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Journal articles on the topic 'Jamaican Creole'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 April 2022

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1

Harry, Otelemate G. "Jamaican Creole." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36, no. 1 (May 18, 2006): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002510030600243x.

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Jamaican Creole is one of the major Atlantic English-lexifier creoles spoken in the Caribbean. In Jamaica, this creole is popularly labelled as ‘Patwa’ (Devonish & Harry 2004: 441). There is a widely-held view in Jamaica that a post-creole continuum exists. The continuum is between Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole (Meade 2001: 19). Many scholars holding this view find it necessary to distinguish among acrolectal, mesolectal and basilectal varieties (Irvine 1994, Beckford-Wassink 1999, Patrick 1999, Meade 2001, among others). Major phonological differences are found between the two extremes. However, a discussion of the phonological differences in the continuum and problems with the theoretical notion of a ‘post-creole continuum’ is beyond the scope of this paper. The aim of this paper is to provide an adequate description of some salient aspects of the synchronic phonetics and phonology of Jamaican Creole based on the speech forms of two native Jamaican Creole speakers, Stacy-Ann Watt, a post-graduate female student at the University of West Indies, Mona, and Racquel Sims, 22 year old female from the parish of St Catherine. Both come from the Eastern parishes of the island.

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2

Brown-Blake, Celia. "The right to linguistic non-discrimination and Creole language situations." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23, no. 1 (April 18, 2008): 32–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.23.1.03bro.

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There has been a proposal to include language as a basis upon which discrimination should be proscribed in the Constitution of Jamaica. The proposal was considered in 2001 by a parliamentary committee which articulated certain concerns largely about the legal ramifications of a right not to be discriminated against on the ground of language. Central to the committee’s concerns are the nature and extent of the legal obligations that may arise for the state in a situation in which English is the de facto official language but in which Jamaican Creole, a largely oral, low status vernacular, not highly mutually intelligible with English, is the dominant language for a majority of Jamaicans. This article explores the concerns of the parliamentary committee. It draws upon legal decisions and principles from other jurisdictions in the area of discrimination involving language and attempts an assessment of the applicability of such principles to the Jamaican language situation and Creole language situations in general.

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3

LaCharité, Darlene, and Jean Wellington. "Passive in Jamaican Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 14, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.14.2.02lac.

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Because Jamaican Creole lacks the familiar morphological indicators of the passive that characterize English, its lexifier language, it has sometimes been assumed that Jamaican either lacks a passive, or that its passive is fundamentally different from that of English. However, a Government and Binding analysis explicitly shows that Jamaican Creole has a passive and that it is formed, syntactically, in the same way as morphologically signaled passives, including that of English. The conclusion is that there is, indeed, a passive morpheme in Jamaican Creole which, though devoid of phonetic content, behaves the same as the overt passive morphemes of other languages.

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4

Durrlemann, Stéphanie. "Nominal architecture in Jamaican Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 30, no. 2 (October 2, 2015): 265–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.30.2.03dur.

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Our study shows that the extended projection of nominals in Jamaican Creole (JC) is composed of a rich array of hierarchically organized functional projections, in line with cartographic research (Cinque 2002, Rizzi 2004, Belletti 2004). The functional material identified strikes parallelisms with that previously reported for the clausal domain of JC, both in their distributive and interpretative properties and their tendency to overtly realize either their specifier or their head (Durrleman 2001, 2005, 2015). We argue that the identified nominal architecture, coupled with the last resort phenomenon of doubly filling both head and specifier positions (Chomsky & Lasnik 1977, Koopman 1993, Dimitrova-Vulchanova & Giusti 1998, Starke 2004), has implications for another construction in Creole, namely ‘bare sentences’ (Dechaine 1991). These sentences give rise to telicity effects depending on, amongst other things, properties of the internal argument, whose high functional structure must be made visible by respecting the doubly filled XP filter.

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5

Deuber, Dagmar. "‘The English we speaking’." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 24, no. 1 (March 10, 2009): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.24.1.02deu.

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This paper describes morphological and syntactic variation in a sample of forty conversations among highly educated Jamaicans taken from the Jamaican component of the International Corpus of English. The guiding question is whether the creole continuum model can account for the way speakers like these, who have a full command of acrolectal Jamaican English and tend to be proficient in Jamaican Creole as well, make use of the range of varieties available to them. Variation in the data is approached from two angles: first, selected variables are analysed quantitatively, and the results are compared to findings for more formal types of texts in the same corpus; second, inter- and intra-textual variation in the sample is described qualitatively. In broad quantitative terms, the data fall in between the ‘high acrolect’ and the upper mesolect but there are fine distinctions in the degree to which Creole features are used in different conversations or segments thereof. Building on Allsopp’s distinction between ‘informal’ and ‘anti-formal’ usage, the paper proposes that morphological and syntactic variation in educated Jamaican speech can be described in the framework of a stylistic continuum, whose relation to the sociolinguistic continuum seems to be a close but complex one.

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6

Gorlach, Manfred, Jean D'Costa, Barbara Lalla, Barbara Lalla, and Jean D'Costa. "Three Hundred Years of Jamaican Creole." American Speech 69, no. 2 (1994): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/455702.

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7

Pollard, Velma. "The Particle EN in Jamaican Creole." English World-Wide 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.10.1.04pol.

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8

Devonish, Hubert. "Kom Groun Jamiekan Daans Haal Liricks: Memba SE A Plie Wi A Plie." English World-Wide 17, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 213–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.17.2.05dev.

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This article analyses a Jamaican cultural event, "Dance Hall", as a speech event. It then focusses on a particular controversy surrounding the lyrics of a piece of dance hall music performed by Buju Banton. It argues that much of the discussion about the lyrics in Britain and the USA dealt with these lyrics outside the sociolinguistic context of the Jamaican dance hall within which Buju Banton's recorded performance would be understood by many Jamaicans to belong. The article further argues that the international misunderstanding is compounded by the fact that Jamaicans as a group refuse to recognise Jamaican, the language of the lyrics, as a language separate and apart from English. The conclusion is that if this were to happen, it would be easier to present Jamaican cultural output to the international community in a manner which forces that community to understand and respect the linguistic and sociocultural autonomy of such output. Since Jamaican (i.e. Jamaican Creole) is the language of dance hall performances, the article was written in Jamaican and an English translation provided. There is a brief discussion of the process by which a sociolinguistic academic article was conceived of and written in Jamaican, traditionally a language of oral informal discourse.

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9

Meade, Rocky R. "On the Phonology and Orthography of Jamaican Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 11, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.11.2.09roc.

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In the following, it will be demonstrated that the orthography devised by Cassidy for Jamaican Creole1 is upheld under a reevaluation in the context of present day generative phonology. In this respect, modifications proposed by Devonish and Seiler (1991) will be argued against. The analysis focuses primarily on the distribution of vowel phonemes in Jamaican Creole in relation to its orthography.

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10

Mousa, Ahmed. "Phonotactics in L2 and Pidgin/Creole Languages." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n3p247.

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This study investigates the production of English initial consonant clusters by Arabic L1 learners of English and speakers of the Broad Jamaican Creole. The clusters Stop + /r/, /S/ + nasal, /S/ + stop, in addition to the production of vowel-initial words are focused on. It was found out that whereas Arab learners produced initial Stop + /r/ and /S/ + nasal words with epenthesis and /S/ + stop words with prosthesis as well as epenthesis, speakers of the Broad Jamaican Creole produced Stop + /r/ and /S/ + stop clusters according to the RP norm and /S/ + nasal with epenthesis. As for vowel-initial words, both groups resorted to the strategy of onset filling (Itô, 1989). Specifically, Arab learners produced these words with glottal stop /ʔ/ before the initial vowel, whereas the Jamaican informants inserted glottal fricative /h/ in the same position. Furthermore, the performance of the two groups was additionally analyzed in light of Optimality Theory.

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11

Mair, Christian. "Creolisms in an emerging standard." English World-Wide 23, no. 1 (June 13, 2002): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.23.1.03mai.

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After showing that standardisation processes in spoken and written usage in Jamaica must be seen as distinct from each other, the paper focuses on the role of the creole substrate in the formation of the emergent written standard in Jamaica. The approach is corpus-based, using material from the Caribbean component of the International Corpus of English and, occasionally, from other digitised text data-bases. Jamaican Creole lexicon and grammar are shown to exert an influence on written English usage, but, generally speaking, direct borrowing of words and rules is much rarer than various forms of indirect and mediated influence, and the over-all impact of the creole is as yet limited. While probably no longer a typical English-speaking society (cf. Shields-Brodber 1997), Jamaica will continue to be an English-using one.

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12

Bryan, Beverley. "Jamaican Creole: In the process of becoming." Ethnic and Racial Studies 27, no. 4 (July 2004): 641–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01491987042000216753.

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13

Stewart, Michele M. "The expression of number in Jamaican Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 26, no. 2 (August 3, 2011): 363–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.26.2.05ste.

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In this paper I argue that there is no true number morphology in Jamaican Creole (JC). Instead, I show that dem, traditionally taken to be a plural marker, is more properly analyzed as a marker of inclusiveness, a defining characteristic of definiteness. These are expected outcomes of JC being in the class of languages which are claimed to have set nouns, i.e. nouns which, when combined with a numeral X, refer to an X-numbered set of individuals rather than to X number of individuals (Rijkhoff 2004). Since JC does not mark plurality in the same way as its lexifier English, individuation and number in JC cannot be analysed in the same way as is done for English. The proposal for a syntactic analysis of number in JC, given the above, is that functional structure above the NP provides for optional individuation via Cl(assifier)Phrase, and additionally for optional number specification, via Num(ber)Phrase.

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14

Mousa, Ahmed. "English /r/ in L2 and Pidgin/Creole Languages." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 2 (February 23, 2020): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n2p367.

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This study aims to investigate how Arab L1 learners of English and speakers of the Broad Jamaican Creole cope with the production of the approximant /r/ preconsonantly, post vocalically and in Stop+/r/ clusters, according to the RP norm. To this end, a list of words containing the approximant in the above three environments was given to the two groups, to read. Their production was tape recorded and transcribed. The approximant was nearly totally produced as trill in the three environments by the Arab learners, though one learner managed to produce an American-like /r/ in addition to the trill. On the other hand, the Jamaican informants produced the approximant according to the RP norm and as an American-like /r/. Whereas Lass’s (1984) assumption regarding the preference for trills proved to be true for the Arab learners, it was not the case with the Jamaican informants, in whose production trill was entirely absent. The study also provided further support to the view that phonological acquisition is achieved by gradual reinforcement of motor patterns.

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15

Beckford, Alicia. "Interacting spectral and temporal properties in Jamaican Creole and Jamaican English vowel production." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 5 (May 1998): 3088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.422931.

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16

Schneider, Edgar W., and Christian Wagner. "The variability of literary dialect in Jamaican creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21, no. 1 (May 5, 2006): 45–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.21.1.02sch.

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17

Winkler, Elizabeth Grace. "Urban Jamaican Creole: Variation in the Mesolect (review)." Language 77, no. 2 (2001): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2001.0125.

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18

Gerfer, Anika. "Global reggae and the appropriation of Jamaican Creole." World Englishes 37, no. 4 (August 17, 2018): 668–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/weng.12319.

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19

De Lisser, Tamirand Nnena, Stephanie Durrleman, Luigi Rizzi, and Ur Shlonsky. "The acquisition of Jamaican Creole: Null subject phenomenon." Language Acquisition 23, no. 3 (November 2, 2015): 261–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10489223.2015.1115049.

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20

Clements, J. Clancy. "AN INTRODUCTION TO PIDGINS AND CREOLES. John Holm. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xxi + 282. $69.95 cloth, $24.95 paper." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25, no. 1 (January 16, 2003): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226310321007x.

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Although the primary focus of this introduction is the Atlantic pidgins and creoles, it contains considerable information on many other pidgins and creoles as well. Chapter 1 includes the definitions of terms, which are clear and concise with the exception of the notions of semi-creole and creoloid, which are somewhat vague, and the notion of interlanguage, which is not necessarily characterizable as unstable, especially if it fossilizes. Chapter 2 largely mirrors its comprehensive counterpart, Holm (1988). New in this volume is the mention of the earliest known attestation of a creole language (Martinique creole in 1671), the shortening, partial rewriting, or both of the monogenesis sections, and the identification of other trends. Chapter 3 succinctly underscores the importance of social factors in the creation and characterization of pidgins and creoles, without which, according to Holm, they cannot be defined. It also includes sociohistorical synopses of seven languages (i.e., Angolar Creole Portuguese, Papiamentu Creole Spanish, Negerhollands Creole Dutch, Haitian Creole French, Jamaican Creole English, Tok Pisin, and Nubi Creole Arabic).

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21

Washington, Karla N., Kristina Fritz, Kathryn Crowe, Brigette Kelly, and Rachel Wright Karem. "Bilingual Preschoolers' Spontaneous Productions: Considering Jamaican Creole and English." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 50, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_lshss-18-0072.

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22

Thomas, Sue. "THE TROPICAL EXTRAVAGANCE OF BERTHA MASON." Victorian Literature and Culture 27, no. 1 (March 1999): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106015039927101x.

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AS SUSAN L. MEYER SUGGESTS, “[a]n interpretation of the significance of the British empire in Jane Eyre must begin by making sense of Bertha Mason Rochester, the mad, drunken West Indian wife whom Rochester keeps locked up on the third floor of his ancestral mansion” (252). In Richard Mason’s deposition concerning the marriage of Edward Fairfax Rochester and Bertha Antoinetta Mason in Spanish Town, Jamaica, Bertha is described as the child of Jonas Mason, West India planter and merchant, and Antoinetta Mason, identified only as a Creole. In Rochester’s account of Bertha’s family the “germs of insanity” are passed on by the Creole mother (334; ch. 27). In this essay I retraverse late eighteenth- to mid-nineteenth-century ethnographic discourses about white Creole degeneracy and situate Brontë’s representations of the Creoleness of Bertha and Richard Mason in relation to them, arguing that Jane Eyre demarcates both femininity and masculinity in imperial and racial terms, while also blurring these categories. Brontë, I demonstrate, links the degenerate moral and intellectual character of the white Creole with the cruelties of the slave-labour system in Jamaica, and with historical Jamaican slave rebellions figured through metaphor and allusion. This depiction suggests that Brontë has carefully historicized the relationships among Bertha Mason Rochester, Edward Fairfax Rochester, and Jane Eyre.

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23

Hinrichs, Lars, and Jessica White-Sustaíta. "Global Englishes and the sociolinguistics of spelling." English World-Wide 32, no. 1 (February 17, 2011): 46–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.32.1.03hin.

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This paper contributes to a small, but quickly growing body of literature that looks at orthographic variation as a semiotic resource with which social stances and relations are expressed and created. First, we analyze a corpus of blog and email writing from Jamaica and its diaspora — two settings in which both Jamaican Creole (JC) and a local standard of English are in use. Here, spelling is studied quantitatively as an expression of community-level attitudes toward JC in different settings. In a second step we draw on findings from a survey on attitudes toward language varieties and spelling variation among writers of Creole and English, contextualizing the quantitative analysis. Our findings indicate that diasporic writers make use of nonstandard spellings in a way that marks those lexical items as non-English (thus: as Creole) that are part of the historically shared lexicon of JC and English but whose meanings and functions have come to differ in the two varieties. By contrast, writers living in Jamaica prefer using spelling choices to mark codeswitches between English and Creole, and thus to construct symbolic distance between the codes. A comparison between genders shows women to make a more systematic use of nonstandard spellings according to linguistic constraints than men do.

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24

Burton, Jenny M., Karla N. Washington, and Maureen Samms-Vaughan. "Parent Report of Communication Skills of Jamaican Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study." Communication Disorders Quarterly 41, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525740118760816.

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Most research related to communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been obtained from monolingual English-speaking children from high-income countries. Based on questionnaires completed by parents, this pilot study aimed to describe the communication characteristics of six children with ASD living in Jamaica. Parents had concerns about their child’s speech intelligibility, expressive language, and social communication. All children were reported to speak using Standard Jamaican English (SJE). Exposure to SJE and Jamaican Creole (JC) was reported by half of the parents. Emergent literacy was considered a relative strength. All parents reported that their child could recite the alphabet and identify some letters and that family members also helped their child print and read letters or words. Other aspects of the home literacy environment and early literacy skills were varied. Information from this group provides some insights into communication skills in children with ASD from Caribbean backgrounds.

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25

Sebba, Mark. "Informal orthographies, informal ideologies spelling and code switching in British Creole." Cadernos de Linguagem e Sociedade 2, no. 1 (November 22, 2010): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/les.v2i1.2952.

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This paper is concemed with the written representation of British Creole (a local British variety of Jamaican Creole) which has no standard orthography. Original writing is published from time to time (and we can assume that much unpublished writing goes on as well) using modified Standard English orthographies made up by the original writers. The paper examines what writers actually do when they write Creole and links this to an implicit ideology of "subversion" of the Standard Orthography rather than subservience to it. Some proposals are made up for moving toward a norm for spelling British Creole.

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26

Bobvleva, E. "Determiner Phrase In Atlantic Creoles." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 77 (January 1, 2007): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.77.12bob.

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This paper proposes a comparative analvsis of DP in three Atlantic Creoles, Sranan, Jamaican and Haitian, and their substrates and superstrates. It investigates whether DPs in Creoles point to the role of substrate/superstate influence or UG in creolization. Different theories of creole genesis have proposed each of these factors as the sole factor underlying creolization. It appears that creole DPs possess hybrid properties combining substrate and superstrate features in diverse ways. The combinations are only restricted by UG. Based on this, the paper argues against the suggested extraordinary homogeneity of the factors underlying creolization and the assumption of creole exceptionality. It suggests that emerging Creoles were affected by the same forces as 'normal' L2 varieties, i.e. the linguistic environment (substrate/Ll and superstrate/TL) and UG. Given that, comparative creole studies can provide interesting implications for SLA studies. In particular, they can shed more light on the mechanisms of L1 transfer and its interaction with TL.

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27

Lalla, Barbara. "Creole and Respec' in the development of Jamaican literary discourse." Creole Language in Creole Literatures 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2005): 53–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.20.1.05lal.

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28

PRATT-JOHNSON, YVONNE. "Curriculum for Jamaican Creole-speaking students in New York City." World Englishes 12, no. 2 (July 1993): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.1993.tb00026.x.

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29

DEUBER, DAGMAR, and LARS HINRICHS. "Dynamics of orthographic standardization in Jamaican Creole and Nigerian Pidgin." World Englishes 26, no. 1 (February 2007): 22–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.2007.00486.x.

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30

Hollington, Andrea. "From Africa to Jamaica and back: the Atlantic as a dynamic linguistic contact zone." Revista do GEL 18, no. 3 (December 28, 2021): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21165/gel.v18i3.3336.

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This paper is concerned with Africa and the African Diaspora in Jamaica from a linguistic perspective. It will shed light on linguistic and communicative practices which illustrate the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between Africa and the Caribbean. My objective is to go beyond the approach of traditional (Caribbean) creolistics, which usually investigates African “substrate” influences in so-called creole languages, and to look at the Atlantic contact area as a dynamic zone with mutual and multidirectional influences. This will involve not only the historical dimension of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, through which the African Diaspora in Jamaica, the Caribbean, and the Americas emerged in the first place, but also a focus on the role of the dynamicity of current language practices on identity, language ideologies, linguistic creativity, and agency. An important aspect in this respect is the emblematicity of African elements, as linguistic elements, which are different from ‘Standard English’ (often perceived as the colonial language and the language of the slave master and oppressor), and which are marked in the context of conscious linguistic choices. Moreover, there is an awareness of the African heritage in Jamaican language practices that informs conscious efforts to use African linguistic elements (for instance, names). For many Jamaicans, their African heritage and identity play an important role. This can be observed, in particular, in Rastafari discourses and in Reggae music and culture, which emphasize a strong focus on Africa. These phenomena are also relevant in (Anglophone) Africa, where Jamaican linguistic practices are adopted through the influence of Reggae, Dancehall, and Rastafari. Therefore, this contribution will also feature some examples of how influences from the Diaspora come back to Africa, for example, in music and youth language practices.

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31

van der Auwera, Johan. "Nominal and pronominal negative concord, through the lens of Belizean and Jamaican Creole." Linguistics 60, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 505–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0137.

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Abstract The article aims to advance the general understanding of negative concord through a comparative analysis of nominal and pronominal negative concord in Jamaican and Belizean Creole, based on the translations of the New Testament. It supplies a general characterization of Jamaican and Belizean negative concord and then focuses on negative concord with a negator like what corresponds to English not and either a pronoun or a nominal like what corresponds to English nobody or no man, respectively. The paper makes a strong plea for studying nominal negative concord in its own right. It shows how it differs from pronominal negative concord and for both it lays bare a variety of non-concordant patterns. It explains the variation in terms of a number of principles, one of which is what is standardly called the ‘Negative First’ principle, but it is defined in a new way. The article shows that there can be concord with definite negative nominals.

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32

Bartens, Angela. "The Making of Languages and New Literacies: San Andrés-Providence Creole with a View on Jamaican and Haitian." Lingüística y Literatura 42, no. 79 (April 15, 2021): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.lyl.n79a13.

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The aim of this paper is to examine the idea of «language making» and new literacies in creole languages with a focus on San Andrés-Providence Creole English. Jamaican and Haitian Creole are taken as points of comparison for their more advanced state of consolidation. Posts from Facebook groups gathered between February 2016 and July 2020 as the main source of data were complemented by 2015 data on San Andrés linguistic landscapes. The main finding is that, due to a favorable change in language attitudes both locally and globally, San Andrés-Providence Creole is entering into the domain of writing.

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33

Bushmanov, A. A., and P. D. Mitchell. "THE JAMAICAN VARIANT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE POST-CREOLE CONTINUUM." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities 22, no. 2 (166) (2017): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2017-22-2(166)-15-19.

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34

Williams, Adriana. "The Validity of Patois: An analysis on the Linguistic and Cultural aspects of Jamaican Patois." Caribbean Quilt 5 (May 19, 2020): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/caribbeanquilt.v5i0.34383.

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The purpose of this essay is to debunk the dated Eurocentric notions that dismiss the significance of Jamaican Patois and to argue the validity of the language. To achieve this, research was conducted by exploring various Caribbean literary and linguistic components of the language. However, for the sake of space, only one example per category was analyzed.Patois (also known as Jamaican Creole) is the word used to describe Caribbean speech. Patois, or Patois-based languages, are a part of a continuum of creolized languages (Davidson and Schwartz 48), ranging from pidgins and dialects to full languages. Through socialization and systemization over time, [Jamaican] Patois has developed into a language all its own.

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35

Smith, Faith. "Between Stephen Lloyd and Esteban Yo-eed: Locating Jamaica Through Cuba." Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy 20, no. 1 (August 13, 2012): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jffp.2012.539.

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In their oft-cited manifesto, the Martinican Creolists exhort Caribbean people to forego their continuing allegiances to the “mythical shores” of various old worlds, and to affirm instead the “alluvial Creoleness” that binds (or that ought to bind) them to each other, and to other communities across the globe with a similar plantation history: “Neither Europeans, nor Africans, nor Asians, we proclaim ourselves Creoles; “[the Creole language] is the initial means of communication of our deep self, or our collective unconscious, of our common genius, and it remains the river of our alluvial Creoleness.” Despite their qualifications – “Creoleness is an open specificity,” for example – they have been chided for simplifying the complicated socio-political histories of the region. Maryse Condé, for example, has noted that the opposition of colonizing French language and resisting Creole language ignores the extent to which plantation heterogeneity and negotiation rendered Creole a language of both “unity and compromise.” On what terms can alluvial relationships that can undercut imperial and diasporic ties be uncovered? What does the idea of a Creole unconscious solidify, restore, revivify, and for whom? In this essay, I am interested in a Jamaican-born novelist’s use of Cuba’s second war of independence in the 1890s to critique Jamaican complacency about British colonialism after the Second World War. Cuba, and a “Creole Latin” world more generally, allows him, on my reading, to proffer hispanophone and francophone plantation histories as a model for anglophone sensibilities in the region. The “Creole Latin” affirmation of nationalism, revolutionary struggle, and strong affective ties to the land and to personal relationships, are uncontaminated by the domineering spirit, legalistic prejudices, bureaucracy and commerce, and negotiated concessions that typify anglophone Protestant modes of life. Since the scene of these ideas in this case is the nineteenth century plantation, then we might ask if the social and political inequities are not reinforced, or whether the pleasures afforded by the romance make such considerations moot.

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Wassink, Alicia Beckford. "Theme and variation in Jamaican vowels." Language Variation and Change 13, no. 2 (July 2001): 135–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394501132023.

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Reporting the results of an instrumental acoustic examination of the vowel systems of ten Jamaican Creole (or basilect-) dominant and nine Jamaican English (or acrolect-) dominant speakers, this article links phonetic features with sociolinguistic factors. The nature and relative role of vowel quantity and quality differences in phonemic contrast are considered. The question of whether contrastive length operates in speakers' phonological systems is addressed by comparison of spectral and temporal features. Intraspeaker variation in vowel quality is found to play an important role in stylistic variation, demonstrating the complexity of variation in Jamaican varieties. The complex vowel quality (spectral) and quantity (temporal) relations reported here extend our understanding of the spectral and temporal characteristics of vowels involved in phonological contrasts in Jamaican varieties, the range of phonetic variation to be found within a postcreole continuum, and the interaction of phonetic factors in the expression of stylistic variation.

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Aman, Yasser K. R. "Stage or Page? A Dub Performer or A Dub Poet? A Study of Linton Kwesi Johnson’s Political Activism in “Five Nights of Bleeding” and “Di Great Insohreckshan”." English Language and Literature Studies 8, no. 1 (February 3, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v8n1p11.

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This paper investigates Linton Kwesi Johnson’s political activism in “Five Nights of Bleeding” and “Di Great Insohreckshan” in order to answer the much-debated question: which is more effective in conveying Johnson’s political message: the performed song or the scribed poem? First, the paper gives a brief history of dub music which started in Jamaica, Johnson’s motherland. A discussion of dub poetry follows highlighting the pioneers such as Johnson and Mutabaruka. I argue that the performed songs and the scribed poems under study are effective in convey Johnson’s message each in its own way; however, the scribed form has a stronger, more longstanding impact on imparting the message than stage performance because it relies on the musicality of the words created by sounds and aural images easily grasped even by an international readership alien to the heritage of dub music. An analysis of political events in the two poems shows that a scribed poem, which, as in “Five Nights of Bleeding”, graphically represents a tension between Standard English, and Jamaican Creole and Jamaican English, and which highlights sounds at play as in “Di Great Insohreckshan”, asserting identity, can do without stage performance.

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Gibson, Kean. "Tense and Aspect in Guyanese Creole with Reference to Jamaican and Carriacouan." International Journal of American Linguistics 58, no. 1 (January 1992): 49–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ijal.58.1.3519746.

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Washington, Karla N., Megan M. McDonald, Sharynne McLeod, Kathryn Crowe, and Hubert Devonish. "Validation of the Intelligibility in Context Scale for Jamaican Creole-Speaking Preschoolers." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 26, no. 3 (August 15, 2017): 750–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2016_ajslp-15-0103.

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Petley, Christer. "Slavery, emancipation and the creole world view of Jamaican colonists, 1800–1834." Slavery & Abolition 26, no. 1 (April 2005): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440390500058913.

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Abu El Adas, Sandy, Karla N. Washington, Anna Sosa, Daphna Harel, and Tara McAllister. "Variability across repeated productions in bilingual children speaking Jamaican Creole and English." International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 22, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2020.1843712.

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Hickling, Frederick W. "Psychiatry in Jamaica." International Psychiatry 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600000928.

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The intense historical relationship linking Jamaica and Britain to 300 years of the transatlantic slave trade and 200 years of colonialism has left 2.7 million souls living in Jamaica, 80% of African origin, 15% of mixed Creole background and 5% of Asian Indian, Chinese and European ancestry. With a per capita gross domestic product of US$4104 in 2007, one-third of the population is impoverished, the majority struggling for economic survival. The prevailing religion is Protestant, although the presence of African retentions such as Obeah and Pocomania are still widely and profoundly experienced, and the powerful Rastafarian movement emerged as a countercultural religious force after 1930. The paradox and contradictions of five centuries of Jamaican resistance to slavery and colonial oppression have spawned a tiny, resilient, creative, multicultural island people, who have achieved a worldwide philosophical, political and religious impact, phenomenal sporting prowess, astonishing musical and performing creativity, and a criminal underworld that has stunned by its propensity for violence.

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Lopez, Qiuana, and Lars Hinrichs. "“C’mon, Get Happy”: The Commodification of Linguistic Stereotypes in a Volkswagen Super Bowl Commercial." Journal of English Linguistics 45, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 130–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424217702106.

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This article examines a national Volkswagen commercial, broadcast on American television during the 2013 Super Bowl, and the intense public debate that met it. It shows a cheerful European American owner of a 2013 Volkswagen Beetle, who despite being from Minnesota speaks in a Jamaican Creole (JC) accent with features of Rastafarian speech. The focus of analysis is the linguistic performance of the JC as well as the linguistic reception by American and Jamaican audience members. The linguistic analysis reveals that the primary objective in how the character uses forms of JC is not linguistic authenticity, but simply to index Jamaican culture and identity through selective feature use. Our discourse analysis of the ad’s reception shows that linguistic ideologies, including ideas about what constitutes linguistic racism, vary widely among American viewers and are generally divided along racial lines. On the other hand, Jamaican viewers were found to have a more homogenous perspective. We conclude that the selection of non-local racialized stereotypes as the target of cross-racial stylization practices complicate, but do not eliminate, modern types of linguistic minstrelsy.

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Bobyleva, Ekaterina. "Variable plural marking in Jamaican Patwa and Tok Pisin: A linguistic perspective." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 56, no. 1 (March 2011): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100001742.

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AbstractThis article is concerned with plural marking in two English-lexified creoles, Jamaican Patwa and Tok Pisin. In addition to bare plurals, these creoles possess two overt strategies of plural marking—a free-standing morpheme and the suffix -s. The analytic and inflectional plural markers occur according to different linguistic constraints. It appears that the creoles use two conceptually and typologically different number marking systems — that of set noun languages, based on the opposition between singleton and collective sets, and that of singular object noun languages, based on the opposition between singular and plural individuals. This poses problems for the definition of the lexical semantics of the creole nouns if one assumes the existence of cross-linguistic differences. The analysis proposed here is based on the universalist approach to lexical semantics. Under this approach, individuated and collective (set) interpretations of plurals are encoded in the noun phrase structure.

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Mousa, Ahmed. "Acquisition of the Closing Diphthongs /əʊ/ and /eɪ/ in English L2 and Jamaican Creole." SAGE Open 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2015): 215824401557741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244015577416.

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Patrick, Peter L. "Creoles at the intersection of variable processes: -t,d deletion and past-marking in the Jamaican mesolect." Language Variation and Change 3, no. 2 (July 1991): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095439450000051x.

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ABSTRACT-t,d deletion is a well-known variable phonological process subject to the influence of both external social factors and internal structural constraints, including phonetic environmental and morphosyntactic effects. Its profile of variation has been widely investigated in American English dialects. However, it interacts with another grammatical process – the regular affixation of final /-t, -d/ as a past-tense marker – that strongly distinguishes these dialects from English-related creoles, where past-marking by this mechanism is infrequent or non-occurrent. Investigation of -t,d deletion in mesolectal Jamaican Creole (JC) thus raises important questions about the intersection of variable processes, the generality of phonetic environmental constraints, and the degree of difference between English-related creoles and metropolitan standard and non-standard Englishes.

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Manning-Lewis, Tanya. "https://doi.org/10.46425/1902518021." Journal of Education and Development in the Caribbean 19, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46425/j019028626.

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One of the defining markers of Jamaican students’ academic success (for teachers and students) is their ability to speak Standard Jamaican English (SJE) fluently. However, SJE fluency is challenging for many majority-speaking Jamaican Creole (JC) boys who experience language conflicts within their social and educational contexts. Consequently, this study sought to investigate the impact of systemic negative perceptions of JC and its speakers on four inner-city adolescent boys (14-17 years old), who were dominant & JC-speaking—their perceptions of self, language ability, and attitudes toward English Language Learning (ELL). The study embraced a social constructivist approach, via use of multiple case studies, anchored within a narrative inquiry, over a period spanning three months. Within this period, the boys' lived language experiences were documented, through interviews, video diaries, and graphic novels. The study revealed that the boys experienced language complexities that left them feeling inadequate and disenfranchised, with systemic language practices that positioned them as deficit language learners. The study aimed to construct new knowledge to assist policymakers and educators in developing more inclusive language practices that can provide opportunities for all students to thrive.

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Nero, Shondel, and Lillian Stevens. "Analyzing students’ writing in a Jamaican Creole-speaking context: An ecological and systemic functional approach." Linguistics and Education 43 (February 2018): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2017.12.002.

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Patrick, Peter L., and Arvilla Payne-Jackson. "Functions of Rasta Talk in a Jamaican Creole Healing Narrative: "A Bigfoot Dem Gi' Mi"." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 6, no. 1 (June 1996): 47–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1996.6.1.47.

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Gilman, Charles. "Review of Lalla & D’Costa (1990): Language in exile: Three hundred years of Jamaican Creole." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.8.1.16gil.

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