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Journal articles on the topic 'Italy – Foreign relations – Germany'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Barlas, Dilek. "FRIENDS OR FOES? DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN ITALY AND TURKEY, 1923–36." International Journal of Middle East Studies 36, no. 2 (2004): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743804362045.

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Turkey's foreign policy and relations in the early Republican era, before and during World War II, has been subject to systematic and scholarly research, leading to numerous publications since the 1970s. Although no less significant than Britain, Germany, or the Soviet Union in shaping Turkish inter-war foreign policy and priorities, Italy does not seem to have received a similar degree of attention in this growing literature. Italy is usually treated in the works on Turkish foreign relations only as a threat that Turkey's foreign and strategic policy aimed to counter after 1934.

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Vovchuk, Liudmyla. "Foreign Consulates in Odesa (1920s – 1930s)." Eminak, no. 1(41) (April 13, 2023): 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.1(41).628.

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The purpose of the research paper is to highlight the history of repatriation missions and consular institutions of Poland, Albania, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Japan and Spain in Odesa during 1922-1938, analysis of the main areas of activity within the consular district and the consular staff’s characteristics. The scientific novelty. The general picture of the foreign diplomatic presence in Odesa, represented by the repatriation missions of Turkey, Albania and Poland, as well as five consulates, has been reconstructed. Their personnel composition and key areas of activity are shown.

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Kotova, Elena. "The German Question in the Foreign Policy of the Austrian Empire in 1850—1866." ISTORIYA 12, no. 6 (104) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016050-4.

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For centuries, the House of Austria (the Habsburgs) maintained its leadership in the Holy Roman Empire, and later in the German Union. But in the middle of the 19th century the situation changed, Austria lost its position in Germany, lost to Prussia in the struggle for hegemony. The article examines what factors influenced such an outcome of the German question, what policy Austria pursued in the 50—60s of the 19th century, what tasks it set for itself. The paper traces the relationship between the domestic and foreign policy of Austria. Economic weakness and political instability prevented th

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Nesterova, T. P. "France and Attempt to Resolve the Italo-Ethiopian Conflict in Late 1935: the Hoare–Laval Plan." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 8 (2020): 398–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-8-398-411.

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The article is devoted to the policy of France towards Italy and Ethiopia at the initial stage of the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935—1936. It is shown that in the autumn of 1935, the French government took a position aimed at a peaceful settlement of the Italian-Ethiopian conflict at the expense of Ethiopia, since relations with Italy were much more important for France than relations with Ethiopia, and “real policy” required France to reach an agreement primarily with Italy. It is noted that a similar position was taken by the United Kingdom. It is indicated that this resulted in the formation o

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Muslimova, E. O., A. G. Nesterov, and N. V. Rakitina. "Transregional Cooperation of German Federal States with Eastern Regions and Countries (Late 20th — 21st Century)." Nauchnyi dialog 13, no. 8 (2024): 444–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-8-444-462.

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This study examines the formation and development of transregional relations between the federal states of Germany (Bundesländer) and Eastern countries and regions. It presents the findings of a normative-legal analysis of the foundations of international and foreign policy activities of German federal states, based on national legislation. The focus is on the institutional framework for cross-border interactions between individual administrative units of the Federal Republic of Germany and their foreign partners. The research explores partnerships with both neighboring Middle Eastern territor

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Odiljonovich, Ismatullaev. "The Use of Public Diplomacy Tools In Uzbekistan’s Foreign Relations." Buletin Antropologi Indonesia 2, no. 3 (2025): 6. https://doi.org/10.47134/bai.v2i3.4363.

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This article analyzes cultural cooperation and cultural diplomacy, which are among the key areas in the relations between the Republic of Uzbekistan and European countries. The author attempts to show that these relations are being actively demonstrated through various cultural fields ‒ particularly with the developed countries of the European Union such as Germany, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom ‒ by organizing artist exhibitions, photo exhibitions in museums, and displays of traditional folk arts, including ceramic art. The author has also attempted to put forward their own recommenda

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GOMÓŁKA, Krystyna. "ECONOMIC CONTACTS BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION." Historical and social-educational ideas 10, no. 6/2 (2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2018-10-6/2-53-61.

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After regaining independence in the early 1990s, the Republic of Azerbaijan signed many international agreements. It also established relations with the European Union. Economic contacts between the partners were revived by the partnership and cooperation agreement’s entry into force in 1999. It assumed political dialogue, assistance in building democracy, cooperation in the sphere of economy and investment. In terms of trade in goods and services, the country have granted each other most-favored-nation clauses in the collection of customs duties and charges, transit clearance, composition and

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Bederman, David J. "Jurisprudence of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission: Albania Claims." American Journal of International Law 106, no. 2 (2012): 271–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.2.0271.

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Albania ranks among the smallest and poorest countries in Europe, located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas just north of Greece. It gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912 (accounting for the fact that a majority of the population is Muslim) and subsisted as a monarchy for much of the interwar period. Albania was occupied by Italy (and then Nazi Germany) for all of the Second World War. Communist partisans expelled the Germans in 1944, without the assistance of Soviet forces, and thus began nearly a half-century of a totalitarian, isolationist rule by an extremely repressive Com

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Trunov, Philipp. "Germany’s security and defense policy : transformation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 1 (2022): 254–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.01.10.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant obstacles to the implementation of national foreign policies, including the reduction of the resource base. This article analyzes the schemes and forms of government activities that can reduce the negative impact of the pandemic factor. The object of the study is the Federal Republic of Germany, which is currently at a turning point in its development: the end of A. Merkel’s «era» (autumn 2021) is accompanied by a large number of unresolved foreign policy tasks that prevent Germany from establishing itself as a world power. The article provides a d

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Naumov, Alexander O., and Alexander V. Senin. "Anschluss of Austria and the position of the Great Powers: the path to disaster. Based on little-known archival documents." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2024): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2024-1-98-111.

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The annexation of the Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938 is an important element in the crisis of the Versailles system of international relations, which ended with the outbreak of World War II in Europe. The particular historical and political importance of this event consisted in the fact, that it was the first aggressive action of the Third Reich that led to the disappearance of a sovereign state from the map of Europe. However, despite the significance of this tragedy, it seems to be insufficiently studied in scientific literature. It should be pointed out that the First Austrian republic is

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Ronzitti, Natalino. "The Treaty of Quirinale between Italy and France." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 31, no. 1 (2022): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-03101013.

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Abstract On 26 November 2021, France and Italy signed a Treaty on enhanced cooperation, currently named the Treaty of Quirinale after the residence of the President of the Italian Republic, where the ceremony of signature was held, echoing the Treaty of the Elysée between France and Germany signed by Charles de Gaulle and Konrad Adenauer. However, the Treaty of Quirinale is not aimed at ending any secular conflict like that between France and Germany, which was supplemented by the Aachen Treaty (2019). The French-Italian Treaty is more of a proclamation than a document endowed with rights and

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Demeshchuk, Аnatolii. "Relations of the Republic of Croatia with EU Countries (1992-1999)." European Historical Studies, no. 12 (2019): 6–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.12.6-27.

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This article considers a development and peculiar properties of relations of the Republic of Croatia with European Union countries from the moment of this state’s international recognition on 15 January 1992 to the first Croatian president Franjo Tudjman’s death on 10 December 1999. The main attention is paid to those Western European countries, that played the most significant role in dealing with the crisis on the territory of former Yugoslavia and that had the most crucial place in Zagreb’s foreign policy during the first decade of Croatian independence: Federal Republic of Germany, Austria

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Sukhodolov, Yakov. "Current State of Russo-Chinese Investment Cooperation." Russian and Chinese Studies 4, no. 1 (2020): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2020.4(1).10-17.

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China is traditionally a leading foreign trade partner of Russia. And its share in the total volume of foreign trade has a positive dynamics. At the same time, the dynamics of the Russo-Chinese investment cooperation sufficiently lags behind the dynamics of development of the Russo-Chinese foreign trade relations. At present, China considerably lags behind France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy in regard to direct investments in Russia’ economy. The major part of direct investments from China falls upon the mining and petrochemical industries, the wood and paper complex, the agriculture, and

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Kotova, Elena. "The Role of Klemens von Metternich in the Creation of the Vienna System of International Relations." ISTORIYA 15, no. 11 (145) (2024): 0. https://doi.org/10.18254/s207987840033336-8.

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The article deals with the role of Metternich in the creation of the Vienna system of international relations as well as the foreign policy objectives of the Austrian Empire after the Napoleonic Wars. The strategic goal of Metternich as Chairman of the Congress of Vienna, was to ensure Austria&apos;s central position in the European concert of powers and domination in Italy and Germany. Largely due to the successful diplomacy of Metternich Austria was able to achieve this goal. The article analyzes the conservative strategy of Metternich, which was determined by the global challenge — to e

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Negri, Stefania. "Sovereign Immunity v. Redress for War Crimes: The Judgment of the International Court of Justice in the Case Concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy)." International Community Law Review 16, no. 1 (2014): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341273.

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Abstract In the judgment delivered in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), the International Court of Justice held that under the present state of international customary law State immunity encompasses all acta jure imperii, regardless of whether they are unlawful. Following the ruling that States are entitled to jurisdictional immunities before foreign courts even if their sovereign acts amount to violations of peremptory norms, the Court found that Italy had violated Germany’s immunity from jurisdiction and enforcement. In rendering such a conservati

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Colacicco, Tamara. "The British Institute of Florence and the British Council in Fascist Italy: from Harold E. Goad to Ian G. Greenlees, 1922–1940." Modern Italy 23, no. 3 (2018): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.19.

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The first British cultural institute on foreign soil was founded in Florence in 1917. However, it was the creation of the British Council in London in 1935 that marked the beginning of the strengthening of the British cultural presence abroad. The aim of this drive was to promote knowledge of British culture and civic and political life overseas, to defend national prestige and, given the escalating expansionist policies of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, to encourage the preservation of dialogue between the major European powers, underpinned by democratic principles. Bridging a gap in researc

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Balossi-Restelli, Ludovica Marchi. "Italian foreign and security policy in a state of reliability crisis?" Modern Italy 18, no. 3 (2013): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2013.801667.

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This article focuses on Italian foreign and security policy (IFSP). It looks at three examples of the country's policy-making which reveal its poor results as a security provider, namely: Italy's tardy reaction to the violence in Libya in 2011, its prompt reaction to the Lebanon crisis in 2006, and its efforts to be included in the diplomatic directorate, the P5 + 1, approaching relations with Iran in 2009. The article considers whether government action has bolstered the reliability of IFSP and also discusses the country's FSP in terms of its basic differences from that of its partners in the

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Zametica, Jovan. "Sir Austen Chamberlain and the Italo-Yugoslav crisis over Albania February - May 1927." Balcanica, no. 36 (2005): 203–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0536203z.

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In the Spring of 1927 a major European crisis was developing in the Balkans It concerned the rivalry between Mussolini?s Italy and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes over Albania in which, though a small and backward country, both Rome and Belgrade claimed to have legitimate political and security interests. At the time, the Italo-Yugoslav crisis was seen by many observers as containing the potential of turning into a war the Italian government in particular insisting that Belgrade was engaged in military preparations in order to launch an invasion of Albania. An important factor th

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Kireitseva, O. V., and O. V. Zhylin. "Foreign regulation experience of the agricultural land market." Bioeconomics and Agrarian Business 11, no. 3 (2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/bioeconomy2020.03.037.

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The article examines theoretical formation foundations of functioning system of the agricultural land market in foreign countries. It is analyzed basic and special parameters of the legislative framework on land, protection of rights and opportunities of land owners, purchase and sale procedures in the context of land relations. It has been determined that the success of land reforms and the effectiveness of implementation and functioning of the land market depend on the level of their scientific substantiation, state regulation and measures to coordinate interests of its participants. Land re

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Самедов, Фарман Фамиль. "Foreign Economic Relations of Sumgait city (On the Chemical Industry. 1991-2003)." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/81/42.

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В статье анализируется экономический кризис в сумгаитской химической промышленности в результате распада СССР и разрыва традиционных экономических связей с бывшими советскими республиками после обретения Азербайджаном независимости и меры, предпринятые для выхода из этого кризиса. Кроме того, рассмотрены установление экономических связей и обмен опытом в химической промышленности с экономически развитыми странами: Германией, США, Турцией, Японией, Великобританией, Кореей, Италией, Болгарией и Испанией, замена физически и морально устаревшего оснащения сумгаитских химических предприятий новым и

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Vasilyev, Alexander D. "«A new Approach to the Issue of Friendly Relations with Turkey» and Transformation of Soviet-Turkish Relations in 1939–1941." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2024): 204. https://doi.org/10.31696/s086919080031694-0.

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The article examines the transformation of Soviet policy towards Turkey after the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The visit of V.P. Potemkin, clearly displayed a trend towards rapprochement between Turkey and the West. Based on the information about the German-English negotiations in London and the delay in negotiations between the USSR and England and France on countering the aggressor, the Soviet leadership decided to conclude a non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union. The issue of the security of the Straits in connection with the general direction of Soviet poli

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Kucherenko, Oleksii. "FRANCHISING AGREEMENT UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES." Scientific Notes Series Law 1, no. 9 (2020): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2020-1-9-33-37.

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The article is devoted to the topical issue of studying the foreign experience of legal regulation of the franchise agreement. The author emphasizes that there is no comprehensive full-fledged regulation of the franchise agreement either in the national legislation of individual EU member states or at the international level. The article focuses on the franchisor's obligation to enter into an agreement to provide future franchisees with information about doing business under the franchise system, including the basic conditions of the franchise, data on the number of franchisees in the network,

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Ivanov, Nikolai. "Uruguay and the Soviet Union in the 1920—1930s." ISTORIYA 15, no. 3 (137) (2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840030565-0.

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The author analyzes the relationship between the Soviet Union and Uruguay in the period of the 20—30s, one of the most difficult in the history of the two countries. The main subjects are the termination of diplomatic relations in 1917, the establishment of trade relations in the early 20s, the activities of trade societies ARCOS, AMTORG, Yuzhamtorg, the resumption of relations in 1926, the development of trade and economic relations, the world economic crisis and the spread of anti-communist hysteria in Latin America, the «oil issue» and its role in the preparation of the coup d&apos;etat

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Giurlando, Philip. "France’s déclassement in the Eurozone." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 74, no. 4 (2019): 559–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702019896299.

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In France, the adoption of the euro was partly motivated by the desire for equality with Germany, but asymmetry has increased in terms of economic prowess and international status, leading to a sense of déclassement. This paper identifies links between France’s status reduction, a consequent feeling of humiliation, and the foreign policy positions associated with that collective emotion. Evidence of France’s déclassement includes macroeconomic trends, semi-structured interviews with a sample of elites, the secondary literature, and the domestic political disputes that have emerged as a result

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Roider, Karl A. "The Habsburg Foreign Ministry and Political Reform, 1801–1805." Central European History 22, no. 2 (1989): 160–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900011481.

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On 6 December 1800, a courier galloped through the gates of Vienna, rushed to the Hofburg, the winter palace of the Habsburgs, and presented to Emperor Francis II a bitter message from Archduke John, the emperor's brother and commander of the Austrian armed forces in Germany. The message read that three days earlier the archduke's troops had engaged the French army under Jean Moreau at Hohenlinden, had suffered serious losses, and were falling back to Salzburg with the officers struggling to maintain order in the ranks while they did so. The news was a crushing blow to Francis. In 1799 the Aus

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Zhytariuk, Mar’yan. "Ukraine-Czechoslovakian and Ukraine-Romanian Relations in the Interpretation of the Magazine “Dilo” (Lviv)." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 20, 2018): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.198-207.

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The Lviv daily “Dilo”, as well as the Ukrainian press in Galicia, Bukovina, Volyn and Transcarpathia in the interwar period, could not keep a way from the numerous and systematic facts of Ukrainophobia and immediately responded to the form available to it, mainly as digest and translations of foreign publications about Ukrainians and Ukrainian ethnic land. Thirties of the Twentieth century entered the Ukrainian history under the sign of Polish “pacification” in Eastern Galicia (there were also the petitions of Ukrainian and British representations to the League of Nations), artificially

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Pyroh, Olha, Nataliya Kolinko, and Nazar Berdei. "Foreign trade position of Ukraine in the EU: study of change trends during the period of marital status." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2024, no. 2 (2024): 323–32. https://doi.org/10.23939/smeu2024.02.323.

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As is well known, an important component of Ukraine's European integration is trade cooperation with EU countries, which has provided Ukrainian enterprises with simplified access to the markets of the European Union. Amid the deepening of these integration processes, the article analyses the main foreign trade partners of Ukraine. In order to study trends in changes in foreign trade during the period of martial law, the article uses 3 analytical periods: 1st quarter 2020, 1st quarter 2022, 1st quarter 2024. Cluster analysis implemented in SPSS from IBM was used to form groups of foreign trade

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DULCE, Cezara Ionela, and Ionel MUNTELE. "Student Mobility – Attractiveness and Premise of Improving the City Image. Case Study: Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași." Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning SI, no. 7 (2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jsspsi.2021.7.06.

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Nowadays, brand image dominates almost any field of activity and becomes a source of power, being much more efficient than a word. Our article aims to analyse the evolution of Erasmus+ mobility at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași between 2013 and 2019 and to highlight, by the increasing attractiveness, the important role of these internships in the improvement of the city image. Regarding the methodology, our descriptive study was based on statistical information provided by the International Relations Office of the university. The purpose of the analysis was to identify the dynamics and

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Esherick, Joseph W. "The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study. By Lanxin Xiang. [London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. xvii +382 pp. $80.00. ISBN 0-7007-1563-0.]." China Quarterly 176 (December 2003): 1110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741003370638.

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This old-fashioned political and diplomatic history of the conflict between the Qing court and foreign powers in 1900 makes a significant, if not always convincing, contribution to our understanding of the Boxer troubles. Arguing that previous studies have been flawed by an excessive focus on “the so-called ‘Boxer Rebellion’ ” (p. vii), this book focuses on how the Qing court came to declare war on the foreign powers in June of 1900. Its close analysis of court politics and actions of the foreign diplomatic corps in Beijing makes excellent use of archival records from Belgium, China, France, G

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Štefanac-Nadarević, Vesna, Mihovil Vukelić, and Miroslav Cuculić. "Care for health of foreign tourists in case of medical emergency." Tourism and hospitality management 2, no. 2 (1996): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.2.2.14.

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The county of Primorje and Gorski kotar is one of the most developed tourist regions in Croatia. The majority of tourists come from the neighbouring countries because of the geographical position of this region and because of good relations that Republic of Croatia has with its neighbours. The objective of our research was to examine health care and morbidity of Austrian, German and Italian tourists who stayed in the Rijeka area from 1987 to 1990 and who asked-for medical help on the basis of insurance certificate-convention. Our research is based on the health and other documentation used by

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Tkachuk, Taras. "JAPANESE INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS BEFORE AND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE WORLD WAR II (1931 – 1940)." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 13 (2022): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2022.13.6.

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The article examines the relationship between two leading countries – Great Britain and the United States, which had a significant impact on international political situation in the world in 1930s and still have nowadays. As a vector of research, the author takes the factor of the Japanese militaristic regime because of the rather similar current geopolitical situation due to the aggressive actions of Russian Federation. According to this, the author aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis and his own assessment of the impact of Japan’s behavior in the international arena on the development

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Lapina, N. "The Perception of Russia in Europe in Context of Ukrainian Crisis." World Economy and International Relations, no. 9 (2015): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-9-24-34.

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This article deals with the impact of various factors on the perception of Russia in different European countries. The focus is on the role of mass media, expert and political elites in forming of Russia's image, especially in the context of Ukrainian crisis. In this article, the reaction of different European counties to events in Ukraine, the polarization of European space is analyzed: some countries prefer to put a pressure on the Russian Federation, other – to find a way out of the critical situation and reach a compromise. Some political establishment representatives in France, Germany, C

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ČOVIĆ, PAULINA. "FOREIGN STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE AND THEIR INTEREST IN THE HISTORY OF SOUTH SLAVS (1923–1941)." ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches, no. 30 (December 25, 2019): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2019.30.197-216.

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The paper examines the schooling of foreign students, holders of the scholarships awarded by the Ministry of Education of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia, at the University of Belgrade between the two World Wars. The first competitions were opened mid 1920s, with those countries which aided the schooling of Yugoslav students at their respective universities being eligible to apply. During the 1930s student exchange continued, in an apparently more extensive and organized manner, only to be extended at the end of the period under review to include countries with which the K

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Kologermanskaya, Ekaterina M. "Legal Regulation of the Construction and Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in the Russian Federation and Foreign Countries." Energy Law Forum, no. 1 (2023): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s231243500025219-8.

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At the moment, the use of electric vehicles (EV) is not stable both on a global scale and within a single state. Nevertheless, the electric vehicle industry, as a key technology to decarbonize road transport, is somehow becoming an integral part of the transport and energy complex. However, the full-fledged development of this industry faces a number of issues that can directly affect the state of demand and promote the interests and rights of end consumers. One of these issues is the construction and operation of the electric vehicle charging infrastructure. This is due not only to special te

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Potapov, D. "The European Union and China Foreign Direct Investment Cooperation in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative." Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal, no. 4 (2020): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/afij-2020-4-76-93.

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The article analyses the foreign direct investment cooperation between the European Union and the People’s Republic of China under the Belt and Road Initiative. The initiative is proposed by China and is aimed at developing cross-regional transport and logistics infrastructure connecting China with South-East, South and Central Asia, the Middle East, East Africa and Europe. The author examines the history of the initiative and its assessments by international organizations (e.g. the World Bank and the ESCAP UN) and investigates the structure and statistics of the EU-China investment relations,

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Zhavoronok, Artur. "INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF FUNCTIONING OF THE CREDIT SERVICES MARKET." Economic discourse, no. 1 (March 2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2020-1-8.

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Introduction. The country's economy is still in a state where its development is hampered by the absence of clearly defined, priority programs to stimulate business and economic sectors, including through credit. Bank lending to business entities is an effective way of getting out of the crisis. Strengthening the role of credit relations as a means of stimulating the development of production is manifested in various aspects. Methods. Fundamental economic theories, lending theories, financial studies, as well as research by scholars and foreign scientists are investigated in the research. They

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Goodman, John B., and Louis W. Pauly. "The Obsolescence of Capital Controls?: Economic Management in an Age of Global Markets." World Politics 46, no. 1 (1993): 50–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2950666.

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Between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, after decades of trying to limit short-term international capital movements, advanced industrial states moved decisively in the direction of decontrol. What has driven this remarkable policy convergence? The answer lies not in ideological change or shifts in relative political power, but in the prior development of international financial markets and in the increasing globalization of business. In a policy environment fundamentally reshaped by these factors, financial institutions and multinational firms were able to threaten or implement strategies

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Lymar, Margaryta. "European integration in the foreign policy of Dwight Eisenhower." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 7 (2019): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.07.27-36.

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The article deals with European integration processes through the prism of the President Eisenhower foreign policy. The transatlantic relations are explored considering the geopolitical transformations in Europe. It is noted that after the end of World War II, Europe needed assistance on the path to economic recovery. Eisenhower initially as Commander in Chief of NATO forces in Europe, and later as the U.S. President, directed his foreign policy efforts to unite the states of Western Europe in their post-war renovating and confronting the communist threat. For that reason, Eisenhower deserved

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Dyrina, Anna. "ON THE POST-SOCIALIST PATH OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS AND THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 2 (2021): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2021.02.13.

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The article examines the current state of affairs in Belarus and Serbia - two countries that previously were parts of the socialist federal states, but currently belong to the regions of Eastern Europe and the Balkans/South-Eastern Europe, respectively. The first part of the article is devoted to Belarusian-Serbian relations. Political cooperation is developing at the presidential, governmental and parliamentary levels, and interaction is also carried out at the level of various departments, regions and cities. For Serbia, the support from Belarus on the international scene is important, in pa

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Kašťáková, Elena, Anabela Luptáková, and Barbora Družbacká. "EU — China trade cooperation in the context of the BRI: Analysis and perspectives on different examples of the EU countries." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 38, no. 1 (2022): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2022.101.

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This paper aims to examine the EU’s foreign trade relations with China following the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assess trade intensity developments and identify the export potential of China’s largest trading partners in the EU. We established two hypotheses:1) in the context of the BRI, the intensity of Chinese trade to the EU was higher than the intensity of EU trade to China during the period considered; 2) the export potential of the EU’s most important partners to China in 2019 focused on higher value-added commodities in the context of the BRI. We used the trade intens

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Klimanova, D. D. "Limited Proprietary Rights to Residential Premises in Russian and Foreign Civil Law." Lex Russica, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/17295920.2021.172.3.016-026.

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The right to housing is important and universally recognized. In foreign countries, in order to ensure the realization of the right to housing, in addition to the right of ownership, other limited proprietary rights are provided granting citizens with the right to own and use residential premises. The paper considers the limited proprietary rights to residential premises in France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Russia. It is established that the legislation of the abovementioned foreign countries enshrines real rights to use the residential premise, which, being a kind of usufruct (

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Lavrenko, A. I. "Foreign experience of administrative and legal regulation of discretionary powers in the branch of land relations." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 5 (October 12, 2024): 532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.05.84.

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The article collects and analyzes approaches to understanding and conditions of application and implementation of discretionary powers of local self-government bodies in the sphere of land relations of foreign states. The realities of modern life require public authorities not only to timely and fully fulfill their tasks, but also to comply with high standards of integrity. The described tasks and goals are especially important in the implementation of discretionary rights and duties that can be carried out with a certain freedom of action or at all - at their own discretion. The scientific no

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Özdeşer, Hüseyin. "Analysis of the Economic Impacts of the Euro, the Efficiency of the Euro in the Optimum Currency Area, and the Place of the Euro in Global Economics." European Review 28, no. 2 (2020): 258–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798719000449.

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The introduction of the euro has led to three dominant currencies in the financial markets, namely the euro, dollar and yen. The use of the euro as the single currency is a key element for economic and political unification in the EU (European Union). While some of the criteria for achieving monetary integration between the European Monetary Union (EMU) member countries in the euro area have been satisfied, some problems still remain. As the euro is not the currency of a single country like the dollar, the dollar still retains its dominant position in the international markets. After the Brexi

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Fontanelli, Filippo. "Criminal Proceedings Against Albers." American Journal of International Law 107, no. 3 (2013): 632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.3.0632.

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In August 2012, the First Criminal Division of the Court of Cassation (Supreme Court or Court), the highest Italian domestic court, issued a judgment upholding Germany’s sovereign immunity from civil claims brought by Italian war crime victims against Paul Albers and eight others in the Italian courts (Albers). In so doing, the Court overruled its own earlier decisions and also reversed the judgment of April 20, 2011, by the Italian Military Court of Appeal (Military Court), which had upheld such claims relating to war crimes committed by German forces in Italy during World War II. With this r

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Volkova, Irina Vladimirovna, Valery Vladimirovich Ivanov, and Pérez Daniel Estévez. "The international situation of the 1930s as a factor in shaping soviet foreign policy towards Spain and China." Manuscript 18, no. 1 (2025): 207–16. https://doi.org/10.30853/mns20250030.

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The purpose of this article is to analyze the international situation in the first half of the 1930s as a leading factor influencing the foreign policy of the Soviet Union towards the Spanish Republic and China in 1936-1937. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the reasons for the USSR’s abandonment of the policy of collective security, which was pursued by Moscow at the turn of the 1920s-1930s, and the transition to indirect participation in the wars in Spain and China. The article summarizes the experience of Soviet, modern Russian, and Western European (Great Britain, Spa

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Kalinkova, Sabrina. "Bulgarian economy as a producer of intermediate goods for the European Union." University Economic Bulletin, no. 48 (March 30, 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-48-97-102.

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Relevance of research topic. In conditions of globalization, the economic development of a country depends a lot on its relations with the rest of the world. When using economic indicators, including the "foreign trade balance" one, their correct interpretation is of particular importance. Formulation of the problem. The research interest should be focused not only on the volume of exports and imports in monetary terms, but also on its structure. It is a question of what production (goods and services) the Bulgarian economy exports (respectively imports), as well as where it exports (from wher

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Latyntsev, Aleksander. "Non-Patentability of Bio-Inventions Contrary to Public Order and Morality, Protection of Life and Health in European Law." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 20, no. 5 (2024): 52. https://doi.org/10.61205/s199132220030358-9.

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In the context of the intensive development of biotechnologies and their spread in various fields, there is an increasing need to specify and take into account the principles of bioethics to regulate various legal relations. This issue is global and is reflected in many international agreements and provisions of foreign legislation. However, despite the increased attention to this topic, the aspects of taking into account the principles of bioethics in patent law relations have not been sufficiently studied. For example, the inadmissibility of using legal protection mechanisms in relation to t

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Chernyavsky, S. I. "The People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (NKID) of the USSR in the City of Kuibyshev (1941-1943)." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 4 (2020): 178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-4-73-178-198.

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This article analyzes the work of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (NKID) of the USSR in the city of Kuibyshev (now Samara), where it was evacuated in 1941- 1943 together with other central government agencies and the diplomatic corps accredited in the USSR. Although this period was quite short, and though key decisions were, of course, made in Moscow, intense rough work was being carried out in the “reserve capital”, which ensured the solution of the tasks set by the country's leadership to the NKID apparatus.The aggression of Nazi Germany found the Soviet Union poorly prepared no

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Tokareva, Katerina. "National and Foreign Experience in Implementing Tax Amnesty: Comparative Legal Aspect." Law and innovations, no. 4 (40) (December 19, 2022): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2022-4(40)-15.

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Problem setting. The article examines the legal regulation of such an institution as tax amnesty in different countries of the world. It is emphasized that in each country the introduction of such an institution has its own peculiarities of consolidation and implementation. At the same time, such peculiarities are due to various factors, for example, such as: the territorial and budgetary structure of the State, the model of the tax system, the model of relations between authorized and obligated participants of tax relations, etc. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Tax amnesty, th

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Kholyavitska, K. S. "Foreign experience of decentralization of power and prospects for Ukraine." Collected Works of Uman National University of Horticulture 2, no. 99 (2021): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2415-8240-2021-99-2-94-103.

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The author of the article has outlined the problem of finding the most optimal model of the state for of government, because the necessary condition for stable development of society and effective functioning of the state is to ensure the balance between national interests and the interests of the population of regions and territorial communities. The preconditions, political history and periods of the formation of decentralized power in most European medieval states, scientific positions of national and foreign legal scholars on the expediency of implementing decentralization have been analyz

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