Academic literature on the topic 'Italy – History – 1870-1914'

This thesis deals with Girolamo Savonarola and with his place in the imagination and collective memory of Italians from the early nineteenth century to the present. It examines the works of a variety of Italian fictional authors who turned to Savonarola in the belief that he could help them pursue objectives which, in their opinion, Italy and Italians should strive to achieve. At first, he was called upon by nationalist writers of the Risorgimento to inspire a people and convince it of the need for a free, united Italy. Later, as the new nation began to consolidate and Italians came to realize that unification had not delivered all that it had promised, Savonarola was employed in a negative way to show that military action and force were necessary to ensure Italy's progress to the status of great power. As Italians became more aware of the grave social issues facing their nation, he was called upon, once again, to help change social policy and to remind the people of its civic responsibility to the less fortunate members of society. The extent of Savonarola's adaptability is also explored through the analysis of his manipulation by the writers of Fascist Italy. Remarkably, he was used to highlight to Italians their duty to stand by Mussolini and the Fascist Regime during their struggle with the Catholic Church and the Pope. At the same time, however, one writer daringly used Savonarola's apostolate to condemn the Regime and the people's blind adherence to its philosophies. As Fascism fell and Italy began to rebuild after the Second World War, there was no longer a need for Savonarola to be used for political or militaristic ends. In recent times, emphasis has been placed on the human side of the Friar and he has been employed solely to guide Italians in a civic, moral and spiritual sense. From the Risorgimento to the present, the various changes in Italian history have been foreshadowed in the treatment of Savonarola by Italian fictional authors who turned to him in difficult times to help define what it is to be Italian.

Dante Alighieri is, undoubtedly, an enduring feature of the cultural memory of generations of Italians. His influence is such that the mere mention of a ‘dark wood’ or ‘life’s journey’ recalls the poet and his most celebrated work, the Divina Commedia. This study, however, seeks to examine the construction of the medieval Florentine poet, exemplified by the above assertion, as a potent symbol of the Italian nation. From the creation of the idea of the Italian nation during the Risorgimento, to the Liberal ruling elite’s efforts after 1861 to legitimise the new Italian nation state, and more importantly to ‘make Italians’, to the rise of a more imperialist conception of nationalism in the early twentieth century and its most extreme expression under the Fascist regime, Dante was made to play a significant role in defining, justifying and glorifying the Italian nation. Such an exploration of the utilisation of Dante in the construction of Italian national identity during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries aids considerably in an understanding of the conceptualisation of the Italian nation, of the issues engendered by the establishment of the Italian nation state, and the evolution of these processes throughout the period in question. The various images of Dante revealed by this investigation of his instrumentalisation in the Italian process of nation-building bear only a fleeting resemblance to what is known of the poet in his medieval reality. Dante was born in 1265 to a family of modest means and standing in Florence, at that time the economic centre of Europe, and one of the most important cities of the Italian peninsula. His writings disclosed, however, that he was little impressed by his city’s prestige and wealth, being instead greatly disturbed by its political discord and instability, of which he became an unfortunate victim. The violent partisan conflict in Florence and the turbulent political condition of the Italian peninsula in the late thirteenth century had a decisive influence on Dante’s life and literary endeavours.

Ce travail porte sur la place et le rôle de l’architecture dans le processus de construction de la nation italienne au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. Pour cela, nous avons choisi d’isoler un certain nombre de figures identitaires et de les étudier à travers le prisme de commémorations organisées en Italie durant la première période de l’unification (1861-1921). Notre étude est rythmée par l’analyse de trois commémorations liées entre elles par l’activité de l’historien d’art Corrado Ricci.Le huitième centenaire de la création de l’université de Bologne en 1888 et les travaux architecturaux d’Alfonso Rubbiani nous offrent un des premiers exemples d’une fête marquée par la réinvention d’un monument ancien. Les célébrations du cinquantenaire de l’unité italienne en 1911, et plus particulièrement l’exposition régionale et ethnographique organisée à Rome, nous ont permis de définir une nouvelle articulation entre les identités régionales et l’identité nationale ; selon l’idée de l’époque l’unité du génie artistique national émergerait de la diversité des genius loci illustrée par l’architecture des communes de la fin du Moyen Âge et de la première Renaissance. Enfin, les commémorations du 600e anniversaire de la mort de Dante en 1921 constituent le pivot de notre étude. Au cours de ce centenaire, on restaura un grand nombre d’édifices dans toute l’Italie, et plus particulièrement à Florence et à Ravenne. Dans ces deux villes, les travaux s’étendirent à l’échelle urbaine, aboutissant à la création de zones dantesques et à la réinvention de l’image d’une architecture médiévale à vocation identitaire<br>This dissertation questions the place and role of architecture in the Italian national building process at the turn of the twentieth century. We chose to isolate several paradigmatic figures of identity (such as Dante or some distinctive features of medieval architecture) and to study them through the prism of a number of commemorations held in Italy in the first decades after unification (1861-1921). The analysis of three commemorations bound together by the activity of the art historian Corrado Ricci constitutes the core of our study.The eighth centenary of the creation of the University of Bologna in 1888 and the architectural activity of Alfonso Rubbiani are studied as one of the first examples of a commemoration not marked by the construction of a new monument but by the reinvention of an old one. The careful consideration of the 1911 celebrations for the 50th anniversary of Italian unification and especially the regional and ethnographic exhibition held in Rome on this occasion allowed us to define a new articulation between national and regional identity, defined as a unity of national artistic genius through a multiplicity of genius loci “rediscovered” in the architecture of late Middle Ages and early Renaissance Commune. The third and main object of our analysis are the commemorations for the 600th anniversary of Dante's death in 1921. For this event many buildings were restored throughout Italy, especially in Florence and Ravenna. In both cities, the impact of commemorations reached an urban scale, leading to the creation of whole areas known as zone dantesche: spatial evidences of the powerful myth that the figure of Dante embodied in this historical conjuncture. Supported by the newly acquired value of heritage in the national building process, this commemoration was a crucial step in the invention of a neomedieval city and its mass diffusion through a set of visual stereotypes

L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier d'une part la place que tient la guerre dans l'œuvre de l'historien et philosophe italien Benedetto Croce (1866-1952), à la fois lorsqu'il étudie l'Histoire, notamment celle du XIXe siècle, et lorsqu'il réagit aux événements dont il est le contemporain : guerres d'Ethiopie de 1896 et 1935, de Libye de 1911-1912 et « pacification » dans les années vingt et trente, Première Guerre mondiale, Guerre d'Espagne, Seconde Guerre mondiale. La guerre est-elle parfois légitime ? Est-elle nécessaire à la construction et à l'affermissement de l'état italien ? Ou au contraire est-elle à éviter à tout prix ? Ces questions sont complexes car la guerre n'est pas l'apanage du fascisme, mais a déjà été l'un des caractères importants du régime libéral qui a précédé le fascisme en Italie. Ce travail de recherche porte également sur la pensée et l'action de Benedetto Croce en ce qui concerne le maintien puis la réinstauration de la paix, notamment après les deux guerres mondiales, et son engagement pro-européen. L'étude s'est appuyée sur le croisement entre les œuvres de Benedetto Croce et les documents contenus dans les Archives d'Etat à Rome, comme les dossiers de la Police Politique fasciste qui a surveillé Croce pendant des décennies à cause de son engagement antifasciste<br>The purpose of this thesis is first to study the part that war plays in the works of the Italian historian and philosopher, Benedetto Croce (1866-1952), when he studies History -in particular that of the 19th century- as well as when he reacts to the events of which he is a contemporary: wars in Ethiopia in 1896 and 1935, in Libya in 1911- 1912 and “pacification” in the nineteen twenties and thirties, First World War, Spanish War, Second World War. Is war sometimes legitimate? Is it necessary to the construction and strengthening of the Italian State? Or on the contrary is it to be avoided at all costs? These are complex questions, for war is not the prerogative of fascism but has already been one of the important characteristics of the liberal regime that preceded fascism in Italy. This research is also focused on the thought and action of Benedetto Croce concerning peace maintaining and then restoring, in particular after both world wars, and his commitment to Europe. The study is based upon the interplay of Benedetto Croce’s works and the documents found in the State Archives in Rome, like the files of the fascist political police who watched Croce during decades because of his anti-fascist commitment

Defence date: 26 January 2004<br>Examining board: Prof. Heinz-Gerard Haupt, IUE ; Prof.ssa Luisa Passerini (supervisor), Kulturwissenschaftliches Institut, Essen - Università di Torino) ; Prof. Raffaele Romanelli, Università "La Sapeinza", Roma ; Prof. Salvatore Settis, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017