Relevant bibliographies by topics / Jain Community

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Jain Community'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Jain Community"

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Carrithers, Michael. "Concretely Imagining the Southern Digambar Jain Community, 1899–1920." Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 3 (July 1996): 523–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016589.

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In the pilgrimage season of 1899 a ‘small but select’ group of Jains met before the temple of the deity Bharamappa near Kolhapur to found the Southern Maharashtra Jain Sabha, the dakṣiṣ mahāraṣṬrajain sabhā. The intended constituency of the Sabha was the Digambar Jain population of the Southern Maratha Country of the Bombay Presidency, the area including Kolhapur State, Belgaum, and Sangli, with their rural hinterlands. The Sabha prospers still, while so many of the other associations in that lush growth of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in India have disappeared. It has been instrumental in forging a Jain ethnicity, in creating a new sense of a specifically Jain past and present, and in fostering new habits of education and of social intercourse among Jains. A good proportion of what is today taken for granted by Jains about southern Digambar samskrti, ‘culture’ or ‘civilization’, was moulded by Jains acting in and through the Sabha.
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Stuart, Mari Jyväsjärvi. "Mendicants and Medicine: Āyurveda in Jain Monastic Texts." History of Science in South Asia 2, no. 1 (December 8, 2014): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18732/h27p45.

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While early canonical Jain literature may well justify the assessment that some scholars have made about the Jains’ stoic resistance to medical aid, later post-canonical Śvetāmbara Jain texts reveal in fact a much more complex relationship to practices of healing. They make frequent references to medical practice and the alleviation of sickness, describing various medical procedures and instruments and devoting long sections to the interaction between doctors and monastics as issues that a monastic community would have to negotiate as a matter of course. The amount of medical knowledge — indeed fascination with healing human ailments — evident in these later texts invites us to pause before concluding that pre-modern Jain monastic traditions were disinterested in alleviating physical distress. It seems that, on the contrary, the question of when and how to treat the sick within the community emerged as a central concern that preoccupied the monastic authorities and commentators and left its mark on the texts they compiled. Moreover, from the early medieval period onwards, Jains enter the history of Indian medical literature as authors and compilers of actual medical treatises. In what follows, I try to trace this historical shift in Śvetāmbara Jain attitudes to medicine and healing, from the early canonical texts to post-canonical commentaries on the mendicants’ rules. Specifically, I focus on the treatment of medicine in three monastic commentaries composed around the sixth and seventh centuries CE.
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Carrithers, Michael. "Passions of Nation and Community in the Bahubali Affair." Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 4 (October 1988): 815–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015754.

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In early 1983 Digambar and Svetambar Jains forced into public prominence their struggle over the local Jain pilgrimage site of Bahubali hill in Kolhapur District in southern Maharashtra, in India. By the end of that year the majority Maratha community, Harijans, the local and State Congress Party, the police, the district administration, and the State and Union governments were also entangled in the conflict. These Byzantine and sometimes violent events became known as ‘The Bahubali Affair’ (Marathi bāhubalīprakaran).
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Munjal, M., D. Sood, V. K. Gupta, A. Singh, and T. K. Kaul. "Use of vegetarian propofol in Jain community of India." Anaesthesia 58, no. 11 (October 20, 2003): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03504.x.

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Banks, Marcus J. "Defining Division: An Historical Overview of Jain Social Organization." Modern Asian Studies 20, no. 3 (July 1986): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007812.

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This paper briefly charts the progress and findings of European scholars approaching the issues of caste and sect in the Jain community over the last two centuries. Other authors have already discussed the European interest in Jain textual and philosophical issues, and while I touch on these briefly, my main concern is to outline Jain social organization, with particular reference to Swetambar communities in the north.
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Brazeal, Brian. "Austerity, luxury and uncertainty in the Indian emerald trade." Journal of Material Culture 22, no. 4 (June 21, 2017): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359183517715809.

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This article examines the bodily practices of austerity in a Jain community that dominates a large portion of the international emerald trade. The material characteristics of emeralds make them refractory towards formal markets. These gemstones are impossible to value with consistency. Prices fluctuate wildly as the stones move from hand to hand and from continent to continent. Among the Jains, bonds forged by kinship and religious observance guarantee international, multi-million dollar contracts in the absence of any legal enforcement mechanism. Religious ethics ensure that people deal with each other in good faith and make good on their debts. These ethics are inculcated in part through bodily practices. The bodily practices of Jain traders also include jewelers’ sensual relationships with the stones themselves. The pursuit of salvation through austerity and the pursuit of profit through luxury are conjoined in a community dedicated to making sense of the inscrutable mineral characteristics of emeralds.
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Jain, Shalin. "Patrons, Temples and Pilgrimages: The Jain Community in Medieval India." Studies in History 28, no. 1 (February 2012): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0257643013477249.

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Razzaq, Sabeekah Al-Abdul. "The Ostracoda community in hypersaline channels in Al-Khiran, Arabian Gulf." Journal of Micropalaeontology 10, no. 1 (August 1, 1991): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.10.1.17.

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Abstract. A community of ten ostracod species characterizes the hypersaline channels of Khor Al-Mufateh and Khor Al-Mamlaha. The dominant species in Khor Al-Mufateh are Loxoconcha (Loxoconcha) indica Jain, 1978; Gibboborchella venosa Gumey, 1979; Gibboborchella alata Gurney, 1979; and Hemicytheridea paiki Jain, 1978. L.(L.) indica, along with Neomonoceratina sp., dominate Khor Al-Mamlaha. Other species ranging from common to rare, include Carinocythereis (Carinocythereis) batei Jain, 1978; Callistocythere cf. flavidofusca intricatoides (Ruggieri), 1953; Loxoconcha (Loxoconcha) multiornata Bate & Gurney, 1981; Tanella cf. gracilis Kingma, 1948; and Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, 1964.Khor Al-Mufateh and Al-Mamlaha are divided into zones according to the distribution of ostracod species, which are dependant upon the richness and distribution of algae and the type of sediment. The ten ostracod species are salinity-tolerant and occur in the upper third of Khor Al-Mufateh and the lower half of Khor Al-Mamlaha with salinity ranging between 55–70‰ and 45–70‰, respectively. These zones are rich in algal growth with sediments varying from muddy carbonate sands to sandy mud. Most ostracod species are found in abundance during the summer exhibiting a rich diversity of algae genera and species.
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Ciołkosz, Matylda. "Book Review of Selling Yoga (Jain, 2014)." Journal of Yoga Studies 3 (2020): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34000/joys.2020.v3.003.

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Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture. Andrea R. Jain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. 240 pages. Selling Yoga, Andrea Jain’s influential monograph, is not a recent publication in the field of yoga studies. Having first been published six years ago, it has already been receivedby the academic community. Nonetheless, it still deserves thorough discussion,especially in light of expanding academic research on yoga.
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Vekemans, Tine. "Crisis and Continuation: The Digital Relocation of Jain Socio-Religious Praxis during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Religions 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12050342.

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In early 2020, Jain diaspora communities and organizations that had been painstakingly built over the past decades were faced with the far-reaching consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and its concomitant restrictions. With the possibility of regular face-to-face contact and participation in recurring events—praying, eating, learning, and meditating together—severely limited in most places, organizations were compelled to make a choice. They either had to suspend their activities, leaving members to organize their religious activities on an individual or household basis, or pursue the continuation of some of their habitual activities in an online format, relying on their members’ motivation and technical skills. This study will explore how many Jain organizations in London took to digital media in its different forms to continue to engage with their members throughout 2020. Looking at a selection of websites and social media channels, it will examine online discourses that reveal the social and mental impact of the pandemic on Jains and the broader community, explore the relocation of activities to the digital realm, and assess participation in these activities. In doing so, this article will open a discussion on the long-term effects of this crisis-induced digital turn in Jain religious praxis, and in socio-cultural life in general.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Jain Community"

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Otterbine, Joseph R. "Youth-led Environmental Awareness: Initiatives Towards a Jain Faith Community Empowerment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700090/.

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This project employs participatory action research methods in efforts to create a community specific environmental curriculum for the high school age youth at the only Jain faith community in the North Texas region. Aligned with the community’s goals, the youth led in deciding, creating, and carrying out initiatives that were aimed at increasing the level of awareness about environmental issues amongst community members. The research done by the youth aimed at looking at environmental issues through the lens of Jain doctrine. The final creation of a curriculum as a living document to be used by the youth in efforts to promote critical thinking skills and class discussion continues the participatory model. The curriculum encourages experiential and interpretative learning, which grants ownership of the topics to the youth themselves and ultimately empowering them to learn more and spread the importance of being environmentally friendly.
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More, Andrew. "Early Statements Relating to the Lay Community in the Svetambara Jain Canon." Thesis, Yale University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3582168.

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In this thesis I examine various statements relating to the Jain lay community in the early Śvetāmbara texts. My approach is deliberately and consistently historical. The earliest extant Śvetāmbara writing presents an almost exclusively negative view of all non-mendicants. In the context of competition with other religious groups to gain the respect and material support of members of the general population, the Śvetāmbara mendicants began to compose positive statements about a lay community. Instead of interpreting the key terms and formulations in these early statements anachronistically on the basis of the later and systematized account of lay Jain religiosity, I attempt to trace how the idea of lay Jainism and its distinctive practices gradually came into being. The more familiar account that is often taken as the basis for understanding earlier sources in fact emerges as the end product of this long history.

This historical reconstruction poses numerous challenges. There is little reliable historical scholarship to draw from in carrying out this investigation. In the absence of a widely accepted account of the formation of the Śvetāmbara canon, the dates of the canonical sources that I examine remain uncertain. I argue that by focusing on key passages relating to the Jain lay community it is possible to establish a relative chronology for the composition of some of these passages and for the compilation of some of the texts in which they appear. We can thus observe development in the strategies employed by the mendicants as part of their effort to establish and maintain relations with a community of householders who respected and regularly supported them. What I offer here is a preliminary but important step toward writing a critical and comprehensive history of lay Jainism. More broadly, scholars of monastic religious traditions may be interested in this account of how one group of ascetics in ancient India garnered lay support and developed a role for non-monastic members of the community.

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Mehta, Venu Vrundavan. "An Ethnographic Study of Sectarian Negotiations among Diaspora Jains in the USA." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3204.

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This thesis argued that the Jain community in the diasporic context of the USA has invented a new form of Jainism. Sectarian negotiations are the distinguishing marks of the diaspora Jain community and their invented form of Jainism. Based on ethnographic study that is, interviews and observations conducted at four different sites (Jain temples/communities) from June-August 2016, the thesis examined the sectarian negotiations among the diaspora Jain community in the USA and the invented Jain tradition that is resulting from these negotiations. The central questions of the research on which this thesis is based were: 1) what are the levels, processes and results of sectarian negotiations within the Jain diaspora community in the USA, and 2) what is the nature and characteristic of the new form of Jainism, the invented tradition; and how do Jains in the USA experience and use it.
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Salter, Emma. "Rāj Bhakta Mārg : the path of devotion to Srimad Rajcandra : a Jain community in the twenty first century." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2002. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/9211/.

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This thesis is a diachronic study of a branch of modern Jainism that was established at the beginning of the twentieth century. It makes extensive use of ethnographic data collected during field-research in Gujarat, Mumbai (India) and London (UK). Members of this branch of Jainism follow a Jain layman from Gujarat called Srimad Rajcandra (1867 to 1901 CE). Srimad was profoundly dissatisfied with contemporary Jainism. He believed that its soteriological message had been subverted by empty rituals and groundless theorizing, and that spiritual ignorance had resulted in sectarian division, something to which he vehemently opposed. Today there are numerous ashrams and temples dedicated to Srimad. Most are in Gujarat, from where the majority of his followers originate, but some are also found in other regions of India. Srimad's following extends beyond India into diaspora Jain communities in North America and Europe, including Britain. This thesis argues that Srimad's devotees are unified by an inclusive history and ideology that is centred in the life and teachings of Srimad Rajcandra, and so can be viewed collectively as a distinct movement within modern Jainism. Two tangible factors that distinguish Srimad's followers from other Jains are their acceptance of his writings (in Gujarati) as scripture and their veneration of his image in the form of photographs and statues. Such an argument is necessary because the structure of the Srimad Rajcandra movement is fragmentary. It is a composite of various disparate, autonomous lay communities and individuals. Each community has its own local history and independent tradition, which influence its specific beliefs and practices. This thesis discusses the internal causes for the movement's organizational structure. These include Srimad's lay status and anti-sectarian values, his interpretation of self realisation as a religious experience, and his teaching about guru 'bhakti' as a means of attaining liberation.
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Wurie, Janet Baby. "Hypertension Management Through Community Outreach Services for Inmates Released From Jail." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2247.

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Hypertension (HTN) is the most common chronic disease among jail inmates. Many inmates treated for HTN while incarcerated in the Fairfax County Jail do not continue treatment when they return to their communities. Factors that contribute to discontinuing HTN management once the inmate returns to the community include homelessness, low income, and lack of access to care. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to educate inmates with HTN about community-based outreach services for HTN management and continuity of care while in the community. The outcome measured was the number of inmates who returned to jail reporting use of a community-based clinic for follow-up HTN care after their last release from jail. The project was conducted in 2 phases during a 6-month period. A pre-HTN survey questionnaire measuring HTN history and lifestyle was administered on initial incarceration. A post-HTN survey was completed when the inmates return to the jail during the 6-month period and measured adherence to post jail follow up HTN care. The findings of this quality improvement project indicate that both inmates who returned to jail in Phase 2 of the project followed up their HTN care in the community after release from jail. This project shows promise as a first step in the process of social change in planning discharge for inmates with HTN at the time of incarceration.
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Blankenbaker, Zarina A. "The Leadership Path of R. Jan LeCroy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5615/.

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Recent studies reveal that a considerable number of U.S. community college leaders will be retiring in the next several years. The concern is that with the large turnover, history, culture, and important lessons of leadership will be lost. The current research on the lives of presidents, their career paths, and experiences in community college leadership centers on approaches to the study of leadership at the macro level. Limited research exists in the published literature that reports and analyzes the development of individuals as community college leaders at the micro level. This results in a gap regarding understanding leadership development and strategies to prepare leaders. This study addresses this gap by providing a critical description of the leadership development of one individual who became a community college chancellor and who the literature on the community context indicates contributed to the local and national context for community colleges. Biography is gaining prominence as a legitimate and viable tool in the study of leadership. Few biographical studies currently exist which focus on leadership development in context at the micro level. This dissertation is a biographical, qualitative study of the leadership path and legacy of R. Jan LeCroy, a community college leader. The study combined two viable approaches to biographical inquiry: a scholarly chronicle and the realist approach. Data included the use of primary and secondary sources and included interviews, document analysis, and archival data such as newspaper articles, memos, and minutes of meetings. The data were analyzed and the findings discussed using the theoretical framework of Gronn's (1993) career model of leadership, Vaughan's (1986) study of the career paths of presidents, and Sullivan's (2001) study of four distinct generations of community college leaders. The leadership path of R. Jan LeCroy paralleled the four stages in Gronn's (1993) career model of leadership; he shared characteristics of the presidents surveyed in Vaughan's (1986) study; and he fit the profile of the second generation of community college leaders as described by Sullivan (2001).
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Guse, Anna. ""I Am More Than an Inmate...": Re/Developing Expressions of Positive Identity in Community-Engaged Jail Performance." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587636691932172.

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Rajala, Elizabeth M. "Between You and Me We: an architecture of interaction." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1243005213.

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Thesis (Master of Architecture)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisor: Gerald Larson. On T.P. the word "we" appears on a new line and without parentheses. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 28, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: social sustainability; sociability; interaction; Jan Gehl; housing; community. Includes bibliographical references.
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Shimizu, Akiko. "The Religious Life of the Murtipujaka Jains of Rup Nagar Temple Community in Delhi, India." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496307.

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Neal, John F. (John Frank). "The History of the R. Jan Lecroy Center for Educational Telecommunications of the Dallas County Community College District." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332758/.

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The R. Jan LeCroy Center for Educational Telecommunications of the Dallas County Community College District is a leading producer of telecourses for credit at the college level. In addition, the center is becoming involved with other kinds of electronic communication for educational purposes, including the Community College Satellite Network (CCSN), the State of Texas Academic Resources Link (STARLINK), and Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS). This study chronicles the DCCCD's progress in electronic distance learning from the time of its first telecourse in 1972 to the present time. This study also describes the center's purposes, the reasons for its growth, the problems that have been encountered, the people who provided its leadership, and the telecourses that have been offered and produced by the DCCCD.
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Books on the topic "Jain Community"

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Guardians of the transcendent: An ethnography of a Jain ascetic community. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002.

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Sangave, Vilas Adinath. Jaina religion and community. Long Beach, Calif: Long Beach Publications, 1997.

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Malaka, Tan. From jail to jail. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 1991.

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1953-, Cort John E., ed. Scripture and community: Collected essays on the Jains. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press, 1993.

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Praschl, Gerald. Roland Jahn: Ein Rebell als Behördenchef. Berlin: Links, 2011.

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The universe as audience: Metaphor and community among the Jains of North India. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1999.

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Communist jail Tibet: Mizo Tibet rama chanchin tha pu luttu chanchin : revised & enlarged. 2nd ed. Pokhara, Nepal: Zothansangi, 2014.

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Neuhaus, Manfred, and Jahn Wolfgang. In memoriam Wolfgang Jahn: Der ganze Marx : alles Verfasste veröffentlichen, erforschen und den "ungeschriebenen" Marx rekonstruieren : Kolloquium, Halle, 3. November 2001. Hamburg: Argument, 2002.

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Jim, Moore. How I got out of jail and ran for governor of Indiana: The Jim Moore story as told to Claire Burch. Oakland, CA: Regent Press, 1995.

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Diroll, David. The use of community corrections and the impact of prison and jail crowding on sentencing: A survey of Ohio judges for the Governor's Committee on Prison and Jail Crowding. [Ohio]: Governor's Office of Criminal Justice Service, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Jain Community"

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McCracken, Jill. "Women in Jail, Research, and Ethics: Creating Community-Based Participatory Research." In Learning with Women in Jail, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27690-4_1.

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Köhl, Maximilian A., Michaela Klauck, and Holger Hermanns. "Momba: JANI Meets Python." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 389–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_23.

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AbstractJANI-model [6] is a model interchange format for networks of interacting automata. It is well-entrenched in the quantitative model checking community and allows modeling a variety of systems involving concurrency, probabilistic and real-time aspects, as well as continuous dynamics. Python is a general purpose programming language preferred by many for its ease of use and vast ecosystem. In this paper, we present Momba, a flexible Python framework for dealing with formal models centered around the JANI-model format and formalism. Momba strives to deliver an integrated and intuitive experience for experimenting with formal models making them accessible to a broader audience. To this end, it provides a pythonic interface for model construction, validation, and analysis. Here, we demonstrate these capabilities.
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Umamaheshwari, R. "Community Narratives, Inscriptional Records: A Chronicle of Journeys Through Tamil Jaina Villages." In Reading History with the Tamil Jainas, 83–204. New Delhi: Springer India, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3756-3_3.

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Gopal, Surendra. "The Jain Community and Akbar*." In Jains in India, 132–42. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429261787-11.

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"Who are the Jains? A Community between Indian Tradition and Global Modernity." In Jain Approaches to Plurality, 13–29. Brill | Rodopi, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004276765_003.

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Reynell, Josephine. "Women and the reproduction of the Jain community." In The Assembly of Listeners, 41–66. Cambridge University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511896637.007.

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Gopal, Surendra. "The Social Life of the Jain Community in Medieval Times." In Jains in India, 9–43. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429261787-1.

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Humphrey, Caroline. "Fairs and miracles: at the boundaries of the Jain community in Rajasthan." In The Assembly of Listeners, 201–26. Cambridge University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511896637.015.

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Dasgupta, Shamita Das, and Shashi Jain. "11. Ahimsa and the Contextual Realities of Woman Abuse in the Jain Community." In Body Evidence, 152–63. Rutgers University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36019/9780813541273-013.

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"BOX 3.14 JAIL." In Corrections in the Community, 94–96. Routledge, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315721965-23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Jain Community"

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Hesaltine, Emily K., Erin M. McElroy, Catharine E. Pyle, Meftehe B. Shebi, Valerie R. Skinner, Michael C. Smith, and K. Preston White. "Community criminal justice study: Simulation analysis of jail overcrowding." In 2008 IEEE Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sieds.2008.4559701.

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"Community Managed Disaster Risk Reduction Approach in Managing Disaster in Uganda." In Jan. 31-Feb. 1, 2017 Bali (Indonesia). EIRAI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eirai.h0217313.

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"Effectiveness of Corporate Social Responsibility on Below Poverty Line Community Development (BPLC)." In Multi-Disciplinary Manila (Philippines) Conferences Jan. 23-24, 2017, Manila (Philippines). Universal Researchers (UAE), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/uruae.uh0117828.

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"Implementing Intelligent Tutoring System using Jade Agents Intermediation System (JAIS) in an Collaborative Environment (CE) like Community of Practices - For Collaborative Learning, Knowledge Sharing Emergence." In International Conference on Software Engineering and Applications. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004492200320040.

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"JADE AGENT IS INTERMEDIATION SYSTEM (JAIS) FOR KNOWLEDGE EMERGENCE IN COMMUNITY OF PRACTICES - Intelligent Information Systems, Best Practices & Communities of Practice, Cooperation, Communication, Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing." In International Conference on Knowledge Management and Information Sharing. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0003103603720377.

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Hock, Hans Henrich. "Foreigners, Brahmins, Poets, or What? The Sociolinguistics of the Sanskrit “Renaissance”." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.2-3.

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A puzzle in the sociolinguistic history of Sanskrit is that texts with authenticated dates first appear in the 2nd century CE, after five centuries of exclusively Prakrit inscriptions. Various hypotheses have tried to account for this fact. Senart (1886) proposed that Sanskrit gained wider currency through Buddhists and Jains. Franke (1902) claimed that Sanskrit died out in India and was artificially reintroduced. Lévi (1902) argued for usurpation of Sanskrit by the Kshatrapas, foreign rulers who employed brahmins in administrative positions. Pisani (1955) instead viewed the “Sanskrit Renaissance” as the brahmins’ attempt to combat these foreign invaders. Ostler (2005) attributed the victory of Sanskrit to its ‘cultivated, self-conscious charm’; his acknowledgment of prior Sanskrit use by brahmins and kshatriyas suggests that he did not consider the victory a sudden event. The hypothesis that the early-CE public appearance of Sanskrit was a sudden event is revived by Pollock (1996, 2006). He argues that Sanskrit was originally confined to ‘sacerdotal’ contexts; that it never was a natural spoken language, as shown by its inability to communicate childhood experiences; and that ‘the epigraphic record (thin though admittedly it is) suggests … that [tribal chiefs] help[ed] create’ a new political civilization, the “Sanskrit Cosmopolis”, ‘by employing Sanskrit in a hitherto unprecedented way’. Crucial in his argument is the claim that kāvya literature was a foundational characteristic of this new civilization and that kāvya has no significant antecedents. I show that Pollock’s arguments are problematic. He ignores evidence for a continuous non-sacerdotal use of Sanskrit, as in the epics and fables. The employment of nursery words like tāta ‘daddy’/tata ‘sonny’ (also used as general terms of endearment), or ambā/ambikā ‘mommy; mother’ attest to Sanskrit’s ability to communicate childhood experiences. Kāvya, the foundation of Pollock’s “Sanskrit Cosmopolis”, has antecedents in earlier Sanskrit (and Pali). Most important, Pollock fails to show how his powerful political-poetic kāvya tradition could have arisen ex nihilo. To produce their poetry, the poets would have had to draw on a living, spoken language with all its different uses, and that language must have been current in a larger linguistic community beyond the poets, whether that community was restricted to brahmins (as commonly assumed) or also included kshatriyas (as suggested by Ostler). I conclude by considering implications for the “Sanskritization” of Southeast Asia and the possible parallel of modern “Indian English” literature.
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7

Poduri, Sridhar. "Prospects of Fluidized Bed Combustion in Power Generation." In International Joint Power Generation Conference collocated with TurboExpo 2003. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2003-40065.

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Power plays a great role in our daily life aiding in diverse activities such as industry, agriculture, transport etc. Power provides our homes with light and heat. The living standard and prosperity of a nation vary directly with increase in use of power. In short, “Power is the power of a nation”. As Technology advances, the consumption of power is steadily increasing. This necessitates two main options for the scientific community. They are: 1. Search for new sources of energy. 2. Devise new and effective ways of producing energy. A new and efficient method of utilization of energy should satisfy the following conditions: 1. It should be technologically feasible for usage in varying conditions. 2. It should be economically viable. 3. It should show a marked increase in performance over the systems currently under use. 4. It should be reliable and flexible. Since the advent of industrialization coal has been the most predominant form of fuel under use and will probably remain so for a few more decades to come. The whole world depends heavily on the energy obtained from coal. The known reserves of coal, a fossil fuel may not last forever. Hence the imperative to develop efficient methods of burning coal, thus decreasing fuel wastage and various losses associated with the other systems of burning coal. Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) has attracted international attention as an alternative coal fired technology for the future. In addition to its potential advantages in the area of boiler performance and pollution control, it also provides considerable fuel flexibility. This has opened doors to the use of unconventional fuels which otherwise would not have been possible to be utilized for steam generation. Amongst these are high ash and high sulfur coals that are abundantly available throughout the world. This report covers the operating experience at the Power Block of Coastal Papers Ltd., a member company of the AP Paper Mills Ltd., India during the period Jan 2001 and June 2001 on the 36 t/h atmospheric fluidized bed boiler supplied by M/S Cethar Vessels Ltd., India. This report covers the details the boiler setup, water treatment, boiler operation, turbo generator, and the various plant characteristics. India has an estimated 112 billion tones of coal reserves and 40% of it contains more than 32% ash. The state of Bihar has around 1185 million tones of low volatile coal and the state of Assam has about 2500 million tones of high sulphur coal.
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