Relevant bibliographies by topics / Italy – Politics and government – 20th century

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Italy – Politics and government – 20th century'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Italy – Politics and government – 20th century"

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Samofatov, Mykhailo. "AN UNEXPECTED ALLIANCE: US POLICY REGARDING FORMATION OF THE CENTER-LEFT COALITION IN ITALY." Paper of Faculty of History, no. 33 (March 12, 2024): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2312-6825.2022.33.270463.

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The Cold War became a significant factor influencing not only the foreign, but also the domestic politics of Italy. The main problem of Italy as a member of NATO in the middle of the 20th century left pro-Soviet parties became popular, and the ruling Christian Democratic Party may lose power. The alliance of Christian Democrats with the Socialists became an unexpected means of solving the current problems, and the US, by supporting this alliance, demonstrated the ability to be flexible in conducting foreign policy towards its allies. The main thesis of the article is that such unexpected allia
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Guslin, Guslin, and Amarulla Octavian. "The impact of the Bolsheviks Revolution on the political development and system of government of the new state of the 20th century." Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review 6, no. 2 (2021): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v6i3.31484.

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The Bolshevik Revolution forced the end of Tsar Nicholas II's imperial rule in Russia. Furthermore, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, Russia formed a new government in the form of the Republic. The main power of this government is entirely under the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. Subsequent changes in the form of government in Russia, especially after World War I, inspired newly independent countries in the mid-20th century to follow the same system of government. Through theories about the state, politics, and government system, this study will analyze the influence of the Bolshevik r
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Semyonov, Alexander M. "Imperial parliament for a hybrid empire: Representative experiments in the early 20th-century Russian Empire." Journal of Eurasian Studies 11, no. 1 (2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1879366520902868.

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This article argues that the history of Russian constitutional and parliamentary reform in the early 20th century can be cast in a new light in view of the global transformation of political life under the challenge of imperial diversity and mass politics. The article points out that imperial diversity as a challenge to democratic government was not unique to the Russian Empire. The character of the Russian Empire was marked by peculiarities; it was shaped by composite and hybrid imperial space, which placed the challenge of imperial diversity at the center of political practices and imaginari
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Bandžović, Safet. "Slovenci u Antifašističkoj borbi u Bosni i Hercegovini i izgradnji federativnih osnova Jugoslavije (1941-1945)." Historijski pogledi 6, no. 9 (2023): 113–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.9.113.

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Understanding the socio-historical processes after the April War of 1941 and the dismemberment of Yugoslavia presupposes a deeper knowledge of opposing national perspectives since 1918, when this country was created, of the events between the two world wars, as well as their multidimensional characters, since they largely determined wartime polarizations and alignments. The Second World War is one of the most problematic historical periods in the post-Yugoslav area, from a scientific and political point of view. With numerous relief and insufficiently explored components, it still belongs to t
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Kuitert, Lisa. "Balai Pustaka and the Politics of Knowledge." Lembaran Sejarah 17, no. 1 (2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.69965.

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During the colonial period of Indonesia the Dutch government was an important source of knowledge which was disseminated through the production of books, such as textbooks and other printed material. In response to the establishment of many new commercial printers and publishers, the colonial government, in 1917, set up its own publishing company, Balai Pustaka, which also published attractive and popular books. This new publishing house intentionally and unintentionally served several goals at a time that was characterized by the rise of young Indonesian intellectuals who were part of new pol
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Söllner, Alfons. "Totalitarismus – eine kleine Ideengeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts." Politisches Denken. Jahrbuch 29, no. 1 (2019): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/jpd.29.1.87.

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Totalitarianism is problably the most ambivalent political idea of the 20th century: it stands for the most negative experience with politics, it was used as polemical weapon within the major political conflicts of the epoch, and it attracted as many ingenious political thinkers in order to clarify totalitarianism as a scientific concept. The essay is only a sketch and tries to reconstruct the variations of the concept throughout five stages: its origins in Mussolini’s Italy, the pluralistic formation in the 1930/40s, the canonization during the cold war, its diminuation in the 1960/70s, and t
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Mair, Peter. "Representation and participation in the changing world of party politics." European Review 6, no. 2 (1998): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700003203.

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The 20th-century has been the century of mass politics, and the mass parties that emerged at the beginning of this century became deeply rooted within wider society. The passing of this golden age of the party has now been marked by two distinct processes of change. On the one hand, parties have become more distant from society and more closely linked to government and the state. On the other hand, there has been a decline in the political identities of the parties, such that voters now find it increasingly difficult to distinguish between them. These changes, and the related transformation of
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Griffin, Stephen M. "Bringing the State into Constitutional Theory: Public Authority and the Constitution." Law & Social Inquiry 16, no. 04 (1991): 659–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1991.tb00864.x.

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This article brings the state into constitutional theory by presenting a theory of the development of the American state from the late 19th century to the present. The focus of the theory is the ability of the national state to exercise sovereignty or public authority over civil society. The main thesis is that the Constitution did not establish a government with a level of public authority adequate to the requirements of a modem democratic state. The result was a mismatch between the demands of civil society and the competence of state institutions, causing a reorganization of the political i
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Gayada, F. A. "Russian Liberal of the Beginning of the 20th Century in Politics." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 10, no. 6 (2018): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-6-28-43.

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The article examines the political views and practices of Russian liberals in the early twentieth century. Russia’s political destiny of this period directly depended on building constructive relations between the authorities and society. Liberal ideas had a significant impact on the educated public. At the same time, the constructive cooperation between the liberals and the government was the most important condition for the possibility of application of these ideas in domestic political practice. The article examines the political experience of the two largest liberal political parties in Ru
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MARTYNOV, D. E. "Kang Youwei and Italy in the beginning of the 20th century: comprehension of the politics of the west by the traditional confucian thinker." Comparative Politics Russia 13, no. 1-2 (2023): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2221-3279-2022-1-2-13-186-198.

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The article deals with the theoretical treatises written by Kang Youwei (1858 — 1927) in exile and devoted to the understanding of Western social and political reality from the standpoint of a bearer of traditional Chinese culture and Neo-Confucian philosophy. First of all, these are “Travelogue to Italy” (Yidali youji, 1904) and “Impartial Words on Republicanism” (Gonghe pingyi, 1918). Kang Yuwei’s thinking is characterized by attention to the Confucian binary opposition si — gong (private — general), which he transferred to both civilizational development and international politics. In other
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Italy – Politics and government – 20th century"

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Finn, Sarah. "'Padre della nazione italiana' : Dante Alighieri and the construction of the Italian nation, 1800-1945." University of Western Australia. European Languages and Studies Discipline Group. Italian Studies, 2010. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0085.

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Dante Alighieri is, undoubtedly, an enduring feature of the cultural memory of generations of Italians. His influence is such that the mere mention of a ‘dark wood’ or ‘life’s journey’ recalls the poet and his most celebrated work, the Divina Commedia. This study, however, seeks to examine the construction of the medieval Florentine poet, exemplified by the above assertion, as a potent symbol of the Italian nation. From the creation of the idea of the Italian nation during the Risorgimento, to the Liberal ruling elite’s efforts after 1861 to legitimise the new Italian nation state, and more im
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Hogan, Marina. "The fictional Savonarola and the creation of modern Italy." University of Western Australia. European Languages and Studies Discipline Group. Italian Studies, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0035.

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This thesis deals with Girolamo Savonarola and with his place in the imagination and collective memory of Italians from the early nineteenth century to the present. It examines the works of a variety of Italian fictional authors who turned to Savonarola in the belief that he could help them pursue objectives which, in their opinion, Italy and Italians should strive to achieve. At first, he was called upon by nationalist writers of the Risorgimento to inspire a people and convince it of the need for a free, united Italy. Later, as the new nation began to consolidate and Italians came to realize
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Reibman, Max Yacker. "Cairo and the international politics of Egypt and Syria, 1914-1920." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708103.

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Osman, Newal. "Partition and Punjab politics, 1937-55." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608215.

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SABA, RAUL PHILLIP. "POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRACY IN PERU: CONTINUITY WITHIN CHANGE AND CRISIS (BELAUNDE, VELASCO, MORALES-BERMUDEZ, COMPARATIVE POLITICS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188128.

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This study examines the development of Peruvian politics and government from 1962 to 1985. It describes the programs and policies of the interim military junta (1962-63), the Velasco (1968-75) and Morales Bermudez (1975-80) phases of the Armed Forces Revolution, and the two Belaunde administrations (1963-68, 80-85) and posits a basic commonality of goals and continuity of reforms despite differences in policy orientation and emphasis. The study begins with a contextual discussion of the ideological underpinnings of contemporary Peruvian political reform, establishing linkages to the revolution
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Kharroubi, Safwat. "The foiled state : a critical assessment of western donor aid provision and state-building in Palestine in the post-Oslo period." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678553.

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Rottwilm, Philipp Moritz. "Electoral system reform in early democratisers : strategic coordination under different electoral systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6c3ebcf9-f25b-4ce8-a837-619230729c33.

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On the basis of case studies of 19th and early 20th century Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands, I address the question of how and when incumbent right elites reformed electoral systems under a rising political threat from the left. Some states adopted proportional representation (PR) earlier than others. Why did different states adopt PR at different times? One important factor was the existing electoral system before the adoption of PR. This has been missed in academic research since most scholars have assumed that the electoral system in place before the adoption of PR in most Western Europ
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Heath, Karen Patricia. "Conservatives and the politics of art, 1950-88." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d62a078b-4009-40a8-8765-1a4f5e0fbcbc.

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This thesis offers a new policy history of the National Endowment for the Arts, the federal agency responsible for providing grants to artists and arts organisations in the United States. It focuses in particular on the development of conservative perspectives on federal arts funding from the 1950s to the 1980s, and hence, illuminates the broader evolution of conservative political power, especially its limits. The most familiar narrative holds that the Endowment found itself caught up in the Culture Wars of the late 1980s when Christian right groups objected to certain federal grants, particu
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Feng, Dongning. "Text, politics and society : literature as political philosophy in post-Mao China." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2216.

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The purpose of this study is to arrive at a critical overview of politics and literature in the Chinese context. The relationship has increasingly become a "field" of studies and theoretical inquiry that most scholars in either disciplines are wary to tread. This thesis tries to venture into this problematic field by a theoretical examination as well as an empirical critique of Chinese literature and politics, where the relationship seems even more paradoxical, but adds more insight into the argument. The Introduction and Chapter One set up a framework by asking some general but fund
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Pandit, Aishwarya. "From United Provinces to Uttar Pradesh : heartland politics 1947-70." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709289.

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Books on the topic "Italy – Politics and government – 20th century"

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Evans, David. Years of liberalism and fascism: Italy 1870-1945. Hodder & Stoughton Educational, 2003.

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Gervaso, Roberto. I destri: Da D'Annunzio a D'Alema. Mondadori, 1998.

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Viva, Tedesco, ed. La vita ribelle: Memorie di un'aristocratica italiana fra belle époque e repubblica. Il Mulino, 1985.

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Gervaso, Roberto. I sinistri: Da Mussolini a Scalfaro. Mondadori, 1997.

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Jean-Jacques, Silvestre, and Eyraud François, eds. Pay determination in the public sector: An international comparison between France, Great Britain, and Italy. International Labour Office, 1995.

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L, McLaughlin M., and Brand C. P, eds. Britain and Italy from romanticism to modernism: A festschrift for Peter Brand. Legenda, 2000.

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Terhoeven, Petra. Deutscher Herbst in Europa: Der Linksterrorismus der siebziger Jahre als transnationales Phänomen. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2014.

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Primo, Mazzolari, and Cacciaguerra Eligio 1878-1918, eds. La stola e il garofano: Mazzolari, Cacciaguerra e la rivista L'azione, 1912-1917. Morcelliana, 2008.

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Paul, Corner, ed. Popular opinion in totalitarian regimes. Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Paul, Corner, ed. Popular opinion in totalitarian regimes: Fascism, Nazism, Communism. Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Italy – Politics and government – 20th century"

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Brincat, Giuseppe. "L’acquisizione imperfetta di una lingua adstrato L’italiano degli analfabeti a Malta dal Settecento al Novecento." In Politiche e pratiche per l’educazione linguistica, il multilinguismo e la comunicazione interculturale. Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-501-8/001.

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The fact that Maltese has adopted over 20,000 Sicilian and Italian words, including 41% of its vocabulary at the Threshold Level, shows that this is not a case of borrowing at the higher social levels. To explain this unusual phenomenon the extraordinary growth in the island’s population and its rapid development under the Knights of St John and the British government are taken into account. Whereas works written in Italian from the 16th to the 20th century are abundant, and their quality is not inferior to those written in Italy, little is known about the efforts made by illiterate persons to
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Levin, Jack, and Julie B. Wiest. "Politics and Government." In Covert Violence. Policy Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529230680.003.0005.

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This chapter examines a wide range of violent acts that have been surreptitiously perpetrated throughout history and around the world. Covert violence has always played an important role in supplementing conventional warfare, and clandestine attacks by weaker operatives have had devastating consequences—even in a country like the United States that is widely known for its military might (for example, the December 1941 bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japanese forces and the September 11, 2001 attacks perpetrated by al-Qaeda terrorists). Moreover, clandestine biological warfare has a centuries-long h
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Duggan, Christopher. "Politics in the era of Depretis and Crispi, 1870–96." In Italy in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198731283.003.0007.

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Abstract On 20 September 1870 Italian troops breached the walls of Rome and entered the Eternal City. It was hardly a very glorious affair. There was some fighting; and there were casualties; but it was not the heroic inauguration of the Third Rome-the Rome of ‘the people’ and of the ‘national principle’-that Mazzini and his followers had dreamed of. There was no popular rising in the city; and no great feat of arms on the battlefield. Indeed it was only because the French emperor, Napoleon III, had had to withdraw his garrison of troops from the city earlier in the summer with the outbreak of
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Zack, Naomi. "New democracies and new conceptions of democracy." In Democracy: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192845061.003.0007.

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Abstract This chapter explains the influence of World War II on 20th-century thought about democracy and new forms of activism. The Allies imposed new democratic political structures on the governments of Germany, Italy, and Japan to prevent another world war. However, the war had followed the rise of fascism, which was considered to be the antithesis of democracy. New ideas came from Hannah Arendt, John Rawls, Amartya Sen, and Karl Popper. Internal developments of democracy often resulted from popular movements with charismatic leaders like Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Nelson Mand
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"Diplomacy and government in the Italian city-states of the fifteenth century (Florence and Venice)." In Politics and Diplomacy in Early Modern Italy. Cambridge University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511523298.002.

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Kertzer, David I. "Religion and society, 1789–1892." In Italy in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198731283.003.0008.

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Abstract Whether looked at from the viewpoint of culture or politics, the Roman Catholic Church looms large in the history of Italy in the nineteenth century. Not only was Italy an overwhelmingly Catholic land, but, as the home of the Holy See-with the pope and his curia-it lay at the centre of Roman Catholicism worldwide. Developments affecting the Church thus had implications far beyond Italy’s borders, implications that in turn affected life in Italy in major ways. Moreover, in a large swath cutting across the centre of the Italian peninsula, that of the Papal States, the pope was not only
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Cove, Patricia. "Spying in the British Post Office: Letter-Opening, Italy and Wilkie Collins’s The Woman in White." In Italian Politics and Nineteenth-Century British Literature and Culture. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474447249.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses Wilkie Collins’s sensation novel The Woman in White (1859–60) in relation to the 1844 Post Office Espionage Scandal, which revealed British government spying against Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini. Representations of the Post Office Scandal in Parliament and print predict the revision of the Gothic into sensation fiction, helping to create the imaginative space through which the sensation genre could begin to interrogate Gothic national stereotypes and relocate the Gothic plot within modern Britain’s private homes and institutions. The letter-opening scandal and The Wo
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Bagliani, Agostino Paravicini, and Pietro Silanos. "The Papacy and Italian Politics." In A People's Church, edited by Agostino Paravicini Bagliani. Cornell University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501716768.003.0002.

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This chapter covers the correlation between the papacy and Italian politics. It explains the factors needed to determine the choice of a candidate for the highest role in the Roman Church. From the eleventh century, the Roman papacy played an increasingly pervasive role in the Italian peninsula. The chapter discusses how Innocent III exercised his influence in the political affairs of the cities of central and northern Italy, referencing the establishment of fundamental features of government forms. It notes that the close link between the papacy and the Italian peninsula can be observed in th
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Bartolini, Giulio. "Italy between the Two World Wars." In A History of International Law in Italy. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842934.003.0015.

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This chapter addresses the difficult relationship of the Italian doctrine with regard to the dramatic historical and political events occurring during the early decades of the twentieth century. In particular an examination of the legal implications of World War I, its main output of the League of Nations, and the impact on international law of activities carried out by the fascist government have been the focus of interest in this chapter. Such largely unexplored topics permit us to assess the role of Italian scholars during those challenging decades. Their active involvement in debates occur
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Neal, Andrew W. "In Defence of Politics against Security?" In Security as Politics. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450928.003.0001.

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This chapter begins with the history of security as a form of ‘anti-politics’, from Hobbes to 20th century struggles to tame the ‘rogue elephant’ of the US intelligence services. It discusses the growth of security practices since 9/11 and reviews a range of key literature in security studies that perpetuates the ‘anti-politics’ idea. The chapter then explores the key concepts of the book including the meaning of ‘politics’, the stakes involved in defining what is and is not ‘political’, and the normative and analytical significance of the concept of ‘normal politics’ in relation to the ‘excep
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Conference papers on the topic "Italy – Politics and government – 20th century"

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VİRİYEVİÇ, Vladan. "Yugoslav Diplomacy and Public on “The Hatay Question” (the Sanjak of Alexandretta) in the Period of 20s and 30s of the 20th Century." In 10. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-6044-9.23.

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The development of bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia since 1929) and the Republic of Türkiye during the second half of the 20s and 30s of the 20th century was characterized by intensive rapprochement within all spheres – politics, economy, defense, education, culture etc. Owing to that very rapprochement diplomatic societies and the wider Yugoslav public carefully followed the events in Türkiye, considering internal as well as internal aspects. Atatürk's extensive reform activities as well as those performed by Turkish aut
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MARIN, Alexandru. "Ionel Vintilă, Constantin and Gheorghe I.C. Brătianu in Romanian political life in the first half of the 20th century." In "Ştiință și educație: noi abordări și perspective", conferinţă ştiinţifică internaţională. Ion Creangă Pedagogical State University, 2024. https://doi.org/10.46727/c.v3.21-22-03-2024.p247-259.

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The first half of the 20th century represents the most fruitful period of Romanian politics, steming from the emergence of new political parties competing against the traditional ones. Political balance and important reforms such as the land distribution to the peasants lead to the increase of the standard of living in Romania and to economic, social and cultural growth. In this period the lead was being held by the National Liberal Party, which at the beginning of the century co-opted the young socialists to strengthen itself. Before and after the Great War the National Liberal Party headed t
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Mithans, Gašper. "Conversions in interwar Slovenia and the question of (dis)loyalty." In International conference Religious Conversions and Atheization in 20th Century Central and Eastern Europe. Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Annales ZRS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/978-961-7195-39-2_01.

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Conversions, particularly those deemed as apostasies, were scrutinized by the dominant majority religions and often characterized as “aberrant” phenomena posing threats to national unity. This discourse had also spread to politics and manifested itself in oppressive measures, particularly against proselytization by religious minorities, and fuelled mistrust of converts within religious communities. However, the rhetoric of national/ethnic loyalty was also exploited by the propaganda of liberal politicians who favoured conversions from Catholicism to Serbian Orthodoxy as a means of adopting an
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Hajdinac, Sara. "Religious identity as the state’s tool in modification of public space and its identity: the Yugoslav concept of the two squares in Maribor." In International conference Religious Conversions and Atheization in 20th Century Central and Eastern Europe. Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Annales ZRS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/978-961-7195-39-2_05.

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In 1934, after several years of struggle, the Orthodox community of Maribor was awarded a lot to construct a new sacral object on General Maister Square (then Yugoslavia Square) in Maribor, at the site of the recently removed monument dedicated to vice-admiral Wilhelm Tegetthoff. The square boasts a rich symbolic history, wherein the very names of the square have clearly indicated the identity of the city through time. The new government sought to modify public space in accordance with the new state – these spaces had to be given not only a Slovenian but also a Yugoslav outlook. The first modi
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Fuentes, Gabriel. "The Politics of Memory: Constructing Heritage and Globalization in Havana, Cuba." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.60.

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Since granted world heritage status by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1982, Old Havana has been the site of contested heritage practices. Critics consider UNESCO’s definition of the 143 hectare walled city center a discriminatory delineation strategy that primes the colonial core for tourist consumption at the expense of other parts of the city. To neatly bound Havana’s collective memory/history within its “old” core, they say, is to museumize the city as ”frozen in time,” sharply distinguishing the “historic” from the “vernacular.”While many
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YEŞİLBURSA, Behçet Kemal. "THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN TURKEY (1908-1980)." In 9. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-4794-5.08.

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Political parties started to be established in Turkey in the second half of the 19th century with the formation of societies aiming at the reform of the Ottoman Empire. They reaped the fruits of their labour in 1908 when the Young Turk Revolution replaced the Sultan with the Committee of Union and Progress, which disbanded itself on the defeat of the Empire in 1918. Following the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, new parties started to be formed, but experiments with a multi-party system were soon abandoned in favour of a one-party system. From 1930 until the end of the Second World War, t
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