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Journal articles on the topic 'Jain Community'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Carrithers, Michael. "Concretely Imagining the Southern Digambar Jain Community, 1899–1920." Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 3 (July 1996): 523–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016589.

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In the pilgrimage season of 1899 a ‘small but select’ group of Jains met before the temple of the deity Bharamappa near Kolhapur to found the Southern Maharashtra Jain Sabha, the dakṣiṣ mahāraṣṬrajain sabhā. The intended constituency of the Sabha was the Digambar Jain population of the Southern Maratha Country of the Bombay Presidency, the area including Kolhapur State, Belgaum, and Sangli, with their rural hinterlands. The Sabha prospers still, while so many of the other associations in that lush growth of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in India have disappeared. It has been instrumental in forging a Jain ethnicity, in creating a new sense of a specifically Jain past and present, and in fostering new habits of education and of social intercourse among Jains. A good proportion of what is today taken for granted by Jains about southern Digambar samskrti, ‘culture’ or ‘civilization’, was moulded by Jains acting in and through the Sabha.

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2

Stuart, Mari Jyväsjärvi. "Mendicants and Medicine: Āyurveda in Jain Monastic Texts." History of Science in South Asia 2, no. 1 (December 8, 2014): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18732/h27p45.

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While early canonical Jain literature may well justify the assessment that some scholars have made about the Jains’ stoic resistance to medical aid, later post-canonical Śvetāmbara Jain texts reveal in fact a much more complex relationship to practices of healing. They make frequent references to medical practice and the alleviation of sickness, describing various medical procedures and instruments and devoting long sections to the interaction between doctors and monastics as issues that a monastic community would have to negotiate as a matter of course. The amount of medical knowledge — indeed fascination with healing human ailments — evident in these later texts invites us to pause before concluding that pre-modern Jain monastic traditions were disinterested in alleviating physical distress. It seems that, on the contrary, the question of when and how to treat the sick within the community emerged as a central concern that preoccupied the monastic authorities and commentators and left its mark on the texts they compiled. Moreover, from the early medieval period onwards, Jains enter the history of Indian medical literature as authors and compilers of actual medical treatises. In what follows, I try to trace this historical shift in Śvetāmbara Jain attitudes to medicine and healing, from the early canonical texts to post-canonical commentaries on the mendicants’ rules. Specifically, I focus on the treatment of medicine in three monastic commentaries composed around the sixth and seventh centuries CE.

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3

Carrithers, Michael. "Passions of Nation and Community in the Bahubali Affair." Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 4 (October 1988): 815–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015754.

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In early 1983 Digambar and Svetambar Jains forced into public prominence their struggle over the local Jain pilgrimage site of Bahubali hill in Kolhapur District in southern Maharashtra, in India. By the end of that year the majority Maratha community, Harijans, the local and State Congress Party, the police, the district administration, and the State and Union governments were also entangled in the conflict. These Byzantine and sometimes violent events became known as ‘The Bahubali Affair’ (Marathi bāhubalīprakaran).

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4

Munjal, M., D. Sood, V. K. Gupta, A. Singh, and T. K. Kaul. "Use of vegetarian propofol in Jain community of India." Anaesthesia 58, no. 11 (October 20, 2003): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.03504.x.

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5

Banks, Marcus J. "Defining Division: An Historical Overview of Jain Social Organization." Modern Asian Studies 20, no. 3 (July 1986): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007812.

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This paper briefly charts the progress and findings of European scholars approaching the issues of caste and sect in the Jain community over the last two centuries. Other authors have already discussed the European interest in Jain textual and philosophical issues, and while I touch on these briefly, my main concern is to outline Jain social organization, with particular reference to Swetambar communities in the north.

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6

Brazeal, Brian. "Austerity, luxury and uncertainty in the Indian emerald trade." Journal of Material Culture 22, no. 4 (June 21, 2017): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359183517715809.

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This article examines the bodily practices of austerity in a Jain community that dominates a large portion of the international emerald trade. The material characteristics of emeralds make them refractory towards formal markets. These gemstones are impossible to value with consistency. Prices fluctuate wildly as the stones move from hand to hand and from continent to continent. Among the Jains, bonds forged by kinship and religious observance guarantee international, multi-million dollar contracts in the absence of any legal enforcement mechanism. Religious ethics ensure that people deal with each other in good faith and make good on their debts. These ethics are inculcated in part through bodily practices. The bodily practices of Jain traders also include jewelers’ sensual relationships with the stones themselves. The pursuit of salvation through austerity and the pursuit of profit through luxury are conjoined in a community dedicated to making sense of the inscrutable mineral characteristics of emeralds.

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7

Jain, Shalin. "Patrons, Temples and Pilgrimages: The Jain Community in Medieval India." Studies in History 28, no. 1 (February 2012): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0257643013477249.

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8

Razzaq, Sabeekah Al-Abdul. "The Ostracoda community in hypersaline channels in Al-Khiran, Arabian Gulf." Journal of Micropalaeontology 10, no. 1 (August 1, 1991): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.10.1.17.

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Abstract. A community of ten ostracod species characterizes the hypersaline channels of Khor Al-Mufateh and Khor Al-Mamlaha. The dominant species in Khor Al-Mufateh are Loxoconcha (Loxoconcha) indica Jain, 1978; Gibboborchella venosa Gumey, 1979; Gibboborchella alata Gurney, 1979; and Hemicytheridea paiki Jain, 1978. L.(L.) indica, along with Neomonoceratina sp., dominate Khor Al-Mamlaha. Other species ranging from common to rare, include Carinocythereis (Carinocythereis) batei Jain, 1978; Callistocythere cf. flavidofusca intricatoides (Ruggieri), 1953; Loxoconcha (Loxoconcha) multiornata Bate & Gurney, 1981; Tanella cf. gracilis Kingma, 1948; and Xestoleberis rotunda Hartmann, 1964.Khor Al-Mufateh and Al-Mamlaha are divided into zones according to the distribution of ostracod species, which are dependant upon the richness and distribution of algae and the type of sediment. The ten ostracod species are salinity-tolerant and occur in the upper third of Khor Al-Mufateh and the lower half of Khor Al-Mamlaha with salinity ranging between 55–70‰ and 45–70‰, respectively. These zones are rich in algal growth with sediments varying from muddy carbonate sands to sandy mud. Most ostracod species are found in abundance during the summer exhibiting a rich diversity of algae genera and species.

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9

Ciołkosz, Matylda. "Book Review of Selling Yoga (Jain, 2014)." Journal of Yoga Studies 3 (2020): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34000/joys.2020.v3.003.

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Selling Yoga: From Counterculture to Pop Culture. Andrea R. Jain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. 240 pages. Selling Yoga, Andrea Jain’s influential monograph, is not a recent publication in the field of yoga studies. Having first been published six years ago, it has already been receivedby the academic community. Nonetheless, it still deserves thorough discussion,especially in light of expanding academic research on yoga.

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10

Vekemans, Tine. "Crisis and Continuation: The Digital Relocation of Jain Socio-Religious Praxis during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Religions 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12050342.

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In early 2020, Jain diaspora communities and organizations that had been painstakingly built over the past decades were faced with the far-reaching consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and its concomitant restrictions. With the possibility of regular face-to-face contact and participation in recurring events—praying, eating, learning, and meditating together—severely limited in most places, organizations were compelled to make a choice. They either had to suspend their activities, leaving members to organize their religious activities on an individual or household basis, or pursue the continuation of some of their habitual activities in an online format, relying on their members’ motivation and technical skills. This study will explore how many Jain organizations in London took to digital media in its different forms to continue to engage with their members throughout 2020. Looking at a selection of websites and social media channels, it will examine online discourses that reveal the social and mental impact of the pandemic on Jains and the broader community, explore the relocation of activities to the digital realm, and assess participation in these activities. In doing so, this article will open a discussion on the long-term effects of this crisis-induced digital turn in Jain religious praxis, and in socio-cultural life in general.

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11

Kandhadai, Ravi, and P. Chander. "Cross subsidy model for community transformation: Jain University social responsibility in India." World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 14, no. 1/2 (2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/wremsd.2018.089082.

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12

Kandhadai, Ravi, and Premchander N.A. "Cross Subsidy Model for Community Transformation: Jain University Social Responsibility in India." World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 14, no. 1/2 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/wremsd.2018.10007444.

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13

Patel, Malay R., and Patturaja Selvaraj. "Role of socio-cultural factors in the entrepreneurial success of the Jain community." International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management 10, no. 3 (2015): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijicbm.2015.068487.

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14

Babb, Lawrence A. "Guardians of the transcendent: an ethnography of a Jain ascetic community – Anne Vallely." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 12, no. 3 (September 2006): 698–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2006.00359_21.x.

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15

Padoux, André. "Anne Vallely, Guardians of the Transcendant. An Ethnography of a Jain Ascetic Community." Archives de sciences sociales des religions, no. 131-132 (December 1, 2005): 215–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/assr.3235.

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16

De Jonckheere, Heleen. "‘Examining Religion’ through Generations of Jain Audiences: The Circulation of the Dharmaparīkṣā." Religions 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2019): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10050308.

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Indian literary traditions, both religious and non-religious, have dealt with literature in a fluid way, repeating and reusing narrative motifs, stories and characters over and over again. In recognition of this, the current paper will focus on one particular textual tradition within Jainism of works titled Dharmaparīkṣā and will trace its circulation. This didactic narrative, designed to convince a Jain audience of the correctness of Jainism over other traditions, was first composed in the tenth century in Apabhraṃśa and is best known in its eleventh-century Sanskrit version by the Digambara author Amitagati. Tracing it from a tenth-century context into modernity, across both classical and vernacular languages, will demonstrate the popularity of this narrative genre within Jain circles. The paper will focus on the materiality of manuscripts, looking at language and form, place of preservation, affiliation of the authors and/or scribe, and patronage. Next to highlighting a previously underestimated category of texts, such a historical overview of a particular literary circulation will prove illuminating on broader levels: it will show networks of transmission within the Jain community, illustrate different types of mediation of one literary tradition, and overall, enrich our knowledge of Jain literary culture.

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17

Zheleznova, Natalia A. "Ascetics and/or laypeople: Jain view on humam status in the world." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080014204-1.

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The article examines the ethical system of Jainism on the example of the lifestyle of ascetic monks and lay householders. The disciplinary rules for lay followers (both Digambara and Śvetāmbara branches of Jainism) are fixed in the texts of the śrāvakācāra genre compiled by ascetics. This reflects the hierarchical distribution of “roles” within the Jain community. Ascetics represent the most advanced part of the community on the spiritual Path of Liberation, while lay people have only just entered this path. The author focuses on the fact that in Jainism monasticism is considered as a spiritually higher stage, and not just a different (but equally significant) way of salvation. Only monks of certain ranks have the right to preach publicly, interpret the Scriptures, and instruct the laity. Householders can only do this in the absence of monks. At the same time, ascetics are almost completely dependent on the laity for their everyday life, since householders are obliged to provide them with everything necessary for life. The introduction of an intermediate, quasi-monastic way of life in the form of the bhaṭṭārakas (Digambra) and śrīpūjya (Śvetāmbra) in the middle ages allowed the Jain community to survive and even have a direct impact on the political and economic situation in various regions of India. The author emphasizes that written in all-India paradigm of the life regulations (artha, kāma, dharma and mokṣa), Jain system of domestic rituals, coupled with the practice of vows and limitations focused on training of householders to move towards self-improvement and eventually achieve the main religious goal – realization the nature of one’s own soul.

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18

Yadav, S. P., and A. Sachdeva. "Linking diet, religion and cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 21172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.21172.

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21172 Background: Consumption of onion and garlic has been shown to give protection against various cancers. Motivated by this observation we intended to look at the cancer incidence in a population belonging to Jain religion that does not consume garlic and onion due to religious belief. This study was done to see cancer incidence in children of Jain religion as compared to other religions at a single centre. Methods: It was a retrospective analysis of consecutive children less than 16 years of age diagnosed with cancer at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital from January 2005 to January 2007. We excluded adult patients with cancer as tobacco and alcohol consumption in this age group would have been confounding factors.Age, sex and religion were noted. Data from Census of India for year 2001 was used to know distribution of various religions in general population alongwith literacy rates and proportion in 0–6 years age. Results: As per 2001 Census of India , distribution of population in India as per various religions is Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, Buddhist 0.8% , Jain 0.4% and others 0.6%. Proportion of population in 0–6 year of age in India is 15.9% and as per religions Hindu 15.6%, Muslim 18.7% ,Christian 13.5%, Sikh 12.8%, Buddhist 14.4% and Jain 10.6%. Literacy rates of India is 64.5% and by religion is Hindu 65%, Muslim 59.1% Christian 80.3%, Sikh 69.4%, Buddhist 72.7% and Jain 94%. Distribution of population in Delhi as per various religions is Hindu 82%, Muslim 11.7%, Christian 0.9%, Sikh 4%, Buddhist 0.2% and Jain 1%. Total of 201 patients were diagnosed with cancer and distribution as per religions was Hindu 162 (81%), Muslim 15 (7.5%), Christian 3 (1.5%), Sikh 8 (4%), Buddhist 1 (0.05%) and Jain 12 (6%). Conclusions: Incidence of cancer in children of different religions is similar to that of proportions of population of different religions in Delhi except for Jain religion where incidence of cancer is 6 times higher despite lesser number children in 0–6 year in this population as compared to other religions . Major difference is the diet lacking in onion and garlic . Other reason could be increased literacy levels in Jain community . This link between diet ,religion and cancer in Jain population needs to be studied in a larger muticenteric setting as it has implications for the whole world. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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19

Gough, Ellen. "Situating Pārśva’s Biography in Varanasi." Religions 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11030117.

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This study shows how Varanasi, a site that many people understand to be a sacred Hindu city, has been made “Jain” through its association with the lives of four of the twenty-four enlightened founders of Jainism, the jinas or tīrthaṅkaras. It provides an overview of the Jain sites of worship in Varanasi, focusing especially on how events in the life of the twenty-third tīrthaṅkara Pārśva were placed in the city from the early modern period to the present day in order to bring Jain wealth and resources to the city. It examines the temple-building programs of two Śvetāmbara renunciants in particular: the temple-dwelling Kuśalacandrasūri of the Kharataragaccha (initiated in 1778), and the itinerant Ācārya Rājayaśasūri of the Tapāgaccha (b. 1945). While scholars and practitioners often make a strong distinction between the temple-dwelling monks (yatis) who led the Śvetāmbara community in the early modern period and the peripatetic monks (munis) who emerged after reforms in the late nineteenth-century—casting the former as clerics and the latter as true renunciants—ultimately, the lifestyles of Kuśalacandrasūri and Rājayaśasūri appear to be quite similar. Both these men have drawn upon the wealth of Jain merchants and texts—the biographies of Pārśva—to establish their lineage’s presence in Varanasi through massive temple-building projects.

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20

Donaldson, Brianne. "Bioethics and Jainism: From Ahiṃsā to an Applied Ethics of Carefulness." Religions 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10040243.

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Although Jainism has been largely absent from discourses in bioethics and religion, its rich account of life, nonviolence, and contextual ethical response has much to offer the discussion within and beyond the Jain community. In this essay, I explore three possible reasons for this discursive absence, followed by an analysis of medical treatment in the Jain tradition—from rare accommodations in canonical texts to increasing acceptance in the post-canonical period, up to the present. I argue that the nonviolent restraint required by the ideal of ahiṃsā is accompanied by applied tools of carefulness (apramatta) that enable the evolution of medicine. These applied tools are derived from the earliest canonical strata and offer a distinct contribution to current bioethical discourses, demanding a more robust account of: (1) pervasive life forms; (2) desires and motivations; (3) direct and indirect modes of harm; and (4) efforts to reduce harm in one’s given context. I conclude by examining these tools of carefulness briefly in light of contemporary Jain attitudes toward reproductive ethics, such as abortion and in vitro fertilization.

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21

Hawon Ku. "The Rise of a Modern Jain Community:19th-century Legal Cases of a Sacred Site." Journal of Humanities, Seoul National University ll, no. 63 (June 2010): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17326/jhsnu..63.201006.35.

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22

Wiley, Kristi L. "Comptes rendus / Reviews of books: Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnography of a Jain Ascetic Community." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 33, no. 2 (June 2004): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000842980403300225.

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23

Soren, Mondakini, Ajit Kumar Das, and Biman Kumar Dutta. "Ethnoveterinary plants used by Mising, Tai-Aiton and Santhal community residing nearby Nambor-Doigrung Wildlife Sanctuary of Golaghat, Assam, India." Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 10, no. 1 (July 2021): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53562/ajcb.oaum7918.

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An ethnoveterinary survey was carried out to document the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in treating domestic animals by three ethnic tribes viz. Mising, Tai-Aiton and Santhal. This paper en-lighten the various processes that are being applied by each community to cure their domestic pets. Interview of informants was conducted using a model questionnaire (Parabia and Reddy, 2002). Specimens were prepared by following standard methodology (Jain & Rao, 1977; and Bridson & Forman, 1998). Plants were poisoned in saturated solution of Mercuric chloride dissolved in absolute alcohol (25g in 1000ml Ethyl alcohol) and then mounted in standard herbarium sheets (41 x 28cm). The identification of plants was done by following a number of floristic literatures. A total of 17 plant species were collected and are cited with their Botanical name, Family, Local name, Tribes, Parts used, Diseases, & Mode of preparation and application. Plants with additional new report to ethnoveterinary by the respective tribes are also indicated. This shows a great potential for research as well as discovery of newer drugs. Phytochemical screening of the plants shall further help in denoting the medicinal properties which will validate the traditional knowledge of the tribal communities. The resourceful knowledge of indigenous plants may be lost forever if not properly documented.

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24

Sanyal, Amit, Daniel Wellner, James Thomas, and James M. Heun. "Study of Low Dose Ibrutinib Use in a Community-Based Oncology Practice." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-141650.

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Background: Ibrutinib, a small molecule inhibitor of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) is approved for use in a variety of lymphomas. Priced at $130,000/year, Ibrutinib imposes a significant financial burden on patients and society[1]. The study serving as the basis for the currently approved dose [2] demonstrated >95% BTK receptor occupancy at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Data suggests that lower doses of Ibrutinib are equally effective[3] and dose reductions[4, 5] do not compromise outcome. Objective: To evaluate patient outcomes and cost savings with clinically indicated low dose (LD) of Ibrutinib in a community practice in hematological malignancies. Method: All patients treated with standard and LD Ibrutinib between January 2014 and July 2020 were identified. Reason for dose modification and best responses were abstracted. Patients with inadequate follow up or less than a week of treatment were excluded from the analysis. Responses were defined based on the iwCLL response criteria for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), Lugano criteria for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and International Working Group on Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia (WM), as applicable. To calculate drug cost at lower doses of Ibrutinib, cumulative number of patient-months on different dose levels of ibrutinib was calculated by adding the number of months each patient had remained at the dose level at the time of data cut-off. Drug cost at LD was calculated by multiplying monthly wholesale acquisition price for different dose levels of ibrutinib by the cumulative number of patient-months at that dose level. Cost differential between actual drug cost and projected drug cost at full dose was calculated. Results: 98 patients were identified. 10 were excluded from the analysis based on drug not started (3), inadequate follow-up (3), other (4). Median length of follow up for all patients was 20 months (4-70 months) and on LD Ibrutinib 12.5 months (1-60 months). 10 and 12 patients received 140 mg and 280 mg of Ibrutinib respectively due to side effects. 61 patients had CLL, 9 WM, 15 mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and 2 marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). Response rates were similar across diagnoses and dose levels (TABLE 1 and FIGURE 1). Progressive disease (PD) at low dose was seen in 2 CLL patients with complex cytogenetics, deletion 17p and extensive prior therapy. The one WM patient with PD had been extensively pretreated. Cumulative patient-months at the 140 mg and 280 mg dose levels of Ibrutinib was 177 and 123 months respectively. Drug cost for the 140 mg and 280 mg Ibrutinib cohorts were $712,276 and $989,943 respectively, for a total cost of $1,702,219. Potential drug cost for the 420 or 560 mg dose of Ibrutinib for the same duration of therapy was $3,621,828. Cumulative cost avoidance on LD Ibrutinib was $1,919, 608. Conclusions: Clinically indicated low dose Ibrutinib was equally effective and produced significant cost savings. References: 1. Qiushi Chen, N.J., Turgay Ayer, William G. Wierda, Christopher R. Flowers, Susan M. O'Brien, Michael J. Keating, Hagop M. Kantarjian, and Jagpreet Chhatwal, Economic Burden of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Era of Oral Targeted Therapies in the United States. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2017: p. 166-174. 2. Ranjana H. Advani, J.J.B., Jeff P. Sharman , Sonali M. Smith , Thomas E. Boyd , Barbara GrantKathryn S. Kolibaba , Richard R. Furman , Sara Rodriguez , Betty Y. Chang , Juthamas Sukbuntherng , Raquel Izumi , Ahmed Hamdy , Eric Hedrick , Nathan, Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Ibrutinib (PCI-32765) Has Significant Activity in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Malignancies. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2013: p. 88-94. 3. Lisa S. Chen, P.B., Nichole D. Cruz , Yongying Jiang , Qi Wu , Philip A. Thompson , Shuju Feng , Michael H. Kroll , Wei Qiao , Xuelin Huang , Nitin Jain , William G. Wierda , Michael J. Keating , Varsha Gandhi, A pilot study of lower doses of ibrutinib in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 2018: p. 2249-2259. 4. Lad DP, Malhotra P, Khadwal A, Prakash G, Jain A, Varma S. Reduced Dose Ibrutinib Due to Financial Toxicity in CLL. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, 2018. 35(2): p. 260-264. 5. Othman S. Akhtar, K.A., Ian Lund, Ryan Hare, Francisco J. Hernandez-Ilizaliturri & Pallawi Torka, Dose reductions in ibrutinib therapy are not associated with inferior outcomes in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Leukemia & Lymphoma, 2019. 60(7): p. 1650-1655. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. OffLabel Disclosure: Ibrutinib is approved at a dose of 420 mg orally daily or 560 mg orally daily in different lymphoproliferative disorders.

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25

Miller, Christopher. "Jainism, Yoga, and Ecology: A Course in Contemplative Practice for a World in Pain." Religions 10, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10040232.

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This article proposes an introductory course to Jainism vis-à-vis the categories of yoga and ecology. Following a short introduction, the main section of this paper introduces the contents of the syllabus for this upper division undergraduate theological studies course. Students will learn not only the history and philosophy of Jainism, but will also undertake basic Jain contemplative practices. Contemplative practice is used not merely as a technique of self-care, but rather, following some of Jainism’s foundational textual sources, first and foremost as a method for helping students to form a sense of ethical relationship and empathy with the world around them. Using such a pedagogical approach, which I situate as a specific form of “high-impact” learning, I suggest that at the completion of the course students will be better equipped to respond to our shared social and environmental crises. This article serves as both an introduction of this course to the academic community, as well as an invitation to scholars and professors of South Asian religious traditions to adopt the pedagogical approach proposed herein.

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Agrawal, Rohit, Prabha Shakya, Deshraj Jain, Subhash Sonkesariya, and SV Sai Prasad. "Prevalence of Dentulism, Partial Edentulism and Complete Edentulism in Rural and Urban Population of Malwa Region of India: A Population-based Study." International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 4, no. 4 (2014): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1117.

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ABSTRACT Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dentulism, partial edentulism and complete edentulism in rural and urban population of Malwa region of India, who visited at department of prosthodontics for the first time. Materials and methods An institution-based, cross-sectional study using the random sampling method was used to select the study sample of 1000 males and females. Data were collected using questionnaires and oral examination. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test. Results Nearly, 38.5 and 63.1% of the rural and urban females were dentulous in the age of below 53 and 43 years. 61.4 and 36% of rural and urban males were dentulous in the age of below 53 and 43 years. Nearly, 41.9 and 48.2% of the rural and urban females were partial edentulous in the age of above 53 and 43 years. Fifty-eight and 51.7% of rural and urban males were dentulous in the age of above 53 and 43 years. Nearly, 22.4 and 55.8% of the rural and urban females were completing edentulous in the age of above 43 years in both population. 77.5 and 44.1% of rural and urban males were completing edentulous in the age of above 33 and 53 years. Limitation The study was conducted in an institution-based set-up. Hence, any interpretation of the results of this study must bear this limitation in mind. Conclusion It is essential to identify feasible strategies to provide primary dental health education and treatment to all rural and urban elderly in the future. We suggest community dental health services to be included in general health of the elderly rather than a special health need of the community. How to cite this article Sonkesariya S, Jain D, Shakya P, Agrawal R, Prasad SVS. Prevalence of Dentulism, Partial Edentulism and Complete Edentulism in Rural and Urban Popu- lation of Malwa Region of India: A Population-based Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(4):112-119.

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K.C., Nahakul. "Measuring Multi-Dimensional Poverty Analysis in Nepal." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v1i2.22427.

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This study measures the Multi-Dimensional Poverty of the poverty alleviation fund intervention program districts of Nepal. This study uses quantitative only non-experimental, descriptive and exploratory study/survey design applying multi-stage Cluster Random Sampling method. At 5% margin of error and 95% confidence level sample size of 2,660 households from 14 districts (two districts from each of seven provinces) is determined as representative for the study. The study finds that Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index (MPI) for the study population is slightly higher (0.133) than that of national level (0.127) (NPC, 2018). The rational reason is that the current study was based on PAF households only or economically it is homogeneous population. People living in three different places of residence (urban (0.117) and hill (0.116) found to have better quality of life as compared to corresponding other places (Rural (0.153), Mountain (0.162) and Terai (0.138)). Despite having low human development index (NPC, 2014), provinces No.7 recorded the lowest MPI value (0.084), which is urgently needed to be investigated again. By caste/ethnicity, other categories (e.g., Marwadi, Bangali, Sikh. Jain, Panjawi among others) found lowest poverty level (0.064), followed by Brahmin/Chhetri) (0.069). The highest proportion of headcount ratio (51.5) is noticed in Province No. 2. The gravity of poverty is found high among the Muslim community (44.6). One in every four households (22.9 percent) has the likelihood of being vulnerable to poverty. Households situated in Province No.1 are more vulnerable to poor as compared to population from other provinces.

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Applegate, Brandon K., and Alicia H. Sitren. "The Jail and the Community." Prison Journal 88, no. 2 (June 2008): 252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885508319207.

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Klofas, John M. "The jail and the community." Justice Quarterly 7, no. 1 (March 1, 1990): 69–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07418829000090481.

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Feather, N. T., Robert J. Boeckmann, and Ian R. McKee. "Jail sentence, community service, or compensation?" Australian Journal of Psychology 53, no. 2 (August 2001): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049530108255129.

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Chapell, Virginia R., and Betty M. Cameron Chase. "The Expanded Community Role: "Jail" Experience." Journal of Nursing Education 25, no. 3 (March 1986): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0148-4834-19860301-09.

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Couser, W. G. "Can JASN Better Serve the Clinical Community?" Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 14, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 2684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.asn.0000094195.42494.ee.

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Leifman, Steve, and Tim Coffey. "Jail diversion: the Miami model." CNS Spectrums 25, no. 5 (March 20, 2020): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852920000127.

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The Eleventh Judicial Circuit Criminal Mental Health Project (CMHP), located in Miami-Dade County, FL, was established in 2000 to divert individuals with serious mental illnesses (SMI; eg, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression) or co-occurring SMI and substance use disorders away from the criminal justice system and into comprehensive community-based treatment and support services. The program operates two primary components: prebooking jail diversion consisting of Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training for law enforcement officers and postbooking jail diversion serving individuals booked into the county jail and awaiting adjudication. In addition, the CMHP offers a variety of overlay services intended to: streamline screening and identification of program participants; develop evidence-based community reentry plans to ensure appropriate linkages to community-based treatment and support services; improve outcomes among individuals with histories of noncompliance with treatment; and expedite access to federal and state entitlement benefits. The CMHP provides an effective, cost-efficient solution to a community problem and works by eliminating gaps in services, and by forging productive and innovative relationships among all stakeholders who have an interest in the welfare and safety of one of our community’s most vulnerable populations.

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Gajra, Ajeet, Yamini S. Rathish, Yolaine Jeune-Smith, Andrew J. Klink, and Bruce Feinberg. "Assessment of Measurable Residual Disease (MRD) in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Multiple Myeloma (MM) Among U.S. Community Hematologists/ Oncologists (cH/O)." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-142005.

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Introduction: In this era of targeted therapy, assessing MRD status is important to guide treatment decision-making in hematologic malignancies. While MRD assessment has long been incorporated the management of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), there is mounting evidence that MRD-negativity is a critical end point in CLL and MM that correlates well with clinical outcomes. In CLL, undetectable MRD at the end of treatment in peripheral blood or bone marrow is associated with long-term survival (Thompson et al, Leukemia 2018). The international workshop on CLL (iwCLL) guidelines for response assessment in CLL now incorporate MRD assessment (Hallek, et al, Blood 2018). The international myeloma working group (IMWG) and the NCCN now recommend MRD assessment after each phase of MM therapy (induction, stem cell transplant, consolidation and maintenance). Higher rates of durable responses are noted in those with MRD-negativity after induction (Attal et al, NEJM 2017) and associated with favorable survival (Pavia et a, Blood 2008). Based on results from recent studies, MRD negative status can guide clinical decision-making about discontinuation of therapy in CLL (Jain et al, ASH 209 and Tam et al, ASH 2019) and in MM (Costa et al, ASH 2019 and Usmani et al, 2019). A majority of patients with CLL and MM are treated at community practices in the US. but adoption of MRD assessment among cH/O is unclear. We sought to study the self-reported utilization patterns of MRD assessment in CLL and MM, it's use in determining duration of therapy, and the barriers to it's adoption in practice among U.S. cH/O. Methods: U.S.-licensed oncologists and hematologists with broad geographic representation convened at a live meeting in January 2020 to review clinical updates presented at the 2019 ASH Annual Meeting. An electronic pre-meeting survey and live survey were fielded among cH/O meeting attendees. Surveys collected physician perceptions and reported use of MRD assessment for patients with CLL and MM. Responses to questions were summarized using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 59 cH/O were included who self-identified their specialty as hematology/ oncology (51%) and medical oncology (34%) and reported MM (69%) and CLL (61%) as the two commonest hematologic malignancies treated by them. Excluding those that had not treated MM or CLL in the preceding 3 months, a subset of 46 cH/O were queried on their use and perceptions of MRD assessment in these two diseases. In CLL, 52% of the cH/O do not assess MRD status, and only 17% utilize MRD status in treatment discontinuation decisions. Major reasons for not using MRD status in practice include the perception shared by a majority (52%) of respondents that the evidence does not support its use in CLL at the present time. A minority (9%) utilized MRD assessment when treating younger fit patients with CLL. In MM, 50% do not assess for MRD at any time post-therapy, and 24% utilize MRD status in treatment discontinuation decisions. Major barriers to MRD assessment in MM were the perception that evidence does not support MRD use (59% of the respondents) and lack of payer coverage (11%). Additional details are presented in the Table below. Conclusions: These data from a limited sample of cH/O suggest that adoption of MRD testing among US cH/O is low, despite results from recent trials that highlight the importance of the MRD negativity as an important prognostic factor in both CLL and MM. Half of cH/O do not measure MRD at any point while treating MM and CLL and less than a fifth incorporate MRD data to determine duration of therapy. The greatest barrier to MRD assessment is the impression that there is lack of evidence supporting its utility in practice at the present time. Further education among cH/O is warranted regarding MRD assessment in CLL and MM given that MRD-negative status is associated with favorable prognosis and should be incorporated in treatment decision-making based on updated guidelines in both diseases. Disclosures Gajra: Cardinal Health: Current Employment. Jeune-Smith:Cardinal Health: Current Employment. Klink:Cardinal Health: Current Employment. Feinberg:Cardinal Health: Current Employment.

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Chodos, Anna H., Cyrus Ahalt, Irena Stijacic Cenzer, Janet Myers, Joe Goldenson, and Brie A. Williams. "Older Jail Inmates and Community Acute Care Use." American Journal of Public Health 104, no. 9 (September 2014): 1728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2014.301952.

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Laidlaw, James, Kendall W. Folkert, and John E. Cort. "Scripture and Community: Collected Essays on the Jains." Man 29, no. 3 (September 1994): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804380.

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Paxton, Keisha Carr. "Increasing Knowledge of HIV Transmission: An Important Ingredient in HIV Risk Reduction among Young African American Women Attending Community College." Journal of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Diseases 2, no. 1 (December 6, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17303/jaid.2013.201.

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Ansótegui, Carlos, Maria Luisa Bonet, Jesús Giráldez-Cru, Jordi Levy, and Laurent Simon. "Community Structure in Industrial SAT Instances." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (October 10, 2019): 443–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11741.

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Modern SAT solvers have experienced a remarkable progress on solving industrial instances. It is believed that most of these successful techniques exploit the underlying structure of industrial instances. Recently, there have been some attempts to analyze the structure of industrial SAT instances in terms of complex networks, with the aim of explaining the success of SAT solving techniques, and possibly improving them. In this paper, we study the community structure, or modularity, of industrial SAT instances. In a graph with clear community structure, or high modularity, we can find a partition of its nodes into communities such that most edges connect variables of the same community. Representing SAT instances as graphs, we show that most application benchmarks are characterized by a high modularity. On the contrary, random SAT instances are closer to the classical Erdös-Rényi random graph model, where no structure can be observed. We also analyze how this structure evolves by the effects of the execution of a CDCL SAT solver, and observe that new clauses learned by the solver during the search contribute to destroy the original structure of the formula. Motivated by this observation, we finally present an application that exploits the community structure to detect relevant learned clauses, and we show that detecting these clauses results in an improvement on the performance of the SAT solver. Empirically, we observe that this improves the performance of several SAT solvers on industrial SAT formulas, especially on satisfiable instances.

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Alex, Byron, David B. Weiss, Fatos Kaba, Zachary Rosner, David Lee, Sungwoo Lim, Homer Venters, and Ross MacDonald. "Death After Jail Release." Journal of Correctional Health Care 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078345816685311.

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Montgomery, Phyllis, Darren Jermyn, Patricia Bailey, Parveen Nangia, Mary Egan, and Sharolyn Mossey. "Community reintegration of stroke survivors: the effect of a community navigation intervention." Journal of Advanced Nursing 71, no. 1 (July 5, 2014): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.12471.

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Freudenberg, Nicholas. "Community Health Services for Returning Jail and Prison Inmates." Journal of Correctional Health Care 10, no. 3 (April 1, 2004): 369–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107834580301000307.

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Solomon, Phyllis, Jeffrey Draine, and Arthur Meyerson. "Jail Recidivism and Receipt of Community Mental Health Services." Psychiatric Services 45, no. 8 (August 1994): 793–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.45.8.793.

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Sethi, Manisha. "Identity, community and the state: Jains under the Mughals." South Asian History and Culture 10, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19472498.2019.1649947.

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Solomon, P., J. Draine, and A. Myerson. "Jail recidivism and receipt of community mental health services." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 2, no. 4 (December 1995): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1353-1131(95)90024-1.

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Wodahl, Eric J., Brett E. Garland, and Kimberly Schweitzer. "Are Jail Sanctions More Punitive Than Community-Based Punishments? An Examination Into the Perceived Severity of Alternative Sanctions in Community Supervision." Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, no. 5 (August 24, 2019): 696–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403419870848.

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The use of sanctions in community supervision has received considerable attention in recent years. Fueled in large part by the attention given to the swift, certain, and fair (SCF) sanctioning model, many agencies have adopted sanctioning programs, which often rely heavily on the use of short-term jail incarceration. In addition to jail, there exist a number of alternative, community-based punishments that can be utilized to respond to instances of noncompliance, including enhanced drug testing and community service hours. Little is known, however, about how individuals perceive community-based sanctions compared with jail. This study addresses this issue by examining perceptions of sanctions among individuals under community supervision. Survey findings indicate that community-based punishments are not viewed as being substantially less punitive than jail incarceration. In addition, perceptions of sanction severity are influenced by a variety of individual, experiential, and supervision-level factors. The policy implications of the study findings are discussed.

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Hayes, Lindsay M. "National Study of Jail Suicide." Journal of Correctional Health Care 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078345812445457.

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Reinhart, Eric, and Daniel L. Chen. "Carceral-community epidemiology, structural racism, and COVID-19 disparities." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 21 (May 10, 2021): e2026577118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026577118.

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Black and Hispanic communities are disproportionately affected by both incarceration and COVID-19. The epidemiological relationship between carceral facilities and community health during the COVID-19 pandemic, however, remains largely unexamined. Using data from Cook County Jail, we examine temporal patterns in the relationship between jail cycling (i.e., arrest and processing of individuals through jails before release) and community cases of COVID-19 in Chicago ZIP codes. We use multivariate regression analyses and a machine-learning tool, elastic regression, with 1,706 demographic control variables. We find that for each arrested individual cycled through Cook County Jail in March 2020, five additional cases of COVID-19 in their ZIP code of residence are independently attributable to the jail as of August. A total 86% of this additional disease burden is borne by majority-Black and/or -Hispanic ZIPs, accounting for 17% of cumulative COVID-19 cases in these ZIPs, 6% in majority-White ZIPs, and 13% across all ZIPs. Jail cycling in March alone can independently account for 21% of racial COVID-19 disparities in Chicago as of August 2020. Relative to all demographic variables in our analysis, jail cycling is the strongest predictor of COVID-19 rates, considerably exceeding poverty, race, and population density, for example. Arrest and incarceration policies appear to be increasing COVID-19 incidence in communities. Our data suggest that jails function as infectious disease multipliers and epidemiological pumps that are especially affecting marginalized communities. Given disproportionate policing and incarceration of racialized residents nationally, the criminal punishment system may explain a large proportion of racial COVID-19 disparities noted across the United States.

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Eaves, Emery R., Bailey S. Kohlbeck, and Carolyn Camplain. "Reflexive Challenges in Community Engaged Research in a County Jail." Practicing Anthropology 41, no. 4 (September 1, 2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552.41.4.26.

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As local, participatory research becomes more common, the logistics of conducting such research continues to challenge anthropologists' and other researchers' traditional sense of disconnection from research participants. Using interviews with the researchers involved in a study conducted in a local county jail, we consider major barriers to conducting research with incarcerated individuals. Challenges stemmed from concerns about getting to know inmates at the local jail in a small community, as well as frustration with navigating a highly structured and inherently unequal situation. This article will discuss our process, the challenges that have been experienced by others, new challenges we faced, and strategies we utilized to overcome those challenges. In addition, this article will address and explain the specific experience of the authors related to managing the research process, navigating the jail, and working within the established structures of a jail setting.

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Klauck, Michaela, Marcel Steinmetz, Jörg Hoffmann, and Holger Hermanns. "Bridging the Gap Between Probabilistic Model Checking and Probabilistic Planning: Survey, Compilations, and Empirical Comparison." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 68 (May 19, 2020): 247–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11595.

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Markov decision processes are of major interest in the planning community as well as in the model checking community. But in spite of the similarity in the considered formal models, the development of new techniques and methods happened largely independently in both communities. This work is intended as a beginning to unite the two research branches. We consider goal-reachability analysis as a common basis between both communities. The core of this paper is the translation from Jani, an overarching input language for quantitative model checkers, into the probabilistic planning domain definition language (PPDDL), and vice versa from PPDDL into Jani. These translations allow the creation of an overarching benchmark collection, including existing case studies from the model checking community, as well as benchmarks from the international probabilistic planning competitions (IPPC). We use this benchmark set as a basis for an extensive empirical comparison of various approaches from the model checking community, variants of value iteration, and MDP heuristic search algorithms developed by the AI planning community. On a per benchmark domain basis, techniques from one community can achieve state-ofthe-art performance in benchmarks of the other community. Across all benchmark domains of one community, the performance comparison is however in favor of the solvers and algorithms of that particular community. Reasons are the design of the benchmarks, as well as tool-related limitations. Our translation methods and benchmark collection foster crossfertilization between both communities, pointing out specific opportunities for widening the scope of solvers to different kinds of models, as well as for exchanging and adopting algorithms across communities.

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V, Suma. "Community Based Network Reconstruction for an Evolutionary Algorithm Framework." March 2021 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jaicn.2021.1.005.

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Inferring complex and non-linear dynamic system using the data that is available plays an important role in many areas of work such as physical, social, biological and computer sciences. In order to address these issues, network structure using a number of evolutionary algorithms has been proposed. However, the important criteria like the community structure have been ignored while developing these methodologies. Accordingly, this proposed work is focused on developing a multi-objective network reconstruction based on community structure in order to improve the network construction using ES by boosting their reconstruction performance. This framework that is used to further improve their performance is known as the community-based framework. It is based on multi-objective metaheuristic algorithm that is based on population and can be used as the base optimizer. The original decision space of the community structure is divided using the proposed work. From the solution obtained, an improved solution using reduced decision space is implemented using the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA). A test suite is also designed to verify the performance of community based network reconstruction with respect to the complex network issue. In the proposed reconstruction methodology based on community criteria, the MOEAs are incorporated and are used to bind the original version. A noticeable improvement is seen in the experimental results based on the proposed work on 30 reconstruction issues.

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