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Journal articles on the topic 'ITDs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Moore, Robert L., and Nathan Johnson. "Earning a Seat at the Table." International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations 7, no. 2 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkbo.2017040101.

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Few would argue that the information technology department (ITD) is not an essential part of an organization. It is hard to envision a project that does not need the support of the ITD. Despite this importance, the ITD is not always involved in the management of projects. Often, the ITD is brought into the project late in the planning and development process. In many cases, the inclusion of the ITD in an advanced project stage can result in project failure where early involvement could have prevented it. Why is it that ITDs, while clearly a vital part of project implementation, are not always

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2

Hewlett, Angela L., Andre C. Kalil, Rahman A. Strum, Wesley G. Zeger, and Philip W. Smith. "Evaluation of an Infrared Thermal Detection System for Fever Recognition during the H1N1 Influenza Pandemic." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 32, no. 5 (2011): 504–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/659404.

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Infrared thermal detection systems (ITDSs) have been utilized in several countries to screen for fever in travelers. Since fever screening with an ITDS is rapid and noninvasive, this technology may be useful as an infection control measure in clinical settings during a pandemic.

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Griffin, Sarah J., Leslie R. Bernstein, Neil J. Ingham, and David McAlpine. "Neural Sensitivity to Interaural Envelope Delays in the Inferior Colliculus of the Guinea Pig." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (2005): 3463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00794.2004.

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Interaural time differences (ITDs) are important cues for mammalian sound localization. At high frequencies, sensitivity to ITDs, which are conveyed only by the envelope of the waveforms, has been shown to be poorer than sensitivity to ITDs at low frequencies, which are conveyed primarily by the fine structure of the waveforms. Recently, human psychophysical experiments have demonstrated that sensitivity to envelope-based ITDs in high-frequency transposed tones can be equivalent to low-frequency fine-structure–based ITD sensitivity. Transposed tones are designed to provide high-frequency audit

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Magezi, David A., and Katrin Krumbholz. "Evidence for Opponent-Channel Coding of Interaural Time Differences in Human Auditory Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 4 (2010): 1997–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00424.2009.

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In humans, horizontal sound localization of low-frequency sounds is mainly based on interaural time differences (ITDs). Traditionally, it was assumed that ITDs are converted into a topographic (or rate-place) code, supported by an array of neurons with parametric tuning to ITDs within the behaviorally relevant range. Although this topographic model has been confirmed in owls, its applicability to mammals has been challenged by recent physiological results suggesting that, at least in small-headed species, ITDs are represented by a nontopographic population rate code, which involves only two op

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5

von Kriegstein, Katharina, Timothy D. Griffiths, Sarah K. Thompson, and David McAlpine. "Responses to Interaural Time Delay in Human Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 5 (2008): 2712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90210.2008.

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Humans use differences in the timing of sounds at the two ears to determine the location of a sound source. Various models have been posited for the neural representation of these interaural time differences (ITDs). These models make opposing predictions about the lateralization of ITD processing in the human brain. The weighted-image model predicts that sounds leading in time at one ear activate maximally the opposite brain hemisphere for all values of ITD. In contrast, the π-limit model assumes that ITDs beyond half the period of the stimulus center frequency are not explicitly encoded in th

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6

Vempati, Sridhar, Carola Reindl, Seshu Kumar Kaza, et al. "Arginine 595 is duplicated in patients with acute leukemias carrying internal tandem duplications of FLT3 and modulates its transforming potential." Blood 110, no. 2 (2007): 686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-10-053181.

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Abstract FLT3–internal tandem duplications (FLT3-ITDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of mutations in patients with acute leukemias that are prognostically important. To characterize the mechanism of transformation by FLT3-ITDs, we sequenced the juxtamembrane region (JM) of FLT3 from 284 patients with acute leukemias. The length of FLT3-ITDs varied from 2 to 42 amino acids (AAs) with a median of 17 AAs. The analysis of duplicated AAs showed that in the majority of patients, the duplications localize between AAs 591 to 599 (YVDFREYEY). Arginine 595 (R595) within this region is duplicated in 77%

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7

Mack, Thomas S., Patricia Arreba-Tutusaus, Tina M. Schnoeder, Florian H. Heidel, and Thomas Fischer. "Location of FLT3-ITDs within the beta1-Sheet of FLT3 Kinase Confers Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) in Vitro." Blood 120, no. 21 (2012): 2440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.2440.2440.

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Abstract Abstract 2440 Introduction: In AML, the recently described tyrosine kinase domain-1 (TKD1)-ITDs of FLT3 (Breitenbuecher et al., Blood 2009, Kayser-S et al., Blood 2009) are located within the beta1-sheet, nucleotide binding loop and beta2-sheet of tyrosine kinase domain 1 (TKD1), respectively. Multivariate analysis of clinical data revealed that location of FLT3-ITDs within the beta1-sheet of TKD1 is an unfavorable prognostic factor (Kayser-S et al., Blood 2009). Recently, we uncovered a novel mechanism of primary resistance to FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in a patient displ

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8

Siveke, Ida, Christian Leibold, and Benedikt Grothe. "Spectral Composition of Concurrent Noise Affects Neuronal Sensitivity to Interaural Time Differences of Tones in the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 5 (2007): 2705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00275.2007.

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We are regularly exposed to several concurrent sounds, producing a mixture of binaural cues. The neuronal mechanisms underlying the localization of concurrent sounds are not well understood. The major binaural cues for localizing low-frequency sounds in the horizontal plane are interaural time differences (ITDs). Auditory brain stem neurons encode ITDs by firing maximally in response to “favorable” ITDs and weakly or not at all in response to “unfavorable” ITDs. We recorded from ITD-sensitive neurons in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) while presenting pure tones at different

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9

Mack, Thomas S., Marie-Christine Blum, Thomas Kindler, Daniel B. Lipka, Florian H. Heidel, and Thomas Fischer. "Different FLT3-ITD Integration Sites Are Associated with Differential Sensitivity to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKI) In Vitro." Blood 116, no. 21 (2010): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1709.1709.

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Abstract Abstract 1709 Introduction: Currently, small molecule FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are promising therapeutic approaches to overcome the dismal prognosis of AML patients harbouring FLT3-ITD mutations. However, up to 30% of these patients show primary resistance to FLT3-TKIs. Recently, we uncovered a novel mechanism of primary resistance to FLT3 TKIs in a patient displaying an atypical integration site of ITD within the beta2-sheet (ITD_A627E). The data suggested that atypical integration sites of ITDs within the tyrosine kinase domain-1 (TKD1) of FLT3 (beta1-sheet, nucleotide

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10

Stirewalt, Derek L., Kenneth J. Kopecky, Soheil Meshinchi, et al. "Size of FLT3 internal tandem duplication has prognostic significance in patients with acute myeloid leukemia." Blood 107, no. 9 (2006): 3724–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-08-3453.

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FLT3 internal tandem duplications (FLT3/ITDs) in the juxtamembrane domain are found in approximately 25% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, ranging in size from 3 to hundreds of nucleotides. We examined whether the sizes of FLT3/ITDs were associated with clinical outcomes in 151 AML patients enrolled in Southwest Oncology Group studies: S9333 and S9500. FLT3/ITDs were identified in 32% of patients (median ITD size = 39 nucleotides; range, 15-153 nucleotides). The CR rates were 35%, 67%, and 52% for patients with large (≥ 40), small (< 40), and no ITDs, respectively (P = .19). Increas

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Gai, Yan, Vibhakar C. Kotak, Dan H. Sanes, and John Rinzel. "On the localization of complex sounds: temporal encoding based on input-slope coincidence detection of envelopes." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 4 (2014): 802–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00044.2013.

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Behavioral and neural findings demonstrate that animals can locate low-frequency sounds along the azimuth by detecting microsecond interaural time differences (ITDs). Information about ITDs is also available in the amplitude modulations (i.e., envelope) of high-frequency sounds. Since medial superior olivary (MSO) neurons encode low-frequency ITDs, we asked whether they employ a similar mechanism to process envelope ITDs with high-frequency carriers, and the effectiveness of this mechanism compared with the process of low-frequency sound. We developed a novel hybrid in vitro dynamic-clamp appr

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12

Carney, L. H., and T. C. Yin. "Responses of low-frequency cells in the inferior colliculus to interaural time differences of clicks: excitatory and inhibitory components." Journal of Neurophysiology 62, no. 1 (1989): 144–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.62.1.144.

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1. We studied extracellular responses of low-frequency cells in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) to interaural time differences (ITDs) of clicks and compared their responses to ITDs of noise and tones. Most cells that displayed sensitivity to ITDs of clicks responded cyclically as a function of ITD with central peaks and troughs at the same ITDs as in response to noise. The positions of these peaks and troughs also matched those predicted from tonal ITD curves. Thus over the range of physiologically relevant ITDs, the binaural cells in the ICC showed similar sensitivity to

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13

Kayser, Sabine, Richard F. Schlenk, Frank Breitenbücher, et al. "Prognostic Implication of Insertion of FLT3 Internal Tandem Duplication in the BETA-1-Sheet of the Tyrosine Kinase Domain-1." Blood 112, no. 11 (2008): 2514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.2514.2514.

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Abstract Background: Activating FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutations (FLT3-ITDs) occur in approximately 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Expression of the FLT3-ITD receptor results in autophosphorylation of FLT3 and subsequent activation of downstream signaling. Clinically, FLT3-ITDs are associated with a dismal clinical outcome; previous explorative analyses suggest that not only FLT3-ITD per se but also the mutant/wild-type allelic ratio and/or the length of the FLT3-ITD provide prognostic information. Aims: To determine ITD insertion sites and length in FLT3-ITD mutated A

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14

Van Deusen, Benjamin, Marc Bessette, Laura Johnson, et al. "Comprehensive Detection of Driver Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Including Internal Tandem Duplications with Anchored Multiplex PCR and Next-Generation Sequencing." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 5251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5251.5251.

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Abstract Introduction Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) oncogenesis is thought to require multiple somatic mutations in a "two-hit" process to 1) increase proliferation and 2) prevent maturation of myeloid cells. While FLT3 and KIT mutations are associated with increased proliferation, NPM1, CEBPA and several other mutations can be associated with maturation inhibition. The most common mutations in AML are internal tandem duplications (ITDs) in FLT3, which are detected in more than 20% of pediatric and adult AML cases and are associated with an aggressive phenotype. As FLT3-ITD expressed kinases ar

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15

Yoshimoto, Goichi, Koji Nagafuji, Toshihiro Miyamoto, et al. "FLT3 Mutations in Normal Karyotype Acute Myeloid Leukemia in First Complete Remission Treated with Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation." Blood 104, no. 11 (2004): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1873.1873.

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Abstract Two types of activating FLT3 mutations have been described in AML. FLT3/ITDs can be detected in 20% to 30% of patients with AML. Point mutations of FLT3/D835 have been described in 7% of adult AML patients. Activating FLT3 mutations has been associated with the leukocytosis and poor prognosis. We retrospectively analyzed the significance of FLT3 mutations in AML patients of normal karyotype treated with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (auto-PBSCT). METHOD: We evaluated 34 consecutive patients with first CR AML of normal karyotype who received myeloablative therap

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16

Batra, R., S. Kuwada, and T. R. Stanford. "Temporal coding of envelopes and their interaural delays in the inferior colliculus of the unanesthetized rabbit." Journal of Neurophysiology 61, no. 2 (1989): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.61.2.257.

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1. The difference in the time of arrival of a sound at the two ears can be used to locate its source along the azimuth. Traditionally, it has been thought that only the on-going interaural temporal disparities (ITDs) produced by sounds of lower frequency (approximately less than 2 kHz) could be used for this purpose. However, ongoing ITDs of low frequency are also produced by envelopes of amplitude-modulated (AM) tones. These ITDs can be detected and used to lateralize complex high-frequency sounds (1, 8, 12, 15, 22, 24, 26). Auditory neurons synchronize to the modulation envelope, but do so a

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17

Rathi, Ajay K., Alberto J. Santiago, Dwight E. Valentine, and S. M. Chin. "ITDS: Past, Present, and Future." Journal of Transportation Engineering 116, no. 6 (1990): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1990)116:6(799).

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18

Rücker, Frank G., Ling Du, Tamara J. Blätte, et al. "Prognostic Impact of Insertion Site in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) with FLT3 Internal Tandem Duplication: Results from the Ratify Study (Alliance 10603)." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (2018): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116149.

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Abstract Introduction: Internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene (FLT3-ITD), resulting in duplication of 3 to more than hundreds of nucleotides, are present in approximately 25% of adults with newly diagnosed AML. Several studies have shown that ITD mutations are associated with poor prognosis due to a high relapse rate, in particular in case of a high mutant to wild-type allele ratio and/or insertion site in the beta1-sheet of the tyrosine kinase domain-1 (beta1-sheet). Aims: To investigate the relationship between ITD insertion site and patient outcome, Roche 454 next generation sequencin

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19

Siveke, Ida, Michael Pecka, Armin H. Seidl, Sylvie Baudoux, and Benedikt Grothe. "Binaural Response Properties of Low-Frequency Neurons in the Gerbil Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 3 (2006): 1425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00713.2005.

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Differences in intensity and arrival time of sounds at the two ears, interaural intensity and time differences (IID, ITD), are the chief cues for sound localization. Both cues are initially processed in the superior olivary complex (SOC), which projects to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and the auditory midbrain. Here we present basic response properties of low-frequency (<2 kHz) DNLL neurons and their binaural sensitivity to ITDs and IIDs in the anesthetized gerbil. We found many neurons showing binaural properties similar to those reported for SOC neurons. IID-properti

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20

Yin, T. C., J. C. Chan, and D. R. Irvine. "Effects of interaural time delays of noise stimuli on low-frequency cells in the cat's inferior colliculus. I. Responses to wideband noise." Journal of Neurophysiology 55, no. 2 (1986): 280–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.55.2.280.

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We examined the responses of low-frequency neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the cat to interaurally delayed, wideband noise stimuli. The stimuli were pseudorandom noise signals that were generated digitally with a nominal bandwidth of 60-4,000 Hz. We also compared the responses to noise with those obtained from interaural phase differences of pure tones. We studied 144 neurons with characteristic frequencies below 2.5 kHz. Eighty-five percent (85%) of these were sensitive to changes in both interaural time differences (ITDs) of noise and interaural phase diffe

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21

Joseph, A. W., and R. L. Hyson. "Coincidence detection by binaural neurons in the chick brain stem." Journal of Neurophysiology 69, no. 4 (1993): 1197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.69.4.1197.

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1. Neurons in nucleus laminaris (NL) of birds are the first to receive binaural information and are presumed to play a role in encoding interaural time differences (ITDs). We studied extracellular single-unit responses of NL neurons in slices of the auditory brain stem of the chick. The afferents to NL were activated by electrical stimulation of nucleus magnocellularis (NM) or the auditory nerve. Changes in responses were measured as the delay between trains of bilateral stimuli (the simulated interaural time difference or S-ITD, n = 26) was varied and as the interstimulus interval and stimulu

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Reiter, Katrin, Max Hubmann, Egor Harin, et al. "Comparison of FLT3-ITD Detection By High-Throughput Amplicon Sequencing to Routine Diagnostics - a Retrospective Analysis of AMLCG Study Patients." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1682.1682.

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Abstract Introduction In Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) internal tandem duplications (ITD) in the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) are a frequent event associated with an unfavorable prognosis. At diagnosis, the FLT3-ITD status is routinely assessed by fragment analysis of PCR-amplified cDNA. However, this assay only provides information on the length but not on the position and sequence of the insertion. Therefore, it is attractive to overcome this limitation by the use of high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS) as an alternative strategy for FLT3-ITD detection. To proof the feasibility

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23

Batra, Ranjan, and Douglas C. Fitzpatrick. "Processing of Interaural Temporal Disparities in the Medial Division of the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 2 (2002): 666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.2.666.

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The medial division of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLLm) contains a specialized population of neurons that is sensitive to interaural temporal disparities (ITDs), a potent cue for sound localization along the azimuth. Unlike many ITD-sensitive neurons elsewhere in the auditory system, neurons in the VNLLm respond only at the onset of tones. An onset response may be significant for behavior because, under echoic conditions, tones require sharp onsets for accurate localization. In contrast, noise can generally be localized even with gradual onsets, presumably because transient

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24

Maier, J. K., P. Hehrmann, N. S. Harper, G. M. Klump, D. Pressnitzer, and D. McAlpine. "Adaptive coding is constrained to midline locations in a spatial listening task." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 7 (2012): 1856–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00652.2011.

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Many neurons adapt their spike output to accommodate the prevailing sensory environment. Although such adaptation is thought to improve coding of relevant stimulus features, the relationship between adaptation at the neural and behavioral levels remains to be established. Here we describe improved discrimination performance for an auditory spatial cue (interaural time differences, ITDs) following adaptation to stimulus statistics. Physiological recordings in the midbrain of anesthetized guinea pigs and measurement of discrimination performance in humans both demonstrate improved coding of the

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Breitenbuecher, Frank, Susanne Schnittger, Rebekka Grundler, et al. "Identification of a novel type of ITD mutations located in nonjuxtamembrane domains of the FLT3 tyrosine kinase receptor." Blood 113, no. 17 (2009): 4074–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-11-125476.

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Abstract In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of the juxtamembrane (JM) of FLT3 have been shown to play a crucial role in driving proliferation and survival of the leukemic clone. Here, we report the identification of FLT3_ITD mutations located in non-JM domains of the FLT3-receptor. This novel type of FLT3_ITD mutation was found in 216 of 753 (28.7%) of unselected FLT3_ITD-positive AML cases. An FLT3 receptor harbouring a prototypic non-JM ITD (FLT3_ITD627E) mediated constitutive phosphorylation of FLT3 and of STAT5, suggesting that non-JM ITDs confer constitut

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26

Batra, Ranjan, Shigeyuki Kuwada, and Douglas C. Fitzpatrick. "Sensitivity to Interaural Temporal Disparities of Low- and High-Frequency Neurons in the Superior Olivary Complex. I. Heterogeneity of Responses." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 3 (1997): 1222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.3.1222.

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Batra, Ranjan, Shigeyuki Kuwada, and Douglas C. Fitzpatrick. Sensitivity to interaural temporal disparities of low- and high-frequency neurons in the superior olivary complex. I. Heterogeneity of responses. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1222–1236, 1997. Interaural temporal disparities (ITDs) are a cue for localization of sounds along the azimuth. Listeners can detect ITDs in the fine structure of low-frequency sounds and also in the envelopes of high-frequency sounds. Sensitivity to ITDs originates in the main nuclei of the superior olivary complex (SOC), the medial and lateral superior olives (MSO and

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27

Blätte, Tamara J., Laura K. Schmalbrock, Sabrina Skambraks, et al. "NGS-Based Monitoring of Measurable Residual Disease in FLT3-ITD Positive Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (2018): 2778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-113382.

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Abstract Background: In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), most patients respond to chemotherapy initially, but the risk of relapse remains high. Continued monitoring of measurable residual disease (MRD) following therapy onset enables early assessment of treatment response and clinical intervention. However, while appropriate assays exist for several genetic markers, some of the most common aberrations in AML, FLT3 internal tandem duplications (FLT3-ITDs), have remained a challenging target due to insertion site and length heterogeneity. The established diagnostic assay based on PCR and fragment a

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Yin, T. C., and J. C. Chan. "Interaural time sensitivity in medial superior olive of cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 2 (1990): 465–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.2.465.

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1. We studied the sensitivity of cells in the medial superior olive (MSO) of the anesthetized cat to variations in interaural phase differences (IPDs) of low-frequency tones and in interaural time differences (ITDs) of tones and broad-band noise signals. Our sample consisted of 39 cells histologically localized to the MSO. 2. All but one of the cells had characteristic frequencies less than 3 kHz, and 79% were sensitive to ITDs and IPDs. More than one-half (56%) of the cells responded to monaural stimulation of either ear, and both the binaural and monaural responses were highly phase locked.

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Lombardo, Fabien, Anne B. Heckmann, Hiroki Miwa, et al. "Identification of Symbiotically Defective Mutants of Lotus japonicus Affected in Infection Thread Growth." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 19, no. 12 (2006): 1444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-19-1444.

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During the symbiotic interaction between legumes and rhizobia, the host cell plasma membrane and associated plant cell wall invaginate to form a tunnel-like infection thread, a structure in which bacteria divide to reach the plant root cortex. We isolated four Lotus japonicus mutants that make infection pockets in root hairs but form very few infection threads after inoculation with Mesorhizobium loti. The few infection threads that did initiate in the mutants usually did not progress further than the root hair cell. These infection-thread deficient (itd) mutants were unaffected for early symb

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Hack, Klaus. "Computational thermodynamics: A mature scientific tool for industry and academia." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 5 (2011): 1031–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-10-12-06.

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The paper gives an overview of the general theoretical background of computational thermochemistry as well as recent developments in the field, showing special application cases for real world problems. The established way of applying computational thermodynamics is the use of so-called integrated thermodynamic databank systems (ITDS). A short overview of the capabilities of such an ITDS is given using FactSage as an example. However, there are many more applications that go beyond the closed approach of an ITDS. With advanced algorithms it is possible to include explicit reaction kinetics as

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Kawabe, Takahiro. "Sequential Stream Segregation Affects Localisation of Diotic Tones among Tones with Time-Varying Interaural Time Difference." Perception 38, no. 9 (2009): 1377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p6369.

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In this study, I examined how sequential stream segregation contributes to the detection of diotic tones among tones with time-varying interaural time differences (ITDs). Target (T) and distractor (D) tones, and a silent duration (–) formed a sequence (DTD–) and this sequence was presented repeatedly. A frequency difference was introduced between target and distractor tones. The distractor tones were also given time-varying ITDs to produce a percept of smooth auditory motion along the interaural axis. In half of the trials, the target tones were not given time-varying ITDs, and thus were dioti

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Meshinchi, Soheil, Derek L. Stirewalt, Todd A. Alonzo, et al. "Structural and numerical variation of FLT3/ITD in pediatric AML." Blood 111, no. 10 (2008): 4930–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-01-117770.

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Abstract FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3/ITD) is a common somatic mutation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with significant variation in the position, length, and number of duplications of the FLT3 gene. We evaluated these physical characteristics in FLT3/ITD-positive patients who were treated on CCG-2941/2961 and correlated them with clinical outcome. Fiftynine of 77 FLT3/ITD-positive patients (77%) had a single ITD, 16 (21%) had 2 ITDs, and 2 (3%) had 3 ITDs. The length of the duplicated region varied from 6 to 51 amino acids, and in all cases amino acid residues Y591–Y597 were duplic

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Fischl, Matthew J., R. Michael Burger, Myriam Schmidt-Pauly, et al. "Physiology and anatomy of neurons in the medial superior olive of the mouse." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 6 (2016): 2676–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00523.2016.

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In mammals with good low-frequency hearing, the medial superior olive (MSO) computes sound location by comparing differences in the arrival time of a sound at each ear, called interaural time disparities (ITDs). Low-frequency sounds are not reflected by the head, and therefore level differences and spectral cues are minimal or absent, leaving ITDs as the only cue for sound localization. Although mammals with high-frequency hearing and small heads (e.g., bats, mice) barely experience ITDs, the MSO is still present in these animals. Yet, aside from studies in specialized bats, in which the MSO a

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Carr, Catherine E., and Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard. "Sound Localization Strategies in Three Predators." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 86, no. 1 (2015): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000435946.

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In this paper, we compare some of the neural strategies for sound localization and encoding interaural time differences (ITDs) in three predatory species of Reptilia, alligators, barn owls and geckos. Birds and crocodilians are sister groups among the extant archosaurs, while geckos are lepidosaurs. Despite the similar organization of their auditory systems, archosaurs and lizards use different strategies for encoding the ITDs that underlie localization of sound in azimuth. Barn owls encode ITD information using a place map, which is composed of neurons serving as labeled lines tuned for prefe

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Kuwada, Shigeyuki, Douglas C. Fitzpatrick, Ranjan Batra, and Ernst-Michael Ostapoff. "Sensitivity to Interaural Time Differences in the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus of the Unanesthetized Rabbit: Comparison With Other Structures." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 3 (2006): 1309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00901.2005.

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Interaural time differences, a cue for azimuthal sound location, are first encoded in the superior olivary complex (SOC), and this information is then conveyed to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and inferior colliculus (IC). The DNLL provides a strong inhibitory input to the IC and may serve to transform the coding of interaural time differences (ITDs) in the IC. Consistent with the projections from the SOC, the DNLL and IC had similar distributions of peak- and trough-type neurons, characteristic delays, and best ITDs. The ITD tuning widths of DNLL neurons were intermediate

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Chan, J. C., T. C. Yin, and A. D. Musicant. "Effects of interaural time delays of noise stimuli on low-frequency cells in the cat's inferior colliculus. II. Responses to band-pass filtered noises." Journal of Neurophysiology 58, no. 3 (1987): 543–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.58.3.543.

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1. We studied cells in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the cat that were sensitive to interaural time delays (ITDs) in order to evaluate the influence of the stimulus spectrum of noise signals. Stimuli were sharply filtered low-, high-, and band-pass noise signals whose cutoff frequencies and bandwidths were systematically varied. The responses to ITDs of these noise signals were compared with responses obtained to ITDs of broadband noise and pure tones. 2. The discharge rate in response to band-pass noise as a function of ITD was usually a cyclic function with decreasing pea

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Batra, R., S. Kuwada, and T. R. Stanford. "High-frequency neurons in the inferior colliculus that are sensitive to interaural delays of amplitude-modulated tones: evidence for dual binaural influences." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 1 (1993): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.1.64.

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1. Localization of sounds has traditionally been considered to be performed by a duplex mechanism utilizing interaural temporal differences (ITDs) at low frequencies and interaural intensity differences at higher frequencies. More recently, it has been found that listeners can detect ITDs at high frequencies if the amplitude of the sound varies and an ITD is present in the envelope. Here we report the responses of neurons in the inferior colliculi of unanesthetized rabbits to ITDs of the envelopes of sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) tones. 2. Neurons were studied extracellularly with gla

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Carr, Catherine E., Sahil Shah, Thomas McColgan, et al. "Maps of interaural delay in the owl's nucleus laminaris." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 3 (2015): 1862–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00644.2015.

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Axons from the nucleus magnocellularis form a presynaptic map of interaural time differences (ITDs) in the nucleus laminaris (NL). These inputs generate a field potential that varies systematically with recording position and can be used to measure the map of ITDs. In the barn owl, the representation of best ITD shifts with mediolateral position in NL, so as to form continuous, smoothly overlapping maps of ITD with iso-ITD contours that are not parallel to the NL border. Frontal space (0°) is, however, represented throughout and thus overrepresented with respect to the periphery. Measurements

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Yin, T. C., J. C. Chan, and L. H. Carney. "Effects of interaural time delays of noise stimuli on low-frequency cells in the cat's inferior colliculus. III. Evidence for cross-correlation." Journal of Neurophysiology 58, no. 3 (1987): 562–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.58.3.562.

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1. We tested the coincidence, or cross-correlation, model of Jeffress, which proposes a neuronal mechanism for sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs) in low-frequency cells in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the cat. Different tokens of Gaussian noise stimuli were delivered to the two ears. We studied the neural responses to changes in ITDs of these stimuli and examined the manner in which the binaural cells responded to them. All of our results support the idea that the central binaural neurons perform an operation very similar to cross-correlation on the in

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Joris, P. X., and T. C. Yin. "Envelope coding in the lateral superior olive. I. Sensitivity to interaural time differences." Journal of Neurophysiology 73, no. 3 (1995): 1043–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.3.1043.

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1. Interaural level differences (ILDs), created by the head and pinna, have long been known to be the dominant acoustic cue for azimuthal localization of high-frequency tones. However, psychophysical experiments have demonstrated that human subjects can also lateralize complex high-frequency sounds on the basis of interaural time differences (ITDs) of the signal envelope. The lateral superior olive (LSO) is one of two pairs of binaural nuclei where the primary extraction of binaural cues for sound source location occurs. "IE" cells in LSO are inhibited by stimuli to the contralateral and excit

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Ozmeral, Erol J., David A. Eddins, and Ann C. Eddins. "Reduced temporal processing in older, normal-hearing listeners evident from electrophysiological responses to shifts in interaural time difference." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 6 (2016): 2720–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00560.2016.

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Previous electrophysiological studies of interaural time difference (ITD) processing have demonstrated that ITDs are represented by a nontopographic population rate code. Rather than narrow tuning to ITDs, neural channels have broad tuning to ITDs in either the left or right auditory hemifield, and the relative activity between the channels determines the perceived lateralization of the sound. With advancing age, spatial perception weakens and poor temporal processing contributes to declining spatial acuity. At present, it is unclear whether age-related temporal processing deficits are due to

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Grundler, Rebekka, Cornelius Miething, Christian Thiede, Christian Peschel, and Justus Duyster. "FLT3-ITD and tyrosine kinase domain mutants induce 2 distinct phenotypes in a murine bone marrow transplantation model." Blood 105, no. 12 (2005): 4792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-11-4430.

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Abstract Activating mutations of the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor are the most common genetic alteration in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Two distinct groups of FLT3 mutations are found: internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of the juxtamembrane region and point mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD). Recently, point mutations within the activation loop of FLT3 have also been described in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). FLT3-ITD has been shown to induce a myeloproliferative syndrome in a murine bone marrow transplantation model. The phenotype of FLT3-TKD in

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Zheng, Rui, Alan D. Friedman, and Donald Small. "Targeted inhibition of FLT3 overcomes the block to myeloid differentiation in 32Dcl3 cells caused by expression of FLT3/ITD mutations." Blood 100, no. 12 (2002): 4154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-03-0936.

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Internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations of the juxtamembrane domain–coding sequence of the FLT3 gene are found in up to 34% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are associated with a poor prognosis. FLT3/ITDs result in constitutive activation of the tyrosine kinase domain and transform growth factor–dependent cell lines. FLT3 activation leads to antiapoptotic and proliferative signals, but little is known about the impact of FLT3/ITDs on differentiation. This study was designed to investigate the effect of FLT3/ITD expression on the differentiation of the 32Dcl3 (32D) myelobla

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Fröhling, Stefan, Richard F. Schlenk, Jochen Breitruck, et al. "Prognostic significance of activating FLT3 mutations in younger adults (16 to 60 years) with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics: a study of the AML Study Group Ulm." Blood 100, no. 13 (2002): 4372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-05-1440.

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To assess the prognostic relevance of activating mutations of theFLT3 gene in homogeneously treated adults 16 to 60 years of age with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and normal cytogenetics, pretreatment samples from 224 patients entered into 2 consecutive multicenter treatment trials were analyzed for FLT3internal tandem duplications (ITDs) and Asp835 mutations. Treatment included intensive double-induction therapy and postremission therapy with high cumulative doses of high-dose cytarabine. ITDs were detected in 32% of the patients and were related to de novo AML and to high white blood cell (W

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Gray, William O., Paul G. Mayo, Matthew J. Goupell, and Andrew D. Brown. "Transmission of Binaural Cues by Bilateral Cochlear Implants: Examining the Impacts of Bilaterally Independent Spectral Peak-Picking, Pulse Timing, and Compression." Trends in Hearing 25 (January 2021): 233121652110304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165211030411.

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Acoustic hearing listeners use binaural cues—interaural time differences (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs)—for localization and segregation of sound sources in the horizontal plane. Cochlear implant users now often receive two implants (bilateral cochlear implants [BiCIs]) rather than one, with the goal to provide access to these cues. However, BiCI listeners often experience difficulty with binaural tasks. Most BiCIs use independent sound processors at each ear; it has often been suggested that such independence may degrade the transmission of binaural cues, particularly ITDs. He

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Kharazi, Shabnam, Adam J. Mead, Anna Mansour, et al. "Impact of gene dosage, loss of wild-type allele, and FLT3 ligand on Flt3-ITD–induced myeloproliferation." Blood 118, no. 13 (2011): 3613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-06-289207.

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Abstract Acquisition of homozygous activating growth factor receptor mutations might accelerate cancer progression through a simple gene-dosage effect. Internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of FLT3 occur in approximately 25% cases of acute myeloid leukemia and induce ligand-independent constitutive signaling. Homozygous FLT3-ITDs confer an adverse prognosis and are frequently detected at relapse. Using a mouse knockin model of Flt3–internal tandem duplication (Flt3-ITD)–induced myeloproliferation, we herein demonstrate that the enhanced myeloid phenotype and expansion of granulocyte-monocyte and

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Cho, Young-Uk, Hyun-Sook Chi, Seongsoo Jang, et al. "Prognostic Significance of FLT3 Mutations in Paired Initial and Relapse Marrow Samples of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Excluding Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia." Blood 108, no. 11 (2006): 4440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.4440.4440.

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Abstract Fms-Like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations are related to poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with the exception of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), in which the prognostic significance of this mutation is not firmly established even though it is more frequent than other FAB subtypes. We investigated FLT3 internal tandem duplications (FLT3/ITD) and/or D835 point mutations in both initial and relapse marrow samples from 120 AML patients, excluding APL. FLT3/ITDs were found in 18 initial and 16 relapse samples (15.0 and 13.3%, respectively). D835 mutations were found in

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Stirewalt, Derek L., Kenneth J. Kopecky, Soheil Meshinchi, et al. "FLT3, RAS, and TP53 mutations in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia." Blood 97, no. 11 (2001): 3589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v97.11.3589.

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The prevalence and significance of genetic abnormalities in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are unknown. Polymerase chain reactions and single-stranded conformational polymorphism analyses were used to examine 140 elderly AML patients enrolled in the Southwest Oncology Group study 9031 for FLT3, RAS, and TP53 mutations, which were found in 34%, 19%, and 9% of patients, respectively. All but one of the FLT3 (46 of 47) mutations were internal tandem duplications (ITDs) within exons 11 and 12. In the remaining case, a novel internal tandem triplication was found in exon 11. FLT3

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Gilliland, D. Gary. "Murky waters for MRD detection in AML: flightyFLT3/ITDs." Blood 100, no. 7 (2002): 2277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-08-2491.

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de Vries, Andrica C. H., Ronald W. Stam, Pauline Schneider, et al. "No Evidence for Constitutively Activated FLT3 in Juvenile Myelo-Monocytic Leukemia." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 4915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.4915.4915.

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Abstract Activating FLT3 mutations have been identified as prognostic factors in multiple myeloid malignancies. Recent studies have demonstrated that ligand-independent activation of FLT3 can also result from overexpression of wild-type FLT3. In addition, ligand-dependent activation has been observed in leukemic cells co-expressing FLT3 ligand (FLT3L), resulting in autocrine FLT3 signaling which is independent of FLT3 mutations. In Juvenile Myelo-Monocytic Leukemia (JMML), FLT3 internal tandem duplications (FLT3/ITDs) mutations affecting the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) are rare. However, no d

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