Academic literature on the topic 'Ivan Trush'

This second book in a three-volume work on the young Fyodor Dostoevsky is a diary-portrait of his early years drawn from letters, memoirs, and criticism of the writer, as well as from the testimony and witness of family and friends, readers and reviewers, and observers and participants in his life. The result of an exhaustive search of published materials on Dostoevsky, this volume sheds crucial light on the many unexplored corners of Dostoevsky's life in the time between the success of his first novel, Poor Folk, and the failure of his next four works. The book lets the original writers speak for themselves — the good and the bad, the truth and the lies — and includes extensive notes with correctives, counterarguments, and other pertinent information. It looks closely at Dostoevsky's increasingly tense ties with Vissarion Belinsky, Nikolai Nekrasov, Ivan Turgenev, and other figures of the Russian literary world. It then turns to the individuals who afforded Dostoevsky security and peace amid the often-negative reception from fellow writers and readers of his early fiction. Finally, the book shows us Dostoevsky's break with the Belinsky circle; his struggle to stay afloat emotionally and financially; and his determination to succeed as a writer while staying true to his vision, most notably, his insights into human psychology that would become a hallmark of his later fiction.

Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.

This chapter situates the success of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich vis-à-vis the shared failure of other gulag narratives to see the light of day in Russia around the same time. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's breakthrough in the official Soviet press not only “emancipated” many other manuscripts on the subject, whether written before or after Ivan Denisovich, but also precluded them from being published at home. They were thus forced out of the official literary field first into the underground at home and eventually abroad, to tamizdat. The incontestable achievement of Solzhenitsyn, who managed to reach out to the general Soviet reader but did not have the means to tell the whole truth about the camps, was largely shaped by his text's ostensible conformity to socialist realism and Soviet mythology on the whole. Here, the key to the feat of Ivan Denisovich lay not in its subject matter, as was customary to think, but in its social and allegorical orchestration, as well as in the author's and his advocates' failsafe strategy to make the novella publishable, and the publication possible.

Abstract Pavlov spent his final winter at his favorite place—his science village in Koltushi, just outside Leningrad. There he struggled to complete two manuscripts—an article on the physiology of psychological processes and a letter to Joseph Stalin’s right-hand man, Vyacheslav Molotov, about the relationship between science, Communism, and Christianity. These manuscripts expressed his lifelong quest to replace uncertainty and chance with scientific certainty. A talented experimenter and driven truth seeker, Pavlov’s scientific style and career were shaped by his personality, the exciting scientific developments of his time, and his biographical trajectory through turbulent times for his beloved Russia. That distinctive scientific style took form in his Nobel Prize–winning studies of digestion and the three decades of research on conditional reflexes that made him a famous, though widely misunderstood, symbol of twentieth-century science.

Abstract During his last winter at Koltushi, Pavlov struggled over two manuscripts. In “Psychology as a Science,” he changed his long-standing view that the physiological conditional reflex was synonymous with the psychologists’ association. The two were physiologically distinct, generated different kinds of knowledge, and combined in a cortical “mosaic of associations.” He now prepared his lab to study these dynamics. He also labored over an essay criticizing official atheism. He criticized the “barbaric repression” of religion, which relieved the most painful dimension of life—the constant threat of the uncontrollable and unexpected. Science, he uncharacteristically conceded, could not now protect people against the unforeseeable in life, but religion did so by providing an ideal of behavior, personified by Jesus, “who embodied the greatest of all human truths, the truth of the equality of all people.” Here, perhaps, resided a promising commonality between Christianity and Communism. Time, he concluded, would tell.

Mapping the terrain 53 Defective democracies 55 Diminished dictatorship 57 The spread of hybrid regimes 62 Conclusion 67 Key Questions 68 Further Reading 69 Thinking exclusively in terms of the opposition between democracy and authoritarianism threatens to trap democratic theorists within the two assumptions that this opposition implicitly contains: first, that when an authoritarian system collapses, democracy will naturally arise by default; and second, that if democracy fails to develop, authoritarian forces must be to blame … the truth is that today authoritarianism survives best in the no-man’s land between democracy and authoritarianism. (Ivan ...

Abstract Ivan Illich proclaims this the “Age of Professions,” in which people have “problems,” experts have “solutions,” and scientists measure “imponderables” such as “abilities and needs.”1 People look to experts to solve society’s ills and their own most intimate problems. Even those who don’t trust the experts often feel they have little choice but to rely on them. Millions of parents hope that their children will become professionals-perhaps a doctor, a lawyer, an engineer, a scientist, or an architect. Many, as James Fallows writes, “are convinced that unless their kid gets into the very best kindergarten, the child will be handicapped for life.”

In 1396 the Ottomans occupied Bulgaria. It disappeared from the world map, becoming part of the Ottoman Empire. In the XIX century Russian society contributed to the spiritual revival of the Bulgarian people. I.S.Aksakovbelieved that Russia should help not only the spiritual revival of the Bulgarians, but also the acquisition of political freedom, lost in the XIV century.On April 12, 1877, Emperor Alexander II declared war on Turkey. At the cost of enormous human sacrifice, the Russian people freed Bulgaria from slavery, which, after 500 years of non-existence, reappeared on the world map. In the modern press, it can be observed that Russia's role in the liberation of Bulgaria from the Turkish yoke is reappraising. Some scholars believe that the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 was not liberating, but conquering, occupying. The article refutes the opinion of false scientists who seek to distort the truth based on archival documents, as well as on the testimonies of eyewitnesses of historical events (including the testimonies of Bulgarian writers of that time - Petko Rachev Slaveykov, Ilya Blyskov, Vasil Drumyov, Ivan Vazov and others). Ivan Vazov called the Russian soldiers "Knights of Good." P.R. Slaveykov wrote: "Russia has given us freedom with its blood."

Abstract In his introductory essay to Kant’s Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, John Silber calls attention to Ivan Karamazov, in whom Feodor Dostoevsky personified Kantian abstract moral individualism and subjected it to subtle rejection. In The Brothers Karamazov, Ivan and Alyosha discuss the ancient nagging question: What can any one of us do about the atrocious evils that some of us perpetrate? Or the assorted evils that all of us sometimes condone? We can protest against them, Ivan answers; and in the final analysis that is what, above all and always, we must do, never settling for any form of erasure, atonement, retribution, or future “harmony” that makes evil into something to forget or something to serve some final triumph of good on earth, in heaven, or in hell. For atrocities like the landowner’s torture of an eight-year-old child for causing a minor injury to his dog, I want to forgive. I want to embrace. I don’t want more suffering. And if the sufferings of children go to swell the sum of sufferings which was necessary to pay for truth, then I protest that the truth is not worth such a price. I don’t want the mother to embrace the oppressor who threw her son to the dogs! She dare not forgive him! Let her forgive him for herself, if she will, let her forgive the torturer for the immeasurable suffering of her mother’s heart. But the suffering of her tortured child she has no right to forgive; she dare not forgive the torturer, even if the child were to forgive him! And if that is so, if they dare not forgive, what becomes of harmony? Is there in the whole world a being who would have the right to forgive and could forgive? I don’t want harmony. For love of humanity I don’t want it. I would rather be left with unavenged suffering. I would rather remain with my unavenged suffering and unsatisfied indignation, even if I were wrong. Besides, too high a price is asked for harmony; it’s beyond our means to pay so much to enter on it. And so I hasten to give back my entrance ticket, and if I am an honest man I am bound to give it back as soon as possible. And that I am doing. It’s not God that I don’t accept, Aloysha, only I most respectfully return to Him the ticket.

Abstract This chapter looks at the Russian inactivity that was causing concern in St. Petersburg during the period 1811–1812. The czar expected quick and decisive results. The chapter considers Mikhail Kutuzov’s rivals, who accused him of sluggishness and ineptitude. The emperor was very unhappy to hear of his return from beyond the Danube. Kutuzov had known Ivan Barozzi since his embassy days but, despite valuing his talents, did not trust him. The chapter details how Kutuzov had tested Barozzi while in Istanbul by sharing with him intentionally false information, which he then discovered had reached the ears of some Ottoman officials. When their paths crossed once more, seventeen years later, Kutuzov was instinctively mistrustful of the man, whose official mission was to facilitate talks with the Turks but whom he suspected of having been sent to spy on him.

The research represents an interpretation of the poem “Word about the Word” by Ivan V. Lalić, pub- lished in the poetry collection „Pismo” (1992). The focus of the interpretation will be on the meaning of the verses, aiming to understand the unique phenomenology of the poetic world. The starting point will be the establishment of the semantic function of form and style, thereby opening the field for observing the poet's interaction with literary tradition. It will point out the complex symbolism of the concept of purgatory, thus establishing an intertextual link with Dante Alighieri’s epic. The pronounced quest for God and belief in the power of words, and thereby trust in the Logos, will be recognized as well. The theme of confronting the inevitability of the passage of time will come to the forefront, as well as the effort to find an expression for the inexpressible and to bridge the gap between man who speaks and God who remains silent. The verses will show that it is precisely poetry that provides an answer to the question of (non)existence of meaning. It will be concluded that poetic discourse triumphs over metaphysical void, and that poetry acquires ontological significance, thus giving meaning to existence

Subject of the article’s study – ecumenism of Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi and reflection of this phenomenon in the works of scientists and modern Ukrainian media. Main objective of the study: analyze what Ukrainian scientists, journalists and different media are writing about Sheptytkyi’s ecumenism. Methodology: We used a bibliographic method to accumulate factual material, a qualitative content analysis to isolate the ideas of ecumenism from the journalism of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi, a cultural-historical method that made it possible to consider the ideas of ecumenism in the context of the era, the connection with the historical context, as well as methods of synthesis and generalization, induction and deduction. The study process description: In our scientific article, we analyzed the doctoral dissertation of His Beatitude Lubomyr Huzar entitled «Andrei Sheptytskyi, Metropolitan of Halytskyi (1901-1944). Herald of ecumenism». His Beatitude Lubomyr defended this fundamental work at the Pontifical Urbaniana University in Rome back in 1972. Therefore, we observed how this work reflects the historical prerequisites, features and development of Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism, who, according to His Beatitude Lubomir, was a kind of innovator in this field, a person who was ahead of his time. We also analyzed the reflections on the ecumenism of Sheptytskyi´s father, doctor Ivan Datsk, which are reflected in his book «In Search of Faithfulness and Truth». In addition, we turned to the scientific text «Ecumenism of Sheptytskyi» by professors Mykola Vegesh and Mykola Palinchak. Subsequently, it was analyzed how the scientific work became a useful basis for the coverage of Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism in the press. In particular, in the columns of the cultural and social site «Zbruch» in Diana Motruk’s article «In Search of Church Unity». We also turned to the «Spiritual Greatness of Lviv» website, where in 2020 an interview with Mykhailo Perun, who shot the film «Sheptytskyi: Relevant information», was published, illustrating the ecumenical initiatives of this figure. In addition, we analyzed the publication on Radio Svoboda for 2022, dedicated to the anniversary of Sheptytsky’s stepping into eternity. It is also mentioned there about of Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism as his landmark activity. Subsequently, we found an article on the website «Christian and the World», where in a conversation with the scientist Dr. Andrii Sorokovskyi entitled «Andrei Sheptytskyi believed that the union is a synthesis, communion and dialogue between the East and the West, – Andrii Sorokovskyi» also analyzed the phenomenon of Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism. Results: we discovered that Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism was studied not only by numerous scientists, but this meaningful legacy of his is a valuable phenomenon for media coverage. Therefore, Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism becomes the subject of interest of journalists not only of publications that write mainly on church topics, but also socio-political and artistic ones. We are sure that Sheptytskyi’s ecumenism will continue to be studied by professional scientists and representatives of the wider media community. Significance: journalism of a religious orientation, high-quality and substantiated coverage of religious processes and phenomena in the press is still something quite new for modern Ukraine. In Soviet times, journalists were afraid to write about religion in order not to incur the wrath of the authorities, so such materials could not be included in the press. That is why it is very important to study how today’s journalists cover important issues of religion, which, in addition, have a strong scientific basis. In addition, the development of ecumenism and religious unity are extremely important for building national unity, which is necessary for our state to effectively confront the enemy in full-scale war. Key words: ecumenism; Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi; media; interreleigion cooperation; dialogue.