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1
Dobbins, Michael T., Michael K. Steinberg, Eben N. Broadbent, and Sadie J. Ryan. "Habitat use, activity patterns and human interactions with jaguars Panthera onca in southern Belize." Oryx 52, no. 2 (September 19, 2017): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317000308.
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AbstractParts of southern Belize are designated as a corridor for the jaguar Panthera onca but the Maya region remains understudied. We therefore studied jaguar habitat use, activity patterns, and interactions with people in Blue Creek, a Maya village in a human-dominated tropical landscape in southern Belize. We used camera traps to detect jaguar presence, and interviews to assess local people's attitudes to and perceptions of jaguars. We recorded 28 independent photographic events during 1,200 camera-trap nights (i.e. a relative abundance index of 2.3 jaguars per 100 trap days). Seven individual jaguars were identified. Jaguars preferred lowland broad-leaf tropical forest and were detected more often during daylight, in contrast to findings from previous studies. Attitudes towards jaguars were largely positive: 88% of respondents (n = 48) did not fear jaguars living around the village, and 81% understood the positive effect that jaguars have on the ecosystem. Although 92% of respondents reported seeing a jaguar within the previous 2 years, attacks on livestock in the village were rare, with only two occurrences in the previous 3 years. Ecotourism has grown rapidly in Belize in recent years, and Blue Creek is home to several natural tourist attractions and an eco-lodge that brings tourists, school groups, and researchers to the village. Ecotourism has provided an economic incentive for village investment in conservation, and 94% of respondents stated that preservation of wildlife, including jaguars, was beneficial to their well-being.
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Gutiérrez-González, Carmina E., and Carlos A. López-González. "Jaguar interactions with pumas and prey at the northern edge of jaguars’ range." PeerJ 5 (January 18, 2017): e2886. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2886.
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We present the first study that evaluates jaguar-puma interactions in the arid lands of northern Mexico, where jaguars have their northernmost breeding population and both predators are persecuted for livestock depredation. We tested whether jaguars are the dominant species in this unique ecosystem, where: (1) pumas outnumber jaguars, (2) pumas are better adapted to arid environments, and (3) jaguars and pumas are of similar size. We analyzed four years of data with two approaches; a two species conditional occupancy model and an activity patterns analysis. We used camera location and prey presence as covariates for jaguar and puma detection and presence probabilities. We also explored overlap in activities of predators and prey. Where both species were detected, peccary presence was positively correlated with both jaguar and puma presence, whereas in areas where jaguars were detected but pumas were not, deer presence explained the probability of jaguar presence. We found that both predators were more likely to co-occur together than to be found independently, and so we rejected the hypothesis that jaguars were the dominant species in our study area. Predators were mainly nocturnal and their activity patterns overlapped by 60%. Jaguar, as compared with puma, overlapped more with deer and calves; puma overlapped with calves more than with other prey, suggesting a preference. We believe exploring predator relationships at different scales may help elucidate mechanisms that regulate their coexistence.
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Vélez, Karin. "“By means of tigers”: Jaguars as Agents of Conversion in Jesuit Mission Records of Paraguay and the Moxos, 1600–1768." Church History 84, no. 4 (November 13, 2015): 768–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640715000955.
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In the mid-1600s, the Jesuit Antonio Ruiz de Montoya reported that man-eating jaguars were helping to convert Guaraní Indians to Catholicism. This article tests his claim by aggregating multiple mentions of jaguars found in the accounts and letters of Jesuit missionaries in the reductions of Paraguay and the Moxos from the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, including the writing of Jesuits Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, François-Xavier Eder, Alonso Messia, and Martín Dobrizhoffer. Cumulatively, their predator sightings and references suggest that, indeed, the actions of real jaguars were transforming local religious beliefs. The presence of jaguars in Jesuit records also reveals the complexity of missionary and indigenous attitudes towards animals. Jesuits often associated jaguars with pre-Christian jaguar-shaman rituals, but also considered them to be divine instruments. Indigenous peoples sometimes preserved older practices, but also occasionally took real jaguars as an impetus to convert to Christianity. Both Jesuits and indigenous peoples reacted to jaguar incursions with violence as well as spiritual reflection. Most importantly, the prominence of active jaguars on this contested religious frontier suggests that animals should be viewed as more than symbols in Christian history. Jesuit records indicate that jaguars were key third players in zones where Europeans and indigenous populations met.
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Figel, Joe J., Elvira Durán, and David Barton Bray. "Conservation of the jaguar Panthera onca in a community-dominated landscape in montane forests in Oaxaca, Mexico." Oryx 45, no. 4 (July 31, 2011): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001353.
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AbstractWe examined the presence of the jaguar Panthera onca, and human–jaguar interactions, in a community-dominated montane tropical forest landscape with formally recognized indigenous/community conserved areas in the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca state, Mexico. We used camera traps to detect jaguars, and social data were collected through informal interviews and 46 semi-structured and 106 structured interviews with community leaders and members. During June 2007–June 2008 camera traps registered two jaguars in the four study communities after 1,164 trap nights, with a photo-capture rate of 7.8 jaguar captures per 1,000 trap nights. Interviews documented 86 jaguar sightings since 1990. Despite some history of livestock predation, 68% of the interviewed farmers indicated jaguar presence was positive, 20% that jaguar presence was both positive and negative, and 12% thought jaguars were a negative presence. All of the respondents with negative attitudes had either owned cattle previously or lost cattle to predation. Despite ongoing risks to jaguars the emergence of community-conserved areas, local conservation initiatives, and a community-imposed hunting ban are supported by 93% of community members. An emerging culture of conservation in the study communities suggests there is an opportunity for jaguar conservation on community lands that should be explored elsewhere in jaguar range countries.
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Fort, Jessica L., Clayton K. Nielsen, Andrew D. Carver, Ricardo Moreno, and Ninon F. V. Meyer. "Factors influencing local attitudes and perceptions regarding jaguars Panthera onca and National Park conservation in Panama." Oryx 52, no. 2 (October 17, 2017): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001016.
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AbstractThroughout its range in Latin America the jaguar Panthera onca is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and conflict with humans. Protected areas in Panama harbour some of the last remaining suitable habitat for jaguars and are vital to conservation. However, no previous studies had assessed which factors in particular affect the tolerance of rural Panamanians towards jaguars and National Park conservation, which is important to jaguar persistence. Whether these factors are consistent with previous research on human–carnivore coexistence is unclear. To address this we estimated the number of instances of depredation of cattle by jaguars, and assessed attitudes and perceptions of rural Panamanians. We conducted semi-structured interviews in two disparate study areas: Cerro Hoya National Park and Darién National Park. Depredation events were more frequent in the latter, but only residents of the former reported conflict between people and coyotes Canis latrans. Positive perceptions of jaguars and National Parks, and criticism of park management, increased with level of education and land ownership. Men were more open to receiving help on their farms to mitigate impacts of jaguars, and more tolerant of the presence of jaguars, than women. Residents from both study areas indicated high appreciation for their respective National Parks. We provide recommendations to improve community outreach and education initiatives, and suggest priority areas for future mitigation efforts concerning human–jaguar interactions in Panama.
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Hidalgo-Mihart, Mircea G., Fernando M. Contreras-Moreno, Alejandro Jesús de la Cruz, and Rugieri Juárez-López. "Validation of the Calakmul–Laguna de Terminos corridor for jaguarsPanthera oncain south-eastern Mexico." Oryx 52, no. 2 (February 15, 2017): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316001083.
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AbstractThe fragmentation of jaguarPanthera oncapopulations as a result of habitat loss is considered to be one of the main challenges for the conservation of the species. Corridors have been proposed as a means of maintaining connectivity and the long-term viability of jaguar populations. The corridor that connects the jaguar conservation units of Calakmul and Laguna de Terminos in Mexico has been considered to be a link for the movement of individuals between these units but its functionality had yet to be verified. During 2012–2014 we divided the corridor into four sections, where we used camera traps to verify the corridor's functionality. We obtained 106 photographs of jaguars, proving the presence of jaguars (including resident jaguars and females) in three of the corridor sections. We did not record any individuals in more than one section of the corridor. The presence of several resident jaguars and females throughout the corridor suggests that portions of the corridor should be incorporated into the Calakmul and Laguna de Terminos jaguar conservation units. Nevertheless, to confirm that the corridor is fully functional it is necessary to obtain evidence of movement of jaguars among the various sections of the corridor. Our results suggest that the area should be included in regional conservation strategies.
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Gaitán, Carlos A., Vivian R. González-Castillo, Gerber D. Guzmán-Flores, Andrea L. Aguilera, and Manolo J. García. "Visitation patterns of jaguars Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) to isolated water ponds in a tropical forest landscape." Therya 12, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya-21-915.
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Jaguar populations have declined dramatically in the last century. The Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) within the Selva Maya (SM) is a priority area for jaguar conservation. Influential factors in the jaguar seasonal distribution include the availability of surface water in wetlands such as the “aguadas” and the availability of prey. Aguadas are formed by isolated depressions in the landscape and serve as a water supply for wildlife during dry periods. The goal of this study was to describe the visitation patterns of jaguars to aguadas in a Tropical forest at Dos Lagunas Protected Biotopo, a core zone of the MBR, Guatemala. We used camera-trap data from seven aguadas during the dry seasons 2014-2017. We determined visitation rates (VR, records for 1,000 trap-days) and activity patterns (AP) of jaguars for all years, aguadas, and sexes. We tested for significant differences in AP between sexes, and we estimated the coefficient of overlap (D) for female and male jaguar activity. We recorded 14 individuals (five females, eight males, and one unsexed) in 60 visit events. Jaguars have significant more diurnal activity at aguadas, and showed a VR = 13.1 for 1,000 trap-days. VR varied between aguadas (VR = 9.5 – 19.4), years (VR = 1.9 – 39.2) and sexes (VR = 6.1 for females and 5.5 for males). We did not find significant differences in the AP of female and male jaguars (P > 0.05). The coefficient of overlap between activity of females and males was D = 0.77 (95 % confidence interval: 0.70 to 0.84; P > 0.05). Aguadas may represent regular sites of jaguar home-ranges overlap for the important resources they provide for wildlife during the dry season. Aguadas could play an important role in the conservation and management of jaguar populations since the spatial distribution of these bodies of water is scattered, but ecologically important for jaguars within the MBR and the SM. Aguadas also, are important landscape features that could influence the spatial interactions of individuals. We encourage jaguar researchers to increase investigation on jaguars visiting aguadas and other wetlands in the SM to better understand the jaguar activity patterns and sex-specific habitat requirements.
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Torres-Romero, Erik Joaquin, Gerardo Ceballos, Francisco Botello, José Ignacio González Rojas, Anthony J. Giordano, and José Vicente López-Bao. "Jaguar conservation in the American continent: the role of protected landscape and human-impacted biomes." Revista de Biología Tropical 71, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): e50507. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71i1.50507.
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Introduction: Worldwide, expanding human activities continue to be a threat to many large-bodied species, including jaguars. As these activities continue, it is critical to understand how home range sizes will be impacted by human-modified landscapes. Objective: To evaluate the importance of protected and unprotected land on home-range size across their range. Methods: We used home range data from 117 jaguars in several habitat protection categories and human biome types. We used a Generalized Linear Mixed Model to test home range and spatial overlap with conservation categories and human biomes. Results: Most home-ranges were in Jaguar Conservation Units (62 %), followed by Protected Areas (21 %), Indigenous People's Lands (10 %) and Jaguar Movement Corridors (3 %), where 76 % of the jaguars lived inside one the first three conservation types. However, outside of conserved land, Rangeland, Cropland, Seminatural land and other human biomes were also important (24 % of the individuals). Jaguars in Rangeland, Cropland and Seminatural land had the largest home ranges. Conclusions: Although conservation land was dominant, human-impacted lands appear to play a considerable role in satisfying the spatial requirements of jaguars.
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De La Torre, J. Antonio, Marina Rivero, Gamaliel Camacho, Luis Arturo Álvarez-Márquez, and Rodrigo A. Medellín. "First assessment of the conservation status of the jaguar Panthera onca in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico." Oryx 53, no. 1 (September 27, 2018): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318000558.
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AbstractAlthough the Near Threatened jaguar Panthera onca ranges from the south-west USA to central Argentina, populations outside Amazonia are generally small and isolated. One such area, the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, is potentially an important area for jaguar conservation but information on the species in this region is limited and its conservation status is unknown. In this study we documented the occurrence and abundance of jaguars in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas complex. We compiled all available records of the species within the region and conducted a camera-trap survey during August 2015–December 2016. Interviews were conducted to determine the perception of the jaguar by cattle owners and to obtain information on any livestock predation. We found that jaguars still occur throughout the Sierra Madre de Chiapas landscape, including the plains on the Pacific Coast of Chiapas, but its abundance in the region is low. On the basis of our findings we have incorporated the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in Mexico's National Jaguar Conservation Strategy, and recommend that international organizations include this area in their priorities for jaguar conservation. To improve coexistence between jaguars and the communities of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, strategies need to be developed, in collaboration with the local communities, to improve livestock practices for reduction of predation by jaguars, to strengthen government conservation policies and to implement educational and communication programmes about the importance of this species in the region.
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Foster, Rebecca J., and Bart J. Harmsen. "Dietary similarity among jaguars (Panthera onca) in a high-density population." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): e0274891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274891.
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Prey remains found in carnivore scats provide generalised dietary profiles of sampled populations. The profile may be biased if individual diets differ and some individuals are over- or under-represented in the sample. Quantifying individual contributions allows us to recognise these potential biases and better interpret generalised profiles. Knowing the dietary differences or similarity between individuals can help us to understand selection pressures and identify drivers of distribution and abundance. Using the results of individual faecal genotyping, we re-interpreted our previously-published generalised dietary profile of an elusive, neotropical felid, the jaguar (Panthera onca; Foster et al. (2010)). We quantified individual sample sizes, assessed whether the generalised profile was influenced by the inclusion of scats originating from the same individual and prey carcass (pseudo-replication), and quantified the distribution of prey species among individuals. From an original sample of 322 jaguar scats from a high-density jaguar population in Belize, we identified 206 prey items (individual prey animals) in 176 independent scats representing 32 jaguars (26 males, 3 females, 3 unknown sex). The influence of pseudo-replication in the original dietary profile was minimal. The majority of scats (94%) came from male jaguars. Eight males accounted for two-thirds of the prey items, while 24 jaguars each contributed <5% of the prey items. With few exceptions, the jaguars followed the same broad diet, a 2:1:1 ratio of nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus noveminctus), other vertebrates ≤10kg, and ungulates, primarily peccaries (Tayassu pecari and Pecari tajacu). We noted prey switching between wild and domestic ungulates for individuals spanning protected forests and farmland. This first scat-based study exploring individual variation in jaguar diet highlights the importance of armadillos and peccaries for male jaguars in Belize, the need for research on their roles in supporting high-density jaguar populations, and the need for more data on female diet from across the jaguar range.
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Roques, S., M. Furtado, A. T. A. Jácomo, L. Silveira, R. Sollmann, N. M. Tôrres, J. A. Godoy, and F. Palomares. "Monitoring jaguar populationsPanthera oncawith non-invasive genetics: a pilot study in Brazilian ecosystems." Oryx 48, no. 3 (March 26, 2014): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312001640.
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AbstractThe global population of jaguarsPanthera oncahas decreased significantly since the beginning of the 20th century. Given the scarcity of demographic and biological information, estimating population parameters is critical for the design of conservation measures. The jaguar's elusive behaviour makes it impossible to estimate and monitor populations by direct observation. We propose a non-invasive genetic sampling approach and demonstrate its potential for large-scale monitoring. Sex identification was optimized for faecal samples of jaguars and other felids. We also optimized a set of 11 microsatellite markers for reliable identification of individuals. We estimated the effectiveness of faecal sample genotyping in two distinct Brazilian biomes: the Pantanal and the semi-arid Caatinga. Almost 90% of the samples that were molecularly identified as jaguar (n = 90) were successfully genotyped and were assigned to 30 individuals. Genetic diversity was generally high but was significantly lower in the Caatinga population. We show that non-invasive genetic sampling can be a reliable tool to study population parameters and to monitor the genetic status of jaguar populations in different habitats. It may also be useful for future surveys of jaguars that address ecological, behavioural and conservation issues, and could provide a baseline for non-invasive genetic studies of other wild felid populations.
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Srbek-Araujo, Ana Carolina, and Adriano Garcia Chiarello. "Population status of the jaguar Panthera onca in one of its last strongholds in the Atlantic Forest." Oryx 51, no. 2 (March 28, 2016): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001222.
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AbstractRemaining jaguar Panthera onca populations in the Atlantic Forest are restricted to eight regions, and all populations appear to be declining. We report on the status of one of the last populations in south-eastern Brazil. We monitored this population with camera traps during June 2005–January 2013 in Vale Natural Reserve. We estimated an abundance of 9 ± SE 1.98 jaguars (95% CI 9–17) and a population density of 3.22 ± SE 1.58 individuals per 100 km2 (95% CI 1.29–7.98). Annual survival probability over a 5-year interval was 78% (95% CI 58–98) and the recapture probability was 62% (95% CI 42–79). Although our results are among the highest densities reported for the jaguar in this biome, the future of the population is threatened by genetic deterioration and local threats, including the expansion of an existing highway and depletion of the jaguar's native prey base as a result of poaching, and will depend upon urgent implementation of conservation actions. The necessary actions include establishing gene flow with other compatible populations, increasing surveillance against poaching, continuing population monitoring of jaguars and their main prey species, and implementing mitigation measures in relation to the impacts of the highway on local fauna.
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Pérez-Flores, Jonathan, Héctor Arias-Domínguez, and Nicolás Arias-Domínguez. "First documented predation of a Baird’s tapir by a jaguar in the Calakmul region, Mexico." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 15, no. 4 (October 9, 2020): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.15.e57029.
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To date, records of predation on Baird’s tapir (Tapirus bairdii) by jaguars (Panthera onca) were anecdotal and did not allow for differentiation regarding whether the animal had been preyed upon or scavenged. Here, we present the first documented event of predation on a Baird’s tapir by a jaguar in the Calakmul region, Campeche, Mexico. In August 2017, we observed a jaguar eating a juvenile female Baird’s tapir; when we analysed the skull, we observed the characteristic “lethal bite” with which jaguars kill their prey by piercing the temporal and parietal bones with their canine teeth. Jaguars select to attack tapirs when they are most vulnerable (young or sick). Records of these type of events are important for understanding the food webs and ecology of these iconic Neotropical species that inhabit the Mesoamerican forests.
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Duarte, Herbert O. B., Valeria Boron, William D. Carvalho, and José Júlio de Toledo. "Amazon islands as predator refugia: jaguar density and temporal activity in Maracá-Jipioca." Journal of Mammalogy 103, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab142.
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Abstract Limited space on islands usually cannot sustain stable populations of large predators. However, jaguars, the largest cat species in the Americas, unexpectedly occur in the Estação Ecológica Maracá-Jipioca reserve, a system of continental Amazonian islands in the Atlantic Ocean. We investigated jaguar population structure, density, and activity patterns. We placed 25 camera-trap stations across 149.19 km2 and used spatially explicit capture–recapture to estimate density, and Rayleigh’s test to assess activity patterns. We identified 21 individuals (12 females, six males, and three cubs) and estimated an adult density of 6.7 individuals per 100 km2, which equals a population of approximately 43 jaguars. The population is composed mostly of females (66%) in relation to males (33%). Male and female activity patterns overlapped and showed more activity during daytime. The high jaguar density and the presence of females with cubs indicate that these islands are likely natural refugia for jaguars, reinforcing the importance of this protected area for jaguar conservation and possibly challenging the paradigm that large-mammal populations are not feasible in restricted islands.
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Gese, Eric M., Patricia A. Terletzky, and Sandra M. C. Cavalcanti. "Identification of kill sites from GPS clusters for jaguars (Panthera onca) in the southern Pantanal, Brazil." Wildlife Research 43, no. 2 (2016): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15196.
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Context Understanding predator–prey relationships is important for making informed management decisions. Knowledge of jaguar (Panthera onca) predation on livestock and native prey is imperative for future conservation of jaguars in Central and South America. Aim As part of an investigation to determine predation patterns of jaguars in the southern Pantanal, Brazil, we examined spatial, temporal and habitat variables, which are useful in categorising location clusters as kill sites and non-kill sites. Methods Using GPS-collars on 10 jaguars we obtained a total of 11 784 locations, from which 877 clusters were identified, visited and examined for prey remains. Of the 877 clusters, 421 were associated with a kill and 456 clusters were not associated with a kill. We used univariate and multivariate models to examine the influence of spatial (distance to nearest: water, dense cover, road; dispersion of points), temporal (season, time, number of nights, duration) and habitat (percentage of seven habitat classes, dominant habitat class) variables on categorising clusters as kill or non-kill sites. Key results We found the time a jaguar spent at a cluster (duration), the dispersion of points around the centre of the cluster (dispersion) and the number of nights spent at the cluster were all reliable predictors of whether a cluster was a kill or non-kill site. The best model predicting the likelihood a cluster was a jaguar kill site was a combination of duration and dispersion. Habitat variables were not important in discriminating kills from non-kill sites. Conclusion We identified factors useful for discriminating between kills and non-kill sites for jaguars. We found that as a jaguar spent more time at a cluster and as the dispersion of points around the centre of the cluster increased, the higher likelihood the cluster was a jaguar kill. Similarly, as the number of nights spent at the cluster increased, the greater the probability the cluster was a kill. Implications Our results will increase the efficiency of field investigations of location clusters in determining predation patterns of jaguars in Central and South America. Being able to prioritise which location clusters should be investigated will assist researchers with limited time and resources.
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Álvarez, Hernán G., and Galo Zapata-Ríos. "Do social factors influence perceptions of the jaguar Panthera onca in Ecuador?" Oryx 56, no. 2 (October 18, 2021): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060532000054x.
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AbstractIn Latin America, the jaguar Panthera onca is one of the most persecuted and hunted carnivores as a result of its depredation of livestock. In north-west Ecuador jaguar populations are highly threatened, and the largest known population (20–30 individuals) is in El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge, a wet tropical forest surrounded by degraded forests and an agricultural matrix. As the killing of jaguars is one of the main threats to this population, its conservation depends on the perceptions and behaviour of the people living in this region. We interviewed people from 159 households (64% of the total) in eight communities in the buffer zone of the Wildlife Refuge, to examine people's perceptions of any harm caused by jaguars, and to determine the factors that influence these perceptions. In general, people perceived that jaguars caused little harm to their domestic animals or to themselves. However, our models showed that young people with a low level of formal education are the demographic group most likely to hold negative attitudes towards the jaguar, suggesting this group could potentially benefit from involvement in environmental education and awareness programmes.
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Altrichter, Mariana, Gabriel Boaglio, and Pablo Perovic. "The decline of jaguars Panthera onca in the Argentine Chaco." Oryx 40, no. 3 (July 2006): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605306000731.
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We assessed the distribution and status of jaguar Panthera onca in the Argentine Chaco, one of the least known areas within its range. Current jaguar distribution in the Chaco encompasses parts of central and western Formosa, western Chaco, eastern Salta and north-eastern Santiago del Estero Provinces. Jaguar range was reduced following colonization of the semiarid Chaco even though there has been little deforestation. Jaguars have not been observed over the last 15 years in areas where colonization occurred more than 35 years ago, probably reflecting hunting pressure. Livestock predation is lower now than when the area was first settled in the 1920s. This may indicate low jaguar densities as the livestock management system has not changed. Local people, however, continue to hunt jaguars with the intention of exterminating them. Education, enforcing jaguar hunting laws, increasing control of poaching in protected areas, and creating more protected areas may be the most efficient strategies to preserve the jaguar population of the Argentine Chaco.
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Painter, Elizabeth Jean, Octavio César Rosas-Rosas, Louis C. Bender, Luis Antonio Tarango-Arambula, Juan Felipe Martínez-Montoya, Juan de Dios Guerrero-Rodríguez, and Adrián Silva-Caballero. "Land use change and its implications for biodiversity and jaguar conservation." Therya 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya-22-2114.
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Protected areas are frequently established to prevent declines in biodiversity, but their effectiveness in preserving biodiversity can depend on how land outside their borders is managed. We evaluated how land use changes from 1989 to 2016 in the Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT) landscape might affect the role of the RBSAT for conservation of biodiversity, with an emphasis on conservation of jaguars, a keystone species. We estimated the rate of land use change within and surrounding the RBSAT, a 215 km2 natural reserve in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, from 1989 to 2016 using supervised classifications of satellite imagery. We also analyzed the distribution of two GPS collared male jaguars. The RBSAT and surrounding landscape became increasingly fragmented and impacted by human use over the previous ca. 30 years. The largest increases were seen in infrastructure and intensive agriculture, while the largest decreases were seen in pasture, tropical deciduous forest, and secondary vegetation. Jaguars were located more frequently than expected in secondary vegetation, the most common cover class, which decreased from 34.8 % of the landscape to 32.1 % by 2016. Only 23 % of jaguar locations fell within the boundaries of the RBSAT, due to increases in preferred habitat attributes of jaguars and prey outside the Reserve. Increasing fragmentation compromises the RBSAT’s role as a biodiversity reserve, especially for interior-dependent species. Fragmentation and edge habitats in combination with increasing agriculture enhance suitability of the landscape surrounding the RBSAT for prey of jaguar, and only 23 % of jaguar locations were within the RBSAT itself. This increases the likelihood of jaguar-related conflicts in surrounding communities. Regional landscape planning should include policies that incentivize practices that maintain remaining larger habitat patches and minimize the likelihood of human-wildlife conflicts.
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Gasparini-Morato, Rose Lilian, Leonardo Sartorello, Lilian Rampim, Carlos Eduardo Fragoso, Joares Adenilson May, Pedro Teles, Mario Haberfeld, Rogério Cunha de Paula, and Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato. "Is reintroduction a tool for the conservation of the jaguar Panthera onca? A case study in the Brazilian Pantanal." Oryx 55, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605320000460.
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AbstractTo evaluate the feasibility of reintroduction as a tool for conservation of the jaguar Panthera onca, we adapted the IUCN soft release protocol to reintroduce two jaguars in the southern Pantanal, Brazil. After being kept at rescue centres for 13 months, the jaguars were moved to a 1-ha enclosure with native vegetation on a 53,000 ha ranch in the Pantanal, where hunting is not allowed and prey is abundant. In the enclosure, the animals were fed with meat, dead animals (roadkill) and then, progressively, live wild prey. After 11 months, the jaguars were fitted with collars equipped with GPS/VHF (recording one location per hour) and accelerometers, and released in the same area. The animals established residence near the enclosure, with home ranges, movement parameters, daily activity patterns and prey consumption similar to that recorded in previous studies. Social interaction and reproduction indicated the reintroduction was successful, and that it can be a tool for the species' survival in areas where the jaguar population is in decline.
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Porfirio, Grasiela, Pedro Sarmento, Stephanie Leal, and Carlos Fonseca. "How is the jaguar Panthera onca perceived by local communities along the Paraguai River in the Brazilian Pantanal?" Oryx 50, no. 1 (August 14, 2014): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000349.
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AbstractRapid habitat conversion, hunting as a retaliatory response to livestock depredation and, potentially, lack of knowledge regarding the species’ ecological role are the main factors influencing conservation of the Near Threatened jaguar Panthera onca in the Pantanal wetland of Brazil. Investigation of people's perceptions and attitudes towards a species is an important element of conservation initiatives but most information concerning human perceptions of jaguars in the Pantanal comes from conflict with ranchers, who typically perceive this species negatively as a result of economic losses. No information is available concerning perceptions of the jaguar by other inhabitants, particularly along riversides where the main activity is professional and recreational fishing. We used semi-structured questionnaires to interview 50 riverside inhabitants on how they perceive the jaguar and to investigate the influence of education and age on such perceptions compared to local people from rural properties in the Pantanal and other Brazilian biomes. ‘Dangerous’ was the predominant perception. We found that the negative perceptions of jaguars related to people's safety and not to economic losses from livestock depredation. We highlight environmental education programmes, ecotourism and better strategies to reduce livestock losses as useful tools for minimizing the perception that jaguars are dangerous in all situations.
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Caruso, Flavia, Pablo G. Perovic, Andrés Tálamo, Carolina B. Trigo, María S. Andrade-Díaz, Gustavo A. Marás, Diego Saravia, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, and Mariana Altrichter. "People and jaguars: new insights into the role of social factors in an old conflict." Oryx 54, no. 5 (January 17, 2020): 678–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318001552.
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AbstractThroughout its range in Latin America, the jaguar Panthera onca is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and by conflict as a result of coexistence with people. This Near Threatened species is a top predator, and is often illegally hunted. Understanding people's attitudes and perceptions and the factors that could influence them is crucial for the conservation of this species. In this study we assess how knowledge, attitudes and perceptions among people in northern Argentina regarding jaguars vary depending on their level of education, age and occupation. We interviewed 810 people living in and around 10 protected areas in northern Argentina. Positive perceptions and attitudes towards the jaguar were associated with economic benefits that people may receive from the species’ presence, such as income from tourism. Unexpectedly, higher levels of formal education were not associated with more positive attitudes and perceptions. Negative attitudes and perceptions towards the species were determined by fear; people see jaguars as a threat to their lives. This study shows that the socio-economic factors that affect the level of tolerance towards jaguars are not related only to economic losses. Our findings provide information for the design, implementation and evaluation of jaguar conservation projects in Argentina.
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Viana, Diego Francis P., Letícia Larcher, Ângelo P. C. Rabelo, Rafael Hoogesteijn, Fernando Rodrigo Tortato, and Grasiela E. O. Porfirio. "Does cattle ranching drive activity patterns of jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor) in the Brazilian Pantanal?" Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 93 (December 7, 2022): e934078. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2022.93.4078.
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We conducted a comparative study of jaguar and puma activity patterns within a mosaic of protected areas (AMR) and on a cattle ranch (CR) in Pantanal, Brazil, to better understand their activity patterns in these landscapes. We hypothesized that the activity patterns of the jaguar and puma would be biased to the nocturnal period within the cattle ranch but not in the protected areas. We used data from camera traps analyzed through a non-parametric kernel density approach to explore interspecific and intraspecific temporal relationships between these species at both sites. We obtained 71 jaguar and 29 puma independent records at AMR, and 85 jaguar and 26 puma independent records at CR. Activity patterns of jaguars and pumas differed between sites, both being cathemeral in AMR, but nocturnal at CR with moderate to high overlaps, concordant with our hypothesis. Overall, our data suggest that the cattle ranching is not incompatible with the existence of jaguars and pumas but does shape their pattern of activities.
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Boccacino, Débora, Caroline Marques Maia, Eliana Ferraz Dos Santos, and Ricardo Tadeu Santori. "INACTIVITY AT NIGHT: A CASE STUDY OF THE NOCTURNAL BEHAVIORS OF TWO CAPTIVE Panthera onca (FELIDAE) SPECIMENS." Acta Biológica Colombiana 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v25n3.80892.
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Inactivity is a common daytime behavior expressed by wild cats in zoos. It is not clear whether this inactivity is due to the constraints of the captive environment or is a result of a more natural behavior by these animals. Therefore, this work evaluated the behavior of two Panthera oncacaptive specimens, including their inactivity, during the evening/night period. The jaguars were filmed individually in different days, starting at 5:30 pm and finishing between 7:00 pm and 1:30 am, including non-feeding and feeding days. Regardless of whether they were fed or not, both jaguars expressed a significant rate of inactivity. In addition, when fed, one of the jaguars increased its movements and active behaviors, although its inactivity remained high, while the other jaguar further reduced the expression of such behaviors. Therefore, this work concludes that these jaguars were just as inactive during the evening/night period as they were during daytime. Excessive inactivity might be regarded as a negative behavior; with its highest expression being an effect of the captive environment, which might compromise the welfare of the assessed jaguars and possibly of other wild cats. In addition, since the behavioral expression varied between the studied jaguars, depending on the feeding or non-feeding status, we recommend that futures studies should taking into account the individual variations, especially when there are differences in age, health, and management conditions between the specimens.
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Jansen, Martin, Marc Engler, Luka Moritz Blumer, Damián I. Rumiz, José Luis Aramayo, and Oliver Krone. "A camera trapping survey of mammals in the mixed landscape of Bolivia’s Chiquitano region with a special focus on the Jaguar." Check List 16, no. 2 (April 3, 2020): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/16.2.323.
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At a site in the Bolivian Chiquitano region composed by a mosaic of pastureland and primary Chiquitano Dry Forest (CDF) we conducted a camera-trapping study to (1) survey the mammals, and (2) compare individual Jaguar numbers with other Chiquitano sites. Therefore, we installed 13 camera stations (450 ha polygon) over a period of six months. On 1,762 camera-days and in 1,654 independent capture events, we recorded 24 mammalian species that represent the native fauna of large and medium-sized mammals including apex-predators (Puma, Jaguar), meso-carnivores (Ocelot, Jaguarundi, Margay), and large herbivores (Tapir, Collared and White lipped Peccary). We identified six adult Jaguars and found indications of successful reproductive activity. Captures of Jaguars were higher in CDF than in altered habitats. In summary, we believe that (1) the mammal species richness, (2) the high capture numbers of indicator species, and (3) the high capture numbers of Jaguar indicate that our study area has a good conservation status. Future efforts should be undertaken to keep this, and monitoring programs in this region are necessary to further evaluate the potential importance of the Chiquitano region as a possible key region for mammals, especially Jaguars, in South America.
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Bosman, Frank G. "God Was Never there God and the Shoah in the Netflix Series Jaguar." Perichoresis 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2023): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/perc-2023-0019.
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Abstract On September 22, 2021, the Spanish series Jaguar was released on Netflix. Its six episodes of season one (a second season is yet to be confirmed) focus on a fictional band of Nazi-hunters in Spain, somewhere in the 1960s, calling themselves “Jaguars” (hence the series’ title). All but one Jaguar member are survivors of several German concentration camps, and dedicate their lives to bring Nazi war criminals, who are spending their days in luxury under the protection of the Franco regime in Spain, to justice. One of the Jaguars is Marsé (Francesc Garrido), a bearded man in his forties, and the team’s dedicated driver. Step by step, the viewer of Jaguar learns his background story: ordained a Roman Catholic priest, he renounced his faith after having witnessed and experienced the horrors of the Nazi regime in Dachau concentration camp. Marsé still struggles with his former faith and occasionally shares his theological insights with his teammates, especially with the series’ protagonist Isabel Garrido.
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Maffei, Leonardo, Emiliana Isasi-Catalá, John Polisar, Alonso Bussalleu, Alejandro Parodi, Alejandra Anchante, and Alicia Kuroiwa. "Assessment of jaguars Panthera onca (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) and their prey in Manu National Park." Mammalogy Notes 7, no. 2 (September 23, 2022): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.47603/mano.v7n2.267.
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Protected areas, such as the 17,000 km² Manu National Park in Peru, are important for vulnerable species such as the jaguar, and population studies are needed to understand their conservation status. We did a short-term study using 136 paired camera traps stations deployed in three blocks across an area of 820 km² in Manu National Park to estimate: the density and distribution of jaguars, evaluate the availability and distribution of key prey (eight mammals and a bird), and investigate the use of space by predators, using occupancy models that considered environmental variables, prey availability, and competitors. Most prey species had an occupancy (psi) greater than 0.70, without clear patterns in the use of space. The use of space was intensive for ocelot (psi = 0.83, ES = 0.08) and jaguar (psi = 0.67, ES = 0.33), and less intensive for puma (psi = 0.25, SE = 0.07), yet without clear patterns related to the environmental variables we evaluated, the availability of prey and the presence of competitors. We estimate a jaguar density of 2 (ES=0.92; 95% CI =0.8-4.7) to 2.5 (ES=1.07, 95% CI = 1.1-5.6) ind/100 km², corresponding to a population of 193-241 jaguars for the lowlands of Manu. We conclude that jaguars are apparently abundant, both large carnivores and their prey can be found throughout the lowlands of the park, and their presence is not affected by spatial variations in habitat and human pressures.
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Tovar, Cuauhtémoc Chávez, and Heliot Zarza Villanueva. "Distribución potencial del hábitat del jaguar y áreas de conflicto humano–jaguar en la Península de Yucatán." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2009.13.1.35.
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Resumen: Las Selvas Mayas de la Península de Yucatán, México, mantienen una de las poblaciones más importantes de jaguar (Panthera onca) al norte de su distribución. Sin embargo, la región está sujeta a grandes cambios en su cobertura forestal debido al desarrollo humano y agropecuario de los últimos años. Esto ha ocasionado una reducción en el hábitat del jaguar y por consiguiente un incremento en la incidencia de ataques al ganado doméstico por jaguares, debido a ello es necesario contar con información sólida sobre las áreas de conflicto humano-jaguar para ser consideradas durante los planes de manejo y conservación a nivel regional. Nuestro análisis se basó en un grupo de variables (vegetación, uso de suelo, precipitación y clima) y una base de datos georeferenciados tanto de presencia de jaguares como de depredación de ganado domestico en la Península de Yucatán. Nosotros demostramos la posibilidad de modelar la distribución potencial de los sitios de conflicto humano-jaguar usando el método de máxima entropía (MaxEnt). Entre las variables usadas la vegetación demostró ser la variable que mejor explica la distribución potencial del jaguar. En cambio, el modelo de conflictos humano-jaguar muestra que el mayor número de casos de depredación se presenta alrededor de los asentamientos humanos, en ambientes dominados por actividades humanas. Modelar la distribución potencial de las áreas de conflicto humano-jaguar ofrece una gran oportunidad a los biólogos de la conservación y tomadores de decisiones para poder diseñar estrategias regionales para mitigar el conflicto con los depredadores con base en la distribución espacial potencial de los ataques.Palabras clave: Hábitat potencial, jaguar, depredación, Yucatán.Abstract: The Mayan Forest of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, maintain an of the most important populations of jaguar (Panthera onca) north of his distribution. However, the region is subject to big changes in this forest coverage because of the human and agriculture-livestock development of the last years. This has caused a reduction in the habitat of the jaguar and therefore an increase in the incidence of attacks to the domestic livestock by jaguars, because of this is necessary to have solid information on the areas of human-jaguar conflict to be considered during the management plans and conservation to regional level. Our analysis based in a group of variable (vegetation, use of soil, precipitation and climate) and a base of georeference data so much of presence of jaguars and of livestock depredation in the Yucatan Peninsula. We showed the possibility of model the potential distribution of the places of human-jaguar conflict using the method of maximum entropy (MaxEnt). Between the variables used the vegetation showed to be the variable than better explains the potential distribution of the jaguar. Instead, the model of human conflicts-jaguar show that the main number of cases of depredation present around the human settlements, in landscape dominated by human activities. Modeling the potential distribution of the areas of human-jaguar conflict- offers a big opportunity to the biologists of the conservation and decisions-makers to can design regional strategies to mitigate the conflict with the predatory with base in the spatial distribution potential of the attacks. Key words: Potencial habitat, jaguar, predation, Yucatán.
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Rampim, Lilian E., Leonardo R. Sartorello, Carlos E. Fragoso, Mario Haberfeld, and Allison L. Devlin. "Antagonistic interactions between predator and prey: mobbing of jaguars (Panthera onca) by white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari)." acta ethologica 23, no. 1 (February 2020): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10211-020-00335-w.
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Abstract Ambush predators rely on stealth to successfully secure prey. Mobbing is a rarely observed anti-predation strategy used by group-living prey species whereby several individuals distract or harass a predator until it either ends the pursuit or leaves the area. Herein, we present three unique cases of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) mobbing jaguars (Panthera onca) in the wild. White-lipped peccaries and jaguars co-occur within the study area, a large-scale ecotourism and working cattle ranch in the Brazilian Pantanal. Two cases of mobbing were recorded by video camera trap during routine surveys, and a third case was directly observed by one of the authors during telemetry triangulation of a GPS-collared individual jaguar. Our observations provide direct empirical evidence of antagonistic behavioral interactions between jaguars and white-lipped peccaries that have previously been limited to anecdotes within academic literature. We discuss the implications of this behavioral interaction for the proximate and ultimate fitness of both predator and prey.
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Contreras-Díaz, Carlos A., Leroy Soria-Díaz, Yuriana Gómez-Ortiz, Rogelio Carrera-Treviño, Claudia C. Astudillo-Sánchez, Julio C. Chacón-Hernández, and Luis F. Martínez-García. "Temporal and spatial segregation of top predators (Felidae) in a Mexican tropical Biosphere Reserve." Zoologia 38 (June 25, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.38.e63231.
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Jaguars, Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758), and pumas, Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) are the largest felids in the neotropics. Both can overlap in niche axes (time, space and prey), and are therefore potentially competing species. Segregation mechanisms presented by a low overlap in one of these axes of niche can facilitate the coexistence. Our aim was to analyze jaguar and puma temporal and spatial overlap for understanding their segregation mechanisms. Between 2015 and 2017, twenty-six camera trap stations were located in five habitat types of El Cielo Biosphere Reserve (ECBR) in northeastern Mexico. Temporal activity was analyzed using circular statistics and time overlap analysis. Spatial overlap was calculated with the Pianka index and a selectivity habitat analysis. Our results showed that jaguars and pumas were nocturnal and that the temporal overlap was high (∆4 = 0.77). We found an intermediate spatial overlap (Pianka index = 0.61). Jaguars were more selective and preferred the deciduous forest. In comparison, pumas preferred oak-pine forest, but also used oak and deciduous forest. Our results indicate that spatial segregation best explains the coexistence of jaguars and pumas in our study area, probably due to both habitat diversity in the reserve and the generalist habits of the puma.
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Silver, Scott C., Linde E. T. Ostro, Laura K. Marsh, Leonardo Maffei, Andrew J. Noss, Marcella J. Kelly, Robert B. Wallace, Humberto Gómez, and Guido Ayala. "The use of camera traps for estimating jaguar Panthera onca abundance and density using capture/recapture analysis." Oryx 38, no. 2 (April 2004): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605304000286.
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Across their range jaguars Panthera onca are important conservation icons for several reasons: their important role in ecosystems as top carnivores, their cultural and economic value, and their potential conflicts with livestock. However, jaguars have historically been difficult to monitor. This paper outlines the first application of a systematic camera trapping methodology for abundance estimation of jaguars. The methodology was initially developed to estimate tiger abundance in India. We used a grid of camera traps deployed for 2 months, identified individual animals from their pelage patterns, and estimated population abundance using capture-recapture statistical models. We applied this methodology in a total of five study sites in the Mayan rainforest of Belize, the Chaco dry forest of Bolivia, and the Amazonian rainforest of Bolivia. Densities were 2.4–8.8 adult individuals per 100 km2, based on 7–11 observed animals, 16–37 combined ‘captures’ and ‘recaptures’, 486–2,280 trap nights, and sample areas of 107–458 km2. The sampling technique will be used to continue long-term monitoring of jaguar populations at the same sites, to compare with further sites, and to develop population models. This method is currently the only systematic population survey technique for jaguars, and has the potential to be applied to other species with individually recognizable markings.
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de la Torre, J. Antonio, and Rodrigo A. Medellín. "Jaguars Panthera onca in the Greater Lacandona Ecosystem, Chiapas, Mexico: population estimates and future prospects." Oryx 45, no. 4 (August 31, 2011): 546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310001511.
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AbstractJaguar Panthera onca populations have declined severely in Mexico because of habitat loss and poaching of the species and its natural prey. One of the most important, but poorly known, populations of the jaguar remaining in Mexico resides in the Greater Lacandona Ecosystem in Chiapas. Our objective was to determine the density of jaguars in southern Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve and to estimate population size inside the Natural Protected Areas of this Ecosystem. Jaguar densities were estimated during the dry and rainy seasons of 2007 and the dry season of 2008 using camera-trapping combined with closed capture-recapture models. The lowest density estimate was recorded during the 2007 dry season (1.7 ± SE 0.7 per 100 km2) and the highest during the 2008 rainy season (4.6 ± SE 1.6 per 100 km2). Estimating the extent of potential jaguar habitat in the Natural Protected Areas and extrapolating density estimates to these reserves indicates that they could support 62–168 jaguars. This result highlights the potential importance of this Ecosystem for the conservation of the jaguar in the Mayan Forest and Mexico. The implementation of measures to secure the long-term conservation of this population and jaguar population connectivity in the Mayan Forest is urgently required.
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Faller-Menéndez, Juan Carlos, Luis A. Lago-Torres, Alfonsina Hernández-Cardona, Mederic Calleja-Alvarado, Gerardo Ceballos González, Cuauhtémoc Chávez Tovar, and Stacey Johnson. "La video-filmación como técnica de estudio de mamíferos silvestres: un ejemplo de jaguares en el noreste de la Península de Yucatán." Revista Mexicana de Mastozoología (Nueva Epoca) 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ie.20074484e.2007.11.1.128.
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Resumen: En noviembre de 2006 se utilizó un prototipo de cámara de video, en la reserva privada El Zapotal, en la porción noreste de la Península de Yucatán, y obtuvimos la filmación de una pareja de jaguares en actitud de apareamiento. Esta filmación representa una de las primeras experiencias de su tipo, y ha proporcionado información única sobre comportamiento y fecha de apareamiento de jaguares libres, que es consistente con algunos resultados de investigaciones de amplio espectro y largo plazo sobre poblaciones de esta especie en Sudamérica. Palabras clave: Apareamiento, Panthera onca, videofilmación, Yucatán Abstract: In november 2006, using a prototype of video camera, we obtained the shooting of a pair of jaguars in mating attitude. This was done in the El Zapotal private reserve, in the northeastern portion of the Yucatan Peninsula, and represents one of the first experiences of its type, also providing unique information about the mating behavior and the date of occurrence. The latter is consistent with some results derived from wide spectrum, long term studies about jaguar populations in South America. Key words: Mating, Panthera onca, videoshooting, Yucatan
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Palomares, Francisco, Tarcízio Antônio Rego de Paula, and Ana Carolina Srbek-Araujo. "First Capture of a Jaguar Using a Minimally Invasive Capture System for GPS Tracking in an Isolated Patch of Atlantic Forest in Southern Brazil." Animals 13, no. 21 (October 25, 2023): 3314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13213314.
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This study presents the first successful capture using GPS tagging of a jaguar (Panthera onca) using a minimally invasive capture system (MICS). We used snare-foot traps and a MICS during two capture campaigns in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. The specimen disarmed snares on different occasions, and capture was only possible with the MICS. The captured jaguar, an estimated 16-year-old adult male, was monitored using a GPS Vertex Plus Iridium collar with an optimal performance of 86% in expected locations. The jaguar’s home range (659 km2 by MPC and 174 km2 by 95%K) was within the observed range for the species and the animal was primarily maintained in protected areas. The habitat types most frequently used were native grassland (27.2% of 4798 fixes), marsh (24.8%), and dense lowland forest (24.7%). The use of a MICS for trapping jaguars is a promising technique that shows advantages in terms of efficiency, selectivity, portability, reduced potential risk of injury to animals or trappers, and animal stress compared to other capture methods used for the species.
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Carral-García, Mónica, Irene Buenrostro, Holger Weissenberger, Víctor Rosales, and Jonathan Pérez-Flores. "Dog predation by jaguars in a tourist town on the Mexican Caribbean." Neotropical Biology and Conservation 16, no. 4 (October 7, 2021): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.16.e68973.
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Invasion of humans and dogs into the jaguars’ habitat opens the way for future negative events. Dog predation by jaguars has only been recorded anecdotally, despite the high risk of pathogen transmission and the potential conflict due to pet predation. In this study, we document jaguar attacks on dogs in Mahahual, Quintana Roo, Mexico, a tourist town in the Mexican Caribbean. In addition, we describe an initiative designed to prevent jaguar persecution by constructing night houses for dogs at the most recent attack sites. A total of 20 attacks were recorded in the last nine years, most of them fatal (60%) on medium-sized dogs (70%), at night (95%) and during the dry season (65%). Half of the attacks occurred in the north of Mahahual´s coastline and the other half in the south. Attacks in the south were concentrated between 0 to 10 km away from the village, while in the north they were dispersed over distances between 0 and > 30 km. Thirty-eight night houses were constructed covering almost 45 km of the 135 km of Mahahual’s coastline. Further research is required to understand the importance of dogs in the jaguar diet and the impact of dog predation on the health and disease ecology of jaguar populations.
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Petracca, Lisanne S., O. Eric Ramírez-Bravo, and Lorna Hernández-Santín. "Occupancy estimation of jaguar Panthera onca to assess the value of east-central Mexico as a jaguar corridor." Oryx 48, no. 1 (November 6, 2013): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313000069.
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AbstractThe use of wildlife corridors to maintain landscape connectivity has become increasingly relevant to the conservation of wide-ranging species, including the jaguar Panthera onca. Jaguars are particularly threatened in Mexico, where corridor linkages are tenuous as a result of habitat fragmentation. Our study assessed a section of potential corridor south of the Sierra Madre Oriental in eastern Mexico. We conducted 245 interviews with local inhabitants in 140 36-km2 sampling units over a 5-month period and compiled detection histories for jaguars and five prey species: collared peccary Pecari tajacu, red brocket deer Mazama americana, white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, spotted paca Agouti paca, and nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. These detection histories were then analysed using site occupancy modelling. Each sampling unit was assigned a probability of habitat use based on (1) the two smaller prey species (paca and armadillo) and (2) at least two of the larger prey species (collared peccary and two deer species) using habitat in that unit. This probability estimate was considered a proxy for the prey base of each sampling unit and therefore the unit's suitability as a jaguar corridor. Although the prey base in some areas appears adequate to support a jaguar population, large-scale development projects and the paucity of jaguar sign are major obstacles to this region's potential as a jaguar corridor. Our results suggest that the eastern coast of Mexico may not be a priority area for range-wide jaguar conservation.
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Rosales-Hernández, Víctor A., Lizardo Cruz-Romo, Fernando M. Contreras-Moreno, Sandra Petrone, and Daniel Jesús-Espinosa. "Predation on sea turtles by jaguars in the Mexican Caribbean." Therya notes 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya_notes-22-64.
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Los jaguares son carnívoros oportunistas, cuya dieta depende principalmente de la disponibilidad de sus presas. La depredación de tortugas marinas por parte de los jaguares ha sido raramente documentada en México. En este estudio registramos la depredación de tortugas caguamas (Caretta caretta) y verdes (Chelonia mydas) por parte de jaguares en la región de Mahahual, en el estado de Quintana Roo, México. De mayo a agosto de 2021, se establecieron 10 estaciones de fototrampeo en una playa de anidación. De forma paralela se realizaron recorridos nocturnos y diurnos a lo largo de las playas, con el fin de detectar tortugas que ovopositaran en el sitio, así como carcasas en el sitio que presentaran señales de depredación. Con un esfuerzo de muestreo de 600 noches / cámara se obtuvieron 10 eventos independientes de la presencia de jaguar en la zona, los cuales sucedieron en horarios diversos tanto diurnos como nocturnos, así como 3 eventos fotográficos en los que se confirmó la depredación del jaguar a tortugas marinas. La depredación de tortugas marinas por jaguares ha sido documentada en las playas de Costa Rica pero casi nunca en México, este reporte contribuye al escaso conocimiento de la dieta del jaguar en sitios costeros, así como a la relación que existe entre estos felinos y las tortugas marinas de México.
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Griffith, Daniel M., Carlos Nivelo-Villavicencio, Fabián Rodas, Byron Puglla, and Rodrigo Cisneros. "New altitudinal records of Panthera onca (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Andean region of Ecuador." Mammalia 86, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2021-0136.
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Abstract We report two records of jaguars (Panthera onca) registered with camera traps at 2300 and 2660 m a.s.l. in the Ecuadorian Andes, which represent the first verifiable records of the species above 2000 m in Ecuador. As the first records of jaguars from Río Negro-Sopladora National Park and Tapichalaca Reserve, these records raise important questions about the species’ ecology and conservation in Andean montane forests. From a regional perspective, these records may indicate connectivity between jaguar populations inhabiting both sides of the Andes. Sustained monitoring of wildlife populations is necessary to discern the significance of these records and help develop strategies to ensure the conservation of this highly mobile species across the increasingly fragmented Andean-Amazonian landscapes of southern Ecuador.
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Pérez-Flores, Jonathan, Yann Hénaut, Mauro Sanvicente, Nereyda Pablo-Rodríguez, and Sophie Calmé. "Jaguar’s Predation and Human Shield, a Tapir Story." Diversity 14, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14121103.
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Despite the risks associated, some species choose to shield behind a predator to decrease predation risk by another predator. In this study, we demonstrate how Baird’s tapirs (Tapirus bairdii) use humans as a “shield” to reduce the risk of being preyed upon by jaguars (Panthera onca). We collected georeferenced photographic records of 23 tapirs (seven of them injured) sighted near human settlements (0 to 5 km) in the Calakmul region of Mexico from 2008 to 2019. Using multidimensional scale analysis, we determined which possible factors (tapir health status, injuries, distance to the settlement, as well as seasonality) are related to the decision of tapirs to approach human settlements. To support our claims of jaguars’ attacks, we described the pattern of injuries believed to have been inflicted by jaguars on tapirs, and we analysed photographs and videos of species of the genus Panthera attacking larger prey than themselves to establish a pattern of injuries and compare it to the injuries observed on tapirs. Our study shows that tapir sightings near human settlements are related to health deterioration, injuries by jaguars and seasonality. The injuries found on tapirs are similar to those caused by other big cats on large prey, providing strong support for jaguar-inflicted wounds. Further studies should investigate whether the increasing human presence in different habitats in the Neotropical region could be influencing the behaviour and distribution of prey and predators.
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Swank, Wendell G., and James G. Teer. "Status of the jaguar—1987." Oryx 23, no. 1 (January 1989): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300022547.
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The decline of the jaguar in the 1970s reflected the large trade in their skins. Since 1973, when the species was listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade In Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the threat from the commercial skin trade has abated. However, habitat destruction and opportunistic killing continue. If the jaguar is to persist into the future, local people must be convinced that conserving jaguars has long-term benefits for them.
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Srbek-Araujo, Ana Carolina, Juliana Lúcia Costa Santos, Viviane Medeiros de Almeida, Marcos Pezzi Guimarães, and Adriano Garcia Chiarello. "First record of intestinal parasites in a wild population of jaguar in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 23, no. 3 (September 2014): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612014065.
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Small and isolated wildlife populations may be more susceptible to disease, which makes illness an important issue to investigate regarding the conservation of large carnivores. Here, we present the results of the first investigation of intestinal parasites in one of the last remaining populations of jaguars in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We studied parasites from fecal samples using three different techniques for parasitological examination: floatation in saturated sodium chloride solution, sedimentation and formalin-ether centrifugation. Intestinal parasites were detected in 70% of the analyzed samples, and seven taxa (mean = 3.7 taxa/sample) were identified. All the groups of parasites that were identified have been recorded in previous jaguar studies. However, the records of Class Trematoda and nematodes Trichuridae are the first evidence of these groups of worms in free-ranging jaguars in Brazil. Although our results do not provide conclusive evidence on the health of this jaguar population, given its very small size (approximately 20 animals) we stress the need to properly understand the dynamics of disease in this wild population and to evaluate the risk of contracting new diseases from domestic species inhabiting the neighboring areas. These represent imperative actions for the successful conservation of this threatened population of jaguar.
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De Angelo, Carlos, Agustín Paviolo, Daniela Rode, Laury Cullen, Denis Sana, Kaue Cachuba Abreu, Marina Xavier da Silva, et al. "Participatory networks for large-scale monitoring of large carnivores: pumas and jaguars of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest." Oryx 45, no. 4 (May 31, 2011): 534–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000840.
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AbstractMost large carnivores are secretive and threatened, and these characteristics pose problems for research on, and monitoring of, these species across extensive areas. Participatory monitoring, however, can be a useful tool for obtaining long-term data across large areas. Pumas Puma concolor and jaguars Panthera onca are the largest predators in the threatened Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest. To survey the presence of these two species we established a participatory network of volunteers and a partnership with researchers in the three countries that share the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest (Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay). We trained participants in simple methods of collecting faeces and track imprints of large felids. Between 2002 and 2008 > 100 volunteers helped with monitoring, obtaining 1,633 records identified as pumas or jaguars across c. 92,890 km2. We confirmed jaguar presence in a large section of the Misiones Green Corridor in Argentina and in the largest protected areas of Brazil and Paraguay. Pumas exhibited a wider distribution, being recorded throughout Misiones province in Argentina and in some areas of Brazil and Paraguay where jaguars were not detected. Both species, and especially jaguars, were detected mainly in the few remaining medium and large forest fragments in this Forest. Although these carnivores are often in conflict with local people, their charisma and cultural significance makes them flagship species that motivated the participation of volunteers and institutions. Participatory monitoring allowed coverage of a vast area at relatively low cost whilst enhancing collaborative management policies among people and institutions from three countries.
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Escobar-Lasso, Sergio, Luis Fonseca, Wilbert N. Villachica, Hansel Herrera, Roldán A. Valverde, Wagner Quirós-Pereira, Marta Pesquero, and Pamela T. Plotkin. "First field observation of the predation by Jaguar (Panthera onca) on Olive Ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) at Nancite Beach, Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica." Mammalogy Notes 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47603/manovol3n1.20-23.
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Jaguars have been recorded preying on adult female sea turtles on their nesting beaches in Costa Rica, Guyana, Mexico and Suriname (Fretey 1977, Autar 1994, Cuevas et al. 2014, Guildera et al. 2015). Jaguars prey on Green (Chelonia mydas), Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), and Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtles (see Fretey 1977, Autar 1994, Carrillo et al. 1994, Chinchilla 1997, Tröeng 2000, Heithaus et al. 2008, Veríssimo et al. 2012, Arroyo-Arce et al. 2014, Cuevas et al. 2014, Arroyo-Arce & Salom-Pérez 2015, Guildera et al. 2015). The capture effort and risk of injury associated with the predation of nesting sea turtles is expected to be lower relative to other prey species in the jaguar’s diet (Cavalcanti & Gese 2010). Additionally, they can be key resources when other pr ey availability is low (Veríssimo et al. 2012).
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Braga Petrazzini, Priscilla, and Ludmilla Moura de Souza Aguiar. "Completely caught off guard: a new record of Jaguar, Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia, Felidae), from an urban park." Check List 18, no. 3 (May 9, 2022): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/18.3.463.
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Jaguar, Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758), is a paramount predator that contributes to ecosystem balance but rarely inhabits small conserved areas. We report a new record of a Jaguar in Brasilia National Park that was photographed while monitoring the Giant Anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) population using camera traps. This Jaguar record is critical in documenting the presence of this species in highly human-inhabited and urbanized areas. Our new record also contributes to the understanding of the current distribution of remaining individuals and confirms the importance of large-scale protected areas in providing habitat for species, such as jaguars, that have large ranges.
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Machado-Aguilera, María Camila, Leonardo Lemus-Mejía, Jairo Pérez-Torres, Diego A. Zárrate-Charry, Andrés Arias-Alzate, and José F. González-Maya. "Preserving the spots: Jaguar (Panthera onca) distribution and priority conservation areas in Colombia." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 22, 2024): e0300375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300375.
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The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a charismatic species considered Vulnerable in Colombia but yet largely unknown in the country. The species is mostly threatened by the continuous decline in its habitats, mostly derived from deforestation and habitat loss, additional to hunting and conflicts with humans. Thus, the future of jaguars in Colombia depends on protecting and recovering existing habitats. The aims of this study were to 1) evaluate jaguar distribution and identify the remnant patches of habitat in Colombia, 2) define an ecological connectivity network within the country, and 3) propose a priority areas portfolio for the conservation and recovery of jaguars. We used a presence background model for estimating species potential distribution and subsequently identified remaining habitat patches across the country based on land cover and species-specific ecological attributes. We then created an ecological connectivity network based on circuit theory and following a multi-criteria approach identified jaguar priority areas for conservation (JPCA) and recovery (JPRA). Jaguar potential distribution comprises 1103122.43 km2, from which 56.71% maintain suitable patches of potential habitat. We identified 960 corridors between remnant patches of natural or semi-natural vegetation. Based on the criteria, JPCAs with greater importance were identified in each of the five Colombian regions. JPRAs were located mainly towards the Andean and Caribbean regions. These JPCAs and JPRAs could serve as a guide for designing and implementing management strategies for the long-term conservation and recovery of the species in Colombia.
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Jorge-Neto, Pedro Nacib, Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto, Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo, Thyara De Deco-Souza, Leanes Cruz da Silva, Jorge Aparecido Salomão Jr., and Hernan Baldassare. "Copulatory behavior of the Jaguar Panthera onca (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae)." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 15 (December 26, 2018): 12933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4218.10.15.12933-12939.
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The relevance of the Jaguar in Brazilian fauna is incompatible with the lack of literature regarding its reproductive behavior, showing that research in this area should be intensified. The knowledge of its basic reproductive behavior is extremely important for understanding the fertility factors of the species and the role it plays in its ecosystem. In this study, we analyzed 210 sequences of sexual behaviors of Jaguars Panthera onca starting from proceptivity of the female and ending with copulation; this sequence is called the copulatory behavior. Behavioral sequences were filmed, and the observed behaviors were analyzed and recorded including occurrence frequency. Different behaviors were observed in association with two types of copulation, it was understood that copulation occurs with and without penile penetration. The information found in the present study is valuable for the reproductive management of Jaguars.
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Soares, Matheus Mickael Mota, Luana Machado Barros, Daniela Aparecida Savariz Bôlla, Marlus Queiroz Almeida, Diego da Costa Souza, Jucileide Souza de Araujo, Michelle Cristina Sacheto, Davi Anderson Tamborini da Silva, and Rogério Fonseca. "Furuncular Myiasis by Dermatobia hominis (Diptera: Oestridae) in Wild Jaguars in the Amazon Rainforest." Journal of Medical Entomology 58, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 1936–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab057.
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Abstract Two individuals of the jaguar, Panthera onca (L.), were captured near the municipality of Presidente Figueiredo, Brazilian Amazon, during the years of 2017 and 2018. The jaguars presented furuncular myiasis caused by the human botfly Dermatobia hominis (L.) on the rear thighs and tail. This is the first record of infestation of D. hominis in P. onca in the Amazon region.
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Gaitán, Carlos A., Vivian Roxana González-Castillo, Gerber Daniel Guzmán-Flores, Pablo Andrés González-Xiloj, Usi'j Tz'nunja' Bá, Rony A. García-Anleu, and Manolo José García. "Resident jaguars (Panthera onca) at the heart of the Maya Forest in Guatemala." Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 93 (September 30, 2022): e934073. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2022.93.4073.
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In this study we determined the resident status of individual jaguars (Panthera onca) in a 7-year timeframe, in order to provide insight into the life history of this species as an input for abundance estimations and the management of the Maya Forest shared by Guatemala, Mexico, and Belize. We gathered photographic jaguar records from studies conducted in 2 Core Zones of the Maya Biosphere Reserve from 2013 to 2019. Individual jaguars were identified by their unique coat pattern, and were considered as residents when recorded for 3 or more consecutive years. Also, range sharing and interactions were quantified. Both female and male resident individuals were recorded. We suggest the presence of a resident population with a tendency for spatial or temporal range exclusion within individuals from the same sex and a fast male’s turnover, and a demographically mixed group of transients. These circumstances appoint the relevance to determine the resident status of individuals for accurate abundance estimations and population trends, and also in maintaining the integrity of the transboundary continuous forest cover, as connectivity appears to have an important role for maintaining the fluctuating jaguar population dynamics.
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Cardoso, Henrique Matheus, Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato, Selma Samiko Miyazaki, Thadeu Deluque Costa Pereira, Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo, and Daniel Luis Zanella Kantek. "Effectiveness of protected areas for jaguars: the case of the Taiamã Ecological Station in Brazil." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 60 (September 29, 2020): e20206048. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2020.60.48.
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The largest feline in the Americas and the third largest in the world, the jaguar is an apex predator in the food chain and a key species in the ecosystems where it occurs, developing important ecological functions in maintaining ecosystem balance. In Brazil, the Pantanal is considered an important refuge for the species, and protected areas such as the Taiamã Ecological Station (TES) are relevant for conservation of pristine ecosystem where the species persist. Thus, considering that this area is located in one of the regions with the highest concentration of this large cat in the Pantanal, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the protection given by the TES for the jaguar population. The station is a flooded island in the middle of the Paraguay river and surrounded by extensive wetlands. We monitored ten jaguars using GPS collar at the TES and its surroundings. The samples were separated into high-water season (January to June) and low-water season (July to December), and the estimated home ranges were grouped as: 1) residents only and 2) all monitored individuals. The stabilization of the home ranges of eight jaguars, considered residents, was determined through variograms. When all jaguars were analysed together there was 55% overlap between the clustered areas of the two analysed seasons. In the analysis excluding non-resident individuals there was 72% overlap between the clustered areas. The type of land cover inside these areas was very similar between these periods. The range of this protected area is not sufficient to effectively protect these jaguar populations, since the grouped home ranges of the resident animals studied are 3.5(wet)/2.5(dry) times larger than the area of the TES. However, the surroundings of the TES have low human impact and no deforestation and, in this way, the landscape context of the station may have a significant effect on the persistence of a large carnivore like the jaguar. However, it is necessary to create more protected areas in order to prevent possible future environmental changes in the areas surrounding TES.
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Shaw, Harley G. "Borderland Jaguars." Wildlife Society Bulletin 33, no. 2 (June 2005): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[780a:br]2.0.co;2.
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Polisar, John, Charlotte Davies, Thais Morcatty, Mariana Da Silva, Song Zhang, Kurt Duchez, Julio Madrid, et al. "Multi-lingual multi-platform investigations of online trade in jaguar parts." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 23, 2023): e0280039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280039.
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We conducted research to understand online trade in jaguar parts and develop tools of utility for jaguars and other species. Our research took place to identify potential trade across 31 online platforms in Spanish, Portuguese, English, Dutch, French, Chinese, and Vietnamese. We identified 230 posts from between 2009 and 2019. We screened the images of animal parts shown in search results to verify if from jaguar; 71 posts on 12 different platforms in four languages were accompanied by images identified as definitely jaguar, including a total of 125 jaguar parts (50.7% posts in Spanish, 25.4% Portuguese, 22.5% Chinese and 1.4% French). Search effort varied among languages due to staff availability. Standardizing for effort across languages by dividing number of posts advertising jaguars by search time and number of individual searches completed via term/platform combinations changed the proportions the rankings of posts adjusted for effort were led by Portuguese, Chinese, and Spanish. Teeth were the most common part; 156 posts offered at least 367 teeth and from these, 95 were assessed as definitely jaguar; 71 of which could be linked to a location, with the majority offered for sale from Mexico, China, Bolivia, and Brazil (26.8, 25.4, 16.9, and 12.7% respectively). The second most traded item, skins and derivative items were only identified from Latin America: Brazil (7), followed by Peru (6), Bolivia (3), Mexico (2 and 1 skin piece), and Nicaragua and Venezuela (1 each). Whether by number of posts or pieces, the most commonly parts were: teeth, skins/pieces of skins, heads, and bodies. Our research took place within a longer-term project to assist law enforcement in host countries to better identify potential illegal trade and presents a snapshot of online jaguar trade and methods that also may have utility for many species traded online.