Journal articles: 'Jackals – Food'

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Temu, S. E., C. L. Nahonyo, and P. D. Moehlman. "Comparative Foraging Efficiency of Two Sympatric Jackals, Silver-Backed Jackals (Canis mesomelas) and Golden Jackals (Canis aureus), in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania." International Journal of Ecology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6178940.

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The foraging efficiency of two sympatric species of jackals, silver-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) and golden jackals (Canis aureus), was studied in the Ngorongoro crater from July 2014 through May 2015. The focal animal observation method was used and individuals of both species were followed as they foraged from morning to evening. Observations of individuals of both jackal species were made from a vehicle using binoculars and a spotting scope. Three major parameters were used for determination of foraging efficiency: distance travelled while foraging, time spent foraging, and amount of food secured in foraging period. The Mann–Whitney U test showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in distance travelled per unit time of foraging between the two species in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Golden jackals secured a significantly higher amount of food than the silver-backed jackals in the wet season (Mann–Whitney U test, P<0.05, U=1035.4). Hunting of prey larger than Thomson’s gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) fawns was not common. Both species mainly fed on smaller prey such as invertebrates and rodents and scavenged opportunistically. Efficient foraging is crucial for both jackal species especially during their breeding season when they are provisioning dependent pups.

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Kamler, Jan F., Christin Minge, Susana Rostro-García, Tazarve Gharajehdaghipour, Rachel Crouthers, Visattha In, Chen Pay, Chanratana Pin, Prum Sovanna, and David W. Macdonald. "Home range, habitat selection, density, and diet of golden jackals in the Eastern Plains Landscape, Cambodia." Journal of Mammalogy 102, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): 636–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab014.

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Abstract We used radiocollars and GPS collars to determine the movements and habitat selection of golden jackals (Canis aureus) in a seasonally dry deciduous forest with no human settlements in eastern Cambodia. We also collected and analyzed 147 scats from jackals to determine their seasonal diet and prey selection. The mean (± SE) annual size of home-range ranges (47.1 ± 2.5 km2; n = 4), which were mutually exclusive between mated pairs, was considerably larger than that previously reported for this species, resulting in an extremely low density (0.01 jackal/km2). The unusually large home ranges and low density probably were due to the harsh dry season when most understory vegetation is burned and nearly all waterholes dry up, thereby causing a large seasonal decline in the availability of small vertebrate prey. Resident groups consisted of an alpha pair, but no betas, and were situated only in areas not occupied by leopards (Panthera pardus) and dholes (Cuon alpinus). Jackals avoided dense forests and streams, and had a strong selection for dirt roads, possibly to avoid larger predators. Overall the jackal diet was diverse, with at least 16 prey items identified, and there was no significant difference in diet composition between the cool-dry and hot-dry seasons. Scat analysis showed that the main food items consumed by jackals were processional termites (Hospitalitermes spp.; 26% biomass consumed), followed by wild pig (Sus scrofa; 20%), muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis; 20%), and civets (17%). Compared to available biomass, jackals were not random in their consumption of ungulates because muntjac were selectively consumed over larger ungulate species. Dietary overlap with dholes and leopards was relatively low, and consumption patterns indicated jackals were preying on ungulates rather than scavenging from kills of larger carnivores. Our results showed that the jackal is an extremely adaptable and opportunistic species that exhibits unique behaviors to survive in an extreme environment near the edge of its distribution.

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Yousuf, MA, J. Bashu, M. Pervin, MT Islam, PM Das, and MAHNA Khan. "Identifying Diseases of Golden Jackals of Bangladesh Agricultural University Campus, Mymensingh, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 12, no. 2 (December 24, 2014): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21295.

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Golden jackals is one of the semidomestic wild carnivors of the environment of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus and now a days very often share spend their time with native dogs and cats in the gouse food wastes. This is not unusual for jackals to share diseases of dogs and cats. This study was aimed to identify important diseases of golden jackals and categorized to their zoonotic importance. A total of five apparently healthy golden jackals were collected from BAU campus and thorough postmortem examination was carried out during the period from July to December, 2010. Histopathological studies were conducted using routine Hematoxylin & Eosin procedure. The existence of blood parasites were studied by Giemsas staining. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) & Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) were adopted for the detection of tuberculosis (TB), canine distemper (CD) and avain influenza virus (AI). Other diseases investigated were liverfluke, whipworm, lungworm, mites and ascariasis. Out of five jackals examined, four were infected with heartworm Dirofilaria immitis. Gross examination of a Jackal at necropsy revealed nodular lesions in lungs and suspected as a case of TB. Acid fast staining and PCR protocol specific for TB could not detect mycobacterium in the nodular lungs lesions. Results of RT- PCR with the extracted RNA from liver showed amplification of 287bp fragment specific for CD viral infection in two cases. This is the first study in Bangladesh describing infection of CD in jackals. Jackals are scavanging in nature and reasonably AI could have present in jackals. RT-PCR protocol specific for matrix protein gene of AI viruses did not amplify any nucleic acid fragment. Results of this study showed that the golden jackals of BAU campus were infected with heartworm, lungworm, liverfluke, whipeworm, ascarids, mites and CD viruses. Extensive investigation is needed to explore the existance of few other important diseases of jackals including bovine and human TB, AI, leishmaniasis, rabies, Toxoplasmosis, Infectious canine hepatitis, Taeniasis and Canine hookworm infestation. heartworm, whipworm and mites have zoonotic importance, therefore, it needs to develop stretagy to prevent their future dessimination in human and other animals.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v12i2.21295 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2014). 12 (2): 217-224

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Lanszki, J., M. Heltai, and L. Szabó. "Feeding habits and trophic niche overlap between sympatric golden jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Pannonian ecoregion (Hungary)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 11 (November 2006): 1647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-147.

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The feeding ecology of the golden jackal ( Canis aureus L., 1758) and its interspecific trophic relationship with the sympatric red fox (Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)) was investigated in an area of recent range expansion of the golden jackal in Hungary, central Europe. Diet composition was determined by scat analysis (over 4 years: jackal 814 scats; fox 894 scats). Compared with jackals, foxes consumed more small mammals (mean biomass consumed: jackal 77%; fox 68%) and to a lesser extent plant matter (6% and 18%, respectively). The importance of other prey, such as wild boar ( Sus scrofa L., 1758), cervids, brown hare ( Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778), birds, reptiles, fish, invertebrates, and domestic animals, was minimal. Both mesocarnivores consumed primarily small animals (<50 g: 92% and 87%, respectively); this implies a typical searching and solitary hunting strategy. The trophic niche breadth of both species was very narrow and the fox proved to be more of a generalist. The food overlap index between the two canids was high (mean, 73%) and varied with the decreasing availability and consumption of small mammals. Based on prey remains found in scats, small-mammal specialization over a 2-year period and seasonal predation upon wild boar piglets (mainly by the jackal), seasonal fruit eating (mainly by the fox), and scavenging on wild or domestic ungulates (both predators) were found.

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Borchering, Rebecca K., Steve E. Bellan, Jason M. Flynn, Juliet R. C. Pulliam, and Scott A. McKinley. "Resource-driven encounters among consumers and implications for the spread of infectious disease." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 135 (October 2017): 20170555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0555.

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Animals share a variety of common resources, which can be a major driver of conspecific encounter rates. In this work, we implement a spatially explicit mathematical model for resource visitation behaviour in order to examine how changes in resource availability can influence the rate of encounters among consumers. Using simulations and asymptotic analysis, we demonstrate that, under a reasonable set of assumptions, the relationship between resource availability and consumer conspecific encounters is not monotonic. We characterize how the maximum encounter rate and associated critical resource density depend on system parameters like consumer density and the maximum distance from which consumers can detect and respond to resources. The assumptions underlying our theoretical model and analysis are motivated by observations of large aggregations of black-backed jackals at carcasses generated by seasonal outbreaks of anthrax among herbivores in Etosha National Park, Namibia. As non-obligate scavengers, black-backed jackals use carcasses as a supplemental food resource when they are available. While jackals do not appear to acquire disease from ingesting anthrax carcasses, changes in their movement patterns in response to changes in carcass abundance do alter jackals' conspecific encounter rate in ways that may affect the transmission dynamics of other diseases, such as rabies. Our theoretical results provide a method to quantify and analyse the hypothesis that the outbreak of a fatal disease among herbivores can potentially facilitate outbreaks of an entirely different disease among jackals. By analysing carcass visitation data, we find support for our model's prediction that the number of conspecific encounters at resource sites decreases with additional increases in resource availability. Whether or not this site-dependent effect translates to an overall decrease in encounters depends, unexpectedly, on the relationship between the maximum distance of detection and the resource density.

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Tsunoda, H., E. G. Raichev, C. Newman, R. Masuda, D. M. Georgiev, and Y. Kaneko. "Food niche segregation between sympatric golden jackals and red foxes in central Bulgaria." Journal of Zoology 303, no. 1 (April 18, 2017): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12464.

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Baskaran, Nagarajan, Ganesan Karthikeyan, and Kamaraj Ramkumaran. "Golden Jackal Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) distribution pattern and feeding at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 11 (August 26, 2020): 16460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4489.12.11.16460-16468.

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Golden Jackal Canis aureus, a medium-sized omnivore belonging to the family Canidae, ranges widely from Europe and extends across the middle-east to India. It’s adaptable social system according to the distribution of food resources enabling it to range widely from desert to evergreen forests, mangroves, rural, and semi-urban human-agro-ecosystems. Despite its wide distribution, the species has not received adequate scientific attention in much of its southern India range. This study was carried out to assess its distribution pattern, diet composition, and prey preference at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, a well-known habitat for the jackal and the only predator of the sanctuary. Data on distribution collected through extensive field surveys revealed that the species distribution is uniform in southern and southeastern parts of the sanctuary, in areas where the habitat is more open with grasslands and mudflats and is patch in the tropical dry-evergreen habitat. Analysis of 155 scat samples revealed that the diet comprised 19 species of food items, including mammals, birds, insects, other invertebrates, and plant matter characterizing omnivorous nature. Temporal variation in diet composition—with significantly higher proportion of birds during winter than in summer—coincides with abundance of prey species in relation to season, which indicate the opportunistic foraging and hunting nature of the species. Data on diet preference showed that jackals in the area preferred Black-naped Hare, Spotted Dove and Lapwing followed by Chital, Grey Francolin, Cattle Egret, and Large Egret, while Blackbuck, Bonnet Macaque, and cattle were not preferred, which is discussed under optimal foraging. The jackal being the only large-sized predator of this natural system, more detailed studies and effective measures to conserve the species are vital not only to understand the prey-predator mechanism, but also to conserve the biodiversity of this unique ecosystem.

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Mirjalali, H., S. Rezaei, E. Pozio, S. R. Naddaf, A. Salahi-Moghaddam, E. B. Kia, F. Shahbazi, and Gh Mowlavi. "Trichinella britovi in the jackal Canis aureus from south-west Iran." Journal of Helminthology 88, no. 4 (May 9, 2013): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x1300028x.

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AbstractTrichinellosis is an important helminthic food-borne zoonosis, which is caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Although, Trichinella spp. has been detected frequently in Iranian wildlife, this parasitic infection is not considered a major public health problem. This is largely because Islamic codes forbid consumption of pork meat in this country. However, knowledge about this zoonotic pathogen is important because human trichinellosis has been documented in countries where most of the population is Muslim. The aims of the present work were to investigate whether Trichinella spp. was still circulating in wildlife of the Khuzestan Province (south-west Iran) about 30 years after the first investigation, to identify the aetiological agent at the species level by molecular analyses, and to review the literature on Trichinella spp. in animals of Iran. During the winter 2009–2010, muscle samples from 32 road-killed animals (14 dogs and 18 jackals, Canis aureus) were collected. Muscle samples were digested and Trichinella sp. larvae were isolated from two jackals. The Trichinella sp. larvae have been identified as Trichinellabritovi by molecular analyses. These results confirm that T. britovi is the prevalent species circulating in wild animals of Iran.

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Khan, Khursid A., Jamal A. Khan, and Narendra Mohan. "Winter food habits of the Golden Jackal Canis aureus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in Patna Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 9 (September 26, 2017): 10656. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3301.9.9.10656-10661.

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Golden Jackal (Canis aurius indicus) survives in a wide range of environment. Its foraging adaptation varies according to quality and abundance of food sources. The food habits also fluctuate according to season and habitat. This study investigated the diet composition of Golden Jackal using scat analysis method collected between November 2012 and April 2013 from Patna Bird Sanctuary (PBS), Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 83 scats of Golden Jackal were collected and analysed. Sixteen food items were identified in Golden Jackal scats. Birds contributed maximum (ca. 38.92%) in Golden Jackal diet followed by rodents (ca. 12.14%), insects (ca. 8.92%), reptile (ca. 8.57%), vegetative matter (ca. 13.56%), rufous-tailed hare (ca. 6.07%), cattle (ca. 2.5%), squirrel (ca.1.42%), nilgai (ca.1.07%) and common palm civet (ca. 0.71 %). However (ca. 6.07 %) of prey items could not identified in Golden Jackal scats. Out of (ca. 38.92%) in bird’s contribution egret alone contributed about (ca.20.35%) in Golden Jackal diet followed by gargeny (ca. 8.93%), greater caucal (ca. 5.71%), babbler (ca.1.07%) and (ca. 2.85%) remains of birds were could not identified as per species level. This study is conducted to find out food habits of Golden Jackal and its impact on bird community structure.

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Njenga, M. Kariuki, Naomi Kemunto, Samuel Kahariri, Lindsey Holmstrom, Harry Oyas, Keith Biggers, Austin Riddle, et al. "High real-time reporting of domestic and wild animal diseases following rollout of mobile phone reporting system in Kenya." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): e0244119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244119.

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Background To improve early detection of emerging infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), many of them zoonotic, numerous electronic animal disease-reporting systems have been piloted but not implemented because of cost, lack of user friendliness, and data insecurity. In Kenya, we developed and rolled out an open-source mobile phone-based domestic and wild animal disease reporting system and collected data over two years to investigate its robustness and ability to track disease trends. Methods The Kenya Animal Biosurveillance System (KABS) application was built on the Java® platform, freely downloadable for android compatible mobile phones, and supported by web-based account management, form editing and data monitoring. The application was integrated into the surveillance systems of Kenya’s domestic and wild animal sectors by adopting their existing data collection tools, and targeting disease syndromes prioritized by national, regional and international animal and human health agencies. Smartphone-owning government and private domestic and wild animal health officers were recruited and trained on the application, and reports received and analyzed by Kenya Directorate of Veterinary Services. The KABS application performed automatic basic analyses (frequencies, spatial distribution), which were immediately relayed to reporting officers as feedback. Results Of 697 trained domestic animal officers, 662 (95%) downloaded the application, and >72% of them started reporting using the application within three months. Introduction of the application resulted in 2- to 14-fold increase in number of disease reports when compared to the previous year (relative risk = 14, CI 13.8–14.2, p<0.001), and reports were more widely distributed. Among domestic animals, food animals (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and chicken) accounted for >90% of the reports, with respiratory, gastrointestinal and skin diseases constituting >85% of the reports. Herbivore wildlife (zebra, buffalo, elephant, giraffe, antelopes) accounted for >60% of the wildlife disease reports, followed by carnivores (lions, cheetah, hyenas, jackals, and wild dogs). Deaths, traumatic injuries, and skin diseases were most reported in wildlife. Conclusions This open-source system was user friendly and secure, ideal for rolling out in other countries in SSA to improve disease reporting and enhance preparedness for epidemics of zoonotic diseases.

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de Kort, Selvino R., Nathan J. Emery, and Nicola S. Clayton. "Food offering in jackdaws (Corvus monedula)." Naturwissenschaften 90, no. 5 (April 29, 2003): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-003-0419-2.

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Laugksch, Rudiger C., and David Cameron Duffy. "Food Transit Rates in Cape Gannets and Jackass Penguins." Condor 88, no. 1 (February 1986): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1367775.

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MAŃKO, Oliwia. "THE PROPOSAL FOR MONITORING OF GOLDEN JACKAL (Canis aureus)." Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 357, no. 56 (December 6, 2020): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2020.56.4.03.

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Golden jackal (Canis aureus) is a mesopredator. As an opportunistic species, it can both compete and pose a threat to native species. The golden jackal was first documented in Poland in 2015, where it came probably due to the natural expansion of the species distribution range. Currently, its estimated population size is based only on observations of single individuals, but this may change in the future. The recent expansion of the golden jackal, as well as its small population size in Poland, result in a low level of knowledge about this species and its impact on the native fauna and flora. The purpose of monitoring is to help in the future control of the population size, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of knowledge on the biology and the impact of this species on the environment. The monitoring method of the golden jackal presented in this article consists of the assessment of both the species’ habitat and its population. Overall, the proposed assessment of the habitat and population is based on evaluation of 7 indicators (population density, number of litters, height above sea level, presence of wolves, access to water reservoirs, scrubs, food base availability). Indicator assessment allows to determine, whether a given site is favorable for the settlement and growth of the golden jackal population. Observations carried out during the monitoring process may additionally facilitate the recognition of the species in the newly occupied areas, and allow to determine its impact on the environment.

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Wechsler, Beat. "The Spread of Food Producing Techniques in a Captive Flock of Jackdaws." Behaviour 107, no. 3-4 (1988): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853988x00377.

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The spread of techniques to get peeled oats from a food dispenser was observed in a captive flock of 28 jackdaws (Corvus monedula) in two replicates. It was hypothesized that the quality of the social relationship between two jackdaws could affect the probability of social learning within that dyad. Therefore technique acquisition of socially bonded dyads (pairs) and socially indifferent dyads (non-pairs) was compared. The results can not falsify the hypothesis of individual learning regardless of the partner's knowledge about a successful technique. Pair members did not learn faster from each other than members of non-pair dyads. Pair members did not preferentially acquire the same technique. There was no indication that the rate of technique acquisition within the flock increased with the number of established technicians. Qualitative observations support the explanation of individual trial-and-error learning.

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Lanszki, József, Matthew W. Hayward, and Nikolett Nagyapáti. "Feeding responses of the golden jackal after reduction of anthropogenic food subsidies." PLOS ONE 13, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): e0208727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208727.

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de Kort, Selvino R., Nathan J. Emery, and Nicola S. Clayton. "Food sharing in jackdaws, Corvus monedula: what, why and with whom?" Animal Behaviour 72, no. 2 (August 2006): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.10.016.

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Czechowski, Paweł, Marcin Bocheński, and Olaf Ciebiera. "Decline Of Jackdaws Corvus Monedula In The City Of Zielona Góra." International Studies on Sparrows 37, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/isspar-2015-0023.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the number and distribution of breeding Jackdaws Corvus monedula in different urban habitat types in Zielona Góra in 2012 and to compare the results with those from a 2004 survey. On the seven study areas, the highest density was recorded in Park Tysiąclecia with 6.0 pairs per 10 ha, followed by the plot Słoneczne with 3.5, the Old Town with 1.0 and the plot Winnica with 0.4. On the plots Zacisze, Chynów and Industrial Zone, foraging Jackdaws were noted but we did not find any indication for breeding. From 2004 to 2012, the number of Jackdaws declined on the plots Słoneczne and Old Town. On the plot Winnica the number of breeding pairs remained the same. In Park Tysiąclecia Jackdaws increased from two pairs in 2004 to six pairs in 2012. This increase may have been caused by the settlement of birds formerly breeding in the Old Town where numbers were declining, probably due to the loss of suitable nest sites. The most likely causes for the overall decrease of Jackdaw numbers in Zielona Góra include renovation, modernisation and thermal insulation of buildings in the Old Town and in housing estates, leading to a decline in space available for nesting. Other significant factors are the lack of food sources in the city centre and an increasing degree of urbanisation. Furthermore, the city is surrounded by dense pine monoculture which undoubtedly has a negative influence on the number of Jackdaws.

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Church, Kathleen D. W., Kevyn Janisse, Lida Nguyen-Dang, John W. Heath, Daniel D. Heath, and Christina A. D. Semeniuk. "Rearing conditions differentially affect behavioural phenotypes of male “jack” and “hooknose” Chinook salmon and their sisters in both fresh and salt water." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 78, no. 1 (January 2021): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0052.

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Alternative reproductive tactics are widespread in fishes. In Pacific salmon, males either become a competitive hooknose, or a sneaker jack, which is undesirable in aquaculture when overabundant. Juveniles often experience accelerated growth prior to becoming jacks, potentially caused by increased competitiveness. We tested the behaviour of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in fresh water and after 1 year in salt water. We also tested the effects of freshwater rearing density (100, 50, or 35 fish per 200 L), food ration (high or low), sire (jack or hooknose) for jacks, hooknoses, and females with and without confirmed jack siblings. Sisters of jacks were further identified to test whether females closely related to jacks also showed behavioural differences. Overall, jacks did not behave as predicted; rearing conditions were the strongest determinant of behaviour, and jack sisters behaved differently than jacks and other females. Our study underscores the complexities of jack behaviour, and of females closely related to jacks, at all development stages and supports the use of behavioural screenings to regulate jacking rates in hatcheries by identifying jack sisters.

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VAN HEEZIK, YOLANDA M., and PHILIP J. SEDDON. "Scramble feeding in jackass penguins: within-brood food distribution and the maintenance of sibling asymmetries." Animal Behaviour 51, no. 6 (June 1996): 1383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0141.

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Meulenberg, Cécil J. W. "BRAIN CHANGER. Felice Jacka, 321 pages, Macmillan, 2019 (ISBN: 978-1-76055-651-8)." Exercise and Quality of Life 12, no. 2 (December 16, 2020): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31382/eqol.201206.

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This easy readible and thoroughly scientifically-backed book by australian professor Felica Jacka, explains the recent science on how diet can affect the brain and mental health, with a specific focus on the risk to anxiety and depression. The scientific evidence is drawn from the results with larger cohorts and randomized controlled trials including amongst others: ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, United Kingdom); HELFIMED (Healthy Eating for Life with a Mediterranean Diet, Australia); HUSK (Hordaland Health Study, Norway); PREDIMED (Prevencíon con Dieta Mediterránea, Spain); SMILES (Supporting the Modification of Lifestyles in Lowered Emotional States, Australia). These and other studies show that wherever the geographical area, plant-based Mediterranean-like diets improve the health outcomes of children, adolescents, adults and ageing individuals affected by mental health illnesses, in cost-effective ways. Consecutive chapters illustrate recent understandings of the effects of diets on the immune system, their influence on brain plasticity (which also occurs in older humans), epigenetics, food sensitivities, inflammation, and centrally, the importance of food to the gut microbiota (including the consumption of fermented foods). These effects are explained simply and efficiently in relation to mental health, as well as briefly to psychotic illnesses, autism and ADHD. By doing so, it is possible for every physical-activity researcher or athlete interested in the combination of nutrition, lifestyles and good habits, to get up to date easily, or to make a first aquaintance with the fields of nutrition and brain health. The appendix contains a reference list that restricts itself to the most influential studies like systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Also included is the Modified Mediterranean Diet (ModiMED) food pyramid, and several ModiMEd recipies (used in the SMILES study), as well a weekly meal planner, that all could be of use to get started with an easy intervention study. Although it is intended for the general public, the book is recommended for scholars of any life sciences. With her to-the-point and easy language writing gift, professor Jacka manages to explain the complicated matters of brain health effortlessly. She does this convincingly, but not superficially, relevant and correct, without any simplification. To influence mental health through nutritious, whole foods will be an essential topic to come, also in the fields of sports. In that sense Brain Changer, can be exactly that.

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Ziser, Michael. "The Wilderness Paradox." Boom 1, no. 2 (2011): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2011.1.2.88.

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This is a review essay covering three recent books related to Native Californian agroecological practices: M. Kat Anderson, Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California’s Natural Resources (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); Ira Jacknis, Food in California Indian Culture (Berkeley: Phoebe Hearst Museum Press, 2004); and Kent G. Lightfoot and Otis Parrish, California Indians and Their Environment: An Introduction (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009).

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Kerley, Graham I. H., and Theuns Erasmus. "THE MANAGEMENT OF OILED PENGUINS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1987, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1987-1-465.

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ABSTRACT As highly aquatic animals, penguins are particularly vulnerable to oil pollution. Penguins are increasingly often exposed to oil pollution, and the jackass penguin, Spheniscus demersus, endemic to southern Africa, may be the penguin species most exposed. The main effects of oiling on penguins are loss of the waterproofing and insulative properties of the feathers. Oiled penguins are capable of thermoregulation in air, but within 5 min become hypothermic in water (despite significantly increased heat production), and must retreat to land or die from hypothermia. Oiled penguins are therefore prevented from going to sea to forage, and die of starvation without assistance. Oiled penguins in captivity show a temporary loss of appetite (for about 5 days) but are capable of utilizing food and recover body-weight rapidly. In cleaning and rehabilitating oiled penguins it is necessary to remove all the oil as well as other contaminants on the feathers to ensure waterproofness of the feathers. Cleaning techniques have been developed so that it is now possible to clean and waterproof oiled penguins in less than an hour, reducing the total time for rehabilitation (allowing the generally emaciated birds to recover body weight) to 12.2 days (n = 84), a significant improvement over older techniques. Cleaning has been shown to be a workable treatment for oiled jackass penguins, with proven breeding success after cleaning. Recommendations relevant to the management of oiled penguins are presented.

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Alam, M. Shamshad, Jamal A. Khan, Chege H. Njoroge, Sandeep Kumar, and R. L. Meena. "Food preferences of the Golden Jackal Canis aureus in the Gir National Park and Sanctuary, Gujarat, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 7, no. 2 (February 26, 2015): 6927–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o3954.6927-33.

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Koehl, Kristin, Emily Nolan, Sarah Marsh, Erica Goodwin, Teresa Krieger-Burke, and Marc Bailie. "Effect of tethered jackets and cage size on food intake in Sprague–Dawley rats." Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 68, no. 1 (July 2013): e44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2013.01.160.

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Storck, Böttjer, Vahle, Brockhagen, Grothe, Dietz, Rattenholl, Gudermann, and Ehrmann. "Seed Germination and Seedling Growth on Knitted Fabrics as New Substrates for Hydroponic Systems." Horticulturae 5, no. 4 (October 23, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5040073.

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Vertical farming is one of the suggested avenues for producing food for the growing world population. Concentrating the cultivation of crops such as herbs in large indoor farms makes food production susceptible to technical, biological or other problems that might destroy large amounts of food at once. Thus, there is a trend towards locally, self-sufficient food production in vertical systems on a small scale. Our study examined whether conventional knitted fabrics, such as patches of worn jackets, can be used for hydroponics instead of the specialized nonwoven materials used in large-scale indoor systems. To this end, seed germination and seedling growth of 14 different crop plant species on knitted fabrics with three different stitch sizes were compared. Our results showed that hydroponic culture on knitted fabrics are indeed possible and allow for growing a broad spectrum of plant species, suggesting recycling of old textile fabrics for this purpose. Among the 14 plant species studied, differences in germination success, average fresh and dry masses, as well as water contents were found, but these parameters were not affected by knitted fabric stitch size.

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Meyrier, Eva, Lukas Jenni, Yves Bötsch, Stephan Strebel, Bruno Erne, and Zulima Tablado. "Happy to breed in the city? Urban food resources limit reproductive output in Western Jackdaws." Ecology and Evolution 7, no. 5 (February 1, 2017): 1363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2733.

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Lewis, Nicole, Qiushi Huang, Patrick Merkel, Dong Keun Rhee, and Allison C. Sylvetsky. "Differences in the sugar content of fast-food products across three countries." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 16 (June 24, 2020): 2857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898002000110x.

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AbstractObjective:To compare the sugar content of items at four multinational fast-food chains, across three countries.Design:Total sugar (g)/per serving was extracted from online nutrition information, and sugar/100 g serving was calculated. Foods were categorised as: breakfast sandwiches, burgers, sandwiches, desserts and condiments. Beverages were categorised as fountain, frozen or pre-packaged. Sugar (g) was compared across countries using linear mixed-effects models. Pairwise comparisons were performed with Tukey–Kramer adjustments.Setting:USA, Germany and Australia.Participants:Burger King™ (Hungry Jack’s™), Kentucky Fried Chicken™, McDonald’s™ and Subway™.Results:Differences in total sugar/100 g or ml were observed across countries for burgers (n 104), desserts (n 110), sandwiches (n 178), pre-packaged beverages (n 36) and frozen beverages (n 72). Comparing identical items across countries (e.g. BigMacTM from McDonalds in USA, Germany and Australia), burgers (n 10 available in all three countries) had lower sugar content in Australia (3·4 g/100 g) compared with the USA (4·7 g/100 g, P = 0·02) or Germany (4·6 g/100 g, P = 0·04), yet no differences were observed in other food categories. Comparing the same beverages across countries (e.g. chocolate shake from Burger King), frozen beverages (n 4 available in all three countries) had lower sugar content in Australia (14·2 g/100 ml), compared with the USA (20·3 g/100 ml, P = 0·0005) or Germany (17·8 g/100 ml, P = 0·0148), yet no differences were observed in other beverage categories.Conclusions:Heterogeneity in fast-food sugar content across countries suggests that reductions are possible and should be implemented to reduce health risks associated with excess added sugar intake.

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Suhadi, Miki. "Studi Penangkapan Ayam Hutan Merah di Kabupaten Kaur Bengkulu." wahana peternakan 3, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37090/jwputb.v3i2.155.

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Abstract The objective of this research was to gather information about capturing techniques used by the local communities in Kaur District. Respondents were chosen by using snowball sampling method. Variables observed were equipment used by respondents, the time and location of capturing red jungle fowl. The result showed that the equipment used by the respondents are food supplies (rice and water), weapons (machetes, knives, matches), and clothing (hats , jackets, trousers, raincoats) and red jungle fowl hooks, nets, racit, sangkek and bags. Most of respondents chose the location of luring jungle fowl in the plantation area. Keywords: catching, equipment, red jungle fowl

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Raichev, Evgeniy G., Hiroshi Tsunoda, Chris Newman, Ryuichi Masuda, Dian M. Georgiev, and Yayoi Kaneko. "The Reliance of the Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) on Anthropogenic Foods in winter in Central Bulgaria." Mammal Study 38, no. 1 (March 2013): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3106/041.038.0102.

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Veronesi, M. C., I. De Amicis, S. Panzani, Hans Kindahl, Nadia Govoni, Monica Probo, and Augusto Carluccio. "PGF2α, LH, testosterone, oestrone sulphate, and cortisol plasma concentrations around sexual stimulation in jackass." Theriogenology 75, no. 8 (May 2011): 1489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.12.010.

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Kamiński, Piotr, Leszek Jerzak, and Joerg Boehner. "Nestling Development of Jackdaws Corvus monedula in Agricultural Landscape." International Studies on Sparrows 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/isspar-2015-0030.

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Abstract A Jackdaw colony of over 200 nests, built in cavities of old willow trees along 3 km of a small road running through meadows next to the river Narew in an agricultural landscape (15 km southwest of Białystok, NE Poland), was studied to determine nest locations and construction, onset of egg laying, incubation period, egg parameters, clutch size and hatching success, nestling growth and mortality, breeding success as well as predation. The onset of laying and clutch size were correlated with ambient temperature and precipitation (p < 0.001). Hatching success was also determined by these environmental factors as well as by the degree of predation (p < 0,001). There was a statistically significant correlation between clutch size and hatching success (p < 0.001) as well as fledging success (p < 0.001). Nestlings hatching first or second grew faster, reached a higher body weight, and had a lower mortality rate than those hatching last or second to last. There was also a statistically significant correlation between nestling survival and clutch size as well as ambient temperature (p < 0.001 each). Nestling mortality caused by predators, i. e. mainly by martens Martes foina and domestic cats Felis domestica, was high in periods of intensive burning of the meadows surrounding the Jackdaw colony. However, mortality rate of the youngest nestlings was almost 100% lower in periods of high predation compared to times of low predatory activity. Several groups of insects constituted a high amount of nestling food, e. g. 60% of all Orthoptera occurring in the meadows next to the breeding colony. In that area the total dry body mass of phytophagous invertebrates amounted to 1.4-2.0 g per m2, of which 0.3 g were fed to the nestlings. The percentage of zoophagous invertebrates delivered to the offspring was high with about 30-35%. From an economical point of view, Jackdaws during the breeding season are advantageous in an agricultural landscape because they reduce pest insects significantly while consuming only an insignificant amount of all seeds applied.

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Schloegl, Christian. "What you see is what you get—Reloaded: Can jackdaws (Corvus monedula) find hidden food through exclusion?" Journal of Comparative Psychology 125, no. 2 (2011): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023045.

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Wellard-Cole, Lyndal, David Goldsbury, Michelle Havill, Clare Hughes, Wendy L. Watson, Elizabeth K. Dunford, and Kathy Chapman. "Monitoring the changes to the nutrient composition of fast foods following the introduction of menu labelling in New South Wales, Australia: an observational study." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 6 (December 21, 2017): 1194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003706.

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AbstractObjectiveThe present study examined the energy (kilojoule) content of Australian fast-food menu items over seven years, before and after introduction of menu board labelling, to determine the impact of the introduction of the legislation.DesignAnalysis of the median energy contents per serving and per 100g of fast-food menu items. Change in energy content of menu items across the years surveyed and differences in energy content of standard and limited-time only menu items were analysed.SettingFive of Australia’s largest fast food chains: Hungry Jack’s, KFC, McDonald’s, Oporto and Red Rooster.SubjectsAll standard and limited-time only menu items available at each fast-food chain, collected annually for seven years, 2009–2015.ResultsAlthough some fast-food chains/menu item categories had significant increases in the energy contents of their menus at some time points during the 7-year period, overall there were no significant or systematic decreases in energy following the introduction of menu labelling (P=0·19 by +17 kJ/100 g, P=0·83 by +8 kJ/serving). Limited-time only items were significantly higher in median energy content per 100 g than standard menu items (+74 kJ/100 g, P=0·002).ConclusionsWhile reformulation across the entire Australian fast-food supply has the potential to positively influence population nutrient intake, the introduction of menu labelling legislation in New South Wales, Australia did not lead to reduced energy contents across the five fast-food chains. To encourage widespread reformulation by the fast-food industry and enhance the impact of labelling legislation, the government should work with industry to set targets for reformulation of nutrient content.

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Dutta, H., H. Singha, B. Dutta, P. Deb, and A. Das. "Human-Wildlife Conflict In the Forest Villages of Barak Valley, Assam, India." Current World Environment 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.1.29.

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Man and animals are frequently coming into conflicts over habitat and food requirements and this is mainly due to expanding human population and loss of natural habitats. The problem has been identified as major challenge to the governments of many countries and is significant to many human communities. Forest villages are the most potent sites for this problem as these are the places where human needs intersect with those of the wild animals. There are 104 forest villages in Barak Valley which is constituted by three districts; namely: Cachar, Hailakandi and Karimganj located in the Southern part of the Indian state of Assam. However, no proper study has yet been pursued with respect to man-wildlife conflict in these villages. Hence, present study was attempted to indentify the various wild animals which are involved in conflict in the forest villages of the region. The study revealed that there were four conflict animals; viz: jackal, civet, wild boar and monkey which were most commonly associated with the problem in these villages.

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Emery, Nathan, Selvino de Kort, Auguste von Bayern, and Nicola Clayton. "The role of food- and object-sharing in the development of social bonds in juvenile jackdaws (Corvus monedula)." Behaviour 144, no. 6 (2007): 711–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853907781347826.

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Wootan, Margo, and Ameena Batada. "O39: Frosted Flakes are In, Apple Jacks are Out: Making Sense of Food Companies' Commitments to Reduce Junk-Food Marketing to Children." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 40, no. 4 (July 2008): S38—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2008.03.051.

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James, R. S., D. M. Scott, R. W. Yarnell, and A. D. J. Overall. "Food availability and population structure: How do clumped and abundant sources of carrion affect the genetic diversity of the black-backed jackal?" Journal of Zoology 301, no. 3 (October 27, 2016): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12407.

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Rota, Alessandra, Battista Puddu, Chiara Sabatini, Duccio Panzani, Anne-Lyse Lainé, and Francesco Camillo. "Reproductive parameters of donkey jacks undergoing puberty." Animal Reproduction Science 192 (May 2018): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.02.021.

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Barkat, Azizul Islam, Fahmida Tasnim Liza, Sumaiya Akter, Ashikur Rahman Shome, and Md Fazle Rabbe. "Wildlife hunting practices of the Santal and Oraon communities in Rajshahi, Bangladesh." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 11 (September 26, 2021): 19484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7260.13.11.19484-19491.

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Humans have been depending on wild animals from ancient times for food, medicine, economy, tools, and others. Santal and Oraon are two of the indigenous communities present in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. They practice wildlife hunting as part of their traditions. We investigated the wildlife hunting practice of these indigenous communities using a closed-ended questionnaire survey. We interviewed 100 households of both communities from four villages. The study indicated that 76% of respondents hunted (88% Santal and 67% Oraon); and they usually hunt mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, of which the bird is the most preferred (73%) and snake the least (1%). The response of hunting among the two communities significantly differed for tortoise, bird, rabbit, mongoose, jackal, and the Jungle Cat. Eighteen sets of animal taxa were significantly correlated indicating that households exercised preferences in terms of prey. The result also showed that only 14% of Santal and 7% of Oraon were familiar with the Bangladesh Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012. Although the impact of wildlife hunting of these indigenous groups is still ambiguous, the present study provides a preliminary database of hunting practices of these communities for future conservation management.

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Siregar, Saibah, and Maslina Darus. "Certain Conditions for Starlikeness of Analytic Functions of Koebe Type." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/679704.

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For , , we consider the of normalized analytic convex functions defined in the open unit disc . In this paper, we investigate the class , that is, , with is Koebe type, that is, . The subordination result for the aforementioned class will be given. Further, by making use of Jack's Lemma as well as several differential and other inequalities, the authors derived sufficient conditions for starlikeness of the class of -fold symmetric analytic functions of Koebe type. Relevant connections of the results presented here with those given in the earlier works are also indicated.

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Waris, Risda, and A. Mumtihanah Mursyid. "Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanolik Daun Arbenan [Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke]." Jurnal Fitofarmaka Indonesia 8, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/jffi.v8i1.722.

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Arbenan leaf is a medicinal plant that used in the healing of inflammation. The content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids and tannins contained in arbenan plants which play an important role in alternative medicine. Currently, scientific work of phytotherapy is an important alternative route in finding effective natural medicines with minimal side effects. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical properties and to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of arbenan leaf [Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke] extract. In this study, nine male Wistar rats were tested in three treatment groups. Group I Na CMC, group II Na diclofenac and group III arbenan leaf extract. Inflammation in rats by inducing 1% carrageenan as much as 0.10 mL. The volume of edema per hour is known from the difference in the volume of the foot at certain hours with the volume of the normal foot. The AUC value of edema volume was calculated by the trapezoid method every one hour and the percen of anti-inflammatory power was calculated. The statistical analysis of the Least Significance Different (LSD) AUC value from the edema volume data showed that the two treatment groups, namely the Na diclofenac and the arbenan leaf extract group, were significantly different from the Na CMC group (P <0.05). So that both treatment groups have anti-inflammatory effects. The results showed that the ethanolik extract of arbenan leaves contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins. Then the ethanolic extract of arbenan leaves has anti-inflammatory activity of 0.31%.

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Jenner, N., J. Groombridge, and S. M. Funk. "Commuting, territoriality and variation in group and territory size in a black-backed jackal population reliant on a clumped, abundant food resource in Namibia." Journal of Zoology 284, no. 4 (April 19, 2011): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00811.x.

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Majumder, Aniruddha, K. Sankar, Qamar Qureshi, and Santanu Basu. "Food habits and temporal activity patterns of the Golden Jackal Canis aureus and the Jungle Cat Felis chaus in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh." Journal of Threatened Taxa 3, no. 11 (November 26, 2011): 2221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o2713.2221-5.

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Nemeša, Ineta. "Blindstitch machines for men suit manufacturing: Part 1." Tekstilna industrija 69, no. 2 (2021): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tekstind2102034n.

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Garment industry has developed different kind of machinery which replaces traditional manual blindstitchig techniques to ensure much higher work productivity. Many companies produce universal and specialized blindstitch machines for men suit manufacturing. To create invisible stitches of class 100 and 300, blind stitch machine uses a curved needle. The machines perform 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3.stitch pattern. The advanced machines secure the end of the seam creating invisible thread knot or forming several spot/tack stitches. The machines use to have automatic thread cutter, presser foot lifter and needle positioner. The machines for different quality materials are available. For specific applications machines are equipped with different auxiliary devices. Blind hemming of trousers and lined and unlined jackets are performed with stitches 103, 105, 313.

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Ndhlala, Ashwell R., Kuda Chitindingu, Chipo Mupure, Tapiwa Murenje, Farai Ndhlala, Mudadi A. Benhura, and Maude Muchuweti. "Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Diospyros mespiliformis (jackal berry), Flacourtia indica (Batoka plum), Uapaca kirkiana (wild loquat) and Ziziphus mauritiana (yellow berry) fruits." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 43, no. 2 (January 24, 2008): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01431.x.

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Taylor, William D., and David R. S. Lean. "Phosphorus Pool Sizes and Fluxes in the Epilinnnion of a Mesotrophic Lake." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-155.

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A plausible budget for phosphorus fluxes between different size/functional groups was constructed for the early summer epilimnetic plankton of Jacks Lake, Ontario. Consideration of the complex interactions at the base of the food web, particularly the ability of nanoplankton to graze on picoplankton, helped to resolve the question of phosphate uptake by bacteria versus algae. While the concentration of phosphate we estimated with column chromatography was lower than chemical detection limits, it was still too high to reconcile with our other measurements and we conclude that actual phosphate concentrations may be less than 1 nM. Some microplankton were shown to liberate dissolved phosphate and organic phosphorus when lake water is filtered. The phosphorus content and turnover of major ciliate, rotifer, and crustacean zooplankton were determined and the importance of these compartments as phosphorus sources and sinks was included in the epilimnetic model.

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Pohmer, K. "Oil Bleeding Behaviour of Self-Lubricating Liquid Silicone Rubbers." International Polymer Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (February 2001): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0102800202.

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The term liquid silicone rubber (LSR) covers a whole range of two-pack, heat-curing products, which may be processed using liquid injection moulding (LIM), a technique similar to thermoplastic injection moulding. Although this product group only accounts for about one thousandth of the world rubber market (corresponding to approximately 18 000 t/a) and is therefore a speciality rubber (ref. 1), due to their excellent properties, such as thermal stability, low-temperature flexibility, constantly good mechanical properties over a wide temperature range and good physiological compatibility to name but a few, products made of LSR are used in a wide variety of applications in many different fields. The most important fields of application include household appliances and the food industry, electronics and electrical engineering, sports and leisure activities and the automotive and aerospace industries (ref. 2). As a result of their low-temperature flexibility and heat stability, silicone rubbers are used for numerous applications in the automotive sector. Examples include spark-plug socket jackets, radiator seals, exhaust mountings, O-rings, seals and membranes. Nowadays, it is standard practice to use weather packs made of special silicone rubbers to which has been added a silicone oil incompatible with rubber and which exudes slowly after the product has cured for sealing cable connectors for wiring harnesses.

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Canisso, I. F., G. R. Carvalho, C. A. A. Torres, J. D. Guimarães, F. A. Souza, E. C. Silva, and L. F. Martins. "Sexual behavior of jacks when an estrous mare is used in semen collection." Animal Reproduction Science 107, no. 3-4 (September 2008): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.05.091.

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DUNDAS, NAUDIA S., DANIEL M. FITZPATRICK, JOHN S. McKIBBEN, VICTOR A. AMADI, and RHONDA D. PINCKNEY. "Identification of Helminth Parasites from Selar crumenophthalmus in Grenada, West Indies." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 7 (June 25, 2019): 1244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-470.

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ABSTRACT Grenada is a tropical island country reliant on local fish for food and export. Specifically, Selar crumenophthalmus, known locally as jacks or bigeye scad, is commonly consumed by residents and visitors to the island. To date, there are no data about the prevalence of different helminths in S. crumenophthalmus in Grenada. In particular, it was unknown if Anisakis, a genus containing parasitic nematodes, implicated in both fish and human disease, is of concern for local fish and human health. In this study, 39 samples of S. crumenophthalmus were dissected and assessed for helminth infection. Of these fish, 26 (67%) contained helminths in and around the internal organs (mean, 3.6 helminths per infected fish). DNA was extracted from each helminth, followed by PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, or Sanger sequencing or a combination of them to identify the parasites. Results confirmed that 89 (96%) of 93 helminths identified were Anisakis typica, and the remaining four helminths were likely acanthocephalans. Neither is considered pathogenic to humans, livestock, or companion animals. To our knowledge, this is the first report of either type of helminth in fish in Grenada. Future studies are needed to ascertain the role of A. typica and acanthocephalans in fish health in Grenada, including any association with observed fish kills. Additional studies are also needed to identify other helminths found in S. crumenophtalamus, which may be of importance to its health and also human health. HIGHLIGHTS

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Erdogan, Mehmet Ozgür, Ozgur Sogut, Sahin Colak, Harun Ayhan, Mustafa Ahmet Afacan, and Dilay Satilmis. "Roles of Motorcycle Type and Protective Clothing in Motorcycle Crash Injuries." Emergency Medicine International 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/760205.

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Background. The aims of this study were to identify subgroups of motorcyclists with a higher accident risk and evaluate the efficiency of protective clothing for preventing injuries.Methods. A 1-year prospective study of motorcycle crashes was conducted beginning in June 2012. Participants were patients involved in motorcycle crashes and admitted to our emergency department.Results. A total of 226 patients were included in the study. In total, 174 patients were involved in crashes with light motorcycles. Patients involved in a motorcycle accident without a helmet had a higher incidence of head and maxillofacial trauma. Motorcycle jackets were not protective for systemic injuries (P>0.05) or upper extremity fractures (P>0.05). Motorcycle pants (P>0.05) and motorcycle shoes (P>0.05) were not protective against leg and foot fractures. However, motorcycle protective clothes were protective against soft-tissue injuries (P=0.001).Conclusion. Riders of heavy motorcycles rode more safely than riders of light motorcycles. Light motorcycle riders were the most vulnerable and comprised the largest percentage of motorcyclists. Helmets may be effective for preventing head and facial injuries. Other protective clothes were not effective against fractures or systemic injuries.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Jackals – Food'

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