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Journal articles on the topic 'IVR'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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Kanazawa, Susumu. "IVR." Okayama Igakkai Zasshi (Journal of Okayama Medical Association) 125, no. 3 (2013): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4044/joma.125.263.

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Xu, Jingao, Hengjie Chen, Kun Qian, Erqun Dong, Min Sun, Chenshu Wu, Li Zhang, and Zheng Yang. "iVR." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 3, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3351272.

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OGAWA, KIYOSHI, and YOSHITOMO SANO. "IVR Techniques." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 52, no. 6 (1996): 778–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001354456.

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Menzer, Christian, Adriana Rendon, and Jessica C. Hassel. "Treatment of Indolent Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma with Intralesional or Intravenous Rituximab." Cancers 14, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 4787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194787.

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Indolent cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (CBCL) are a rare disease for which the therapeutic recommendations are based on clinical reports. Recommendations for solitary lesions include surgery or irradiation. However, the high relapse rates may require less invasive repeatable therapy. This study seeks to retrospectively assess the efficacy of intralesional rituximab (ILR) for indolent CBCL when compared with intravenous rituximab (IVR). Patients treated for indolent CBCL with ILR or IVR at the Division of DermatoOncology of the University Hospital Heidelberg were eligible for this study. Characteristics of lymphoma, treatment response, and adverse events were assessed. Twenty-one patients, 67% male at a median age of 52 (range 17–80), were included. Nineteen (90%) had only localized lymphoma (stage T1 and T2). Complete response was achieved in 92% (11/12) of ILR after a median of one cycle (three injections) and 78% (7/8) of IVR patients after a median of six cycles. Half of ILR patients and 78% of IVR patients showed relapse after a median of 15 and 23 months, respectively. Adverse reactions were usually mild and were limited to the first injection of ILR. One patient with IVR contracted a pulmonary infection. ILR may be an alternative to the intravenous administration of rituximab for localized indolent CBCL.

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Takahashi, Motoichiro. "IVR and Serendipity." Japanese Journal of Phlebology 26, no. 1 (2015): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.7134/phlebol.26_1i.

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Moffett, Brady S., Lindsay Schmees, Kristina Gutierrez, Christian Erikson, Andrew Chu, Jorge A. Coss-Bu, and Nathan Strobel. "Evaluation of Intravenous Ranitidine on Gastric pH in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 24, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-24.6.504.

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OBJECTIVE To determine the dosing regimen of intravenous ranitidine (IVR) most likely to achieve a gastric pH of ≥4 in critically ill pediatric patients. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was designed and included patients younger than 19 years with gastric pH samples taken from a nasogastric tube within 24 hours after a dose of IVR in an intensive care unit. Data collection included patient demographics, clinical variables, IVR dosing, and gastric pH samples. Descriptive statistical analysis and multivariable logistic regression analysis with clustering of patients was performed to determine variables associated with odds of obtaining a pH of ≥4. RESULTS A total of 628 patients (1356 nasogastric samples) met study criteria (median age 1.3 years [IQR, 0.33, 5.7 years]; 53% male). The IVR dose was 0.90 ± 0.30 mg/kg per dose every 8.1 ± 2.9 hours, and 60.9% of patients (n = 383) had a pH ≥4. Patients with a pH value ≥4 had gastric pH samples taken earlier after a dose of IVR (6.7 ± 5.0 vs. 5.9 ± 4.7 hours, p &lt; 0.001) but had no difference in IVR dose per kilogram (0.88 ± 0.31 vs. 0.88 ± 0.26, p = 0.86) or frequency of dosing (7.9 ± 3.2 vs. 7.9 ± 3.2 hours, p = 0.89). A multivariable logistic regression model identified increasing age, decreased kidney function, and decreased time to pH sample after an IVR dose with significantly greater odds of pH ≥4. CONCLUSIONS The IVR dosing to maintain a gastric pH ≥4 in critically ill pediatric patients should occur more frequently than every 8 hours. Gastric pH evaluation may be necessary to assess IVR efficacy.

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HORI, YOJI. "3. Ultrasonography in IVR." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 52, no. 6 (1996): 784–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001354459.

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Pollak, Eli, and Salvador Miret-Artés. "Thawed semiclassical IVR propagators." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 37, no. 41 (September 30, 2004): 9669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/37/41/005.

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Yamamoto, Manabu, Yoko Miura, Kumiko Hirayama, Akika Kyo, Takeya Kohno, Dirk Theisen-Kunde, Ralf Brinkmann, and Shigeru Honda. "Comparative Treatment Study on Macular Edema Secondary to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion by Intravitreal Ranibizumab with and without Selective Retina Therapy." Life 13, no. 3 (March 13, 2023): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13030769.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of selective retina therapy (SRT) combined with the intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) in patients with macular edema (ME) secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). This trial was a 12-month single-center, randomized, single-masked prospective study. Eligible patients were randomized (1:1) to IVR and SRT (IVR + SRT group), or IVR and sham SRT (IVR + sham group). After the initial IVR, all participants received ME resolution criteria-driven pro re nata treatment. SRT or sham SRT was always applied one day after IVR. The primary outcome measure of this study was the mean change in central macular thickness (CMT) from baseline, and the secondary outcome measures were the mean change in visual acuity from baseline and the number of IVR treatments at a 52-week follow-up. Thirteen patients were in the IVR + SRT group, and 11 were in the IVR + sham group. Compared to the baseline, mean CMT and BCVA improved significantly after 52 weeks in both groups, with no significant difference between the two groups. The mean number of IVR was 2.85 ± 1.52 in the IVR + SRT group and 4.73 ± 2.33 in the IVR + sham group at the 52-week follow-up, with a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). IVR combined with SRT may significantly decrease the number of IVR treatments while maintaining the visual and anatomical improvement effect of IVR monotherapy.

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Carlson, Nora V., E. McKenna Kelly, and Iain Couzin. "Individual vocal recognition across taxa: a review of the literature and a look into the future." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1802 (May 18, 2020): 20190479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0479.

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Individual vocal recognition (IVR) has been well studied in mammals and birds. These studies have primarily delved into understanding IVR in specific limited contexts (e.g. parent–offspring and mate recognition) where individuals discriminate one individual from all others. However, little research has examined IVR in more socially demanding circumstances, such as when an individual discriminates all individuals in their social or familial group apart. In this review, we describe what IVR is and suggest splitting studies of IVR into two general types based on what questions they answer (IVR-singular, and IVR-multiple). We explain how we currently test for IVR, and many of the benefits and drawbacks of different methods. We address why IVR is so prevalent in the animal kingdom, and the circumstances in which it is often found. Finally, we explain current weaknesses in IVR research including temporality, specificity, and taxonomic bias, and testing paradigms, and provide some solutions to address these weaknesses. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests’.

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Figueira, João, Rufino Silva, José Henriques, Paulo Caldeira Rosa, Inês Laíns, Pedro Melo, Sandrina Gonçalves Nunes, and José Cunha-Vaz. "Ranibizumab for High-Risk Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial." Ophthalmologica 235, no. 1 (December 3, 2015): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000442026.

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Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) in monotherapy or associated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) versus conventional PRP, for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) without vitreoretinal traction. Procedures: Multicenter randomized trial, with 3 treatment arms: PRP versus IVR alone and PRP + IVR combined treatment. Follow-up was performed at months 3, 6 and 12. Results: Thirty-five subjects were randomized and 32 used for analysis. Complete regression of neovessels elsewhere occurred in 100% (PRP + IVR), 75% (IVR) and 69.2% (PRP) and for neovessels of the disk in 44.4% (PRP + IVR), 37.5% (IVR) and 30.8% (PRP). During the 1-year duration of treatment, there was no need for laser rescue treatment in IVR-treated eyes. Conclusions: This trial suggests that the use of IVR is safe and may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of eyes with high-risk PDR. Message: Ranibizumab appears to have a place in the treatment of PDR.

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Pradani, Winangsari. "Struktur Pesan pada Interactive Voice Response (IVR)." JURNAL Al-AZHAR INDONESIA SERI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 1, no. 1 (April 4, 2011): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36722/sst.v1i1.13.

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Interactive Voice Response (IVR) is an automated telephony system that interacts with callers, gathers information and routes calls to the appropriate recipient. An IVR system (IVRS) accepts a combination of voice telephone input and touch-tone keypad selection and provides appropriate responses in the form of voice, fax, callback, e-mail and perhaps other media. In recent years, many enterprises use IVR as their customer service media. Some problems arise as user problems, that is user have to remembering the too many choices; user does’nt achieve what they want (did not find the right choices); and the worst is tiring finding choices yet they have not find the human operator. This paper will observe the effect of message structuring for IVR customer satisfication. Human information processing (especially audio-based information) theory as well as menu organizing theory will be used as analysis fundamentals. Questionnaire will be distributed to IVR users to grab the real user experience<strong>.</strong>

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Ichida, Takao, Minoru Hosogai, and Hiroaki Kudoh. "441 Navigation system For IVR." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 51, no. 10 (1995): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001353212.

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TAKAHASHI, MANABU. "2. IVR-CT/Angio System." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 52, no. 6 (1996): 782–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001354458.

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Colson, Vicki L. "IVR customer address acquisition method." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, no. 2 (2007): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2771358.

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Romeo, John Patrick. "IVR to SMS text messenger." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126, no. 4 (2009): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3238223.

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Patwari, G. N., and S. Wategaonkar. "Does inversion symmetry influence IVR?" Chemical Physics Letters 323, no. 5-6 (June 2000): 460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00565-0.

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Aramaki, Takeshi. "IVR-CT ─ Born and Raised ─." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 75, no. 12 (2019): 1460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.2019_jsrt_75.12.1460.

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Sankar, Mr E., M. Karthikeya Prudhu Chakravarthi, and Vallapu Lokesh Venkata Ramana. "Enhancing Interactive IVR Using NLP." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 5 (May 31, 2024): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.61407.

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Abstract: This paper suggests a fresh approach to IVR design by incorporating natural language processing (NLP) techniques, enhancing user experiences. Traditional IVRs often frustrate users due to their rigid menu structures. By integrating NLP, we aim to create dynamic and interactive IVR systems, leading to increased user satisfaction, streamlined interactions, and improved business performance. Our self-deployment and user testing demonstrate the system's effectiveness in providing personalized and responsive support, transforming traditional IVRs into engaging communication channels.

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Shaw, William S., and Santosh K. Verma. "Data Equivalency of an Interactive Voice Response System for Home Assessment of Back Pain and Function." Pain Research and Management 12, no. 1 (2007): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/185863.

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BACKGROUND: Interactive voice response (IVR) systems that collect survey data using automated, push-button telephone responses may be useful to monitor patients’ pain and function at home; however, its equivalency to other data collection methods has not been studied.OBJECTIVES: To study the data equivalency of IVR measurement of pain and function to live telephone interviewing.METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, 547 working adults (66% male) with acute back pain were recruited at an initial outpatient visit and completed telephone assessments one month later to track outcomes of pain, function, treatment helpfulness and return to work. An IVR system was introduced partway through the study (after the first 227 participants) to reduce the staff time necessary to contact participants by telephone during nonworking hours.RESULTS: Of 368 participants who were subsequently recruited and offered the IVR option, 131 (36%) used IVR, 189 (51%) were contacted by a telephone interviewer after no IVR attempt was made within five days, and 48 (13%) were lost to follow-up. Those with lower income were more likely to use IVR. Analysis of outcome measures showed that IVR respondents reported comparatively lower levels of function and less effective treatment, but not after controlling for differences due to the delay in reaching non-IVR users by telephone (mean: 35.4 versus 29.2 days).CONCLUSIONS: The results provided no evidence of information or selection bias associated with IVR use; however, IVR must be supplemented with other data collection options to maintain high response rates.

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Preston, A’mie, Kalpana Padala, Scott Mooney, Christopher Parkes, C. Heath Gauss, and Prasad Padala. "EXPLORING USE OF IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY IN OLDER ADULTS WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT." Innovation in Aging 8, Supplement_1 (December 2024): 897–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae098.2899.

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Abstract Background The innovative use of immersive virtual reality (iVR) has the potential to offer individualized, low-cost, accessible care to the older adult population. Virtual reality has gained tremendous interest for its potential uses with older adults who have cognitive impairment, though significant gaps still remain in the literature for this population. This research study aims to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and perception of technology for using iVR in an older adult, racially underrepresented, Veteran population with cognitive impairment. Methods Assessments for participants and their caregivers explored mood, quality of life, cognitive functioning, neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) related to cognitive impairment, and perception of the iVR device. Veterans used a head-mounted iVR device during the study visit. Results Participant demographics included race: Black (36.7%), White (63.3%). Participants reported enjoyment of iVR device [mean=111.7(± 14.05)]. Perception of iVR significantly changed after use (p=0.0001), with apparent improvement. Participants tolerated the experience well with an average score of 1.1 (± 1.34) depicted on the Simulation Sickness Questionnaire. No significant effect of the presence of NPS on the participants’ ability to immerse themselves in the iVR experience was found. Conclusion Older adults can experience minimal symptoms during iVR use and may report high enjoyability. Reported NPS may not have a significant impact on the immersive experience of iVR. Perception of iVR can be positively improved following use of the device. Future research is needed in this area to identify use of iVR as a potential intervention for those with NPS associated with cognitive impairment.

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Shimizu, Norihiro, Toshiyuki Oshitari, Tomoaki Tatsumi, Yoko Takatsuna, Miyuki Arai, Eiju Sato, Takayuki Baba, and Shuichi Yamamoto. "Comparisons of Efficacy of Intravitreal Aflibercept and Ranibizumab in Eyes with Diabetic Macular Edema." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1747108.

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We compared the efficacy of intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) to intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) injections in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME). The medical records of 49 eyes of 36 patients who were diagnosed with DME and had received IVR and 46 eyes of 40 patients who had received IVA treatment were reviewed. The central macular thickness (CMT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were measured at the baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months after the IVR or IVA. The mean number of injections of IVR was 2.6±1.1 and of IVA was 2.7±1.4. At 6 months, the CMT was significantly thinner than the baseline after IVR and after IVA. The mean BCVA was significantly better than the baseline after IVR only at 1 and 3 months and after IVA at 1 and 6 months. The BCVA of eyes with serous retinal detachment (SRD) was significantly better at 1 month after the IVR and at 1 month and 6 months after the IVA. The BCVAs improved more significantly in the SRD+ group than in the SRD− group. The effects of IVA persist longer than that of IVR. The effectiveness of both IVR and IVA was not dependent on the presence of SRD (IRB#2107).

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Sato, Toshimitsu, Yoichi Eguchi, Chika Yamazaki, Takanobu Hino, Toshikazu Saida, and Koichi Chida. "Development of a New Radiation Shield for the Face and Neck of IVR Physicians." Bioengineering 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9080354.

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Interventional radiology (IVR) procedures are associated with increased radiation exposure and injury risk. Furthermore, radiation eye injury (i.e., cataract) in IVR staff have also been reported. It is crucial to protect the eyes of IVR physicians from X-ray radiation exposure. Many IVR physicians use protective Pb eyeglasses to reduce occupational eye exposure. However, the shielding effects of Pb eyeglasses are inadequate. We developed a novel shield for the face (including eyes) of IVR physicians. The novel shield consists of a neck and face guard (0.25 mm Pb-equivalent rubber sheet, nonlead protective sheet). The face shield is positioned on the left side of the IVR physician. We assessed the shielding effects of the novel shield using a phantom in the IVR X-ray system; a radiophotoluminescence dosimeter was used to measure the radiation exposure. In this phantom study, the effectiveness of the novel device for protecting against radiation was greater than 80% in almost all measurement situations, including in terms of eye lens exposure. A large amount of scattered radiation reaches the left side of IVR physicians. The novel radiation shield effectively protects the left side of the physician from this scattered radiation. Thus, the device can be used to protect the face and eyes of IVR physicians from occupational radiation exposure. The novel device will be useful for protecting the face (including eyes) of IVR physicians from radiation, and thus could reduce the rate of radiation injury. Based on the positive results of this phantom study, we plan to perform a clinical experiment to further test the utility of this novel radiation shield for IVR physicians.

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Mulders, Miriam, Josef Buchner, and Michael Kerres. "A Framework for the Use of Immersive Virtual Reality in Learning Environments." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 15, no. 24 (December 22, 2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i24.16615.

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Immersive Virtual Reality (iVR) technologies can enrich teaching and learning environments, but their use is often technology-driven and instructional con-cepts are missing. The design of iVR-technology-supported learning environ-ments should base on both, an evidence-based educational model as well as on features specific to iVR. Therefore, the article provides a framework for the use of iVR in learning environments based on the Cognitive Theory of Multi-media Learning (CTML). It outlines how iVR learning environments could and should be designed based on current knowledge from research on Multimedia Learning.

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Huber, Tobias, Markus Paschold, Christian Hansen, Hauke Lang, and Werner Kneist. "Artificial Versus Video-Based Immersive Virtual Surroundings: Analysis of Performance and User’s Preference." Surgical Innovation 25, no. 3 (March 5, 2018): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1553350618761756.

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Introduction. Immersive virtual reality (VR) laparoscopy simulation connects VR simulation with head-mounted displays to increase presence during VR training. The goal of the present study was the comparison of 2 different surroundings according to performance and users’ preference. Methods. With a custom immersive virtual reality laparoscopy simulator, an artificially created VR operating room (AVR) and a highly immersive VR operating room (IVR) were compared. Participants (n = 30) performed 3 tasks (peg transfer, fine dissection, and cholecystectomy) in AVR and IVR in a crossover study design. Results. No overall difference in virtual laparoscopic performance was obtained when comparing results from AVR with IVR. Most participants preferred the IVR surrounding (n = 24). Experienced participants (n = 10) performed significantly better than novices (n = 10) in all tasks regardless of the surrounding ( P < .05). Participants with limited experience (n = 10) showed differing results. Presence, immersion, and exhilaration were significantly higher in IVR. Two thirds assumed that IVR would have a positive influence on their laparoscopic simulator use. Conclusion. This first study comparing AVR and IVR did not reveal differences in virtual laparoscopic performance. IVR is considered the more realistic surrounding and is therefore preferred by the participants.

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Araiza, Paola, Therese Keane, Won Sun Chen, and Jordy Kaufman. "Children's memory of a story experienced with virtual reality versus traditional media technology." International Journal of Virtual Reality 20, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/ijvr.2020.20.2.3151.

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Immersive Virtual Reality Technology (IVR) is a visual multi-sensory computer-simulated environment that perceptually surrounds an individual, creating the illusion that one has “stepped inside” and is included in, and interacting with the generated world. Although IVR has been suggested as a tool to enhance learning, existing work has not examined how IVR presentations, compared with other types of storytelling, facilitate or interfere with children’s memory formation. Here, we present data from a study of seventy 6- and 7-year-old children randomly assigned to experience a story in one of three modalities: IVR, video, or a paper-based book. We assessed the children’s story recall and their ability to identify the protagonist’s emotions. Results showed that, overall, children in the IVR condition performed better in the memory-recall task than the children in the video and book conditions. The most pronounced difference in memory performance was between the IVR and book conditions. In the IVR versus video conditions, 6-year-olds performed significantly better in the IVR condition than in the video condition, while 7-year-olds performed similarly in both digital-story conditions. We found no effects of condition on children’s attribution of emotions to the story’s protagonist. We conclude that IVR may enhance children’s ability to learn story content in certain situations.

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Andersson, Claes. "Comparison of WEB and Interactive Voice Response (IVR) Methods for Delivering Brief Alcohol Interventions to Hazardous-Drinking University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial." European Addiction Research 21, no. 5 (2015): 240–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381017.

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This study evaluated automated techniques including personalized normative feedback and protective behavioral strategies, for brief interventions intended to reduce peak alcohol concentrations in university students. After completing baseline assessment, a total of 1,678 hazardous-drinking consumers were randomized to a single or a repeated Internet (WEB) or Interactive Voice Response (IVR) intervention, or to a control group (Single WEB: 323; Single IVR: 329; Repeated WEB: 318; Repeated IVR: 334; Control group: 374). At follow-up, six weeks after baseline, questionnaires were returned by 1,422 participants (Single WEB: 277; Single IVR: 286; Repeated WEB: 259; Repeated IVR: 279; Control group: 321). It was found that peak estimated BAC was reduced in the total group (b -0.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.023; -0.005), in the total (b -0.17, 95% CI -0.027; -0.007) and single (b -0.021, 95% CI -0.032; -0.011) WEB group, and in the total (b -0.011, 95% CI -0.021; -0.015) and repeated (b -0.012, 95% CI -0.023; -0.000) IVR groups, compared to controls. The reduction in peak estimated BAC was greater in the single WEB group compared to the single IVR group (b -0.011, 95% CI -0.022; -0.000). This study concluded that both WEB and IVR interventions have a small but significant effect in reducing heavy episodic drinking, which may be due to the relatively large sample size. Repeated intervention may be needed if delivered by IVR.

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Ellway, Benjamin P. W. "What’s wrong with IVR system service? A spatial theorisation of customer confusion and frustration." Journal of Service Theory and Practice 26, no. 4 (July 11, 2016): 386–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstp-02-2015-0040.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the important question of what is wrong with interactive voice response (IVR) system service by expanding a spatially informed conceptualisation of virtual navigation which recognises the experience of movement within and through space. Design/methodology/approach – First, previous research on IVR systems is reviewed to highlight key themes to a service audience. Second, the metaphorical aspects of language used by the popular and trade press to describe IVR systems is examined. Usability and design issues are identified from previous research as a basis from reinterpreting them from a spatial perspective of navigation. Findings – Both figurative and conceptual spatial metaphors are used to describe the IVR system as an enclosed physical space, within which customers enter, feel stuck, get lost, or try to escape from. The usability issues of human memory, linearity, and feedback, can be reinterpreted from a spatial perspective as a basis for explaining confusion and frustration with IVR systems. Research limitations/implications – Since the paper is conceptual, further research is needed to empirically investigate different types and features of IVR systems. The possible influence of age and culture upon the spatial nature of experience is especially interesting topics for future study. Practical implications – The paper identifies the absence of space as an inherent limitation of IVR systems. It subsequently recommends that firms should provide spatial resources to support customer use of IVR systems, which is supported by the recent emergence of visual IVR. Originality/value – The paper introduces the broader literature on IVR systems to the service field as a basis for raising awareness about this ubiquitous technological component of telephone-based service delivery. It applies and develops a highly abstract conceptual perspective to examine and interpret the representation and experience of IVR systems, as a basis for explaining the confusion, frustration, and dislike of them.

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Nazemi, Alireza, Omar Rahman, Ajith Malige, Brooke Bergeron, and Michael Banffy. "EP5.16 Immersive Virtual Reality as Postoperative Therapy for Patients Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy." Journal of Hip Preservation Surgery 12, Supplement_1 (March 2025): i86. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnaf011.278.

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Abstract Background: Immersive virtual reality (iVR) creates a digital, captivating 360-degree environment of visual and auditory stimuli. Initially used for entertainment, a recent trend toward utilizing iVR in the healthcare setting has developed. Innovation from academic medical centers and healthcare startups has shed light on iVR as perioperative therapy for pain management and anxiety. In the ambulatory orthopedic setting, there is a void of literature on iVR. One study found iVR effective in decreasing pain perception in orthopedic trauma patients during external fixator pin removal in the outpatient setting. Another study demonstrated that iVR decreased pain and anxiety following total knee arthroplasty. In tandem, studies have shown a trend toward over prescription of opioids for patients undergoing arthroscopic procedures. The goal of this study was to determine if postoperative iVR affects subjective pain, anxiety, nausea, and opioid consumption in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy. Methods: We prospectively compared a cohort of hip arthroscopy patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) who receive postoperative iVR therapy in addition to the standard multimodal pain regimen with a matched cohort of patients who received only the standard regimen. The iVR group received a 30-minute session of virtual relaxation and meditation therapy in the ambulatory post-anesthesia care unit. Both groups received the standard preoperative local anesthetic nerve block and postoperative pain medications as needed. Patient demographics, milligram morphine-equivalents (MMEs) consumed, nausea/vomiting, anxiety scale (1 to 10), and visual analog scale (VAS) pain ratings were collected for both groups. Results: A total of 12 patients were randomized in this study, 5 in the iVR group and 7 in the control group. Patients that received iVR had decreased MME consumption (0.22 ± 0.21 vs. 6.98 ± 12.39), decreased mean VAS rating in the first week postoperatively (2 ± 1.92 vs. 2.92 ± 0.82), and slightly higher anxiety (5.25 ± 2.50 vs. 4.83 ± 2.64). There was no nausea reported in either group. Discussion: Postoperative use of iVR decreased VAS pain rating and MME opioid consumption after hip arthroscopy for FAI. iVR may serve as a useful adjunct for multimodal pain therapy in this setting.

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Wang, Dongxuan, Hui Wang, Shuang Wu, Xueqiu Yang, and Jiansen Xu. "Intravitreal Ranibizumab Alone or in Combination with Calcium Dobesilate for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema in Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Patients: 12-Month Outcomes of a Retrospective Study." International Journal of Clinical Practice 2022 (October 20, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6725225.

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Objective. This study investigates the efficacy of CaD combined with intravitreal ranibizumab for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) in patients with nonproliferative DR. Methods. This retrospective, observational, case-control study enrolled consecutive patients newly diagnosed with DME. The patients were treated with 3-monthly loading dose injections of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) followed by pro re nata injections (3 + PRN), with or without daily oral CaD. The patients were treated and followed up for 12 months. We reviewed their medical records to determine the optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings, number of injections, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and central macular thickness (CMT) at 3, 6, and 12 months after the first injection. Results. We reviewed 102 eyes of 102 patients; 54 patients received IVR combined with oral CaD (IVR + CaD group) and 48 received only IVR (IVR group). In both groups, BCVA was higher, and CMT was lower, at 3, 6, and 12 months after the injection compared to those at the baseline ( p < 0.05 for all), while there were no significant differences in BCVA improvement or CMT reduction between the two groups ( p > 0.05 ). The mean number of IVR injections was significantly lower in the IVR + CaD group than the IVR group (5.4 ± 1.1 vs. 6.7 ± 1.6 injections, p < 0.05 ) during 1 year of treatment. No adverse events were noted in either group. Conclusions. Compared to IVR alone, the addition of oral CaD to IVR in DME patients was safe and effective for improving visual function and restoring the retinal anatomy and was associated with the need for fewer injections.

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Chen, Xuting, Lin Zhou, Qi Zhang, Yu Xu, Peiquan Zhao, and Hongping Xia. "Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels before and after Intravitreous Ranibizumab Injection for Retinopathy of Prematurity." Journal of Ophthalmology 2019 (May 20, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2985161.

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Background. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the common complications of prematurity. Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR), an antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drug, showed significant benefit for ROP. However, there are concerns about systemic complications of anti-VEGF therapy in preterm infants. Objectives. To evaluate serum VEGF level in the systemic circulation after IVR and the complications associated with IVR for the premature infants with ROP. Methods. This prospective investigation assessed the serum concentrations of VEGF in ROP patients before and after IVR therapy. All the infants had binocular retinopathy and received IVR 0.25 mg per eye as the primary treatment. Serum samples were collected 1 day prior to injection and 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days after IVR treatment. Serum VEGF level was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. Fifteen infants (6 girls and 9 boys) were enrolled. The serum concentrations of VEGF 1 day before and 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days after a total of 0.5 mg intravitreal injections of ranibizumab were 226.9 (198.4, 272.4), 12.8 (7.0, 22.4), 16 (12.0, 20.8), and 33.7 (24.0, 48.0) pg/ml, respectively. Serum VEGF levels decreased significantly at 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days after IVR treatment compared with pretreatment concentration (P<0.05). Compared to days 1 and 3 after IVR, serum VEGF level at 7 days after IVR treatment increased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion. Serum VEGF levels in patients with ROP were suppressed for at least 7 days after IVR treatment. Although the clinical significance of this phenomenon is uncertain, its safety profile requires further investigation.

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Hasegawa, Taiji, Yohei Takahashi, Ichiro Maruko, Akiko Kogure, and Tomohiro Iida. "Macular vessel reduction as predictor for recurrence of macular oedema requiring repeat intravitreal ranibizumab injection in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion." British Journal of Ophthalmology 103, no. 10 (December 4, 2018): 1367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312769.

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AimTo determine whether there are factors that can predict the frequency of recurrences of macular oedema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of 31 eyes with treatment-naïve macular oedema associated with BRVO. All eyes received an intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) injection and were followed with a pro re nata protocol for at least 12 months. A reinjection of ranibizmab was performed when the central foveal thickness was ≥300 µm. At 1 month after IVR injection, the macular vessel reduction was calculated by comparing the vessel density in the optical coherence tomography angiography in the BRVO involved half to that in the non-involved half.ResultsThe mean visual acuity improved from 0.35±0.27 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) units (20/45; Snellen) at initial visit to 0.06±0.15 logMAR units (20/23) at 12 months (p<0.0001). During 12 months, the mean number of IVR injections was 3.8±1.8. Multivariate regression analysis showed that a greater macular vessel reduction at 1 month after initial IVR injection was significantly a negative predictor of frequency of IVR injections (β=−0.5065, p=0.0082). The visual acuity and the central foveal thickness at the initial visit or at 1 month after initial IVR injection were not predictive factors for frequency of IVR injections.ConclusionsPatients with BRVO with a large macular vessel reduction at 1 month after an initial IVR injection have fewer recurrences and thus lower frequency of IVR injections during 12 months.

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Palukaitis, Peter, Masoud Akbarimotlagh, Eseul Baek, and Ju-Yeon Yoon. "The Secret Life of the Inhibitor of Virus Replication." Viruses 14, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 2782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14122782.

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The inhibitor of virus replication (IVR) is an inducible protein that is not virus-target-specific and can be induced by several viruses. The GenBank was interrogated for sequences closely related to the tobacco IVR. Various RNA fragments from tobacco, tomato, and potato and their genomic DNA contained IVR-like sequences. However, IVRs were part of larger proteins encoded by these genomic DNA sequences, which were identified in Arabidopsis as being related to the cyclosome protein designated anaphase-promoting complex 7 (APC7). Sequence analysis of the putative APC7s of nine plant species showed proteins of 558-561 amino acids highly conserved in sequence containing at least six protein-binding elements of 34 amino acids called tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs), which form helix–turn–helix structures. The structures of Arabidopsis APC7 and the tobacco IVR proteins were modeled using the AlphaFold program and superimposed, showing that IVR had the same structure as the C-terminal 34% of APC7, indicating that IVR was a product of the APC7 gene. Based on the presence of various transcription factor binding sites in the APC7 sequences upstream of the IVR coding sequences, we propose that IVR could be expressed by these APC7 gene sequences involving the transcription factor SHE1.

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Ha, Jee Soo, Jinhyung Jeon, Jong Cheol Ko, Hye Sun Lee, Juyeon Yang, Daeho Kim, June Seok Kim, Won Sik Ham, Young Deuk Choi, and Kang Su Cho. "Intravesical Recurrence after Radical Nephroureterectomy in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Is Associated with Flexible Diagnostic Ureteroscopy, but Not with Rigid Diagnostic Ureteroscopy." Cancers 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 5629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14225629.

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(1) Background: We assessed the impact of diagnostic ureteroscopy (URS) on intravesical recurrence (IVR) following radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma according to the type of URS. (2) Methods: Data on 491 consecutive patients who underwent RNU at two institutions between 2016 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The study population was classified according to the type of URS performed before RNU as follows: non-URS, rigid URS, and flexible URS. The study outcome was IVR occurring within 1 year of RNU. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk of IVR. (3) Results: Altogether, 396 patients were included for analysis. Rigid and flexible URS were performed in 178 (45%) and 111 (28%) patients, respectively, while 107 (27%) patients did not undergo URS. IVR was identified in 99 (25%) patients. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that the flexible URS group was significantly associated with increased IVR, compared to the non-URS group (HR = 1.807, p = 0.0416). No significant difference in IVR was observed between the non-URS and rigid URS groups (HR = 1.301, p = 0.3388). (4) Conclusions: In patients with UTUC undergoing RNU, rigid URS may not increase the risk of IVR, whereas flexible URS appears to be associated with a higher risk of IVR.

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Spalter, Anne Morgan, Philip Andrew Stone, Barbara J. Meier, Timothy S. Miller, and Rosemary Michelle Simpson. "Interaction in an IVR Museum of Color: Constructivism Meets Virtual Reality." Leonardo 35, no. 1 (February 2002): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002409402753689380.

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Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) environments would seem naturally to lend themselves to hands-on approaches to learning, but the success of such virtual “direct experience” depends heavily on the design of interface and interaction techniques. IVR presents surprisingly difficult interface challenges, and the study of interface and interaction design for educational IVR use is just beginning. In this paper, the authors discuss three issues encountered in the creation of an IVR-based educational project: the use of architectural spaces for structuring a sequence of modules, the tradeoffs between metaphorical fidelity and convenience, and the use of IVR in interaction with visualizations of abstract concepts.

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Kato, Mamoru, Koichi Chida, Masato Munehisa, Tadaya Sato, Yohei Inaba, Masatoshi Suzuki, and Masayuki Zuguchi. "Non-Lead Protective Aprons for the Protection of Interventional Radiology Physicians from Radiation Exposure in Clinical Settings: An Initial Study." Diagnostics 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 1613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091613.

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Radiation protection/evaluation during interventional radiology (IVR) poses a very important problem. Although IVR physicians should wear protective aprons, the IVR physician may not tolerate wearing one for long procedures because protective aprons are generally heavy. In fact, orthopedic problems are increasingly reported in IVR physicians due to the strain of wearing heavy protective aprons during IVR. In recent years, non-Pb protective aprons (lighter weight, composite materials) have been developed. Although non-Pb protective aprons are more expensive than Pb protective aprons, the former aprons weigh less. However, whether the protective performance of non-Pb aprons is sufficient in the IVR clinical setting is unclear. This study compared the ability of non-Pb and Pb protective aprons (0.25- and 0.35-mm Pb-equivalents) to protect physicians from scatter radiation in a clinical setting (IVR, cardiac catheterizations, including percutaneous coronary intervention) using an electric personal dosimeter (EPD). For radiation measurements, physicians wore EPDs: One inside a personal protective apron at the chest, and one outside a personal protective apron at the chest. Physician comfort levels in each apron during procedures were also evaluated. As a result, performance (both the shielding effect (98.5%) and comfort (good)) of the non-Pb 0.35-mm-Pb-equivalent protective apron was good in the clinical setting. The radiation-shielding effects of the non-Pb 0.35-mm and Pb 0.35-mm-Pb-equivalent protective aprons were very similar. Therefore, non-Pb 0.35-mm Pb-equivalent protective aprons may be more suitable for providing radiation protection for IVR physicians because the shielding effect and comfort are both good in the clinical IVR setting. As non-Pb protective aprons are nontoxic and weigh less than Pb protective aprons, non-Pb protective aprons will be the preferred type for radiation protection of IVR staff, especially physicians.

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Martínez-Martín, Virginia, Jesús Verdejo-Herrero, Raúl Romero-del Rey, Jessica Garcia-Gonzalez, María del Mar Requena-Mullor, and Raquel Alarcon-Rodriguez. "The Effect of Immersive Virtual Reality on Dental Anxiety and Intraoperative Pain in Adults Undergoing Local Anesthesia: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Healthcare 12, no. 23 (December 3, 2024): 2424. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12232424.

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Aims: This study assessed the effect of immersive virtual reality (IVR) on anxiety and intraoperative pain in adult patients undergoing dental extractions with local anesthesia. Methods: In a single-blind, randomized clinical trial from September 2022 to December 2023 at a private dental clinic, 190 patients with dental anxiety were randomly assigned to either an IVR or a control group. Primary outcomes—dental anxiety and perioperative pain—were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before and after the procedure. Secondary outcomes included heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and systolic blood pressure (SBP), recorded at various stages. Results: The IVR group showed significant reductions in total anxiety, state anxiety, and MDAS scores compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Pain intensity was also lower in the IVR group (p = 0.03). Additionally, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were consistently lower in the IVR group across different stages. Post anesthesia, the IVR group showed notably lower mean SBP and DBP values (p < 0.001). After surgery, the IVR group also showed lower HR (p = 0.01), SBP (p < 0.001), and DBP (p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Conclusions: IVR significantly reduced STAI, STAI-S, and MDAS scores and decreased intraoperative pain compared to the control group.

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Haj-Bolouri, Amir. "The Experience of Immersive Virtual Reality: A Phenomenology Inspired Inquiry." Communications of the Association for Information Systems 52 (2023): 782–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.17705/1cais.05238.

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Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) technology is becoming central for Information Systems (IS) research. However, existing studies in IS fall short of providing insights into how the IVR experience becomes meaningful for end-users. To increase granularity and specificity in this regard, researchers have suggested that the IVR experience can become meaningful due to its fleeting feeling of escapism. In this paper, I explore and characterize how individuals use the IVR experience to create meaning in the context of meaningful escapism, by undertaking a phenomenology inspired inquiry, based on Heideggerian views on meaning, meaningfulness, and world. Interviews and analysis were conducted within an empirical case of IVR fire safety training. As a result, four characteristics of the IVR experience as a meaningful form of escapism were unveiled: a sense of content, a sense of familiarity, a sense of mood, and a sense of care. Throughout this study, I offer a nuanced perspective on how the characteristics contribute to clarifying the distinctions and relationship between meaning and meaningfulness, as well as how the IVR experience becomes a meaningful escapism that provides an alternative of individual’s being-in-the-world, into a being-in-the-virtual-world, also known as Virtual Dasein. Further, this study contributes to the IS field by advancing the current discourse on IVR research and escapism, from a phenomenological perspective.

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Ak, Oguz. "Immersive Virtual Reality Serious Game Studies in Education: A Brief Review." International Journal of Higher Education Pedagogies 5, no. 1 (March 7, 2024): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ijhep.v5i1.618.

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Currently, immersive virtual reality environments(IVR) are providing interactive learning experiences in various fields including “education”. Especially after covid-19 pandemic, the popularity of the online learning environment has increased, and the IVR would be a possible alternative to other mediums in online learning. The previous reviews usually contain related literature before the pandemic. There is a need to better understand the current body of knowledge on IVR. The specific application contexts, research designs, and possible results of the current works needed to be clarified. To answer this question a literature review was conducted between 2013-2023 years on the “Web of Science” database for “IVR” and “serious games” keywords in the field of “education”. Then, 18 articles are reviewed and the main themes are provided. As a result, the majority of the articles were found as “applied studies” and the main research intent was to determine “cognitive effects” including knowledge improvement. Depending on literature analyses qualitative and quantitative study results can be listed as; “IVR in the form of serious game” in general was found and perceived as an effective medium for learning in various fields of education. In addition, some study results about instructional design decisions of IVR applications and the effectiveness of IVR comparing other types of mediums are provided. The study recommends taking into account educational theories behind the design of IVR and related multimedia design principles.

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Feng, Qinna, Heng Luo, Wenhao Li, Ying Chen, and Jiakai Zhang. "The Moderating Effect of Debriefing on Learning Outcomes of IVR-Based Instruction: An Experimental Research." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 10426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110426.

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With its ability to afford immersive and interactive learning experiences, virtual reality has been widely used to support experiential learning, of which the learning effectiveness is promoted by the instructional component of debriefing. The current literature on debriefing mainly focuses on the traditional learning contexts while little is known on its effectiveness in immersive virtual reality (IVR) learning environments. Based on the theories of experiential learning and debriefing, this study designed a debriefing strategy based on simulated learning experience and investigated its effectiveness on knowledge and behavioral learning in an IVR learning program, using a randomized controlled trial with 77 elementary students from Hubei province in China. The study results support the efficacy of IVR on improving knowledge acquisition and behavioral performance, and reveal a significant moderating effect of debriefing on the effectiveness of IVR learning environments. The study confirms the critical role of debriefing in IVR-based instruction and provides theoretical and practical implications for the design and implementation of effective IVR learning environments.

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Setiawan, Bramianto, and Adi Winarno. "Global Trend On Used Immersive Virtual Reality In Science Education: Bibliometric Analysis." DIKODA JURNAL PENDIDIKAN SEKOLAH DASAR 5, no. 2 (November 28, 2024): 96–106. https://doi.org/10.37366/jpgsd.v5i2.5206.

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Science is a subject that many students find challenging due to its abstract concepts. Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) technology has been shown to enhance the effectiveness of science lessons compared to traditional methods. This study examines the development and trends of IVR in science education through bibliometric analysis. The data was collected using an electronic search on June 12th, 2023, with the keywords “immersive virtual reality OR IVR” AND “science education.” The findings reveal a growing number of publications on IVR in science education, with a noticeable gap in studies during 2018 and 2019. The work by Liu R. et al. stands out as the most cited article in the field. Keywords like "immersive virtual learning", "IVR", and "science education" continue to dominate the research landscape. This review highlights the recent progress in this area and identifies potential directions for future research, offering valuable insights into the role of IVR in improving science education.

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Fukushima, Tetsuya, Eiji Kidoya, Tooru Ikeno, and Hiroyuki Komuro. "153. Suggest of Exclusive IVR System." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 47, no. 8 (1991): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003323897.

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Wellmann, Carl. "One Hundred Years of the IVR." Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 95, no. 1 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/arsp-2009-0001.

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Kay, Kenneth G. "IVR Formulation of Miller's Correspondence Relations†." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 105, no. 12 (March 2001): 2535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0034675.

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Mbamala, Chinyere V., Chika N. John, and Nkechi F. Esomonu. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN IVR PAYMENT SYSTEM." International Research Journal of Computer Science 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/irjcs.2022.v0909.03.

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The payment system in Nigeria has experienced a major shift in recent years from the traditional mode of payment, resulting in a cashless society through mobile banking. This is a welcome development as the traditional system has a lot of drawbacks like spending hours on a queue just to make a transaction. Also, the advent of debit cards poses a challenge of inability to make payments if the card is not readily available, coupled with outrageous service charges from POS operators. Even in mobile banking, some challenges still abound such as network failure and session timeout which can be experienced while using USSD or Mobile banking applications. We are proposing an IVR payment system for customers to make payments to merchants for their goods and services. This system is very unique as it is yet to be explored in this part of the world. Imagine being able to make payments through a phone call. The need for better payment alternatives which hinges on convenience, affordability, accessibility and speed cannot be overemphasized. Our system does not require mobile data to be able to make payment transactions after purchase. Interestingly, it does not necessarily require a smartphone and as such has a high penetration especially in the rural areas, also providing a vocal guide to initiate payments for those who are visually impaired. We are able to achieve this by implementing the IVR technology, enabling customers and merchants to enroll on the platform and carry out payment transactions.

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Elran, Y., and K. G. Kay. "Semiclassical IVR treatment of reactive collisions." Journal of Chemical Physics 116, no. 24 (June 22, 2002): 10577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1479137.

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Ichida, Takao, Minoru Hosogai, and Hiroaki Kudoh. "Development of navigation system for IVR." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 52, no. 2 (1996): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001354157.

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Kawasaki, Sadahiro, Manabu Takahashi, Yoshihiro Nakaya, Johji Sasaki, Hiroyuki Fujikawa, Takashi Satoh, and Yasuhisa Saitoh. "Usefulness of IVR-CT/Angio System." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 52, no. 9 (1996): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001354797.

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Chida, Koichi. "Radiation Protection Basics for IVR Staff." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 64, no. 8 (2008): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.64.1009.

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Sakamoto, Hajime. "Angiography and IVR in the Extremity." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 64, no. 4 (2008): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.64.451.

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