baasner, ed. Die Mylius-Vigoni: Deutsche und Italiener im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. M. Niemeyer, 1992.

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Risso, Linda. Divided we stand: The French and Italian political parties and the rearmament of West Germany, 1949-1955. Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2007.

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Arnold, Esch, Petersen Jens 1934-, and Deutsches Historisches Institut in Rom., eds. Deutsches Ottocento: Die deutsche Wahrnehmung Italiens im Risorgimento. M. Niemeyer, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Italy – Foreign relations – Germany"

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Morina, Engjellushe. "Kosovo–Germany Relations." In Kosovo’s Foreign Policy and Bilateral Relations. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003371588-8.

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Dachs, Gisela. "Israel and Germany." In Routledge Handbook on Israel's Foreign Relations. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003048398-29.

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Gramer, Regina U. "Relations with Italy and Nazi Germany." In A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444395181.ch32.

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De Vita, Lorena. "Israel and Germany 1948–1973." In Routledge Handbook on Israel's Foreign Relations. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003048398-13.

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Chiocchetti, Elena, and Isabella Stanizzi. "La terminologia della salute e sicurezza sul lavoro in tedesco per l’Alto Adige." In Proceedings e report. Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-364-2.08.

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The paper deals with the German language terminology of occupational health and safety (OHS) in South Tyrol, Italy, where the minority language has official status next to the national language. The South Tyrolean German legal language is developed along two main lines, i.e. through secondary term formation based on translations of Italian terms or by adopting terms already established in the German-speaking countries. The examples given in the paper show the presence of terminological gaps in South Tyrolean German, the influence of Italian, the delicate relation with the legal terminology of

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Tüselmann, Heinz-Josef, Frank McDonald, Arne Heise, Matthew M. C. Allen, and Svitlana Voronkova. "Overview of Employee Relations in Germany and the United Kingdom." In Employee Relations in Foreign-Owned Subsidiaries. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230592001_2.

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Krotz, Ulrich. "Historical Construction, International Relations Theory, and Foreign Policy." In History and Foreign Policy in France and Germany. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230353954_3.

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Giovannetti, G., and F. Luchetti. "Trade and Foreign Direct Investment: Italy, Germany, and the New Europe." In The EU and the Economies of the Eastern European Enlargement. Physica-Verlag HD, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2034-8_4.

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Marsden, David. "Institutions and Labour Mobility: Occupational and Internal Labour Markets in Britain, France, Italy and West Germany." In Labour Relations and Economic Performance. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11562-4_17.

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Acar, Aslı Beyhan, and Güven Ordun. "The Importance of Temporary Work Agencies in Turkish Labor Market and a Comparative Study with Spain, Italy and Germany." In Labor and Employment Relations in a Globalized World. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04349-4_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Italy – Foreign relations – Germany"

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TRINCHESE, Stefano. "Italy and Turkey in Kemalist Time: Relations and Comparisons." In 10. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-6044-9.28.

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This paper aims to propose reasons and arguments about relations, contacts and differences between Italy and Kemalist Turkey since 1918 to 1939. These relationships will be situated an international context of foreign relations after World War I. Of course the heritage of Lybian War (Tirabuluš Savaši) will be greatly considered, like a preface of future contrasts and evident conflicts among the two countries. This heritage will be continuously considered like a hostile beginning, in XXth century, for Turkey and Italy. The failure of every rapprochement in Turkish-Italian relations will be stud

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VİRİYEVİÇ, Vladan. "Yugoslav Diplomacy and Public on “The Hatay Question” (the Sanjak of Alexandretta) in the Period of 20s and 30s of the 20th Century." In 10. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-6044-9.23.

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The development of bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia since 1929) and the Republic of Türkiye during the second half of the 20s and 30s of the 20th century was characterized by intensive rapprochement within all spheres – politics, economy, defense, education, culture etc. Owing to that very rapprochement diplomatic societies and the wider Yugoslav public carefully followed the events in Türkiye, considering internal as well as internal aspects. Atatürk's extensive reform activities as well as those performed by Turkish aut

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Mozgovaya, O. S. "THE FOREIGN POLICY SITUATION ON THE EVE OF KHRUSHCHEV'S ULTIMATUM OF 1958." In Культура, наука, образование: проблемы и перспективы. Нижневартовский государственный университет, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/ksp-2021/16.

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After the Second World War, the issue of German unity and the status of West Berlin remained on the agenda of international politics. The most striking example of solving these problems was the ultimatum of the Soviet Union in 1958 to the Western powers, which strained relations between the allied countries, the USSR and Germany.

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Ragulskaya, M., and E. Tekutskaya. "Solar-terrestrial relations: solar activity and the COVID-19 pandemic." In ASTRONOMY AT THE EPOCH OF MULTIMESSENGER STUDIES. Proceedings of the VAK-2021 conference, Aug 23–28, 2021. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51194/vak2021.2022.1.1.130.

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COVID-19 pandemic took the start at the lows of the 11-year and quasi-century solar cycle. The genogeographic character-istics of the population have become one of the signiﬁcant factors determining the development of the local epidemics. Thelargest number of victims per 1 million inhabitants is recorded in the territories with a dominant haplogroup R1b: Italy,Spain, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and the United States. The R1a haplogroup is characterized by the rapid develop-ment of the COVID-19 pandemic with low mortality and a large number of asymptomatic patients (Russia, Germany, andIran

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Mansur, Daria. "ON THE ISSUE OF FOREIGN POLICY RELATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF ITALY AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION OVER THE LAST 20 YEARS." In 6th SWS International Scientific Conference on Arts and Humanities ISCAH 2019. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sws.iscah.2019.1/s08.003.

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Карташов, Михаил, and Mikhail Kartashov. "The proceedings and practical skills of the Advocate's activity for international Law in foreign state." In St. Petersburg international Legal forum RD forum video — Rostov-na-Donu. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_5a3a6faadf26b4.76299302.

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In modern conditions of global information space and comprehensive expansion of foreign economic relations shaped society demand for lawyers with skills of applying the conflict rules of private international law and practices in foreign countries. Buying legal services in a foreign country significantly expands the composition of the legal means of advocacy and provides access to local infrastructure and communication. Mastering the skills of applying the conflict rules of national and international law entails: 1) conduct advocacy at a high level; 2) expansion of the market of le

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Скворцова, Татьяна Александровна, and Павел Игоревич Рыбалко. "GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR THE POPULATION AND BUSINESSES DURING THE PANDEMIC (THE CASE OF CHINA AND GERMANY)." In Образование. Культура. Общество: сборник избранных статей по материалам Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Февраль 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/ecs295.2021.33.28.008.

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Предметом данной статьи является анализ зарубежного законодательства (на примере Китая и Германии) в сфере оказания государственной поддержки населению и бизнесу в период распространения новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. В исследовании анализируются правоотношения, связанные с поддержкой бизнеса, а также предоставлением пособий по временной нетрудоспособности, пособий по безработице, защите прав работников, выплате единовременных и ежемесячных сумм семьям, имеющим детей в период пандемии. The subject of this article is the analysis of foreign legislation (on the example of China and Germ

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Auziņa, Anita, Silvia Benini, Ireta Čekse, Marta Giralt, and Liam Murray. "Foreign Language Teachers’ Activities to Develop Students’ Digital Citizenship Competences: Findings of the Dice. Lang Project." In 80th International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2022.27.

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he extreme situation connected with the outbreak of the pandemic coronavirus has forced foreign language teachers worldwide to challenge their teaching competences and approaches when teaching remotely. Now, more than ever, foreign language teachers are forced or encouraged to implement digital materials, learning objects and environments. Meanwhile, foreign language teachers’ knowledge, skills and attitudes related to Digital Citizenship Education (DCE) are tested and challenged, too. The aim of this paper is to explore how confident and knowledgeable about DCE foreign language teachers are i

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Gilca, Constantin. "Перспективы евроинтеграции Республики Молдова и конституционная составляющая". У International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iv.2023.17.25.

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The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 European countries. The population is 508 million people, 24 official and working languages апd about 150 regional and minority languages. The origins of the European Union come from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), consisting of six states in 1951 - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. These countries came together to put an end to the wars that devastated the European continent, and they agreed to share control over the natural resources needed f

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Trembošová, Miroslava, and Nina Machová. "Špecifiká chemického priemyslu v Nitrianskom samosprávnom kraji." In XXVI. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách. Masaryk University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0311-2023-17.

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The chemical industry has an important position within Slovakia. In 2022, total industrial production reached 10% of Slovakia's GDP, which according to Sario (2022) is 7.79 billion. €. On the territory of the Slovak Republic, it is concentrated exclusively in cities with a developed transport infrastructure. The aim of the paper is an idiographic analysis of the spatial relations of chemical industry subjects in the Nitra self-governing region with regard to selected localization factors, i.e. transport infrastructure, raw materials and settlements. In relation to the selected location factors

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Reports on the topic "Italy – Foreign relations – Germany"

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Haberly, Daniel. A New Map of World FDI: Estimating Sources and Pathways of Offshore Investment in Major Developed and Developing Economies. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.113.

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Abstract:

There is a growing recognition that offshore structures fundamentally distort the world map of foreign direct investment (FDI). This paper advances efforts to map the ultimate owners hidden in official data behind offshore or ‘phantom’ FDI by using a novel methodology to deconstruct the ultimate origins of FDI in the US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Brazil, Russia, India, and China. In contrast to previous studies, this methodology unpicks distortions created by the offshore re-domiciliation of corporate groups at the parent level, in addition to subsidiary level, by determining the ‘true’ ulti

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2

Allan, Duncan, and Ian Bond. A new Russia policy for post-Brexit Britain. Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784132842.

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Abstract:

The UK’s 2021 Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy describes Russia as ‘the most acute direct threat to [the UK’s] security’ in the 2020s. Relations did not get this bad overnight: the trend has been negative for nearly two decades. The bilateral political relationship is now broken. Russian policymakers regard the UK as hostile, but also as weaker than Russia: a junior partner of the US and less important than Germany within Europe. The consensus among Russian observers is that Brexit has reduced the UK’s international influence, to Russia’s benefit. The hist

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