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1
Hanks, William F. "The Language of the Canek Manuscript." Ancient Mesoamerica 3, no. 2 (1992): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100000699.
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AbstractThe Canek manuscript is written in a distinctive linguistic style, probably a local variant of Spanish influenced by Yucatec Maya and archaic forms of Spanish. It also reflects a curiously ambivalent perspective on the Itza king Canek, at once aligning him with the pagan Indians and suggesting an affinity with Saint Francis. Like many other colonial texts, the four extant folia of this manuscript show a blending of verbal genres. This paper presents a discourse analysis of the manuscript, demonstrating that it is organized according to a systematic rhetorical structure based on syntactic foregrounding, poetic parallelism and thematic development. Placed in the context of other colonial documents, this one displays the cultural and linguistic ambivalence of its author.
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Ranjan, Prabhash, and Deepak Raju. "The Enigma of Enforceability of Investment Treaty Arbitration Awards in India." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 6 (2011): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000491.
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AbstractThis paper critically discusses the issue of enforceability of investment treaty arbitration (ITA) awards against India under the Indian domestic law on arbitration. In this regard, the paper discusses the relevant provisions of the Indian arbitration law and its interpretations by the Indian judiciary to understand their ramifications for the enforcement of ITA awards against India. The paper also discusses the proposed amendments to the Indian arbitration law and its ramifications on ITA. The issue of enforcement of ITA awards in India has become important due to India's gigantic international investment treaty programme where each treaty allows for investor-state treaty arbitration to settle disputes between investors and India. This issue has also become important in light of the growing observation that enforcement of foreign commercial arbitral awards in India is extremely difficult especially after the Venture Global engineering case. Thus, India is endeavouring to change the arbitration law so as to alter this perception. This paper argues that in spite of these proposed changes; enforcement of ITA awards may still face problems. Thus, the paper suggests that India should address the issue of enforceability of ITA awards given its gigantic investment treaty programme aimed at attracting foreign investment.
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RANJAN, Prabhash. "Non-Precluded Measures in Indian International Investment Agreements and India's Regulatory Power as a Host Nation." Asian Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (January 2012): 21–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251311000129.
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This article provides the first-ever detailed analysis of Non-Precluded Measures (NPM) provisions in India's International Investment Agreements (IIAs) from the perspective of India's regulatory power as a host nation. It critically analyses NPM provisions in fifty-seven Indian IIAs by studying the divergence in their formulation and argues that the present formulation of NPM provisions in Indian IIAs is inadequate for the exercise of regulatory power by India for all its policy needs. Hence, in the light of the growing pros and cons of investor treaty arbitration (ITA), the article concludes that NPM provisions in Indian IIAs should be reformulated in a manner that balances investment protection with India's regulatory power to pursue non-investment-related policy objectives.
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Corsica, Caterina. "The Bits in the Age of Globalization." International and Comparative Law Review 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 7–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2018-0037.
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Summary India’s BIT program is the largest among the developing countries and its integration into the global economy has also increased its exposure to BIT claims. Several foreign corporations presented ITA notices against various Indian regulatory measures prompting India to suspend all trading of BITs in progress that led to a change in its position in the International investment law regime with repercussions in the International business community eager to participate in its business. These recent developments have then determined the need to review India’s BIT program in a global vision. The paper ‘International Investment Agreements Between India and Others Countries’ (2011), showed the importance of ensuring a balance between investor rights and national policy which India has not been able to make guarantor pushing in different circumstances to revise their existing BITs and defining new perspectives for future negotiations. The paper reflects on experiences of BITs in a global vision..
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Pakin, Alexandr. "The last conquest: the mission of the fray Avendaño and the conquest of Tayasal." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 10 (2023): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0027611-1.
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The present article devoted to the Spanish Conquest of the last Maya kingdom, the Tayasal. The present publication gives a brief review of their origin from the builders of Chichen-Itza and their historical fate in the Modern Times. The focus of the present research is the role of embassy of the fray Avendaño-y-Loyola in the Spanish Conquest of the last Indian Kingdom of the American Continent. The Author comes to conclusion, that Avendaño’s attempt to use the Itza’s religious believes was decisive in failure to all attempts to induct them into Spanish subjects.
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Patel, Nayankumar H., Kabir Sardana, Manjunath M. Shenoy, Madhu Rengasamy, Ananta Khurana, Sunil Ghate, Chalam Konakanchi Venkata, et al. "IADVL SIG Recalcitrant Dermatophytosis Position Statement on Super Bioavailable Itraconazole." Indian Dermatology Online Journal 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/idoj.idoj_668_22.
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Abstract Itraconazole (ITZ) has been the mainstay of oral antifungal treatment for the current epidemic of recalcitrant dermatophytosis (RD) in India. Recently, a newer formulation of ITZ, super bioavailable itraconazole (SUBA-ITZ), is made available in the market by many pharmaceutical companies. It is important for dermatologists to understand the pharmacokinetic properties of SUBA-ITZ vis-a-vis conventional pellet formulation to use it effectively and safely. Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists and Leprologists (IADVL) has established a special interest group for recalcitrant dermatophytosis (SIG-RD) to strengthen research, continuing medical education, and industry collaboration on the subject. This position statement on SUBA-ITZ by SIG-RD is an attempt to address current pieces of evidence and the position of this new formulation in the management of RD.
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Tabassum, S. Shaista. "A Study on Health Profile of 3 ITDA Spots of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India." Indian Journal of Health Care Medical & Pharmacy Practice 5, no. 1 (May 25, 2024): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.59551/ijhmp/25832069/2024.5.1.30.
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Introduction: The Adivasi, often referred to as Indigenous people or original inhabitants, constitute approximately 17 million prospective tribes in India. The term “designated Tribe” holds a legal designation. According to the 2011 census, the number of planned tribes in India is 104,281,034, which equals 8.6% of India’s total population. This paper aims to examine the health profile of Tribals in 3 ITDA spots of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh. Objectives: The main aim of the study was to assess the health profile and shed light on the top 10 diseases prevalent in the 3 selected ITDA spots of Kurnool district, as well as to promote the Unani system through mobile medical camps under the Tribal Sub Plan (TSP). Additionally, it aims to analyse the health profile and determinants of tribes in the study area. Methodology: This study focuses on the health profile of the 3 ITDA spots based on OPD data, including the distribution of patients by sex and age groups, and identifying the top 10 common diseases in these areas. Results: A total of 2583 individuals attended the OPD of the 3 ITDA spots in the year 2022-2023. Among them, the top 10 diseases were identified, and their distribution by sex and age group was analysed. Conclusion: The present study revealed that most of the tribals in the study area suffered from Sual o surfa (Cough), Sardi wa Zukam (Common cold & coryza), and Humma (Fever), which are common in the 3 ITDA spots, followed by Warm I Halaq (Pharyngitis), Suda (Headache), and Polyarthritis.
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K.C., Jit Bahadur. "Expressly disallowed expenses for deduction under the income tax acts in Nepal, India and United Kingdom." Pravaha 27, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pravaha.v27i1.50615.
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This paper aims to analyse the provisions of expressly disallowed expenses for deduction while computing the taxable income under the income tax acts. The study uses a qualitative approach of doctrinal legal research to explain the state of affairs of past and present provisions. Consequently, it employs the primary and secondary sources of data and information from the enacted income tax Acts, Rules, journals, reports, bulletins, precedence, books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, indexes, etc. The study found the expenses that are expressly disallowed for deduction are explicit provisions in the ITA, 2002 followed by the ITA, 1974 however, the former two Acts (i.e., ITA 1960 and ITA 1962) lack the provisions of such non-deductible expenses. The result showed the latter two Acts (i.e., ITA 1974 and ITA 2002) were found adequate in the context of Nepal and they are comparatively equal to the Indian and the UK's income tax acts. It is usual today but there are some places for improvement in this subject considering the society, culture, economy and political system in Nepal. The paper provides an explicit result of the disallowed expenses of the personal, domestic and capital nature those which are not related to earning or receiving the income. Thus, the study furnishes new knowledge in the literature on income tax in Nepal.
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Hay, Julie. "TA Contributions from India." International Journal of Transactional Analysis Research & Practice 10, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29044/v10i2p101.
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Produced originally as the content for an opening speech and associated workshop at the ITAA/SAATA Conference in Kochi, India in August 2018, the following contains a review of theoretical contributions from authors based in India between 1993 and 2018. In particular, the wide-ranging contributions of Os Summerton and Pearl Drego are described, along with a review of the activities of Father George Kandathil and of others on the subjects of the guru, ethics, universal consciousness and conflict strategies. Two themes are extracted: practical ideas and models, and the cultural and spiritual nature of Indian society, with an expansion of Berne’s concept of autonomy into five components that are linked to Indian philosophy.
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MANIVANNAN, S., V. KASTHURI THILAGAM, RAVINDRA YALIGAR, and K. N. MANOJ. "Crop planning using innovative trend analysis of 62-years rainfall data." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 94, no. 7 (July 3, 2024): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v94i6.145980.
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The success of climate-smart agriculture in high rainfall zone lies in understanding the rainfall trend and planning or modifying the cropping system for maximum yield. Moisture stress in critical crop growth stages is detrimental to the crop and drastically reduces the yield. Udhagamandalam region in Western Ghats is a high rainfall area and is largely cultivated by vegetable crops. Rainfall trend based crop planning would enhance the crop yield without water stress. A study was carried out at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Dhemaji, Assam focused on assessing the long-term seasonal and monthly rainfall trends of Udhagamandalam region, Tamil Nadu using non-parametric tests and Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA). Daily rainfall of 62 years from 1960–2021 was analyzed with non-parametric tests, viz. Mann-Kendall and modified Mann-Kendall and ITA to find the seasonal rainfall characteristics. Mann- Kendall (3.055) and modified Mann-Kendall (3.055) tests showed a significantly increasing trend in the annual and seasonal monsoonal rainfall. ITA revealed either a significant positive or a negative trend in all the months except February, with the highest trend in June (2.625). In contrast to standard non-parametric tests, ITA detected a significant positive trend in all seasons and annual rainfall, except in cold winters where the trend is negative. The long-term trend analysis results suggest that the ITA is more precise for rainfall trend analysis than standard non-parametric tests and can be used to evaluate hidden variations of rainfall trends. Hence, ITA is recommended for analyzing rainfall trends for crop planning in high-rainfall regions. IT analysis of 62 years of rainfall data of Udhagamandalam suggested that vegetable crop planning can be done by farmers from August–November months as the rainfall trend during this period is assured as an increasing trend of rainfall pattern was observed.
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Shin, Ji-young. "Investigating and optimizing score dependability of a local ITA speaking test across language groups: A generalizability theory approach." Language Testing 39, no. 2 (November 4, 2021): 313–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02655322211052680.
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With the present study I investigated the sources of score variance and dependability in a local oral English proficiency test for potential international teaching assistants (ITAs) across four first language (L1) groups, and suggested alternative test designs. Using generalizability theory, I examined the relative importance of L1s (i.e., Indian, Korean, Mandarin, and Spanish), examinees, tasks, and ratings to score variability, and estimated dependability across the L1s. The analyses identified examinees as the largest contributor, which is important for high dependability and validity arguments for test scores. Effects of ratings and tasks were small, but L1 effects on score variance were considerable, with the Indian group’s dependability lowest. Unlike previous generalizability theory studies on L1 effects, however, further analyses revealed that the L1 effects highly likely reflect proficiency differences rather than strong bias when comparing the percent agreement of the ratings, external criteria of examinee English proficiency, and underlying score distributions. I discuss the proficiency differences related to varied socio-linguistic contexts of using and learning English. Lastly, I suggest an alternative design with fewer items and one additional rating for improved dependability. Considering multiple test purposes specific to ITA testing (i.e., efficiency, construct representation, formative advantages), I propose a flexible approach.
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Suresh, Rv, KS Thalavai Sundarram,, Dhalapathy Sadacharan,, Krishnan Ravikumar,, and S. Kalpana,. "Role of Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Differentiation of Graves’ Disease from Thyroiditis: A Prospective Study." World Journal of Endocrine Surgery 9, no. 2 (2017): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10002-1208.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Thyrotoxicosis due to Graves’ disease (GD) and destructive thyroiditis (DT) needs differentiation, as management strategy differs. Factors that help in diagnosis are biochemical and nuclear imaging. Utility of high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUSG) and color Doppler (CD) in differentiation is not widely practiced. We undertook the prospective study in the Department of Endocrine Surgery at a tertiary care center among South Indian population in 1 year as a cost-effective model Materials and methods Out of 120 newly diagnosed thyrotoxicosis patients, 54 were GD (group I) and 66 were DT (group II) patients. Totally, 55 euthyroid patients served as controls. Parameters analyzed were demography, free thyroid function test (TFT) anti-thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TSHrAB), antithyroid peroxidase antibody (ATPO), anti-thyroglobulin antibody (ATG), and Tc-99m thyroid scintigraphy. Parameters analyzed using HRUSG and CD were peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic volume (EDV), pulsatility index (PI), resistive index (RI) of bilateral superior thyroid artery (STA) and inferior thyroid artery (ITA). Results Both groups were age and sex matched. The TFT, ATPO, and ATG were comparable between both groups (p = 0.609). The TSHrAB (IU/mL) was significantly higher in group I (36.11 ± 0.82) than group II (1.23 ± 0.24) (p < 0.001). Mean thyroid volume (mL) was higher in group I (28.9 ± 14.9) than group II (26.2 ± 8.81) (p = 0.022). Mean PSV-STA (cm/s) was statistically higher in group I (54.09 ± 4.67) than group II (28.92 ± 4.39) (p ≤ 0.001). Mean PSV-ITA (cm/s) was higher in group I (32.11 ± 2.45) than group II (25.23 ± 3.45) (p = 0.006). Other parameters measured in both arteries like mean EDV (cm/s), mean RI, and mean PI were comparable between both groups. Conclusion The HRUSG with CD evaluation of PSV STA and ITA is a cost-effective alternative to TSHrAB and thyroid scintigraphy in differentiating GD from DT patients. Additionally, we observed that PSV in STA was higher than in ITA in patients with GD. To conclude, HRUSG and CD are simple, cost-effective, and widely available tools in the differentiation of GD from DT. How to cite this article Sundarram KST, Sadacharan D, Ravikumar K, Kalpana S, Suresh RV. Role of Color Doppler Ultrasonography in Differentiation of Graves’ Disease from Thyroiditis: A Prospective Study. World J Endoc Surg 2017;9(2):41-45.
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Khera, Sanjeev, Amita Trehan, Prateek Bhatia, Minu Singh, Deepak Bansal, and Neelam Varma. "Prevalence of TPMT, ITPA and NUDT 15 genetic polymorphisms and their relation to 6MP toxicity in north Indian children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 83, no. 2 (November 24, 2018): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-018-3732-3.
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Dorababu, Patchva, Narayana Nagesh, Vijay Gandhi Linga, Sadashivudu Gundeti, Vijay Kumar Kutala, Pallu Reddanna, and Raghunadharao Digumarti. "Epistatic interactions between thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) variations determine 6-mercaptopurine toxicity in Indian children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia." European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 68, no. 4 (October 19, 2011): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-011-1133-1.
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Tomka, Steve A., and Anne A. Fox. "Mission San Jose Indian Quarters Wall Base Project, Bexar County, Texas: With Appendixes on the Monitoring of the San Jose Bus Drive and Granary Parking Lot, and on the Monitoring and Shovel Testing of the San Jose Service Drive." Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State 1998, no. 1 (1998): Article 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.1998.1.9.
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Nayak, Soubhagya R., Ashwin Krishnamurthy, Latha V. Prabhu, Lakshmi Ramanathan, Mangala M. Pai, Bhagath Kumar Potu, and Srijit Das. "Incidence of Accessory Phrenic Nerve and its Clinical Significance: A Cadaveric Study." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 51, no. 3 (2008): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2017.21.
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The description of accessory phrenic nerve (APN) in the standard textbooks and available literature is vague and sometimes limited to few lines. The incidence of APN varies a great deal from 17.6 % to 80.9 % in the available literature. The aim of the present study was to calculate the incidence and variation of APN in Indian population. Material and methods: Forty five adult formalin-fixed cadavers (35 male, 10 female; 90 sides) used for gross anatomy dissection for undergraduates; during the 2 year period 2006–2007 were considered. Findings were recorded at different stages of the dissection. Results: Out of 90 body sides studied, the APN was present in 48 sides (53.3 %). In 17 of the above sides the APN was confined to the cervical region (Cervical type) and in 31 sides the APN entered the thorax (Thoracic type), all anterior to the subclavian vein (SV). In eleven specimens the APN was found bilaterally. Conclusion: The incidence of APN, with its course and relation to the various structures in cervical and thoracic region will help the surgeons while performing internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafting and other radical neck surgery.
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Gorsuch, Greta. "International teaching assistants at universities: A research agenda." Language Teaching 49, no. 2 (March 18, 2016): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444815000452.
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International teaching assistants (ITAs) are Indian, Chinese, Korean, Turkish, etc. international students who have been admitted to graduate study at universities in the U.S.A. and Canada, and are being supported as instructors of undergraduate-level classes and labs in biology, chemistry, physics, and math. For the past 30 years, the number of ITAs has been increasing, and many departments at universities have come to rely largely on ITAs to cover their undergraduate teaching needs. As high-intermediate and low-advanced second language learners who must use their second language for professional purposes, ITAs face linguistic, social, professional, and cultural challenges. This is a learner population that deserves more attention, as I hope to establish here with this presentation of six research tasks. I have organized proposed research projects in such a way as to increase readers’ familiarity with this little publicized field, and also to relate the projects to different contexts of inquiry. By ‘contexts’ I mean ‘who is asking what and for what reasons.’ The two contexts of inquiry are: (1) Established areas of ITA program concern, including acquisition of fluency, prosody, and vocabulary; and (2) Working with ‘outside’ theories, such as the Output Hypothesis, and deliberate practice theory.
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Deva, Reka, Priyadharsini Rajendran, Sivaranjani Ramasamy, Senthamizh Selvan, and Kesavan Ramasamy. "Association of ITPA 94C>A genetic polymorphisms with azathioprine induced adverse effects in the South Indian population." Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy, December 15, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dmpt-2023-0061.
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Abstract Objectives Azathioprine (AZA) is an effective immunosuppressant commonly used for malignancy and immune-mediated disorders. The association between genetic polymorphisms and AZA-induced adverse effects has not been elucidated. Hence this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms of ITPA (C94A) with azathioprine-induced adverse effects. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed on 120 patients who were on AZA therapy for immunobullous disorders and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Eligible patients were enrolled from outpatient Departments of dermatology and medical gastroenterology and five mL of blood was collected after obtaining written informed consent. DNA extraction and genotyping were done by phenol–chloroform method and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Results The minor allele frequency of ITPA (A allele) was 30.8 %. The mutant genotypes of ITPA (C94A) were found to have no significant association with overall adverse effects in the South Indian patients on AZA therapy. Conclusions We report no significant association between ITPA rs1127354 genetic polymorphism and adverse effects in the South Indian patients on AZA therapy.
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Perttula, Timothy K., and Robert Cast. "Reaping the Whirlwind: The Caddo after Europeans." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.91.
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The De Soto chronicles introduce us to the Caddo Indian peoples of East Texas in what we can arbitrarily call “historic times.” The Gentleman of Elvas had this to say when the Spaniards reached the Caddo province of Naguatex on the Red River in the Great Bend area of southwestern Arkansas in August of 1542. The cacique [of Naguatex], on beholding the damage that his land was receiving [from the Spanish forces], sent six of his principal men and three Indians with them as guides who knew the language of the region ahead where the governor [Luis de Moscoso] was about to go. He immediately left Naguatex and after marching three days reached a town of four or five houses, belonging to the cacique of that miserable province, called Nisohone. It was a poorly populated region and had little maize. Two days later, the guides who were guiding the governor, if they had to go toward the west, guided then toward the east, and sometimes they went through dense forests, wandering off the road. The governor ordered them hanged from a tree, and an Indian women, who had been captured at Nisohone, guided them, and he went back to look for the road. Despite the “miserable” condition of the lands traversed by the Spaniards in Caddo country, the Caddo were successful agriculturists, with a Mississippian societal flavor, as well as bison hunters when they were first described in 1542 by the Spanish expedition.
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Ruz Sosa, Mario Humberto. "El conquistador y el jurisconsulto. Testimonios sobre Itzá." Estudios de Cultura Maya 19 (January 31, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.ecm.1992.19.476.
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A pesar de sus características particulares, determinadas en buena medida por el hecho de haber sido el último señorío del mundo maya, si no es que del mesoamericano, incorporado al dominio colonial español (176 años después de la caída de Tenochtitlan), poco es en realidad lo que sabemos del pueblo Itzá. La última obra de envergadura a é1 dedicada fue escrita por Juan de Villagutierre Soto-Mayor, relator del Consejo de Indias, en 1701; hace casi 300 años.
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Girard, Jeffery S. "Recent Investigations at the Mounds Plantation Site (16CD12), Caddo Parish, Louisiana." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2012.1.12.
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Dr. Montroville Wilson Dickeson, born in Philadelphia in 1810, was a medical doctor, taxidermist and avid collector of fossils. Between 1837 and 1844 he pursued another interest—excavating Indian burial mounds in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. He claimed to have “opened up” more than a thousand mounds and collected more than 40,000 objects. He also made drawings of the mounds and later provided these to an artist by the name of John J. Egan, who, about 1850, converted the drawings into a series of large paintings on huge canvases. Dickeson toured the country in 1852 allowing the public to view the canvasses and his artifact collections for a fee of 25 cents. The panorama, titled “Monumental Grandeur of the Mississippi Valley”, was nine feet high, 400 feet long, and consisted of 27 scenes. The canvasses later were curated at the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania until 1953 when purchased by the St. Louis Art Museum where they remain today. Dickeson’s lecture notes refer to Scene 21 as follows: “The following picture shows a group of connected mounds in Caddo Parish, in Northwestern Louisiana, with some of the aboriginal inhabitants of the region . . .” The scene depicts a cluster of nine mounds, some of which are connected by low earthen walls. In the background are mountains, and a group of Indians with elaborate headdresses are shown in front of tents. Similar mountains and the same Indian scene appear in other segments of the Mississippi Panorama and are understandable in light of the Romantic artistic style of the times, as well as the fact that the panorama was part of a show intended to evoke wonder and awe in its audience. Today we know of only one place in Caddo Parish where there is a cluster of at least nine mounds. Located on the western side of the Red River, north of the present city of Shreveport, is the Mounds Plantation Site (16CD12), the single largest Caddo ceremonial center in northwestern Louisiana. It seems fitting that the earliest reference that we have to a prehistoric site in northwest Louisiana likely pertains to Mounds Plantation, a place of primary importance to its ancient Caddo inhabitants, as well as to modern archaeological research.
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Bagur, Jacques. "The Caddo Indian Village." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1992.1.10.
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The Kadohadacho, or Great Chiefs, of the Caddo Nation left their home in the Great Bend of the Red River in Arkansas in 1790 because of disease and Osage depredations and moved south, joining a related tribe, the Petit Caddo, on the floodplain of the Red River above present-day Shreveport. In 1800, when the Great Raft began to affect the area, the Caddos moved to higher ground on Sodo Lake (a complex of five lakes that later came to be called Caddo, Clear, Cross, Shifttail, and Soda). They lived there until the early 1840s, when they sold their land to the United States and moved to a reservation in Oklahoma.
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Pleasant, Darryl. "Documentary Evidence for the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Location of the Adaes Indians." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2013.1.14.
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The location of the habitation sites of the Adaes Indians has not been thoroughly investigated by archaeologists and historians. Most researchers have placed Adaes habitation sites in the general vicinity of Los Adaes simply because the presidio and mission were named after the Adaes Indians. This paper will focus on historical documentation to provide a better understanding of the location of the habitation sites of the Adaes Indians during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The earliest accounts presented are narratives of travels along the Red River in the early 18th century. While they unfortunately have no definitive geographical data such as plat maps or land claims, they still provide relational information which can be interpreted along with the more precise geographical documentation of the latter 18th century. All of the late 18th and early 19th century documents reviewed for this paper are primary sources such as conveyances, successions and land claims. The evidence presented in this paper will reveal that the “homeland” of the Adaes was in southern Desoto Parish, Louisiana and extreme northern Natchitoches Parish. This area is approximately twenty miles north of Los Adaes, which agrees with the Spanish documents and with John Sibley’s location of the Adaes. Archaeologically, there is an abundant sample of historic sites that date to the 18th and 19th centuries in that region. These appear as pure aboriginal sites or mixtures of aboriginal and European components.
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Perttula, Timothy K. "Early to Mid-19th Century Occupation at the Dead Cow Site (41SM324), Smith County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2011.1.33.
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The Dead Cow site is an early to mid-19th century archaeological site located within the northern part (Sabine River basin) of the proposed Republic of Texas 1836 Cherokee Indians land grant in East Texas, generally east of the downtown area of the modem city of Tyler. Cherokee Indians had moved into East Texas by the early 1820s, and "most of the Cherokees cleared land and carved out farms in the uninhabited region directly north of Nacogdoches, on the upper branches of the Neches, Angelina, and Sabine rivers. By 1822 their population had grown to nearly three hundred." To date, historic archaeological sites identified as being occupied by the Cherokee during their ca. 1820-1839 settlement of East Texas remain illusive, and to my knowledge no such sites have been documented to date in the region. This article considers, from an examination of the historic artifact assemblage found here, the possibility that the Dead Cow site is a Cherokee habitation site.
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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bryan E. Boyd. "A Probable Early 19th Century Coushatta Village Site on Big Cypress Bayou in Northeastern Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2008.1.35.
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In February 2002, avocational archaeologists from northeastern Texas and northwestern Louisiana conducted archaeological investigations in an area along Big Cypress Bayou in Marion County, Texas, to search for and identify a pre-1841 Coushatta Indian village depicted on a 1943 General Land Office map. That map showed a "Coushatti" village with at least seven to eight structures (a common way at the time to indicate an Indian village, but not necessarily an accurate characterization of the number of structures once present at the site) near the confluence of Black Cypress Bayou and Big Cypress Bayou. This article describes the results of these archaeological investigations.. Other Alabama (Alibamu) and Coushatta (Koasati) villages have been documented in recent years through archaeological and historical investigations in the Caddo Lake and Red River areas of northeastern Texas and northwestern Louisiana. These villages were first established around 1803 or 1804 by these members of the Creek Indian confederacy who had moved or resettled as a group from the Alabama River area of east-central Alabama. The Alabama and Coushatta chose to resettle in traditional Caddo lands rather than "associate with the British and American traders and settlers who moved into Creek Territory after the French and Indian War, which ended in 1763, and the American Revolution".
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Hickerson, Daniel A. "Historical Processes and the Political Organization of the Hasinai Caddo Indians." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1995.1.21.
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Recent archaeological and ethnohistoric research has begun to reveal the extent of the depopulation that took place among Native American societies as a result of epidemic diseases that were introduced, in some cases, even before direct continuous interaction with Europeans. The research of Henry Dobyns on native demographic trends in Florida has been particularly influential on recent views of Native American demographic decline. While somewhat controversial, the findings of Dobyns and others have stimulated further research focusing on other areas of North America, including the Caddoan region.
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Keener, Barbara. "Book Review: A Naturalist in Indian Territory: The Journals of S. W. Woodhouse." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1994.1.5.
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Samuel Washington Woodhouse, a Philadelphia physician and avid ornithologist, was appointed surgeon-naturalist of two expeditions to survey the Creek-Cherokee boundary in Indian Territory. The Creek boundary expedition that Woodhouse was asked to join was a Corps of Topographical Engineers survey party sent to survey and mark the northern and western boundaries of the Creek Indian lands in Indian Territory to comply with the requirements of the Creek Treaty of 1845. The usual purpose of these surveys was to map the land, describe its topography, and learn about its native inhabitants. Later objectives were to establish roads and to set boundaries as the westward movement of settlers began, in addition to observing and gathering specimens of the animals, plants, and minerals of the West. Woodhouse served on both expeditions of the survey, the first in 1849 under Capt. Lorenzo Sitgreaves and the second under Lt. Israel Carle Woodruff in 1850.
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Trubitt, Mary Beth. "A Preliminary Comparison of Two Caddo Mound Sites in Southwest Arkansas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.2019.1.2.
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Previous Arkansas Archeological Survey excavations at the Hedges site in the Ouachita River valley and the Hughes site in the Saline River valley uncovered evidence of burned structures adjacent to the mounds. An overview of the artifact analyses indicates that the sites were roughly contemporaneous, with intensive use by ancestral Caddo Indians during the Late Caddo period, between the AD 1400s and 1600s. This presentation summarizes the research findings to emphasize comparisons in timing, activities, and community plans.
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Ramjattan, Vijay A. "The transracial aesthetic labour of an international teaching assistant." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (June 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-12-2020-0365.
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PurposeThis paper introduces the concept of transracial aesthetic labour to understand why and how an international teaching assistant (ITA) vocally changes meanings of his racial identity.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a narrative analysis to detail instances of transracial aesthetic labour.FindingsFor the ITA, this labour involved orally distancing from or aligning with particular Indian stereotypes for specific contexts.Research limitations/implicationsTransracial aesthetic labour may occur in other industries that deem race an integral part of sounding right or looking good for the job.Practical implicationsThe findings highlight the need for ITAs and universities to rethink the meaning of transracial to combat racist perceptions of ITAs' speech.Originality/valueThe paper advances the aesthetic labour literature by exploring how race is vocally performed for this labour and introducing ITAs as aesthetic labourers.
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Hardey, Jim, and Claude McCrocklin. "Preliminary Report on an Archeological Survey of Stormy Point." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1991.1.14.
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This is a report on an archaeological survey of the point of land that extends south into Caddo Lake opposite Mooringsport, Louisiana. The nineteenth century name for this area was Stormy Point, and the area into which Stormy Point extends was called Ferry Lake in 1839. The primary purpose of the survey was to find eighteenth century and early nineteenth century Caddo Indian sites, with the focal point of the survey being the thirty acre southwest tip of the point; other areas were looked at but not thoroughly investigated. Prehistoric Indian and early Anglo-American sites found while surveying for the Historic Caddo sites will also be reported.
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Adele, Nancy, and Timothy K. Perttula. ""Historical Processes and the Political Organization of the Hasinai Caddo Indians": A Reply." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1996.1.12.
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In a recent volume of the Caddoan Archeology Newsletter, Daniel Hickerson argues that Apache aggression across the Southern Plains, Apache trade in horses and other European goods, and European-introduced diseases dramatically affected Caddo an populations by encouraging their migration south to the upper Neches/Angelina river basins area traditionally occupied by one segment of the Caddo, the Hasinai groups. In his opinion, the Hasinai confederacy was a nascent chiefdom that developed as a direct result of this mid to late-seventeenth century southern migration. As has been pointed out by Caddoan ethnographers, ethnohistorians, and archeologists for 50 years or more, the Caddo were affected by a number of historical processes that resulted from the European exploration and settlement of the New World, and we would agree with Hickerson that these are worthy of study and continual reexamination. However, it is our view that Hickerson's consideration of historical processes has only dealt with a fraction of the available archeological and archival/documentary literature on the Caddo peoples, and this reliance on a limited sample of this material has led to a portrayal of Apache aggression and its effects on the Caddo populations in eastern Texas that is overdrawn and misleading. Furthermore, Hickerson incorrectly characterizes the limitations of the eastern Texas environment, leading to depictions of the region, as an impenetrable forest that stood as a defensive barrier, that do not stand up to scrutiny. Finally, a failure to differentiate between the Caddo and Southern Plains Caddoan-speakers causes Hickerson to inappropriately attribute to the Caddo the effects of Apache hostilities directed against the Pawnee and Wichita, close tribal allies.
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Early, Ann M., and Mary B. Trubitt. "The Caddo Indian Burial Ground (3MN386), Norman, Arkansas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2003.1.21.
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Human burials were exposed accidentally during construction of a city sewer treatment plant in Norman, Arkansas, in October 1988. Archeological salvage excavations in the days following, directed by Ann Early of the Arkansas Archeological Survey’s Henderson Research Station, identified two burials, a small cluster of residential features, and artifacts dating from the Archaic through Caddo periods. After discussions between the various agencies and groups involved, a new location was found for the sewer treatment plant. The human bone and associated grave goods were returned to the Caddo Tribe for reburial, and the site was covered up for protection. The site, 3MN386, originally named the Norman Sewer Plant site and now called the Caddo Indian Burial Ground in Norman, is part of a city park. The Southern Montgomery County Development Council has plans to install a series of signs along a walking path at the park to interpret the site. Site 3MN386 is located on a low terrace next to the confluence of Huddleston Creek and the Caddo River. Based on the distribution of chipped stone debris, the site was at least 1.5 hectares (almost 4 acres) in area, but the full extent of the site was never determined by archeological investigations. The archeological salvage excavations in 1988 were limited to a small area of 25 x 30 m where the burials and other features were uncovered. While artifacts diagnostic of Archaic and Fourche Maline periods were found at the site, the main use of the site was in the Mississippian period. Two Caddoan occupations between about AD 1250-1500 are indicated based on the materials associated with these features: an earlier residential use of the site that left the remains of a large circular house with hearth and a burned ash floor deposit; and a later use of the site as a cemetery.
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"A Pilot Study of Wichita Indian Archeology and Ethnohistory." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/ita.1967.1.1.
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In 1965 several anthropologists drew up plans for a one-year pilot study of the archeology and ethnohistory of the Wichita Indian tribes. After financial support had been generously provided by the National Science Foundation, the proposed research was carried out. This is a report on the results of that study. The pilot study was designed to: a) obtain a body of field data from the components of the Spanish Fort sites, the largest and best=documented of the historic Wichita sites in the Red River area; b) make test excavations at several other sites in order that a problem=oriented program of future research can be accurately planned; c) attempt to locate, by field reconnaissance, sites that relate to the Wichita occupation of the southern plains on both the historic and prehistoric time levels; d) make a survey of available ethnohistorical data in order (1) to compile a bibliography of documentary materials relevant to Wichita ethnohistory, (2) to make a detailed study of documents that relate specifically to the excavations being carried out at Spanish Fort and at the sites being tested, (3) to seek information that might lead to the field locations of other Wichita sites, and (4) to appraise those sources best suited for more extended examination. The co-investigators of the project were Tyler Bastian of the Museum of the Great Plains, Robert E. Bell of The University of Oklahoma, Edward B. Jelks of Southern Methodist University, and W.W. Newcomb of the Texas Memorial Museum at The University of Texas. Bastian supervised the archeological field work in Oklahoma under the direction of Bell. Jelks directed the archeological work in Texas. Newcomb directed the ethnohistorical research. Marvin E. Tong of the Museum of the Great Plains served the project as general coordinator. The main part of the ethnohistorical study consisted of a thorough search of the archives at The University of Texas for documents relating to Wichita ethnohistory. The archeological work included extensive excavations at the Longest Site in Oklahoma and at the Upper Tucker and Coyote Sites in Texas. More limited excavations were carried out at the Glass and Gas Plant Sites in Texas. Several other archeological sites were visited but not excavated beyond a test pit or two: the Devils Canyon and Wilson Springs Sites in Oklahoma, and the Gilbert, Stone, Vinson, and Womack Sites in Texas. An effort was also made to locate several sites in Oklahoma and Texas which were reported in historical documents but which had not been located in the field. After the library research and the archeological field work had been completed, a brief, general report could have been prepared to satisfy our contractual obligation to the National Science Foundation. It was felt, however, that the data which had been collected would be of interest to archeologists and ethnohistorians and, if possible, it should be made available to them in some detail without delay. Consequently, a series of descriptive papers was prepared instead of a summary report. Those papers are presented here.
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Jurney, David H. "The Original Distribution of Bois D'Arc. Part I: Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1994.1.6.
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Early historical explorations of the American frontier discuss many tree species and their uses, yet rarely mention bois d'arc (Maclura pomifera). Several important early expeditions sent by President Thomas Jefferson into the southwestern frontier provide the first evidence for the natural and culturally influenced range of the species. Bois d 'arc was important in the trade of Native Americans, specifically used for bow wood. As early as 1804, John Sibley and Merriwether Lewis reported to President Jefferson about bois d 'arc, drawing on information derived from transplanted saplings and reporting that the source was ca. 300 miles away (i.e., along the Red River?). John Sibley, a temporary United States Indian Agent along the Red River in the early nineteenth century, reported a source of bois d'arc wooden bows among the Caddos of the Red River. With these bows they conducted a lively trade among Plains and southeastern Indian groups.
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Gregory, H. F., and George Avery. "American Indian Pottery from Historic Period Sites in North Louisiana." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2007.1.32.
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The following is a revised version of a presentation given at the annual meeting of the Louisiana Archaeological Society (LAS) held in Monroe, Louisiana, on March 4, 2006. The goal of the LAS presentation was to simply show photographs and illustrations of American Indian pottery that dates to the historic period in North Louisiana. Most of the photographs and illustrations are from a manuscript written by H.F. "Pete" Gregory entitled Los Adaes (16NAJ6) American Indian Ceramics. This manuscript was compiled by George A very as part of the Los Adaes Station Archaeology Program, funded entirely by the Louisiana Division of Archaeology. The LAS presentation was given again at the December 2, 2006 meeting of the East Texas Caddo Research Group (ETCRG) at Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas. Revisions to the LAS presentation for the current publication were made as a result of comments from the ETCRG meeting.
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Marceaux, Paul S. "Caddo Archives and Economies." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2005.1.14.
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This article is a discussion of archival research on contact through historic period (ca. A.D. 1519 to 18th century) Caddo groups in eastern Texas and west central Louisiana. First, I describe general objectives for current and long-term research on the Caddo Indians, followed by the central issues the article will address. A brief summary of protohistoric and historic events, actors, and sources will be followed by methodological considerations, as well as a discussion of Caddo economies, concluding with some reflections on Caddo archives and economies. This article explores the complex and interrelated economies of Native American and European populations during the colonization process in early Spanish Texas.
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Casr, Robert. "Peyoteism and the Origins of Caddo Religious Thought." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2014.1.17.
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The Caddo Indians practiced a vibrant peyote religion long before John Wilson (Moonhead) or Quanah Parker re-ignited the Native American Church. Moreover, research has show the importance of the peyote plant to the Caddo long before any European contact. The peyote religion at the time of the Spanish mission in Texas was full of songs and dances in honor of one known today as (Aah-hi-u kuu-i'-ha) or Father Above, translated to mean home where God lives. Although Swanton proposes that the Hasinai medicine men used peyote "at the beginning of the eighteenth century" (a reference to Friar Hidalgo's Spanish account) how long had they been using this plant before any written records?
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Speir, Thomas E. "Caddoan Reburial." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1993.1.9.
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On February 7, 1993 in eastern Texas, the remains of a prehistoric Caddoan Indian were reburied in the original grave. A small ceremony was held to mark the occasion. Representatives of the Caddo Tribe from Oklahoma and Louisiana were in attendance, as were members of the Nonheast Texas Archeological Society (NETAS). This report deals with one case of recently excavated human remains.
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McCrocklin, Claude. "Preliminary Report on the James Bayou Survey: A Search for Sha-Childni-Ni (1795-1840)." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1998.1.33.
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This is a preliminary report on an archaeological survey of the James Bayou area of Marion County, Texas that started in February, 1998 and is still continuing. The primary goal of the survey was to find the location of the large 1795-1840 Caddo Indian village called by them Sha-Childn-Ni (Timber Hill). Historical research and two early maps of 1811 and 1841 clearly show the village on the south side of James Bayou. The sites found prove that both maps are right. This is a report on Sites 2 and 3 of the four sites found to date. [Ed note: A fifth site has been found since this report was completed J When the survey is complete, all sites found will be plotted on a map so that we can see Sha-Childn-Ni emerge from the hills and woods along both sides of James Bayou. Thereby, the site of the last Caddo Indian village in their native homeland will be preserved for all to see and appreciate. If this survey can contribute to Caddo heritage in this way, it will have accomplished its purpose.
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Todd, Jesse. "Preliminary Comments on Dog Interments from Archeological Sites in Northeast Texas: Folklore and Archeology." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2013.1.17.
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Dogs have been associated with humans for thousands of years, and dog interments—either associated with human interments or as separate interments—also have an antiquity of thousands of years. This brief paper will summarize dog burials in a worldwide context, and then focus on the folklore, ethnology, and archeology of dogs among the Caddo. The information for the dog in Caddo culture will be summarized from George A. Dorsey’s Traditions of the Caddo and John R. Swanton’s Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo Indians. Then, dog interments from northeast Texas will be listed and discussed. By examining the folklore, ethnology, and archeology of the dog in Caddo contexts, it is hoped that a greater understanding of the role of dogs in prehistoric Caddo culture might be attained.
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Gregory, Pete. "Book Review: The American Indian Oral History Manual: Making Many Voices Heard." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2010.1.13.
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The times have changed. American Indian people, like indigenous population worldwide, have finally begun to impress scholars with the fact that in spite of centuries of colonial exploitation their cultures are alive and they hold ownership of them. Oral history and ethnology both have to listen to this new voice and come to understand the ethical and legal implications for the academic disciplines. These three authors bring unique experiences as well as “best practice training” to this small book.
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Perttula, Timothy K. "Archaeological Evidence of the Use of the Horse by Caddo Indian Peoples." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.59.
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The introduction of the horse to the Americas by Europeans, particularly the Spanish, after 1492 played a very important role in Native American history and societal change. As Peter Mitchell has commented in his book Horse Nations: “the horse was so very widely introduced to population across the world after 1492. It can thus provide a constant against which to evaluate the many changes that those populations experienced after European contact, while highlighting the ‘radically different meanings and impacts in distinctive cultures’ that its arrival heralded.” Among the Caddo Indian peoples, the horse was introduced in the late 1600s from Mexico as well as the Jumano tribe of the Southern Plains, leading to the development of new means to “trade, move, and raid,” and move equipment, as mounted warfare came to dominate the Southern Plains of North America after about the early 1680s. By 1719, the Caddo were domesticating feral horses, as the horse became well integrated into their farming economies. By this time, the horse was the prime exchangeable commodity for Caddo societies south of the Red River. The Jumano Juan Sabeata had described the Tejas or Hasinai Caddo groups in the early 1680s as “a settled people [who]…raised grain in such abundance that they even fed it to their horses." In addition to the horses, the Caddo also obtained horse gear, such as bridles and saddles. When La Salle came to East Texas in 1686, after his expedition to find the Mississippi River had failed along the Texas Gulf Coast, he purchased several horses from the Hasinai Caddo; when he set out for the Mississippi River in 1687, he did so on horses previously purchased from the Caddo. Father Anastasius Douay, who accompanied La Salle, said that horses were common property among the Caddo and could be purchased for a single iron hatchet. In 1690, when Henri de Tonti was in Kadohadacho villages along the Red River in northeastern Texas, he commented that they had 30 horses, which the Kadohadacho called cavali (after caballo, a horse in Spanish). Furthermore, the Nabedache Caddo in East Texas “possessed them in such numbers that there were four or five about each house." The livestock brought by the Spanish to East Texas became part of the Hasinai herd after the missions were abandoned in 1693. By this time, the Caddo had already begun a profitable trade in salt, pelts, and horses with French Louisiana and Illinois colonies; in 1714, the Frenchman St. Denis established the Natchitoches post at the abandoned 1702 Natchitoches village to commence formal French involvement in trade with Native Americans. For the sale of horses at the French post at Natchitoches, the Hasinai Caddo received firearms, powder and lead balls, hatchets, knives, hoes, glass beads, mirrors, cloth, garments, and alcohol. By about 1716, “the Hasinai and the Cadohadachos marked, respectively, the saturated frontier of horses moving eastward, and of muskets moving westward in trade." As late as 1800, the Barr and Davenport trading house in Spanish Nacogdoches, Texas, acquired 500 horses from the Hasinai Caddo groups and immigrant Indians living in East Texas.
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Perttula, Timothy K. "Radiocarbon and Oxidizable Carbon Ratio Dates from Archaeological Sites in East Texas, Part II." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1998.1.40.
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This paper presents a second compilation of recently obtained radiocarbon and oxidizable carbon ratio dates obtained from archaeological sites in East Texas. An analysis of the age ranges in the more than 585 dates from East Texas archaeological sites indicate that most pertain to prehistoric and protohistoric Caddoan Indian occupations, particularly the Early (A.D. 1000-1200) and Middle Caddoan (A.D. 1200-1400) periods when prehistoric Caddoan settlements were widely distributed throughout the region.
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Perttula, Timothy K. "Three Mid-1800s Caddo Vessels from the Brazos Reserve." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2001.1.33.
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Although a considerable body of historic archival and documentary information is available on the Caddo Indian peoples that lived in Texas between ca. 1836 and 1859 -- the removal period -- not much archaeological evidence has been uncovered for their settlements. By the late 1830s and early 1840s, most of the Caddo groups had been removed from Northeast Texas as their traditional homelands were taken and settled by Anglo-American farmers and planters. Instead, they took up residence in Oklahoma, or settled with other affiliated groups (such as the Delaware, Cherokee, and others) on the Brazos River in north central Texas. There they continued to farm and hunt bison, even after they had been placed on the Brazos Reserve (in present-day Young County, Texas) in 1854. The Caddo peoples on the Reserve, about 1050 in number, were removed in August 1859 to the Indian Territory and the Wichita agency in western Oklahoma. In this paper, I discuss three ceramic vessels in the collections of the Brooklyn Museum in New York City. They were apparently collected in the rnid-1850s from the Caddo peoples living on the Brazos Reserve. As such, the vessels provide a unique record and look at the kinds of ceramic vessels being manufactured by the Caddo immediately before they were removed to Oklahoma, and has considerable cultural and archaeological significance.
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Perttula, Timothy K. "Analysis of Ceramic Sherds from the Mid-18th Century Gilbert Site on Lake Fork Creek, Rains County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2012.1.25.
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The Gilbert site (41RA13) is an important mid-18th century American Indian site on an alluvial terrace along Lake Fork Creek, adjacent to the upper part of Lake Fork Reservoir in Rains County, Texas. The site was first investigated in 1962 by the Dallas Archeological Society, and based on the findings from that work, the Texas Archeological Society (TAS) had a field school at the site in June and July 1962. There are several notable features of the Gilbert site. First, it contains 21 midden mounds about 6-9 m in diameter and ca. 1 m in height spread out over ca. 50 aces of the alluvial terrace landform. The middens do not represent habitation features, as the “only occupational features discovered besides the middens were two pits that were evidently used for storing grain or other products. No house floors, post-mold patterns, burials, hearths, or other such structural remains were found." Further investigation by Blaine identified other midden features (discussed further below, and the source of the ceramic sherds discussed in this article) and a well-preserved bell-shaped storage pit in Feature 20. The newly-discovered midden features were not mounded or had a clay cap, and neither contained any evidence of structural remains or features. Structural features are considered more likely to be found in inter-midden areas than in the middens themselves. A second notable feature of the Gilbert site is the abundance of mid-18th century European trade goods in the archeological deposits, much of it likely obtained from French traders. These goods include metal tools (knives, axes, wedges, hatchets, hoes, scrapers, awls, chisels, scissors, arrow points, and a Spanish sword hilt), gun parts, ornaments (especially glass trade beads), brass kettles, horse trappings, fl at and bottle glass, and chipped glass pieces. Third, there was a substantial aboriginal ceramic sherd assemblage from the Gilbert site. The analysis of the sherds suggested that they are from vessels “too stylistically and technologically diverse to represent only one locally-produced ceramic complex." Furthermore, “the majority, and perhaps even all, of the decorated ceramics [at the site] are derived ultimately from the Caddoan [sic], particularly Fulton Aspect [Late Caddo period], tradition. Many close parallels exist in the modes and styles of decoration, paste characteristics, and vessel forms." And lastly, the various results of the investigations suggested that the site was a village occupied by southern Wichita groups, possibly the Tawakoni, Kichai, or Yscani Indians. This conclusion is far from uniformly accepted, a point I will return to in the final section of this article. In the remainder of this article, I discuss the analysis of a small collection of previously unstudied ceramic sherds from two midden features (F-B3 and F-B4) excavated by Jay and Jerrylee Blaine from the Gilbert site. The focus of the analysis is to characterize the principal stylistic and technological characteristics of the ceramic sherd assemblages from these two middens, compare this assemblage in those aspects with the larger assemblage from numerous middens studied by Story, and then offer my own interpretation of the cultural affiliations of the Gilbert site occupants based on the ceramic sherd assemblage data.
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Perttula, Timothy K. "Book Review: Before the Line. Vol I, II, and III." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2014.1.16.
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This three volume set written and compiled by Dr. Jim Tiller of Sam Houston State University (Huntsville, Texas) represents a significant body of work concerning the history of East Texas-Northwest Louisiana between 1803-1842. His study area includes what is now Caddo Parish in Louisiana and Harrison and Panola counties in Texas. Tiller's interest in the history of the Caddo Indian in this area is also shown by a series of articles he has written about them in recent years.
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Turner, Robert L. "Pottery from 41NA202: The Stephens Site in Nacogdoches County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2008.1.31.
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In late 1940 and early 1941, my father and I excavated the Stephens site (41NA202). The site is located on Bailey Creek approximately 5 km west of Central Heights in Nacogdoches County. The site had been identified by the land owner, who gave my father permission to excavate. The purpose of this short article is to briefly describe the ceramic assemblage from the site. The assemblage is unique for this area of East Texas. The excavated area from which the ceramic artifacts were recovered measured approximately 3 x 4.6 m with the long axis along the plow rows. The site was about 6 m north of the then stream bed and consisted of a scatter of European trade beads within the soil as well as numerous sherds of Caddo Indian manufacture. The area was excavated to the underlying clay, which was no more than 25 em or so below the surface, and the dirt was water screened in order to recover the artifacts. These artifacts consisted of European glass trade beads (more than 7420 beads of 21 different varieties) and ceramic sherds of Indian pottery. Other than two silver beads, no metal artifacts were found. Our conclusion concerning the site was that it resulted from at least one shallow grave of an individual that had been plowed up and the grave offerings scattered from the yearly cultivation of the area. One small skull fragment was the only trace of human remains.
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Perttula, Timothy K., Kevin Stingley, and Mark Walters. "Historic Caddo Archaeological Sites in Cherokee County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.54.
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The historic archaeology of the Caddo Indian peoples in East Texas has been the subject of considerable interest by Caddo archaeologists for a number of years. Much of that interest has been focused on the investigation of the effects of European contact on Caddo cultural traditions and practices, particularly the impact of introduced European epidemic diseases, and the impact of Spanish, French, and American colonization efforts. In recent years, another focus of Historic Caddo archaeological investigations has been on characterizing the material culture record of the different clusters of Caddo Indian sites in East Texas, most notably the study of the diversity in the decorative styles and technologies of their hand-made ceramic vessels as clues to identifying clusters of ethnically and socially related communities in the Angelina and Neches River basins that were living in the region after the mid-17th century A.D. Herein, we discuss the archaeological findings from four Historic Caddo sites in the Bowles Creek basin in Cherokee County, Texas, that have ceramic assemblages that help to better characterize the nature of what has been defined as Neche cluster sites; “a cluster is strictly a group of possibly related sites in close geographic proximity to each other” suggests that certain sites in the middle Neches River basin (and the Bowles Creek valley) are affiliated with the Neche Caddo groups, and the sites described in this article may well belong to the Neche cluster.
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McCrocklin, Claude. "Chipped Glass, Ceramics, and Axe Handles." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.1993.1.24.
Full textAbstract:
This is a brief paper on chipped glass and Euro-American ceramics found on Historic Indian sites in the ARK-LA-TEX region. These tools have long puzzled archaeologists as to their use, and still do to some extent today; hopefully this paper will clarify matters. Chipped and pressure-flaked glass was probably used differently from chipped ceramic tools, since the latter were softer and not as sharp as the bottle glass. As most of the chipped tools found were made of glass, this paper will deal primarily with them.
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Perttula, Timothy K., Bo Nelson, Mark Walters, and LeeAnna Schniebs. "Archaeological Investigations at the Edwards Creek Site (41FT549) in the Trinity River Basin, Freestone County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2008.1.34.
Full textAbstract:
The Edwards Creek site (41Ff549) was found during the course of a 2005 archaeological survey of a proposed small lake project in the adjoining Indian Creek stream valley in southeastern Freestone County, Texas. The site was identified while reconnoitering the general project area, and at that time a darkly stained midden area was noted on the surface here, with animal bones and other artifacts visible across it. With the permission of the landowner, we returned to the Edwards Creek site to investigate the site and its midden deposits.