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Shahjin, Farah, Rahul S. Guda, Victoria L. Schaal, Katherine Odegaard, Alexander Clark, Austin Gowen, Peng Xiao, Steven J. Lisco, Gurudutt Pendyala, and Sowmya V. Yelamanchili. "Brain-Derived Extracellular Vesicle microRNA Signatures Associated with In Utero and Postnatal Oxycodone Exposure." Cells 9, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9010021.
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Oxycodone (oxy) is a semi-synthetic opioid commonly used as a pain medication that is also a widely abused prescription drug. While very limited studies have examined the effect of in utero oxy (IUO) exposure on neurodevelopment, a significant gap in knowledge is the effect of IUO compared with postnatal oxy (PNO) exposure on synaptogenesis—a key process in the formation of synapses during brain development—in the exposed offspring. One relatively unexplored form of cell–cell communication associated with brain development in response to IUO and PNO exposure are extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-bound vesicles that serve as carriers of cargo, such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Using RNA-Seq analysis, we identified distinct brain-derived extracellular vesicle (BDEs) miRNA signatures associated with IUO and PNO exposure, including their gene targets, regulating key functional pathways associated with brain development to be more impacted in the IUO offspring. Further treatment of primary 14-day in vitro (DIV) neurons with IUO BDEs caused a significant reduction in spine density compared to treatment with BDEs from PNO and saline groups. In summary, our studies identified for the first time, key BDE miRNA signatures in IUO- and PNO-exposed offspring, which could impact their brain development as well as synaptic function.
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Schönau, Verena, Kristin Vogel, Matthias Englbrecht, Jochen Wacker, Daniela Schmidt, Bernhard Manger, Torsten Kuwert, and Georg Schett. "The value of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in identifying the cause of fever of unknown origin (FUO) and inflammation of unknown origin (IUO): data from a prospective study." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 77, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211687.
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BackgroundFever of unknown origin (FUO) and inflammation of unknown origin (IUO) are diagnostically challenging conditions. Diagnosis of underlying disease may be improved by 18F-fluorodesoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET).MethodsProspective study to test diagnostic utility of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in a large cohort of patients with FUO or IUO and to define parameters that increase the likelihood of diagnostic 18F-FDG-PET/CT. Patients with FUO or IUO received 18F-FDG-PET/CT scanning in addition to standard diagnostic work-up. 18F-FDG-PET/CT results were classified as helpful or non-helpful in establishing final diagnosis. Binary logistic regression was used to identify clinical parameters associated with a diagnostic 18F-FDG-PET/CT.Results240 patients were enrolled, 72 with FUO, 142 with IUO and 26 had FUO or IUO previously (exFUO/IUO). Diagnosis was established in 190 patients (79.2%). The leading diagnoses were adult-onset Still’s disease (15.3%) in the FUO group, large vessel vasculitis (21.1%) and polymyalgia rheumatica (18.3%) in the IUO group and IgG4-related disease (15.4%) in the exFUO/IUO group. In 136 patients (56.7% of all patients and 71.6% of patients with a diagnosis), 18F-FDG-PET/CT was positive and helpful in finding the diagnosis. Predictive markers for a diagnostic 18F-FDG-PET/CT were age over 50 years (p=0.019), C-reactive protein (CRP) level over 30 mg/L (p=0.002) and absence of fever (p=0.001).Conclusion18F-FDG-PET/CT scanning is helpful in ascertaining the correct diagnosis in more than 50% of the cases presenting with FUO and IUO. Absence of intermittent fever, higher age and elevated CRP level increase the likelihood for a diagnostic 18F-FDG-PET/CT.
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Xholli, Anjeza, Gianluca Simoncini, Sonja Vujosevic, Giulia Trombetta, Alessandra Chiodini, Mattia Francesco Ferraro, and Angelo Cagnacci. "Menstrual Pain and Elasticity of Uterine Cervix." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10051110.
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Menstrual pain is consequent to intense uterine contraction aimed to expel menstrual flow through downstream uterine cervix. Herein it was evaluated whether characteristics of uterine cervix are associated with intensity of menstrual pain. Ultrasound elastography was used to analyze cervix elasticity of 75 consecutive outpatient women. Elasticity was related to intensity of menstrual pain defined by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Four regions of interest (ROI) were considered: internal uterine orifice (IUO), anterior (ACC) and posterior cervical (PCC) compartment and middle cervical canal (MCC). Tissue elasticity, evaluated by color score (from 0.5 = blue/violet (low elasticity) to 3.0 = red (high elasticity), and percent tissue deformation was analyzed. Elasticity of IUO was lower (p = 0.0001) than that of MCC or ACC, and it was negatively related (R2 = 0.428; p = 0.0001) to menstrual VAS (CR −2.17; 95%CI −3.80, −0.54; p = 0.01). Presence of adenomyosis (CR 3.24; 95% CI 1.94, 4.54; p = 0.0001) and cervix tenderness at clinical examination (CR 2.74; 95% CI 1.29, 4.20; p = 0.0004), were also independently related to menstrual VAS. At post hoc analysis, women with vs. without menstrual pain had lower IUO elasticity, expressed as color score (0.72 ± 0.40 vs. 0.92 ± 0.42; p = 0.059), lower percent tissue deformation at IUO (0.09 ± 0.05 vs. 0.13 ± 0.08; p = 0.025), a higher prevalence of cervical tenderness at bimanual examination (36.2% vs. 9.5%; p = 0.022) and a higher prevalence of adenomyosis (46.5% vs. 19.9%; p = 0.04). These preliminary data indicate that IUO elasticity is associated with the presence and the intensity of menstrual pain. Mechanisms determining IUO elasticity are useful to be explored.
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Balink, H., H. J. Verberne, R. J. Bennink, and B. L. F. van Eck-Smit. "A Rationale for the Use of F18-FDG PET/CT in Fever and Inflammation of Unknown Origin." International Journal of Molecular Imaging 2012 (December 17, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/165080.
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This review focuses on the diagnostic value of hybrid F18-FDG Positron Emission Tomography/Computerized tomography (PET/CT) in fever of unknown origin (FUO) and inflammation of unknown origin (IUO). Due to the wide range of possible causes both FUO and IUO remain a clinical challenge for both patients and physicians. In addition, the aetiology of IUO shows the same variation in diseases as the FUO spectrum and probably requires the same diagnostic approach as FUO. There are numerous historically used diagnostic approaches incorporating invasive and non-invasive, and imaging techniques, all with relative high specificity but limited sensitivity. This hampers the generalization of these diagnostic approaches. However, recently published reports show that F18-FDG PET/CT in FUO and IUO has a high sensitivity and a relative non-specificity for malignancy, infection and inflammation. This makes F18-FDG PET/CT an ideal diagnostic tool to start the diagnostic process and to guide subsequent focused diagnostic approaches with higher specificity. In addition, F18-FDG PET/CT has a relative high negative predictive value. Therefore F18 FDG PET/CT should be incorporated in the routine diagnostic work-up of patients with FUO and IUO, preferably at an early stage in the diagnostic process.
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Kan, Ying, Wei Wang, Jie Liu, Jigang Yang, and Zhenchang Wang. "Contribution of 18F-FDG PET/CT in a case-mix of fever of unknown origin and inflammation of unknown origin: a meta-analysis." Acta Radiologica 60, no. 6 (September 11, 2018): 716–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185118799512.
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Background Fever of unknown origin (FUO) and inflammation of unknown origin (IUO) are challenging medical problems. Previous studies have shown that 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) plays an important role in the diagnosis of FUO, but few studies have explored this diagnostic technique in relation to IUO. Purpose To systematically review and perform a meta-analysis of published data on the diagnostic performance of PET/CT in the diagnosis of FUO and IUO. Material and Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines published in March 2018. Meta-analysis of diagnostic performance was performed using STATA 12.0 software. Subgroup analysis was performed by stratification based on study design, number of patients, geographic area, and final diagnosis based on 18F-FDG PET/CT. Meta-regression analyses were performed to recognize heterogeneity. Results Our meta-analysis included 23 studies, comprising a total sample size of 1927 patients. The pooled diagnosis performance was calculated with a per-patient-based analysis: sensitivity = 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.79–0.89), specificity = 0.63 (95% CI = 0.49–0.75), positive likelihood ratio = 2.3 (95% CI = 1.5–3.4), negative likelihood ratio = 0.25 (95% CI = 0.16–0.38), diagnostic odds ratio = 9 (95% CI = 4.0–20), and AUC = 0.84 (95% CI = 0.81–0.87). Conclusion In patients with non-specific symptoms and signs, 18F-FDG PET/CT is very helpful for recognizing and excluding diseases, directing further diagnostic decisions, and avoiding unnecessary invasive examinations. We recommend that 18F-FDG PET/CT should be considered among the first-line diagnostic tools for patients with FUO and IUO.
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Fisch, Fabiane, Joaquim Olinto Branco, Dagoberto Port, and João Thadeu De Menezes. "Variação espaço-temporal (1938-2013) do uso e ocupação da terra na região do Saco da Fazenda, Itajaí-SC." Geosul 34, no. 70 (March 25, 2019): 430–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2177-5230.2019v34n70p430.
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O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise da variação temporal da cobertura de uso e ocupação do solo de uma região estuarina no litoral centro-norte do Estado de Santa Catarina, reconstruindo as alterações na dinâmica da paisagem em um período de 75 anos (1938 - 2013), além de calcular as variações do Índice de Uso e Ocupação do Solo (IUO) e do Índice de Cobertura Vegetal (ICV). Para a classificação digital de uso e ocupação do solo foi realizada uma classificação visual, em ambiente SIG. Os resultados indicaram que nas décadas de 30, 50 e 70 ocorreram as maiores transformações na área de estudo, sendo que a variação do IUO apontou um crescimento das áreas antropizadas e o ICV demonstrou uma redução das áreas com vegetação. Estudos desta natureza constituem-se ferramentas importantes para a tomada de decisão dos gestores municipais, na busca de um crescimento mais harmônico das cidades, compatibilizando as necessidades dos moradores por moradias e serviços públicos com os remanescentes naturais, que tem igual importância para a qualidade de vida da população.
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Armagan, Berkan, Abdulsamet Erden, Ozlem Beydas, Alper Sari, Levent Kilic, and Umut Kalyoncu. "Is the PET/CT first choice for differential diagnosis of fever of FUO/IUO?" Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 77, no. 11 (December 13, 2017): e82-e82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212771.
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Takes, Peter A. "Clinical Laboratory Reagents: The Regulatory Hurdle." Microscopy Today 7, no. 7 (September 1999): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500064725.
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Today's clinical laboratory has a diversity of reagents and protocols from which to choose: a variety of clinical chemistry reagents, antibodies, and molecular probes, among others. These materials facilitate serum and urine analysis, histology, hematology, cytology, and a host of additional sensitive and specific assaysRegardless of the application, labs may see an array of labeling statements indicating a reagent's general use: "For Laboratory Use Only" [LUO]; "For Research Use Only" [RUO]; "For Investigational Use Only" [IUO]; "For In Vitro Diagnostic Use" [IVD]; and "Analyte Specific Reagent" [ASR]. These preparations are often employed without realizing the course manufacturer's must follow in order to provide reagents, and the reasons for these designations.
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Damore, Michael A., Suzanne K. Coberly, Karen Wakamiya, Scott Webster, Vaishali Tanna, Xiaolei Xu, Ivan Klement, et al. "An EGFRvIII-specific IHC IUO test for patient selection in AMG 595 phase I trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 2071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.2071.
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2071 Background: EGFRvIII is a mutant version of EGF receptor resulting from the genomic deletion of exons 2 through 7 and is expressed only in certain tumors. AMG 595 is an experimental therapeutic specifically targeting EGFRvIII and consists of an EGFRvIII-specific antibody conjugated to the maytansinoid antimicrotubule agent DM-1. Due to its specificity, mechanism of action, and pre-clinical activity, AMG 595 is expected to have clinical effect only in tumors expressing EGFRvIII. Since the reported prevalence of EGFRvIII in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is ~30%, prospective selection of patients with EGFRvIII positive tumors was desired for clinical development. An immunohistochemical (IHC) assay developed with Dako using a novel EGFRvIII antibody is currently being employed for patient selection for the AMG 595 phase I study in recurrent GBM (NCT01475006). Methods: An appropriate IHC reagent for human tissue was created using the variable region of a novel EGFRvIII-specific antibody developed using Xenomouse technology. Staining conditions were optimized using Dako pharmDx reagents, the Dako Link 48 Autostainer, and FFPE tissue sections. Confirmatory transcript analyses of adjacent sections were conducted using the NanoString platform. Results: Robust and reproducible staining for EGFRvIII was observed using archived GBM resections. Percentage of stained cells correlated with levels of EGFRvIII transcripts, and tumors without staining did not express EGFRvIII transcripts. Although some tumors exhibited homogenous staining, most were heterogeneous with varying distribution and percentages of stained tumor cells similar to literature reports of IHC analysis utilizing other EGFRvIII-specific antibodies. Tumor samples from patients entering into the AMG 595 Phase 1 study analyzed with this IHC test have displayed the predicted staining prevalence. Conclusions: The developed EGFRvIII IHC assay, approved under an Investigational Device Exemption, is currently being successfully employed to prospectively select patients in an ongoing phase I trial. Use of this well characterized IHC test will enable correlation of clinical outcome and staining characteristics to inform subsequent studies.
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Moran, T., P. Zuluaga, M. Domenech, A. Estival, E. Carcereny, L. Angelats, A. Plaja, C. Erasun, R. Muga, and D. Fuster. "EP1.16-17 Management of Inappropriate Use of Opioids (IUO) in Patients (P) with Lung Cancer (LC)." Journal of Thoracic Oncology 14, no. 10 (October 2019): S1070—S1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.2382.
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Schönau, Verena, and Georg Schett. "Response to: ‘Is the PET/CT first choice for differential diagnosis of FUO/IUO?’ by Armagan et al." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 77, no. 11 (February 2, 2018): e83-e83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212785.
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Guida, Donatella. "INALCO-IUO JOINT PUBLICATION ON THE EXPRESSION OF STATES OF MIND IN ASIAN WRITTEN AND FIGURATIVE SOURCES: THE WORKSHOP." MING QING YANJIU 9, no. 1 (February 6, 2000): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-90000398.
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Graue, Corrin, Bryan H. Schmitt, Amy Waggoner, Frederic Laurent, Lelia Abad, Thomas Bauer, Irving Mazariegos, et al. "322. Evaluation of the BioFire® Bone and Joint Infection (BJI) Panel for the Detection of Microorganisms and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Synovial Fluid Specimens." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S233—S234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.518.
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Abstract Background Bone and Joint Infections (BJIs) present with non-specific symptoms that may include pain, swelling, and fever and are associated with high morbidity and significant risk of mortality. BJIs can be caused by a variety of bacteria and fungi, including anaerobes and microorganisms that can be challenging to culture or identify by traditional microbiological methods. Clinicians primarily rely on culture to identify the pathogen(s) responsible for infection. The BioFire® Bone and Joint Infection (BJI) Panel (BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, UT) is designed to detect 15 gram-positive bacteria (including seven anaerobes), 14 gram-negative bacteria (including one anaerobe), two yeast, and eight antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes from synovial fluid specimens in about an hour. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of an Investigational Use Only (IUO) version of the BioFire BJI Panel compared to various reference methods. Methods Remnant synovial fluid specimens, which were collected for routine clinical care at 13 study sites in the US and Europe, underwent testing using an IUO version of the BioFire BJI Panel. Performance of this test was determined by comparison to Standard of Care (SoC) consisting of bacterial culture performed at each study site according to their routine procedures. Results A total of 1544 synovial fluid specimens were collected and tested with the BioFire BJI Panel. The majority of specimens were from knee joints (77.9%) and arthrocentesis (79.4%) was the most common collection method. Compared to SoC culture, overall sensitivity was 90.2% and specificity was 99.8%. The BioFire BJI Panel yielded a total of 268 Detected results, whereas SoC yielded a total of 215 positive results for on-panel analytes. Conclusion The BioFire BJI Panel is a sensitive, specific, and robust test for rapid detection of a wide range of analytes in synovial fluid specimens. The number of microorganisms and resistance genes included in the BioFire BJI Panel, together with a reduced time-to-result and increased diagnostic yield compared to culture, is expected to aid in the timely diagnosis and appropriate management of BJIs. Disclosures Benjamin von Bredow, PhD, BioFire (Grant/Research Support) Jennifer Dien Bard, PhD, BioFire Diagnostic (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator) Bart Kensinger, PhD, BioFire Diagnostics (Employee) Benedicte Pons, PhD, bioMerieux SA (Employee) Corinne Jay, PhD, bioMerieux SA (Employee)
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O'Donnell, L., W. Sweet, X. Lu, F. Meynier, A. Derome, L. Ganee, F. Poyet-Gelas, A. Martin, M. Casey, and N. Kertesz. "MC13-0053 High analytical concordance between a novel companion diagnostic assay and an IUO assay for BRAF V600E/V600K detection in melanoma." European Journal of Cancer 49 (November 2013): S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(13)70164-3.
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Schoenau, V., K. Vogel, M. Engelbrecht, D. Schmidt, T. Kuwert, B. Manger, and G. Schett. "OP0265 Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) and Inflammation of Unknown Origin (IUO): Is 18F-FDG-PET/CT A Useful First Line Diagnostic Strategy?:." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 75, Suppl 2 (June 2016): 158.3–159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.2255.
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Ohya, Y., K. Kitamura, and H. Kuriyama. "Cellular calcium regulates outward currents in rabbit intestinal smooth muscle cell." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 252, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): C401—C410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1987.252.4.c401.
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The nature of transient and oscillatory outward currents (ITO and IOO) in fragmented smooth muscle cells (smooth muscle ball, SMB) from the longitudinal muscle layer of the rabbit ileum, was studied using a single electrode voltage clamp technique. With a high K+ solution containing 0.3 mM ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) in the pipette and physiological salt solution (PSS) in the bath, the Ca inward current was followed by a large transient outward current (ITO) and spontaneous oscillations of the outward current (IOO) on the sustained outward current (ISO) were elicited by a depolarizing pulse, positive to -30 mV (holding potential of -60 mV). When the internal fluid of the SMB was replaced with Cs+-tetraethylammonium+ (TEA+) solution, or when the concentration of EGTA in the pipette was increased to 4 mM, using the intracellular perfusion technique, both ITO and IOO were abolished. In Mn2+ solution both currents were also inhibited. Bath application of TEA+, procaine or A23187 completely blocked both ITO and IOO. Caffeine (0.3-1 mM) enhanced the amplitude of ITO and generations of IOO, and concentrations of caffeine over 3 mM transiently enhanced, but finally suppressed both these currents. These results suggest that the generation of ITO is closely related to the Ca2+ influx, whereas the generation of IOO may be initiated by an increment in the intracellular concentration of Ca2+, possibly released from store sites.
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Signa, S., R. Caorsi, G. Stagnaro, F. Minoia, P. Picco, A. Ravelli, M. B. Damasio, and M. Gattorno. "OP0293 USE OF WHOLE-BODY MAGNETIC RESONANCE TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC CLUES IN CHILDREN WITH FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN (FUO)." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2640.
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Background:Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WBMRI) is a fast and accurate method to detect diseases throughout the entire body without exposure to ionizing radiation. Possible emerging applications for this technique include rheumatologic field and evaluation of fever of unknown origin (FUO).Objectives:To evaluate the ability of WBMRI to identify significant potential diagnostic clue (PDC) in patients presenting a non specific inflammatory clinical picture.Methods:We retrospectively collected cases of pediatric patients followed in a single pediatric rheumatology center who underwent WBMRI between January 2010 and December 2015 for the following indications: i) FUO (temperature greater than 38.3°C for more than three weeks or failure to reach diagnosis after one week of investigations), iii) recurrent fever (febrile episodes separated by periods of normal temperature), iii) Inflammation of unknown origin, IUO (an illness of at least 3 weeks’ duration, with raised inflammatory markers and fever below 38.3°C).WBMRI studies were acquired with coronal and sagittal planes (slice thickness 5mm) with acquisition of several image sets with automatic direct image realignment after acquisition creating a whole-body scan.Sequences include short τ inversion recovery (STIR) and T1-weighted. All studies have been evaluated twice, the second time according to a predefined checklist, defined by an experienced radiologist, considering systematically single /multifocal bone lesion, bone marrow, joint effusion, soft tissues, adenopathies, parenchymal and vessels looking for PDC. We considered as a Potential Diagnostic Clue each alteration of the examined district that can potentially guide the diagnosis. Each alteration found is a PDC. We retrospectively evaluated patients’ clinical history and final diagnosis and we classified the PDCs identified during both first evaluation and re-evaluation as: Not useful (the identified PDC did not guide the diagnosis and is not coherent with the final diagnosis), consistent (the identified PDC is congruent with the patient’s final diagnosis) or diagnostic (the identification of the considered PDC strongly orient the final diagnosis).Results:We collected 104 patients who underwent WBMRI; 24 (23%) of them presenting FUO, 28 (27%) presenting recurrent fever and 52 (50%) presenting IUO. The mean age of onset symptoms was 6 years and nine months (range: 2 weeks old- 17 years and 6 months). The mean age of execution of WBMRI was 9 years (range: 5 months old- 19 years). After the whole diagnostic work-out a final diagnosis was achieved in 44 patients (42%).PDCs were identified at the first evaluation in 78/104 cases (75%). In 22 cases (21%) the identified PDCs were consistent with the diagnosis, whereas in 9 cases (8.5%) the identified PDCs were considered diagnostic. Globally we can consider that at first evaluation PDCs were somehow contributory to the diagnosis in 31 cases (30%; 6 JIA, 7 systemic infections, 5 monogenic inflammatory diseases, 4 ALPS, 2 Goldbloom’s Syndrome,2 Vasculitis,1 eosinophilic fasciitis, 1 hystiocytosis, 3 oncologic diagnosis).Blind re-evaluation of WBMRI allowed the identification of additional PDCs in 52 patients (12 of them previously negative). In 10 cases the PDC found after re- evaluation were consistent with the final diagnosis (2 JIA, one infectious disease, one neuroblastoma, 3 ALPS, 1 monogenic inflammatory disease, 1Takayasu arteritis, 1 Goldbloom’s syndrome).Conclusion:WBMRI can be a powerful diagnostic tool in patients with FUO. A predefined checklist increases sensitivity of WBMRI in the identification of PDC.Disclosure of Interests:Sara Signa: None declared, Roberta Caorsi: None declared, Giorgio Stagnaro: None declared, Francesca Minoia: None declared, Paolo Picco: None declared, Angelo Ravelli: None declared, Maria Beatrice Damasio: None declared, Marco Gattorno Consultant of: Sobi, Novartis, Speakers bureau: Sobi, Novartis
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Kavsak, Peter A., Liqin Xu, Salim Yusuf, and Matthew J. McQueen. "High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Measurement for Risk Stratification in a Stable High-Risk Population." Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 1146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.164574.
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BACKGROUND Past investigations regarding the utility of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays have been focused primarily on the acute coronary syndrome setting. We assessed whether such assays can predict future ischemic cardiovascular events in a stable high-risk population. METHODS We quantified serum cTnI using an investigational high-sensitivity assay (hs-cTnI IUO, Beckman Coulter) in 2572 participants from the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study. The derived ROC curve cutoff and the 99th percentile for the hs-cTnI assay were assessed by Kaplan–Meier and Cox analyses for the primary outcome [composite of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and cardiovascular death] at 4.5 years of follow-up. We also assessed individual outcomes (MI, stroke, cardiovascular death) and the combined outcome (MI/cardiovascular death) by regression analyses to determine hazard ratios (HRs) and c statistics in models that included established risk factors, C-reactive protein, and N-terminal pro-B–type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). RESULTS Participants with hs-cTnI >6 ng/L (ROC cutoff) were at higher risk for the primary outcome (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.09–1.76; P = 0.008, adjusted models). For the individual outcomes, participants with hs-cTnI above the 99th percentile (≥10 ng/L) had higher risk for cardiovascular death (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.32–3.52; P = 0.002) and MI (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.05–2.10; P = 0.025) but not stroke (HR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76–2.47; P = 0.288, adjusted models). Addition of hs-cTnI to an established risk model with NT-proBNP also yielded a higher c statistic for the combined outcome of MI/cardiovascular death. CONCLUSIONS The investigational Beckman Coulter hs-cTnI assay provides prognostic information for future MI and cardiovascular death in a stable high-risk population.
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Wang, Wen-Xia, Zhao-Ting Cheng, Ji-Ling Zhu, Ming-You Xing, Cai-Feng Zheng, Si-Jun Wang, Na-Na Xie, Zhi-Qun XianYu, and Jian-Xin Song. "Combined clinical parameters improve the diagnostic efficacy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) and inflammation of unknown origin (IUO): A prospective study in China." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 93 (April 2020): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.030.
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Harvey, R. D., and J. R. Hume. "Isoproterenol activates a chloride current, not the transient outward current, in rabbit ventricular myocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 257, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): C1177—C1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1989.257.6.c1177.
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The effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation on the Ca2(+)-insensitive transient outward current (Ito) in rabbit ventricular myocytes were examined. Exposure to isoproterenol (ISO; 1 microM) activated a time-dependent current at positive membrane potentials. To determine whether this ISO-induced current was associated with Ito, sensitivity to the K+ channel antagonist, 3,4-diaminopyridine (DAP; 200 microM) was compared before and after exposure to ISO. The DAP-sensitive current was not enhanced by ISO, suggesting that the ISO-induced current was not a component of Ito. Ito and the ISO-induced current could also be dissociated by changing the membrane holding potential. Positive holding potentials, which produced significant inactivation of Ito, had little effect on the ISO-induced membrane current. Furthermore, the ISO-induced current could be observed when K+ was replaced by Cs+. The reversal potential of the ISO-induced current agreed with the predicted Cl- equilibrium potential, and exposure to Cl(-)-free extracellular solutions eliminated the response to ISO. Therefore, we conclude that ISO does not directly activate Ito in rabbit ventricular myocytes, but instead, activates a time-independent chloride current (ICl) similar to that recently described in guinea pig ventricular myocytes and shown to be regulated by adenylate cyclase (R. D. Harvey and J. R. Hume. Science Wash. DC 244: 983-985, 1989).
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Furnari, S. L. "Trough Equity Crowdfunding Evolution and Involution: Initial Coin Offering and Initial Exchange Offering." Lex Russica, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.170.1.101-117.
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This article analyzes two of the last innovative financing instruments of the crowdfunding family: Initial Coin Offering (ICO) and Initial Exchange Offering (IEO). Having both a potential financial nature, they will be addressed as «sons» of Equity-based Crowdfunding (EBCF). The main scope of this paper is to show opportunities and dangers of ICO and IEO through a comparison with EBCF. Indeed, at the end of the analysis it will be possible to understand if ICO and IEO can be considered as positive evolution of EBCF or — at least one of them — can be considered so dangerous to appear as a sort of «involution».In order to answer our question, the discussion firstly focuses on EBCF, the innovative financing instrument being one of the most important figures of the «crowdfunding family». Its importance lies in its financial nature that makes this instrument different from the other models (meaning the donation, reward and lending). Participating in an EBCF-campaign, indeed, lets participants become shareholders of the company they are giving money to. So, the main pros and cons of the participation in an EBCF campaign will be disclosed. In particular, granting easier access to capitals together with the possibility to benefit from the so-called «wisdom of the crowd» allowed EBCF to become one of the most innovative financing tools of our age. However, these advantages need to be mitigated with the main risks occurring during a crowdfunding campaign. These are: moral hazard and frauds, arbitrary exclusion during pre-emptive screening by platform and, last but not least, illiquidity.Therefore, the discussion moves to the technological advanced new entry of the crowdfunding family, meaning ICO and IEO. In order to understand why ICO and IEO are so similar to EBCF, both the main characteristic of these instruments will be described. With reference to ICO, first of all this article provides a brief description of the technology that makes this innovative financing tool the advanced «son» of EBCF. Indeed, through the launch of an ICO, a company asks the crowd a precise amount of money in exchange of a «token»: an informatic instrument through which the participant may exercise also some financial rights towards the company. From this point of view, an ICO-campaign is very similar to an EBCF one, lying the main difference in the technological solutions used, the queen on those is blockchain. Furthermore, ICO characteristic will be outlined in order to disclose its functioning — meaning the relation with blockchain and smart contracts — and the different models of tokens.After that, also IEO will be described. IEO could be considered one of the last variants of ICO. The main difference, indeed, lies in the fact that IEO campaigns are not conducted in the website owned by the company but in a specific platform, that is a crypto-asset exchange.The exam of ICO and IEO potentialities (i.e. programmability, disintermediation and tokenization) will highlight how ICO and IEO may solve most of the mentioned EBCF cons. This will lead to the potential consideration of ICO and IEO as evolution of EBCF. However, also ICO and IEO cons will be highlighted (meaning lack of transparency, not clear regulatory regime and, for IEO in particular, dangerous proximity with investors and potential conflict of interest). From the comparison between ICO and IEO pros and cons it will be possible to discuss on if we are really in front of two evolution of EBCF or nearer to an «involution» of this instrument, considering regulatory solutions in order to avoid this second scenario.
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Chann, Piseth. "PERAN KONVENSI HUKUM LAUT INTERNASIONAL PBB 1982 DAN INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) BAGI KESELAMATAN DAN KEAMANAN ANAK BUAH KAPAL (ABK) SELAMA BERLAYAR DALAM PELAYARAN INTERNASIONAL." Jurnal Poros Hukum Padjadjaran 2, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 160–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/jphp.v2i1.260.
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ABSTRAKEksploitasi terhadap tenaga kerja di laut lepas, khususnya ABK, masih sering terjadi. Meskipun tidak diatur secara spesifik, keselamatan dan keamanan ABK dapat dikaitkan dengan KHL PBB 1982, Pasal 94. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan keterkaitan Pasal 94 KHL dengan perlindungan terhadap ABK, peran IMO terhadap keselamatan dan keamanan ABK, dan kerja sama antara IMO dan ILO dalam menangani masalah eksploitasi sumber daya manusia dalam pelayaran internasional. Dari kajian ini dapat dijelaskan bahwa dalam KHL PBB 1982, Pasal 94 Ayat 2 (b) dan 3 (b) terdapat kewajiban yang dibebankan kepada Negara Bendera untuk ikut bertanggung jawab jika ABK mendapatkan suatu masalah. Sementara itu, sebagai agen khusus PBB, IMO telah mengadopsi satu Kode Manajemen Internasional dengan tujuan untuk memastikan keselamatan manusia dan menghindari kerusakan lingkungan laut. IMO, ILO dan Ad Hoc juga membentuk kerja sama tripartit untuk mengatur hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan ketenagakerjaan di laut. Kata Kunci: anak buah kapal; IMO; ILO; keselamatan dan keamanan
ABSTRACTExploitation of workers on the high seas, especially the ship's crew, is still common. Although not specifically regulated, the safety and security of the ship's crew can be linked to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Article 94. The purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between Article 94 UNCLOS and the protection of ship's crew, the role of International Maritime Organization (IMO) in the safety and security of ship's crew, and cooperation between IMO and ILO in dealing with the problem of exploitation of human resources in international shipping. From this study, it can be explained that in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 94 Paragraphs 2 (b) and 3 (b) there was an obligation imposed on the Flag State to take responsibility if the ship's crew had a problem. Meanwhile, as a UN special agent, IMO has adopted an International Management Code to ensure human safety and avoid damage to the marine environment. IMO, ILO and Ad Hoc also formed tripartite cooperation to regulate matters related to employment at sea.Keywords: ILO; IMO; security and safety; ship's crew
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Manjón-Cabeza Cruz, Antonio. "Los sufijos –ico, -ito, -illo en el español de Granada, España." Spanish in Context 13, no. 3 (December 16, 2016): 420–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.13.3.05man.
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En el español de Granada (España) conviven tres sufijos diminutivos: –ico/a, –ito/a, –illo/a. En el corpus PRESEEA de Granada se ha hallado la siguiente distribución: 13 % corresponde a –ico, 42 % a –ito y 45 % a –illo. Tras su estudio, en primer lugar, comprobamos que el empleo de diminutivos es un rasgo idiosincrásico, dada la alta desviación típica que presenta su uso (σ = 18). En segundo lugar, constatamos que existe una distribución social donde –ico tiende a ser abandonado, mientras que compiten –ito e –illo. Parece ser el primer paso para la convergencia con el estándar del centro de la península. Por otra parte, se puede observar que la penetración de –ito obedece a un fenómeno de difusión léxica, con menor productividad morfológica que –illo. Por último, observamos que estos cambios están llevando a restricciones fónicas, puesto que el fonema final de la base a la que se aplica el diminutivo está comenzando a determinar el sufijo.
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Hahn, Christopher, and Robert Wilkens. "ICO vs. IPO – Prospektrechtliche Anforderungen bei Equity Token Offerings." Zeitschrift für Bankrecht und Bankwirtschaft 31, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 10–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15375/zbb-2019-0104.
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Zusammenfassung Mit Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) ist auf Basis der Blockchain-Technologie eine neuartige Form der Unternehmensfinanzierung entstanden, die das Potenzial hat, klassische VC-Investments in den Schatten zu stellen. Trotz der sprachlichen Ähnlichkeit haben ICOs meist wenig mit einem Börsengang (Initial Public Offering, IPO), zu tun. Mit den sog. Equity Token Offerings (ETOs) hat sich jedoch eine besondere ICO-Form herausgebildet, die zwar weniger in sprachlicher, dafür aber umso mehr in funktionaler Hinsicht mit einem klassischen IPO vergleichbar ist und nun auch in Deutschland in den Startlöchern steht. ETO-Initiatoren treibt dabei vor allem. die Frage nach einer möglichen IPO-ähnlichen Prospektpflicht um.
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Baram, Ilan, Ariel Weinstein, and James Trussell. "The IUB, a newly invented IUD: a brief report." Contraception 89, no. 2 (February 2014): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2013.10.017.
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Adderley, Shaquria P., Eileen A. Dufaux, Meera Sridharan, Elizabeth A. Bowles, Madelyn S. Hanson, Alan H. Stephenson, Mary L. Ellsworth, and Randy S. Sprague. "Iloprost- and isoproterenol-induced increases in cAMP are regulated by different phosphodiesterases in erythrocytes of both rabbits and humans." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 296, no. 5 (May 2009): H1617—H1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01226.2008.
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Activation of the G protein Gs results in increases in cAMP, a necessary step in the pathway for ATP release from rabbit and human erythrocytes. In all cells, the level of cAMP is the product of its synthesis by adenylyl cyclase and its hydrolysis by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Both iloprost (Ilo), a PGI2 analog, and isoproterenol (Iso), a β-agonist, stimulate receptor-mediated increases in cAMP in rabbit and human erythrocytes. However, the specific PDEs associated with each of these signaling pathways in the erythrocyte have not been fully characterized. Previously, we reported that PDE3B is present in rabbit and human erythrocyte membranes and that PDE3 inhibitors potentiate Ilo-induced increases in cAMP. Here we report that inhibitors of either PDE2 or PDE4, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA) and rolipram, respectively, potentiate Iso-induced increases in cAMP in rabbit and human erythrocytes. Importantly, these inhibitors had no effect on cAMP increases associated with the incubation of erythrocytes with Ilo. In addition, we establish, for the first time, the presence of PDE2A protein in rabbit and human erythrocyte membranes. Finally, we determined that preincubation of human erythrocytes with EHNA and rolipram together potentiate Iso-induced ATP release, whereas preincubation with cilostazol enhances Ilo-induced release of ATP. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in rabbit and human erythrocytes, Ilo-induced increases in cAMP and ATP release are regulated by PDE3, whereas those associated with Iso are regulated by the activities of both PDE2 and PDE4. These studies demonstrate that PDE activity in these cells is localized to specific signaling pathways.
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Myalo, A. S. "Comparative Analysis of ICO, DAOICO, IEO and STO. Case Study." Finance: Theory and Practice 23, no. 6 (December 24, 2019): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2019-23-6-6-25.
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The article examines the problem of the ICO (Initial Coin Offering, from English — “initial offer of coins, initial placement of coins”). The information source is the ICO rating data of the return on investment in blockchain startups. The methodological base of the research is a situational comparative analysis of the ICO, DAOICO, IEO and STO and systematization of information. The author analyzes three new ICO models. The first one includes elements of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO). Its aim is to minimize the difficulties and risks associated with the ICO. The second model (Initial Exchange Offering (IEO), from English — “primary exchange offer”) is designed to minimize risks, liquidity problems and a delay in listing tokens at the end of the token sale. The third model — the Security Token Offering (STO, from English — “offer of security token”) — was designed to support real assets and comply with the SEC requirements. These models are a new direction for small and medium enterprises and investors. The absence of any scientific work emphasizes the relevance and scientific novelty of the study. The article is a follow-up of the empirical work related to the success of the ICO, as well as the basis for its revision using the case study results.
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Bernard Salas, J., S. R. Pottasch, W. A. Feibelman, and P. R. Wesselius. "An ISO and IUE study of planetary nebula NGC 2440." Astronomy & Astrophysics 387, no. 1 (May 2002): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20020351.
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Saunders, Mary. "Remarks by Mary Saunders." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 112 (2018): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.51.
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The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an independent, non-governmental, not-for-profit organization that develops and publishes fully consensus-based International Standards. ISO members are national standards bodies (NSBs), which may be government, private, or public-private entities. 163 NSBs are members of ISO. The ISO standards portfolio numbers more than 20,000 standards. ISO also has a large network of liaison organizations—which can participate in the ISO process but do not vote. These include many treaty organizations, including the World Health Organization, Codex, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and so on; as well as numerous other international organizations.
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Salma, Umme, Min Xue, Ali Sheikh Md Sayed, and Dabao Xu. "Efficacy of Intrauterine Device in the Treatment of Intrauterine Adhesions." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/589296.
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The primary purpose of this paper is to assess the efficacy of the use of the intrauterine device (IUD) as an adjunctive treatment modality, for intrauterine adhesions (IUAs). All eligible literatures were identified by electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Additional relevant articles were identified from citations in these publications. There were 28 studies included for a systematic review. Of these, 5 studies were eligible for meta-analysis and 23 for qualitative assessment only. Twenty-eight studies related to the use of IUDs as ancillary treatment following adhesiolysis were identified. Of these studies, 25 studies at least one of the following methods were carried out as ancillary treatment: Foley catheter, hyaluronic acid gel, hormonal therapy, or amnion graft in addition to the IUD. There was one study that used IUD therapy as a single ancillary treatment. In 2 studies, no adjunctive therapy was used after adhesiolysis. There was a wide range of reported menstrual and fertility outcomes which were associated with the use of IUD combined with other ancillary treatments. At present, the IUD is beneficial in patients with IUA, regardless of stage of adhesions. However, IUD needs to be combined with other ancillary treatments to obtain maximal outcomes, in particular in patients with moderate to severe IUA.
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Han, Zhong Xu, and Xin Shou Tian. "On Non-Linearities Separate Modeling Method and State Feedback Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 931–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.931.
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Modeling method of non-linearities objects controlled have more problem and difficulty. Based on the increment function observer (IFO-Kx), this paper gives the mathematical conceptions of Increment Function Observer with variable gain IFO-K(T(t)) x and the Increment full dimension State Observer with variable gain ISO-T(t) x, which makes the application of increment observer extending to non-linear slow-time-varying controlled system. In this paper, the sufficient condition of IFO-K(T(t)) x and ISO-T(t) x is presented, and comparing this condition with the sufficient and necessary condition of increment function observer, the useful conclusion for practical engineering can be obtained that the design of increment observer can avoid seeking the solution of Sylvester matrix equation, which provides the more maturity theory foundation for the engineering application of incremental observer.
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Hengst, Sjoerd. "Standardization -A Competitive Tool." Journal of Ship Production 13, no. 03 (August 1, 1997): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1997.13.3.198.
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The paper deals with aspects of standardization in relation to international developments. In the E. U. the role of the organization for standardization, CEN, is changing. This is the result of the tie of standards with the directives issued by the E.C. and affects the National Standards. For shipping and shipbuilding, IMO will be the reference. ISO is the international organization to develop the standards. In Europe, standardization for the maritime industry, the international (ISO) developments and the role of CEN in relation to Council Directives of the E.C. are the concern of the administrators in Brussels. CEN TC 300, the CEN Technical Committee for Shipbuilding, is responsible for the liaison between ISO, IMO, and the national standard organizations. A review is given of the constraints, advantages and disadvantages of international standards for the shipbuilding industry.
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Reynolds-Wright, John Joseph, and Rebecca L. Heller. "Delayed presentation of uterine and bowel perforation following insertion of an intrauterine device." BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health 45, no. 3 (April 26, 2019): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsrh-2018-200288.
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IntroductionInsertion of intrauterine methods of contraception (IUC) carries an inherent but small risk of perforation of the uterus, usually quoted at 2 in 1000. If perforation occurs, it is usually discovered either when a patient presents with ‘missing threads’ or with an unplanned pregnancy. Rarely, if the IUC has perforated bowel, patients can present acutely unwell although this sometimes occurs years after insertion. Asymptomatic perforation of the bowel (with IUC insertion or otherwise) is not common.Case historyIn January 2018, a 41-year-old woman attended our community sexual and reproductive health service requesting removal of her intrauterine system (IUS). The clinic nurse performed this and during the consultation the patient revealed that several days earlier she had passed a previous ‘lost’ intrauterine device (IUD) when she opened her bowels. She came to believe this was an IUD inserted in 2006 that had been ‘lost’ and resulted in a pregnancy with her third child. We counselled her about her options and she had the IUS removed as she was worried this could happen again and opted to use condoms.ConclusionThis case reports an unusual presentation of a delayed and importantly ‘silent’ perforation of the uterus and bowel on insertion of IUC. The case highlights the importance of cross-specialty communication when an IUD has perforated or expelled resulting in a continuing pregnancy, so that appropriate imaging can be arranged following delivery of the baby.
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Louis, Marieke, and Coline Ruwet. "Representativeness from Within: A Comparison between the ILO and the ISO." Globalizations 14, no. 4 (June 29, 2016): 535–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2016.1201327.
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Monteiro, Fred Julio Costa, José Carlos Tavares Carvalho, and Raimundo Nonato Picanço Souto. "Distribuição da Oviposição e Dinâmica Temporal do Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) por Meio de Ovitrampas." EntomoBrasilis 7, no. 3 (December 5, 2014): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v7i3.419.
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O presente estudo teve como objetivo monitorar a dispersão do Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) por meio de ovitrampas e correlacionar com as variáveis ambientais durante período aproximado de um ano na cidade de Macapá, AP, Brasil. Foram instaladas um total de 66 ovitrampas em 4 zonas da cidade: oeste, sul norte e central, trocando semanalmente as armadilhas. A contagem de ovos permitiu calcular o índice de positividade de ovo (IPO) e índice de densidade de ovo (IDO). Comparou-se o IPO e o IDO entre zonas, e correlacionou-se com os dados climáticos. Durante o estudo, o IPO foi de 50,44% e o IDO 103,79. Não houve diferença do IPO entre as zonas, apenas o IDO da zona central fora maior que as demais. O IPO e o IDO estiveram correlacionados positivamente com a pluviosidade e umidade do ar mínima e, negativamente com a umidade máxima do ar e temperatura máxima e mínima. O monitoramento do A. aegypti por meio de ovitrampa direciona complementarmente a equipe de combate ao vetor, permitindo atuar de maneira mais eficaz na área de maior positividade. Nossos resultados indicam que Macapá está similarmente infestada pelo A. aegypti e que estes elevados índices são influenciados fortemente pelas variáveis ambientais, sendo o período mais chuvoso com os maiores índices entomológicos.
Distribution of Oviposition and Temporal Dynamics of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) by Ovitraps
Abstract. This study aimed to monitor the spread of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) using ovitraps and correlate the results with the climate data over a period of approximately one year in the city of Macapá, AP, Brazil. A total of 66 ovitraps were installed in four areas of the city (west, south, north and central), and replaced weekly. The eggs were counted to calculate the egg positivity index (EPI) and egg density index (EDI). The EPI and EDI were compared across zones and correlated with climate data. For the period of the study, the EPI was 50.44% and the EDI was 103.79. There was no difference in EPI across different areas, and only the EDI in the central area was greater than that in the other areas. The EPI and EDI were correlated positively with rainfall and humidity minimum and negatively with maximum humidity of air and maximum and minimum temperature. The monitoring of A. aegypti using ovitraps helps the team to combat the vector, enabling them to act more effectively in areas of higher positivity. Our results indicate that Macapa is similarly infested with A. aegypti and these high levels are strongly influenced by environmental variables, being the rainiest period with the largest entomological indices.
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Lu, Ying, Wayne Harris, Jian-Ming Li, and Edmund K. Waller. "Donor BM Dendritic Cells Expressing IDO Limit Graft-Versus-Host Disease After Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.1331.1331.
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Abstract Abstract 1331 Poster Board I-353 Background In contrast to the essential role of host dendritic cells (DC) in the initiation of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactions, less is known about the effects of donor DC on T cells in these processes. We have previously reported that adding donor BM plasmacytoid DC (pDC) progenitors to a murine graft composed of purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and T-cells increased donor activation and Th1 polarization leading to enhanced GVL activity without increasing GVHD (Li et al. 2007 Blood 110:2181), while larger numbers of human donor pDC were associated with less GVL activity following allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) (Waller et al. 2001 Blood 97:2948). To explore the dissociation of GVHD from GVL we tested the hypothesis that activation of donor T-cells by donor pDC leads to reciprocal induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression and immune counter-regulatory activity by donor DC that limits donor T-cell allo-reactivity. Methods pDC precursors were purified by high-speed FACS from un-stimulated BM harvested from wild type (WT) and IDO knock-out (IKO) mice. T-cell proliferation and immune polarization in response to indirect antigen presentation by syngenic DC was measured in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and by recovery of CFSE-labeled donor T-cells from allogeneic transplant recipients. IDO expression in DC was measured by FACS and intracellular staining using pDC from IKO BM as a negative staining control. FACS-purified 5 × 104 pDC either from WT mice or from IKO mice in combination with 3 × 103 c-kit+ Sca-1+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and 3 × 105 T-cells were transplanted in MHC mismatched C57BL/6→B10.BR model following lethal irradiation. Results FACS-purified lineage−CD11cloCD11b− pDC expressed B220 (72%), CD90 (51%), and CD317 (PDCA-1) (93%), had low levels of MHC-II, partial expression of CD4, and lacked expression of CD24, CD80, CD86 and NK cell or granulocytic markers. IDO expression in purified pDC was up regulated by IFN-γ produced by syngenic T-cells in vitro in one-way MLR. In vivo proliferation of CFSE-labeled donor T-cells was enhanced in mice that received pDC from either WT or IKO mice. Co-transplantation of IKO pDC led to higher proliferation rates of CD8+ T-cells but not CD4+ T-cells compared with the proliferation of corresponding donor T-cell subset co-transplanted with WT DC. The incidence and severity of GVHD (weight loss and GVHD score) were markedly increased in recipients receiving pDC from IKO mice as compared with mice receiving WT pDC. The enhanced GVL activity of donor T-cells induced by transplanted donor WT pDC was abolished when IKO pDC were transplanted into tumor-bearing recipients. Transplanting WT donor pDC led to larger numbers of donor-derived CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T-reg cells in the spleens of transplant recipients compared with mice receiving IKO pDC (p<0.01) in combination with purified HSC and T-cells. Conclusions Taken together, our data suggest IDO expression in pDC as a critical downstream event that inhibits continued T-cell activation and GVHD. We propose a feedback model in which donor pDC initially induce Th1 polarization of activated donor CD8+ T-cells that secret high levels of IFN-γ. IDO expressed by donor pDC in response to local IFN-γ subsequently induces a counter-regulatory effect including the generation of T-reg and down-modulation of CD8+ T-cell allo-reactivity and proliferation, limiting GVHD while preserving the GVL activity of donor T-cells. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Diniz, Morgana M. C. de S. L., Daniella Vilela Lima, Filipe Gabriel Menezes Pancetti, Delsio Natal, and Paulo Roberto Urbinatti. "Influência de fatores climáticos na presença, densidade e distribuição de Aedes aegypti na Zona Oeste de São Paulo / Influence of climatic factors on the presence, density and distribution of Aedes aegypti in the West Zone of São Paulo." Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 4, no. 3 (July 27, 2021): 3418–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv4n3-049.
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Objetivo: avaliar a presença do Aedes aegypti por meio de indicadores entomológicos de monitoramento, associando as variáveis meteorológicas. Métodos: As coletas ocorreram de dezembro de 2013 a novembro de 2014, mensalmente foram instaladas 40 ovitrampas e 40 adultraps, o material coletado foi levado ao laboratório para análise. Após análise foram calculados os índices IDO (índice de densidade de ovos), IPO (índice de positividade das ovitrampas), IPaegypti(índice da presença de Ae. aegypti) e Mfaegypti(média de fêmeas); todos esses indicadores foram associados a variáveis ambientais. Resultados: Abril (90%) foi o mais expressivo para o IPO e setembro (80,5) o de maior IDO. Para os adultos janeiro (11,8%) apresentou o maior IPaegypti, para Mfaegypti março (0,15) foi mais representativo. Conclusão A presença do Ae. aegypti na Cidade Universitária foi expressiva ao longo do ano, necessitando um monitoramento constante da presença do vetor.
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Grover, Theresa R., Robyn L. Rairigh, Jeanne P. Zenge, Steven H. Abman, and John P. Kinsella. "Inhaled carbon monoxide does not cause pulmonary vasodilation in the late-gestation fetal lamb." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 278, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): L779—L784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.4.l779.
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As observed with nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) binds and may activate soluble guanylate cyclase and increase cGMP levels in smooth muscle cells in vitro. Because inhaled NO (INO) causes potent and sustained pulmonary vasodilation, we hypothesized that inhaled CO (ICO) may have similar effects on the perinatal lung. To determine whether ICOcan lower pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) during the perinatal period, we studied the effects of ICOon late-gestation fetal lambs. Catheters were placed in the main pulmonary artery, left pulmonary artery (LPA), aorta, and left atrium to measure pressure. An ultrasonic flow transducer was placed on the LPA to measure blood flow to the left lung. After baseline measurements, fetal lambs were mechanically ventilated with a hypoxic gas mixture (inspired O2fraction < 0.10) to maintain a constant fetal arterial [Formula: see text]. After 60 min (baseline), the lambs were treated with ICO[5–2,500 parts/million (ppm)]. Comparisons were made with INO(5 and 20 ppm) and combined INO(5 ppm) and ICO(100 and 2,500 ppm). We found that ICOdid not alter left lung blood flow or PVR at any of the study doses. In contrast, low-dose INOdecreased PVR by 47% ( P < 0.005). The combination of INOand ICOdid not enhance the vasodilator response to INO. To determine whether endogenous CO contributes to vascular tone in the fetal lung, zinc protoporphyrin IX, an inhibitor of heme oxygenase, was infused into the LPA in three lambs. Zinc protoporphyrin IX had no effect on baseline PVR, aortic pressure, or the pressure gradient across the ductus arteriosus. We conclude that ICOdoes not cause vasodilation in the near-term ovine transitional circulation, and endogenous CO does not contribute significantly to baseline pulmonary vascular tone or ductus arteriosus tone in the late-gestation ovine fetus.
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Han, Hyun-Woong, Young Hoon Yun, and Sung Churl Choi. "Effects of Annealing Condition on the Preparation of Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Films via Sol-Gel Spin Coating Process." Materials Science Forum 492-493 (August 2005): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.325.
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Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were deposited on glass substrates via sol-gel spin coating process from a mixed solution of Indium (Ⅲ) acetylacetonate and Tin (Ⅳ) iso-propoxide. Then, ITO thin films were fired at 500°C, and then annealed at 500°C for 30 min with the sequential annealing process; VacuumN2Ar/H2, N2Ar/H2 and Ar/H2 gas. The effects of the different annealing processes on the surface morphologies and sheet resistance of ITO thin films were investigated. Sheet resistance values of ITO thin films treated under VacuumN2Ar/H2, N2Ar/H2 and Ar/H2 annealing process were 1.25 kohm/sq., 3.18 kohm/sq. and 4.92 kohm/sq., respectively. Actually, the sequential atmosphere gases and non-oxidizing gas, which were used in annealing process influenced the microstructural features or surface morphologies of ITO thin films: grain size and surface roughness. Thus, it was presumed that the sequential annealing condition influenced the densification behavior in the microstructural evolution of ITO thin films.
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Escande, D., A. Coulombe, J. F. Faivre, E. Deroubaix, and E. Coraboeuf. "Two types of transient outward currents in adult human atrial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 252, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): H142—H148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.252.1.h142.
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It has been suggested in a previous article [Escande et al., Am. J. Physiol. 249 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 18): H843-H850, 1985] that transient outward currents may participate in the initial repolarization of human atrial fibers. The present study substantiates the existence of such currents in human myocardium. Membrane currents were recorded in enzymatically dissociated cells using the whole cell patch-clamp technique. Two kinds of transient outward currents were observed: 1) a long-lasting outward current, (ilo), which was suppressed by 4-aminopyridine. The time to peak of ilo was 18.0 +/- 0.7 ms, and its inactivation time constant was 35.7 +/- 2.1 ms at room temperature (test pulses, +20 mV; holding potential, -40 mV); 2) a brief outward current (ibo), which persisted with 3 mM 4-aminopyridine and exhibited a shorter time to peak (5.5 +/- 0.2 ms) and a faster decay (time constant, 9.1 +/- 1.8 ms). ilo was inhibited by Ba but was insensitive to the calcium blocker Co. Co blocked both the slow inward current (isi) and ibo. It is concluded that two different transient outward currents control the repolarization in human atrial cells.
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Lee, Hye-Min, and Han-Ki Kim. "Rapidly Thermal Annealed Si-Doped In2O3 Films for Organic Photovoltaics." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11203.
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We report the electrical, optical, and structural properties of Si-doped In2O3 (ISO) films prepared using co-sputtering system with multi cathode guns for use in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). We investigated the effect of Si doping power on the electrical, optical, and structural properties of ISO film that was rapidly thermally annealed at a temperature of 400 °C. Due to the high Lewis acid strength (8.096) of the Si dopant, the ISO films showed high mobility and low resistivity despite the low Si doping concentration. Low resistivity of the annealed ISO films indicated that Si4+ acts as an effective dopant of an In2O3 matrix by substitution with the In3+ site. At a Si doping power of 50 W, ISO film showed a sheet resistance of 19.7 Ohm/square and optical transparency of 76.7%, which are acceptable values for fabrication of OPVs. Successful operation of OPV cells fabricated on transparent ISO film indicates that ISO is a promising high mobility transparent electrode material and alternative to conventional ITO films.
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Chetham, Paul M., William D. Sefton, James P. Bridges, Troy Stevens, and Ivan F. McMurtry. "Inhaled Nitric Oxide Pretreatment But Not Post-treatment Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion-induced Pulmonary Microvascular Leak." Anesthesiology 86, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199704000-00020.
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Background Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) pulmonary edema probably reflects a leukocyte-dependent, oxidant-mediated mechanism. Nitric oxide (NO) attenuates leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and I/R-induced microvascular leak. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) agonists reverse and prevent I/R-induced microvascular leak, but reversal by inhaled NO (INO) has not been tested. In addition, the role of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) activation in the NO protection effect is unknown. Methods Rat lungs perfused with salt solution were grouped as either I/R, I/R with INO (10 or 50 ppm) on reperfusion, or time control. Capillary filtration coefficients (Kfc) were estimated 25 min before ischemia (baseline) and after 30 and 75 min of reperfusion. Perfusate cell counts and lung homogenate myeloperoxidase activity were determined in selected groups. Additional groups were treated with either INO (50 ppm) or isoproterenol (ISO-10 microM) after 30 min of reperfusion. Guanylyl cyclase was inhibited with 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ-15 microM), and Kfc was estimated at baseline and after 30 min of reperfusion. Results (1) Inhaled NO attenuated I/R-induced increases in Kfc. (2) Cell counts were similar at baseline. After 75 min of reperfusion, lung neutrophil retention (myeloperoxidase activity) and decreased perfusate neutrophil counts were similar in all groups. (3) In contrast to ISO, INO did not reverse microvascular leak. (4) 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-br-cGMP) prevented I/R-induced microvascular leak in ODQ-treated lungs, but INO was no longer effective. Conclusions Inhaled NO attenuates I/R-induced pulmonary microvascular leak, which requires sGC activation and may involve a mechanism independent of inhibition of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. In addition, INO is ineffective in reversing I/R-induced microvascular leak.
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Mitra, Pratip, and Malcolm M. Slaughter. "Mechanism of Generation of Spontaneous Miniature Outward Currents (SMOCs) in Retinal Amacrine Cells." Journal of General Physiology 119, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.20028478.
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A subtype of retinal amacrine cells displayed a distinctive array of K+ currents. Spontaneous miniature outward currents (SMOCs) were observed in the narrow voltage range of −60 to −40 mV. Depolarizations above approximately −40 mV were associated with the disappearance of SMOCs and the appearance of transient (Ito) and sustained (Iso) outward K+ currents. Ito appeared at about −40 mV and its apparent magnitude was biphasic with voltage, whereas Iso appeared near −30 mV and increased linearly. SMOCs, Ito, and a component of Iso were Ca2+ dependent. SMOCs were spike shaped, occurred randomly, and had decay times appreciably longer than the time to peak. In the presence of cadmium or cobalt, SMOCs with pharmacologic properties identical to those seen in normal Ringer's could be generated at voltages of −20 mV and above. Their mean amplitude was Nernstian with respect to [K+]ext and they were blocked by tetraethylammonium. SMOCs were inhibited by iberiotoxin, were insensitive to apamin, and eliminated by nominally Ca2+-free solutions, indicative of BK-type Ca2+-activated K+ currents. Dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonists and agonists decreased and increased SMOC frequencies, respectively. Ca2+ permeation through the kainic acid receptor had no effect. Blockade of organelle Ca2+ channels by ryanodine, or intracellular Ca2+ store depletion with caffeine, eradicated SMOCs. Internal Ca2+ chelation with 10 mM BAPTA eliminated SMOCs, whereas 10 mM EGTA had no effect. These results suggest a mechanism whereby Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels and its subsequent amplification by Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release via the ryanodine receptor leads to a localized elevation of internal Ca2+. This amplified Ca2+ signal in turn activates BK channels in a discontinuous fashion, resulting in randomly occurring SMOCs.
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Furuzawa-Carballeda, Janette, Gabriela Fonseca-Camarillo, Guadalupe Lima, and Jesús K. Yamamoto-Furusho. "Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase: Expressing Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Cross-Sectional Study." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/278035.
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Aim. To characterise and enumerate IDO+cells, Tregs, and T cell subsets in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) with regard to their clinical activity.Methods. Ten active UC (aUC), 10 inactive UC (iUC), 6 aCD, and 8 iCD patients and 10 healthy individuals were included in the study. Circulating Foxp3-, IDO-, IL-17A-, IL-4-, IFN-γ-, and IL-10-expressing CD4+T cells were quantitated by flow cytometry. Interleukin-17-expressing cells, CD25+/Foxp3+Tregs, and CD123+/IDO+plasmacytoid dendritic cells were evaluated in intestinal biopsies from 10 aUC, 6 aCD, and 10 noninflamed tissues.Results. All CD4+T subsets were increased in aIBD patients compared with healthy donors. Meanwhile, frequency of CD8α+/CD16+/IDO+, CD8α+/CD56+/IDO+, CD8α+/CD80+/IDO+, CD8α+/CD123+/IDO+large granular nonlymphoid cells, and CCR6+/CD123+/IDO+plasmacytoid dendritic cells was higher in aIBD patients versus healthy donors or iIBD patients. Tissue IL-17A+cells were present in higher amounts in aIBD versus noninflamed controls. IDO- and Foxp3-expressing cells were increased in aUC versus aCD patients and noninflamed tissues.Conclusions. The findings represent an original work in Mexican Mestizo patients with IBD. It shows that Tregs and IDO-expressing cells are increased with regard to disease activity. These cells could significantly shape inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology, severity, and tolerance loss.
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Babkin, Aleksandr, Diana Burkaltseva, Andrej Tyulin, Pulod Azimov, and Oleg Blazhevich. "Initial Coin Offering (ICO) as a Transformation of Financial Institution of Collective Investment." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2020, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202015.
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In conditions of financial institutions' development it is crucial to examine the transformation in the form of a collective investment institution under the influence of digitalization and, in particular, the emergence of cryptocurrencies. The subject of the research refers to the features of ICO functioning as a transformation of a financial institution for collective investment. The goal is to explore the ICO as a new form of collective investment. The results of the research are achieved through a comprehensive comparative analysis of ICO and IPO as a basic tool of financial institutions. The paper highlights the advantages and disadvantages, identifies the factors, analyzes the institutional regulation of ICO and proposes development vectors from three angles: for project creators, investors, regulators. The results can be used in policymaking, the functioning of joint investment platforms, in training specialists in the field of digital economy and financial markets.
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Hesse, Hartmut. "Maritime Security in a Multilateral Context: IMO Activities to Enhance Maritime Security." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 18, no. 3 (2003): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092735203770223567.
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AbstractIMO has, as an integral part of its mandate, the duty to make travel and transport by sea as safe as possible. In the wake of the tragic events of 11 September 2001 in the United States of America, the 22nd Session of the Assembly of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which met at the Organization's London headquarters in November 2001, adopted Resolution A.924(22) on the "Review of Measures and Procedures to Prevent Acts of Terrorism which Threaten the Security of Passengers and Crews and the Safety of Ships". Since then a number of meetings of the Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) and its Working Group on maritime security were held and new maritime security regulations were developed. These mandatory provisions are detailed in the new Chapter XI-2 of the SOLAS Convention and the new International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, which was subsequently adopted by a Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Security, held at the IMO headquarters in London from 9-13 December 2002, for formal entry into force on 1 July 2004 (if deemed accepted on 1 January 2004). In addition, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between the World Customs Organization (WCO) and the IMO in July 2001 to ensure closer co-operation. In addition to the work that the International Labour Organization (ILO) is undertaking regarding the development of a new seafarers' Identity Document, further co-operation is also anticipated in a Joint ILO/IMO Working Group to develop a comprehensive regulatory framework for the security of all port areas.
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Choma, Adam. "Lipopolysaccharides from Mesorhizobium huakuii and Mesorhizobium ciceri: chemical and immunological comparative data." Acta Biochimica Polonica 49, no. 4 (December 31, 2002): 1043–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2002_3765.
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Lipopolysaccharides of two Mesorhizobium species of different host specificity were compared: M. huakuii and M. ciceri. M. huakuii sp. was represented by five strains with special consideration of M. huakuii IFO 15243(T). SDS/PAGE profiles revealed that all M. huakuii LPS preparations contained low molecular mass fractions (LPS-II) of the same molecular size. All of lipopolysaccharides contained high molecular mass fractions (LPS-I). However, the high molecular mass fraction from each strain possessed an individual molecular size distribution pattern. The crossreactivity of blotted lipopolysaccharides with rabbit polyclonal antibodies against Mesorhizobium huakuii IFO 15243(T) whole bacteria indicated the presence of common epitope(s) within the investigated Mesorhizobium huakuii strains. Moreover, LPS from M. huakuii S52 also reacted with anti M. ciceri HAMBI 1750 serum showing that there are epitopes common for different mesorhizobial species. LPS isolated from Mesorhizobium huakuii strain IFO 15243(T) contained neutral sugars: L-6-deoxytalose, L-rhamnose, D-galactose and D-glucose, aminosugars:D-quinovosamine, D-glucosamine, D-2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxyglucose and D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acids. In the LPS preparation, fatty acids typical for Mesorhizobium strains were detected. 3-Hydroxydodecanoic, 3-hydroxy-iso-tridecanoic, 3-hydroxyeicosanoic, 3-hydroxyheneicosanoic and 3-hydroxydocosenoic acids were the major amide linked fatty acids, while iso -heptadecanoic, eicosanoic, docosenoic, as well as 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic and 27-oxooctacosanoic acids were the dominant ester linked fatty residues.
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Palikaris, Athanasios, and Athanasios K. Mavraeidopoulos. "Electronic Navigational Charts: International Standards and Map Projections." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8040248.
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Electronic navigational charts (ENCs) are geospatial databases, compiled for the operational use of Electronic Chart Display and Information systems (ECDIS) according to strict technical specifications of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). ECDIS is a GIS system designed for marine navigation according to the relevant standards of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The international standards for ENCs and ECDIS, issued by the IHO and IMO, cover many aspects of the portrayal of ENCs in ECDIS but do not specify or recommend map projections. Consequently, in some cases, the unjustified employment of map projections by the manufacturers has caused certain functional drawbacks and inadequacies. This article reviews, evaluates and supplements the results of earlier studies on the selection of map projections for the depiction of ENCs in ECDIS and proposes a reasonable set of suitable projections with pertinent selection/implementation rules. These proposals took into consideration that ECDIS users (navigators) are not GIS experts or professional cartographers and consequently, the proposed election/implementation rules have to be simple and straightforward.
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Vincent, Anaïs. "Ilo Ilo." Hommes & migrations, no. 1303 (July 1, 2013): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/hommesmigrations.2601.
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Alain, Karine, Brian J. Tindall, Philippe Catala, Laurent Intertaglia, and Philippe Lebaron. "Ekhidna lutea gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from the South East Pacific Ocean." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2972–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.018804-0.
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A novel aerobic, heterotrophic bacterium, designated BiosLi39T, was isolated from the South East Pacific Ocean. Cells were Gram-negative gliding rods forming yellow colonies on marine agar. The isolate was oxidase-, catalase- and alkaline phosphatase-positive and β-galactosidase-negative. Strain BiosLi39T grew at 20-37 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 7.0–9.0 (optimum pH 8.0) and with 20–60 g NaCl l−1 (optimum 30–50 g NaCl l−1). The fatty acids (>1 %) comprised iso-C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C15 : 1 G, C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, iso-C16 : 1 G, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 3-OH, iso-C16 : 0 2-OH, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, C17 : 0 2-OH and three unidentified components with equivalent chain lengths of 17.87, 18.10 and 18.71. A significant proportion of the hydroxylated fatty acids are amide-linked. The lipid pattern indicated the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified polar lipids. The strain contained menaquinone 7 as the sole respiratory lipoquinone and did not produce flexirubin-type pigments. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 37.2 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain BiosLi39T was distantly related to all of the representatives of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Its closest relative was Marinoscillum furvescens IFO 15994T, with which it shared 92.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, we propose a novel genus and species, Ekhidna gen. nov., sp. nov., with type strain BiosLi39T (=DSM 19307T =CIP 109600T =OOB 398T).