Journal articles on the topic 'James Barrie'

O presente artigo busca fazer uma análise da obra Peter Pan, de James Matthew Barrie. Procura-se verificar mediante um trabalho de interpretação de que maneira a criança e sua infância são representadas na obra, justamente quando a sociedade (século XIX) começa a ter um novo olhar em relação à infância. O referencial teórico demonstra de que maneira a criança era representada nas artes e na literatura e as mudanças ocorridas no decorrer dos séculos. Foram construídas duas expressões que ajudam a entender como a infância é descrita no livro: “infância garantida” e “não infância”. Também foi possível perceber que a obra continua atual devido à relevante temática que ela oferece.PALAVRAS CHAVE: Literatura. Infância. Peter Pan.

The article is about the criticism of play “The Boy Who Would Not Grow Up” by J.M. Barrie in British periodicals in 1904. It contents the first publication of reviews on the opening night of “The Boy Who Would Not Grow Up”. It describes the problematics of the play, its origin and raises a question of public assessment of the works by J.M. Barrie.

The reception of Henry James’s plays has long been scripted by his fiction, overshadowing James’s broad engagement with the concerns of fin-de-siècle drama. This article offers a different approach, reading his play The Reprobate (1895) within its theatrical context and emphasizing its relations with the genre of “Ibsen parodies” – in particular, those produced by authors such as J.M. Barrie and Robert Williams Buchanan. Attention to the play’s humorous treatment of heredity – in the midst of a theatrical scene engaging with the paradigm of degeneration – reveals James as surprisingly in step with dramatic developments informed by contemporary evolutionary paradigms, ideas about gender, and comedic genres. The Reprobate’s clear relationship to works by Ibsen, Barrie, and others – as well as the intellectual framework it shares with plays by George Bernard Shaw – suggests the need to reconsider the entrenched view of James’s output in this period, especially as a playwright.

Melanie Klein and André Green offer competing descriptions of primitive mental development. The former emphasizes the need to control internal objects through splitting and projective identification, while the latter emphasizes a narcissistic retreat from objects through progressive deadening of the self. To bridge these theoretical differences a spectrum of fantasies is proposed ranging from reanimation (bringing deadness back to life) to reparation (healing damage caused by paranoid attack). Clinically, alternations between these two defensive patterns occur, acting together to avoid painful anxieties. The interplay of these defenses is illustrated by a dream drawn from clinical practice, from the life of James Barrie, and from his fictional creation Peter Pan.

Neste artigo analisam-se as diversas representações que a personagem Peter Pan, da obra literária de James Barrie, Peter Pan, publicada em 1911, foi assumindo ao longo de mais de um século em adaptações cinematográficas (neste caso, de 1924, 1953, 2003 e 2015). A complexidade da personalidade de Peter Pan, nos seus dilemas interiores, sofre metamorfoses diversas nos processos narrativos de adaptações transliterárias e multimodais, onde o papel dos espaços na construção da própria personagem é determinante. Interessam-nos as potencialidades da personagem e das estratégias discursivas para representação das relações entre mundos reais e mundos para lá do real, de formas de ver a infância e a vida adulta, o mito da eterna infância feliz e o seu complexo reverso de solidão. A refiguração da personagem também se concretiza através das suas relações afetivas com os outros, condicionadas, em parte, por valores sociais dominantes diversos ao longo dos séc. XX e XXI, como é o caso das questões de género, que se colocam na relação de Peter Pan com as personagens femininas Wendy, Sininho e a figura materna.

Celem artykułu jest przeprowadzenie analizy komparatystycznej pokrewieństw tekstowych łączących debiutancki utwór polskiej pisarki Stefanii Szuchowej zatytułowany Tajemnice motyli (1920) z opowieścią Jamesa Matthew Barriego Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens [Piotruś Pan w Ogrodach Kensingtońskich] (1906), która w literaturze polskiej zaistniała po raz pierwszy w roku 1913 dzięki przekładowi Zofii Rogoszówny jako Przygody Piotrusia Pana. Istotnym kontekstem, który towarzyszy prowadzonym przez autorkę tekstu dociekaniom, jest również niemal nieznana biografia Szuchowej, pisarki debiutującej w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym, będącym w Polsce szczególnie intensywnym okresem w rozwoju oryginalnej oraz przekładowej twórczości literackiej dla dzieci. Analizę filiacji tekstowych między utworami Szuchowej i Barriego uzupełnia studium porównawcze niezwykłych podobieństw ilustracji Stefana Norblina, które towarzyszą pierwszemu wydaniu Tajemnic motyli, do grafik Arthura Rackhama z książki Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens.

Partindo do pressuposto de que o principal conflito no ensino de Literatura no Ensino Médio é o grande enfoque na história da literatura, viu-se a necessidade de pensar o texto literário como protagonista. Entende-se que a abordagem exclusiva da história da literatura diminui a aparição do texto literário nas aulas, o que faz com que os alunos não tenham contato com o objeto de estudo da disciplina de Literatura, a obra literária. Com o intuito de colocar teoria e literatura lado a lado, optou-se por articular o mecanismo de autoteorização. Esse mecanismo visa abordar a teoria a partir das próprias obras literárias. Para explorá-lo foram selecionadas as obras Viagens na minha terra, de Almeida Garrett, e Peter Pan, de James Barrie. Como resultado das reflexões, será discutido de que forma a autoteorização literária contribui com o ensino de literatura no Ensino Médio. Serão utilizados: Culler; Volobuef; Jouve; e as OCEM.

The purpose of this paper is to identify key export barriers and their impact on performance of Vietnamese seafood firms with their export to the US market. By reviewing the literature and using expert opinions, five factors of the export barriers can be identified, including product, price, distribution, logistics, and promotion. A structured questionnaire is used to survey managers of 152 seafood firms, and exploratory factor analysis, used to categorize variables in five barrier dimensions. Then, the development of linear regression aims to determine which barrier has a greater negative effect on export performance. The empirical results suggest that except for promotion, the other barriers have significantly negative impact on export performance. Based on the relative importance of the different marketing barriers, seafood firms should firstly focus on quality improvements to improve their performance.

PurposeMobile shopping is the current trend for firms to conduct business, having great advantages over electronic shopping as well as traditional shopping. The purpose of this paper is to discuss not only the driving forces of mobile shopping behaviors from the theory of reasoned action (TRA) perspective, but also the additional promotion and barrier sides of the mobile business.Design/methodology/approachA structural equation modeling approach with latent constructs is applied on a self-administered survey data of 208 Vietnamese consumers to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results of this study have proved the predictive power of TRA in exploring consumer behavior in the context of mobile shopping. Also, both promotion and barrier variables have significantly strong impacts on the intention to adopt mobile shopping.Research limitations/implicationsFuture studies would benefit from investigating other variables (e.g. specific aspects of trust and risk) and using actual behavior (e.g. online purchases).Practical implicationsBusiness managers should pay attention to both promotion and barrier factors to understand how and why Vietnamese consumers adopt mobile shopping.Originality/valueThis pioneering study adapts the TRA model with extended promotion and barrier variables to explain mobile shopping in the context of Vietnam.

The James Ford Bell Library at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis has among its various holdings on the history ol European expansion a collection ol papers that emanated Irom the prominent Dutch DeMey van Streefkerk family. The papers were obtained by curator John Parker from the Amsterdam antiquarian firm B.M. Israel in 1958. The documents are all in Dutch and they pertain primarily to plantation affairs ol the Dutch colony of Surinam for the years 1717–1830. Due to the language barrier and the lack of a suitable inventory of the documents, little use has been made ol the papers thus far. Recently, this author has prepared a comprehensive inventory of the collection, which can be obtained from the James Ford Bell Library. The inventory is fourteen pages in length, in condensed print; and, thanks to modern computer techniques, is available in both a catalogue and a chronological listing.

During the early 1840s, as the right to rule the continent found a slogan in manifest destiny, nothing was seen as a greater barrier to expansion than the region, between the Mississippi and the Rockies, known as the Great American Desert. As a rhetorical figure, it was nearly ubiquitous – shaping everything from the expedition reports of Zebulon Pike and Edwin James to the western narratives of James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving. The first serious challenge to this image was a report John Charles Frémont presented to Congress after leading an Army expedition to South Pass. Frémont knew that his report had to refute the empirical evidence for a Great Desert to strike it down it as a rhetorical barrier to emigration. Thus he developed a distinctive mode of description that focussed on “topographic geology” while utilizing an aesthetic of the picturesque. This allowed him to create a rocky specificity and contrast where once a grassy and arid uniformity had reigned supreme. In the process, he began to create a nexus between scenery and science that would make both more deliberate and exacting – and the American landscape as a whole more uniquely “western.” By the end of the report, Frémont's ardent impressions of the West were so multiple and intense that the Great American Desert suddenly seemed without significance as a place or a name.

When James Baker, US Secretary of the Treasury, took the rostrum at the IMF-World Bank annual meeting in Seoul, in October 1985, and told 9,000 delegates from 149 countries that the debt crisis could only be solved by an even closer cooperation of all parties concerned, more money from commercial banks, an enhanced role for the World Bank, and more growth in the developing world, everybody sighed with relief.The Baker declaration was significant as it had taken three years of muddling through crises for the Reagan Administration to recognize the debt crisis for what it is: a long term economic and political barrier to development that is slowly strangling world economic growth.

El proyecto para la iglesia y el complejo parroquial del barrio de Cavedone, en Bolonia, se incluye dentro de un debate que ha animado el mundo arquitectónico italiano en el periodo denominado de la reconstrucción, desde la posguerra hasta la mitad de los años sesenta, aproximadamente. Este debate se interesaba por el proyecto de edificios para la construcción pública y popular, que respondiesen por completo a la finalidad social a la que estaban llamados.Para elaborar el proyecto de esta iglesia, junto con el de todo el barrio, llegó el ingeniero-arquitecto Federico Gorio, figura importante del panorama nacional de aquel periodo por la contribución aportada precisamente a la búsqueda de una nueva identidad de la arquitectura italiana.El primer proyecto desarrollado para la iglesia muestra claramente la voluntad de responder en una doble vertiente: la necesidad laica, propia de un Estado en fase de renovación, de dar a la arquitectura una finalidad nueva que se expresase sobre todo a través de la revalorización de su función social, y la necesidad religiosa de restituir a la iglesia su vocación original de identificación con la comunidad, con la asamblea (la ecclesia).La visión de los espacios comunitarios como instrumentos de cohesión social representa el valor compartido por dos personalidades: el arquitecto Federico Gorio y el cardenal Lercaro, que se encuentran al comienzo del proyecto de la iglesia y de la estructura anexa de la calle Cavedone.El análisis del proyecto en cuestión, muchas veces replanteado y jamás realizado, ofrece al mismo tiempo la posibilidad de reinterpretar —reviviendo también la dificultad práctica de realización y comunicación— los elementos de un debate históricamente central para la arquitectura sacra italiana y europea de aquel periodo, y la posibilidad de valorar los elementos de modernidad y actualidad que presenta este proyecto, a la luz de la más reciente evolución del pensamiento religioso y laico a este respecto.

In Steven Spielberg's cinema the flight is a recurring theme. Flying scenes can be sorted into two classes: those involving a realistic flight – by aircraft – and those involving a magical flight – by supernatural powers. The realistic flight is influenced by the war stories of Spielberg's father – a radio man in U.S. Air-force during WWII – and it is featured in such films as Empire of the Sun (1987), Always (1989), and 1941 (1979). The magical flight is influenced by James M. Barries' character Peter Pan (Peter and Wendy, 1911), which is quoted directly in E.T. the Extraterrestrial (1982) and, above all, in Hook (1991), which is a sequel to Barrie's story. These two types of flying scenes are analysed as to their meanings, compared to the models that influenced them, and surveyed as to their evolution across Spielberg's films. A central case study is the episode The Mission from Amazing Stories (1985), in which the realistic and the magical flights overlap.

Background: Research has consistently demonstrated the benefits of exercise in the oncology patient (Blaney et al, Psychooncology 2013; Garcia and Thomson, Nutr Clin Pract 2014; Rock et al, CA Cancer J Clin 2012). Despite the benefits of exercise for cancer survivors, only 20%–30% of them will be active after cancer treatment (Rock et al, CA Cancer J Clin 2012). The known barriers to exercise in oncology are lack of patient education, lack of knowledge, fatigue, decreased motivation, and comorbidities (Blaney et al, Psychooncology 2013). Objectives: This quality initiative program between oncology rehabilitation physical therapy department and surgical oncology nursing aims to improve the quality of care provided to our patients by reducing the barriers to exercise. One main barrier for the patients is their lack of knowledge of how to begin an exercise program. This is overcome by prescribing physical therapy and designing an individualized exercise program that can be performed in their home. Secondary objectives are to determine a change in fatigue, compliance, and/or any barriers after physical therapy. Methods: Patients are identified by the breast surgical oncology team, and a referral for physical therapy is placed. A comprehensive evaluation is completed, including: past exercise preferences, 2-minute walk test, a fatigue questionnaire, and a 30-second sit to stand test, with these same outcome measures obtained at discharge. The James Exercise Program is provided via 4 1-hour sessions. A nurse from surgical oncology calls the patient, administers the fatigue questionnaire, and determines any barriers to exercise that the patient is facing at the 8- and 12-week mark. Results: The preliminary results of the program demonstrate compliance with exercise, reduction in fatigue, improvement in endurance and strength. Conclusion: This innovative quality initiative between physical therapy and surgical oncology nursing has benefitted our patients. We leverage the expertise of the physical therapists to provide personalized exercise regimens and the professional clearance/recommendation for physical therapy from oncology team, to minimize barriers to exercise in the oncology population. Limitations to this program are that some participants fail to arrive at the initial session, lack of support and resources in the participants hometown to allow adherence to the exercise program (despite all efforts to encourage the fact that the program can be completed in their own home), and the low number of participants.

Almost from its inception The Royal Society has had a particular interest in the seas of the Southern Hemisphere. The Endeavour voyage of circumnavigation in southern waters by James Cook and his naturalist Joseph Banks, which was initiated by the Society, had repercussions—far beyond its original astronomical purpose—in oceanography, biology, exploration and world politics. It left a tradition, which still continues in the Society, of promoting wide-ranging expeditions such as those of the Erebus and Terror , the Challenger and, more recently, those to the Great Barrier Reef, the Solomon Islands, the New Hebrides and the island of Aldabra. The sea areas covered are those lying between the South Polar Front and, approximately, the Equator. Small islands and inshore waters are included but not land-based expeditions, such as those to Southern Chile and the Matto Grosso. The contributions of both the Society and its Fellows acting individually have been numerous and varied but here attention is restricted to three interconnected topics: physical and geological oceanography, biogeography and the genesis of coral reefs.

A predictable aggregation of dwarf minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata subspecies) occurs annually in the Australian waters of the northern Great Barrier Reef in June–July, which has been the subject of a long-term photo-identification study. Researchers from the Minke Whale Project (MWP) at James Cook University collect large volumes of underwater digital imagery each season (e.g., 1.8TB in 2018), much of which is contributed by citizen scientists. Manual processing and analysis of this quantity of data had become infeasible, and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) offered a potential solution. Our study sought to design and train a CNN that could detect whales from video footage in complex near-surface underwater surroundings and differentiate the whales from people, boats and recreational gear. We modified known classification CNNs to localise whales in video frames and digital still images. The required high classification accuracy was achieved by discovering an effective negative-labelling training technique. This resulted in a less than 1% false-positive classification rate and below 0.1% false-negative rate. The final operation-version CNN-pipeline processed all videos (with the interval of 10 frames) in approximately four days (running on two GPUs) delivering 1.95 million sorted images.

Coherent transport in Nb/GaAs superconductor-semiconductor microstructures is presented. The structure fabrication procedure is based on δ-doped layers grown by molecular-beam-epitaxy near the GaAs surface, followed by an As cap layer to protect the active semiconductor layers during ex situ transfer. The superconductor is then sputter deposited in situ after thermal desorption of the protective layer. Two types of structures in particular will be discussed, i.e. a reference junction and the engineered one that contains an additional insulating AlGaAs barrier inserted during the growth in the semiconductor. This latter configuration may give rise to controlled interference effects and realizes the model introduced by de Gennes and Saint-James in 1963. While both structures show reflectionless tunneling-dominated transport, only the engineered junction shows additionally a low-temperature single marked resonance peaks superimposed to the characteristic Andreev-dominated subgap conductance. The analysis of coherent magnetotransport in both microstructures is successfully performed within the random matrix theory of Andreev transport and ballistic effects are included by directly solving the Bogoliubov–de Gennes equations. The impact of junction morphology on reflectionless tunneling and the application of the employed fabrication technique to the realization of complex semiconductor-superconductor systems are also discussed.

In recent years, the advent of a new generation of radial velocity instruments has allowed us to detect planets with increasingly lower mass and to break the one Earth-mass barrier. Here we report a new milestone in this context by announcing the detection of the lowest-mass planet measured so far using radial velocities: L 98-59 b, a rocky planet with half the mass of Venus. It is part of a system composed of three known transiting terrestrial planets (planets b–d). We announce the discovery of a fourth nontransiting planet with a minimum mass of 3.06−0.37+0.33 M⊕ and an orbital period of 12.796−0.019+0.020 days and report indications for the presence of a fifth nontransiting terrestrial planet. With a minimum mass of 2.46−0.82+0.66 M⊕ and an orbital period 23.15−0.17+0.60 days, this planet, if confirmed, would sit in the middle of the habitable zone of the L 98-59 system. L 98-59 is a bright M dwarf located 10.6ṗc away. Positioned at the border of the continuous viewing zone of the James Webb Space Telescope, this system is destined to become a corner stone for comparative exoplanetology of terrestrial planets. The three transiting planets have transmission spectrum metrics ranging from 49 to 255, which undoubtedly makes them prime targets for an atmospheric characterization with the James Webb Space Telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, Ariel, or ground-based facilities such as NIRPS or ESPRESSO. With an equilibrium temperature ranging from 416 to 627 K, they offer a unique opportunity to study the diversity of warm terrestrial planets without the unknowns associated with different host stars. L 98-59 b and c have densities of 3.6−1.5+1.4 and 4.57−0.85+0.77 g cm−3, respectively, and have very similar bulk compositions with a small iron core that represents only 12 to 14% of the total mass, and a small amount of water. However, with a density of 2.95−0.51+0.79 g cm−3 and despite a similar core mass fraction, up to 30% of the mass of L 98-59 d might be water.

Abstract Based on a close reading of Ridley Scott’s war film Black Hawk Down (USA 2001; BHD), the present article investigates the formal properties through which a certain strain of war and action movies discursively constitutes the other – the enemy – as less than human. I develop the argument that the emergent relation between friend and foe in these films can be read through the concept of the border as an epistemological barrier that keeps the other incomprehensible, inaccessible, and ultimately ungrievable. Having demonstrated how BHD sets up such epistemological barriers, I widen my focus and show that similar formal properties can be found in other audio-visual media, such as video games or news items. I then proceed to investigate how the societal impacts of this audio-visual rhetoric might be conceptualized. Do the mass media constitute a logistics that organizes audiences’ perceptions of war, violence, and the other? Does the barring of the face of the enemy from the public sphere of appearance render particular lives ungrievable and therefore unprotectable? The main theoretical frame of the paper consists of an application of the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe to an analysis of audio-visual media, and of the approaches of Judith Butler, James Der Derian, and Paul Virilio to conceptualizing impacts of media representations on political discourse and practice in times of war.

Abstract. James Ross Island (JRI) offers the exceptional opportunity to study microbial-driven pedogenesis without the influence of vascular plants or faunal activities (e.g., penguin rookeries). In this study, two soil profiles from JRI (one at Santa Martha Cove – SMC, and another at Brandy Bay – BB) were investigated, in order to gain information about the initial state of soil formation and its interplay with prokaryotic activity, by combining pedological, geochemical and microbiological methods. The soil profiles are similar with respect to topographic position and parent material but are spatially separated by an orographic barrier and therefore represent windward and leeward locations towards the mainly southwesterly winds. These different positions result in differences in electric conductivity of the soils caused by additional input of bases by sea spray at the windward site and opposing trends in the depth functions of soil pH and electric conductivity. Both soils are classified as Cryosols, dominated by bacterial taxa such as Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes and Chloroflexi. A shift in the dominant taxa was observed below 20 cm in both soils as well as an increased abundance of multiple operational taxonomic units (OTUs) related to potential chemolithoautotrophic Acidiferrobacteraceae. This shift is coupled by a change in microstructure. While single/pellicular grain microstructure (SMC) and platy microstructure (BB) are dominant above 20 cm, lenticular microstructure is dominant below 20 cm in both soils. The change in microstructure is caused by frequent freeze–thaw cycles and a relative high water content, and it goes along with a development of the pore spacing and is accompanied by a change in nutrient content. Multivariate statistics revealed the influence of soil parameters such as chloride, sulfate, calcium and organic carbon contents, grain size distribution and pedogenic oxide ratios on the overall microbial community structure and explained 49.9 % of its variation. The correlation of the pedogenic oxide ratios with the compositional distribution of microorganisms as well as the relative abundance certain microorganisms such as potentially chemolithotrophic Acidiferrobacteraceae-related OTUs could hint at an interplay between soil-forming processes and microorganisms.

Parker, James C., and Claire L. Ivey.Isoproterenol attenuates high vascular pressure-induced permeability increases in isolated rat lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 1962–1967, 1997.—To separate the contributions of cellular and basement membrane components of the alveolar capillary barrier to the increased microvascular permeability induced by high pulmonary venous pressures (Ppv), we subjected isolated rat lungs to increases in Ppv, which increased capillary filtration coefficient ( K fc) without significant hemorrhage (31 cmH2O) and with obvious extravasation of red blood cells (43 cmH2O). Isoproterenol (20 μM) was infused in one group (Iso) to identify a reversible cellular component of injury, and residual blood volumes were measured to assess extravasation of red blood cells through ruptured basement membranes. In untreated lungs (High Ppv group), K fc increased 6.2 ± 1.3 and 38.3 ± 15.2 times baseline during the 31 and 43 cmH2O Ppv states. In Iso lungs, K fc was 36.2% ( P < 0.05) and 64.3% of that in the High Ppv group at these Ppv states. Residual blood volumes calculated from tissue hemoglobin contents were significantly increased by 53–66% in the high Ppv groups, compared with low vascular pressure controls, but there was no significant difference between High Ppv and Iso groups. Thus isoproterenol significantly attenuated vascular pressure-induced K fc increases at moderate Ppv, possibly because of an endothelial effect, but it did not affect red cell extravasation at higher vascular pressures.

AbstractThree types of multilayer flyer energy conversion elements (MFECEs) through integrating different laser pulse absorption/ablation layer of nano-film materials into a laser-driven flyer plates between thermal barrier of alumina and transparent substrate have been investigated in this study. The relationships among the velocity of flyer plates, initiation performance of hexanitrostilbene (HNS-IV), and initiation energy were analyzed, comparing with single-layer Al flyer plate. The photonics Doppler velocimetry and James criterion were utilized in the experiments to characterize the velocity of flyer plates and shock initiation of laser-driven flyer detonator, respectively. The surface reflectivity measurements of the Al, C/Al and Mg/Al layers were performed using laser reflectivity. HNS-IV without initiation was analyzed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer. Caused by aluminum/alumina/aluminum (Al/Al2O3/Al) flyer plate, the residual fragments were found in the pit on the surface of charge. The results obtained were shows that three types of multilayer flyer plates can initiate HNS-IV successfully under the lower laser pulse energy, although all four kinds of flyer plates have successfully initiated HNS-IV with laser pulse energy in the range of 53.80–166.80 mJ. Changing the ablation layer structure and adding thermal insulation layer to the multilayer flyer plates, reduces the shock initiation laser pulse energy of HNS-IV to 53.80 mJ. The laser-driven flyer detonator has significant advantages in providing safety and reliability, especially in a strong electromagnetic environment. The MFECEs of laser-driven flyer detonator exhibited a high level of integration and proved to have promoted laser-driven energy coupling rate, which can significantly be used to improve the performance of the laser-driven flyer detonator in military and civilian applications.

Abstract. In 2006, Cole et al. (2006) reported on tractor overturn-related injuries in Kentucky from a random sample of farmers that numbered 6,063 respondents. The highest number of people who experienced tractor overturns were operators 16 to 20 years old. In 2007, at a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Tractor Safety Initiative meeting in Colorado, John Myers of NIOSH presented a map of the states with the highest overturn fatality rates: Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. Significantly, four of these states, including Kentucky, overlap the Appalachian region (Cole, 2007; Hard and Myers, 2001). In Kentucky, this region involves farming on slopes, as examined by Saman et al. (2012), who found a high-risk cluster of tractor overturns among ten Kentucky counties in the Appalachian region, with a 97% increased risk of overturn as compared to other Kentucky counties. In 1971, James Arndt of Deere &amp; Company presented a 50-year review of rollover protective structures (ROPS) at a Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) conference. Arndt (1971) estimated that, over the previous 50 years, 30,000 operators had been killed when crushed by tractor overturns in agriculture and construction work. Since then, ROPS have been recognized as an effective device to prevent death in the event of a tractor overturn (Reynolds and Groves, 2000). Nevertheless, the epidemic of tractor-related deaths has continued into the modern era, and the cost of ROPS has been found to be a significant barrier to retrofitting tractors that lack ROPS (Myers et al., 1998). To provide a low-cost alternative, NIOSH safety engineers have designed, tested, and provided instructions for building and fitting cost-effective ROPS (CROPS) onto pre-ROPS tractors (i.e., tractors built before 1968) (Hard et al., 2016). Keywords: NIOSH, ROPS, Tractor overturns, Tractor safety.

La Catedral de Barcelona es uno de los hitos del barrio gótico de la ciudad, especialmente por su fachada, un monumento en el paisaje. Sin embargo, se trata de una fachada neogótica construida en un contexto de expansión del medievalismo en distintos sectores de la sociedad, materializado en la arquitectura por el neogótico; además, el contexto de celebración de la Exposición Universal en la ciudad, en el año de 1888, fomentó el mecenazgo arquitectónico en Barcelona. La nueva fachada, creada bajo concurso promovido por el banquero Manuel Girona, sustituía el muro del siglo XV, construido frente a la imposibilidad de ejecución del proyecto original por cuestiones económicas. Aunque la temática de la reconstrucción de la fachada sea bastante explorada por la historiografía, buscaremos tratar específicamente el ámbito temporal, de las permanencias y rupturas. Discutiremos las particularidades y aproximaciones estéticas, materiales e ideológicas entre la fachada gótica original, proyectada por el maestro Carlí en el siglo XV, que jamás llegó a ser construida, y el proyecto realmente efectuado en el siglo XIX, llevado a cabo por José Oriol Mestres. Analizaremos la relación entre el gótico y el neogótico en aquel edificio, entre la Edad Media y su recreación contemporánea; consideraremos las nuevas posibilidades constructivas del ochocientos aplicadas a aquella significativa intervención y problematizaremos sus intenciones sobre la Catedral en cuanto herencia histórica y memoria plausible de manipulaciones.

Globalization and the Po st-Creole Imagination: Notes on Fleeing the Plantation,by Michaeline A. Crichlow with Patricia Northover (reviewed by Raquel Romberg)Afro-Caribbean Religions: An Introduction to their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions, by Nathaniel Samuel Murrell (reviewed by James Houk) Africas of the Americas: Beyond the Search for Origins in the Study of Afro-Atlantic Religions, edited by Stephan Palmié (reviewed by Aisha Khan) Òrìṣà Devotion as World Religion: The Globalization of Yorùbá Religious Culture, edited by Jacob K. Olupona & Terry Rey (reviewed by Brian Brazeal) Sacred Spaces and Religious Traditions in Oriente Cuba, by Jualynne E. Dodson (reviewed by Kristina Wirtz) The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves of Cuba, by Lisa Yun (reviewed by W. Look Lai) Cuba and Western Intellectuals since 1959, by Kepa Artaraz (reviewed by Anthony P. Maingot) Inside El Barrio: A Bottom-Up View of Neighborhood Life in Castro’s Cuba, by Henry Louis Taylor, Jr. (reviewed by Mona Rosendahl) On Location in Cuba: Street Filmmaking During Times of Transition, by Ann Marie Stock (reviewed by Cristina Venegas) Cuba in The Special Period: Culture and Ideology in the 1990s, edited by Ariana Hernandez-Reguant (reviewed by Myrna García-Calderón) The Cubans of Union City: Immigrants and Exiles in a New Jersey Community. Yolanda Prieto (reviewed by Jorge Duany) Target Culebra: How 743 Islanders Took On the Entire U.S. Navy and Won, by Richard D. Copaken (reviewed by Jorge Rodríguez Beruff) The World of the Haitian Revolution, edited by David Patrick Geggus & Norman Fiering (reviewed by Yvonne Fabella) Bon Papa: Haiti’s Golden Years, by Bernard Diederich (reviewed by Robert Fatton, Jr.) 1959: The Year that Inflamed the Caribbean, by Bernard Diederich (reviewed by Landon Yarrington) Dominican Cultures: The Making of a Caribbean Society, edited by Bernardo Vega (reviewed by Anthony R. Stevens-Acevedo) Chanting Down the New Jerusalem: Calypso, Christianity, and Capitalism in the Caribbean, by Francio Guadeloupe (reviewed by Catherine Benoît) Once Jews: Stories of Caribbean Sephardim, by Josette Capriles Goldish (reviewed by Aviva Ben-Ur) Black and White Sands: A Bohemian Life in the Colonial Caribbean, by Elma Napier (reviewed by Peter Hulme) West Indian Slavery and British Abolition, 1783-1807, by David Beck Ryden (reviewed by Justin Roberts) The Children of Africa in the Colonies: Free People of Color in Barbados in the Age of Emancipation, by Melanie J. Newton (reviewed by Olwyn M. Blouet) Friends and Enemies: The Scribal Politics of Post/Colonial Literature, by Chris Bongie (reviewed by Jacqueline Couti) Nationalism and the Formation of Caribbean Literature, by Leah Reade Rosenberg (reviewed by Bénédicte Ledent) Signs of Dissent: Maryse Condé and Postcolonial Criticism, by Dawn Fulton (reviewed by Florence Ramond Jurney) The Archaeology of the Caribbean, by Samuel M. Wilson (reviewed by Frederick H. Smith) Crossing the Borders: New Methods and Techniques in the Study of Archaeological Materials from the Caribbean, edited by Corinne L. Hofman, Menno L.P. Hoogland & Annelou L. van Gijn (reviewed by Mark Kostro)

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. Obesity is an important worldwide public health problem and sedentary lifestyle has been associated with increasing rates of overweight and obesity. This presentation aims to study the relationship between psychosocial health, obesity and the lifestyle among the intellectual disability. A total of 16 adults over the age of 18 with mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID) (6 males, 6 females), (N=16, mean age 34.4.23 ± 51 years, SD= 8.67), were recruited from St. James settlements. Pedometer step counts were recorded on 4 consecutive (week) days, BMI and waist circumstance were recorded. Questionnaires regarding adult's outcome expectation, perceived barriers to exercise and performance self efficacy on physical activity were examined. Result showed that adult with intellectual disability mean on total daily step counts was 7458.44 steps, (SD=5048.19), the mean BMI is 26.43, and both performance self efficacy and barrier to exercise among them were not high. The study concluded that both physiological and psychosocial health among adult with intellectual disability were low and more physical activity is needed. 殘疾人士痴肥情況比一般普通成人嚴重，而且平均壽命較短，對健康的需求比較高。可是研究對於在職智障成年人的調查比較少，對於可行而且有效的運動計劃亦缺乏資料。為了提高在職智障成年人士的生心健康，一項了解智障成年人士的運動量以及他們對運動的態度的研究是需要的。是次調查對象為成年智能障礙人士，級別為輕，中度智障(本研究不包括重，極重度智能障礙者)，所有參與者人士都是來自於聖雅各福群會，共有16位自願參與者而他們都是18歲以上成人，參與者平均年齡為34.4 (23 ± 51歲，SD 8.67)。我們派發一個數步器(型狀跟傳呼機相似)給參與者，數步器需佩戴在右邊腰身上連續4日，在第五天早上研究人員為參與者除去數步器，並記錄總步行數量。同時我們亦派發一份有關活動量及對活動態度的問卷，內容包括:對運動預期結果，面對運動阻礙，對運動表現自我效能。調查所得出之結果顯示參與者平均每日步數為7458步(SD=5048.19)。脂肪比例為26.4，面對運動阻礙(Mean=1.8, SD=.39)和對運動表現自我效能(Mean=.8, SD=.64)顯示為不太高。結論是成年智障人士需要在工作地方有一個運動課程從而提高他們生理和心理的健康發展、成長。

Abstract Background: Undiagnosed bleeding disorders can pose significant health risks, especially for women. As many as 1 in 1000 individuals have a bleeding disorder, many of whom are undiagnosed. Lack of understanding about the difference between normal and abnormal bleeding, particularly menstrual bleeding, is a barrier to diagnosis. Recently, a self-administered bleeding assessment tool (Self-BAT) was validated as a screening tool for von Willebrand disease (VWD). Objective: Our objective was to increase awareness of undiagnosed bleeding disorders through the use of an informational website (http://letstalkperiod.ca) targeted at women in their reproductive years. Here we report the results from the first 10 weeks of this knowledge translation project. Methods:The Let's Talk Period website was built in consultation with a medical communications company, with the aim of clearly presenting key messages around menstrual bleeding. Focus groups with young women were held to determine optimal communication strategies and an iterative process of expert review was undertaken prior to launch. Upon completion of the integrated Self-BAT application, the result of whether the bleeding score is normal or abnormal is displayed to the user, along with a recommendation to seek medical attention if the score is positive/abnormal (≥6 for adult females,≥4 for adult males, ≥3 for individuals < 18 years). Queen's University Legal Department provided advice regarding website disclaimers. Research Ethics Board approval was sought but deemed unnecessary, given that no identifiable information is collected. Website users must electronically indicate that they have read and understood a disclaimer about the use of the Self-BAT application before being granted access, and must enter their age and gender. The website was promoted through an interview with the senior author that aired on Canadian national television in the context of a segment on VWD. Additional promotion occurred using social media such as Facebook and Twitter, as well as during local interviews at Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital. The social media networks of the Canadian Hemophilia Society, the World Federation of Hemophilia, the Foundation for Women and Girls with Blood Disorders were also engaged to promote the website. Results: For the 10-week period beginning May 14, 2016 there were 4,907 page views and 3,001 sessions initiated by 2,597 individual users from 62 countries. The average session length was 1 minute and 12 seconds; 15 were longer than 30 minutes. The majority of sessions (60%) were initiated in Canada. Table 1 outlines the countries with the highest volume of website visits. A total of 460 individuals, 438 (95%) of whom were female, completed the online Self-BAT. Individuals ranged in age from 12 to 71 years (mean 36 years). Individuals aged 35 to 44 years represented the largest proportion of users who completed the Self-BAT (31%), followed by those aged 25 to 34 years (28%). The mean Self-BAT score was 6 and scores ranged from 0 to 44. Abnormal age and gender specific Self-BAT scores were reported in 45% of the respondents (n=209), of which 98% were female. Of the individuals with abnormal Self-BAT scores the most commonly reported symptoms (Table 2) were menorrhagia (99%), post-partum hemorrhage (84%), bleeding from the oral cavity (78%), cutaneous bleeding (74%) and epistaxis (56%). Frequency of specific symptoms of menorrhagia are outlined in Table 3. The most common symptom of post-partum hemorrhage reported was bleeding longer than 6 weeks after delivery (16%). Surgery or ICU admission post-partum was required in 3 women. Conclusion: Initial results from the first 10 weeks of an informational website demonstrated that this platform is capable of reaching users from around the world. We have demonstrated that an online screening tool will be used by individuals concerned about abnormal bleeding. In women, the predominant symptoms of abnormal bleeding reported were menorrhagia and post-partum hemorrhage. In future, we plan to expand the educational content of the Let's Talk Period website, including information directed at medical professionals and a regular blog directed at the public. Additionally, we plan to seek research ethics approval for knowledge translation research tracking the outcomes of abnormal bleeding scores in local website users. Disclosures James: Bayer: Research Funding; CSL Behring: Research Funding; Octapharma: Research Funding; Biogen: Consultancy; Basalt: Consultancy.

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Can the priorities for future research in infertility be identified? SUMMARY ANSWER The top 10 research priorities for the four areas of male infertility, female and unexplained infertility, medically assisted reproduction and ethics, access and organization of care for people with fertility problems were identified. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Many fundamental questions regarding the prevention, management and consequences of infertility remain unanswered. This is a barrier to improving the care received by those people with fertility problems. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Potential research questions were collated from an initial international survey, a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and Cochrane systematic reviews. A rationalized list of confirmed research uncertainties was prioritized in an interim international survey. Prioritized research uncertainties were discussed during a consensus development meeting. Using a formal consensus development method, the modified nominal group technique, diverse stakeholders identified the top 10 research priorities for each of the categories male infertility, female and unexplained infertility, medically assisted reproduction and ethics, access and organization of care. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Healthcare professionals, people with fertility problems and others (healthcare funders, healthcare providers, healthcare regulators, research funding bodies and researchers) were brought together in an open and transparent process using formal consensus methods advocated by the James Lind Alliance. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The initial survey was completed by 388 participants from 40 countries, and 423 potential research questions were submitted. Fourteen clinical practice guidelines and 162 Cochrane systematic reviews identified a further 236 potential research questions. A rationalized list of 231 confirmed research uncertainties was entered into an interim prioritization survey completed by 317 respondents from 43 countries. The top 10 research priorities for each of the four categories male infertility, female and unexplained infertility (including age-related infertility, ovarian cysts, uterine cavity abnormalities and tubal factor infertility), medically assisted reproduction (including ovarian stimulation, IUI and IVF) and ethics, access and organization of care were identified during a consensus development meeting involving 41 participants from 11 countries. These research priorities were diverse and seek answers to questions regarding prevention, treatment and the longer-term impact of infertility. They highlight the importance of pursuing research which has often been overlooked, including addressing the emotional and psychological impact of infertility, improving access to fertility treatment, particularly in lower resource settings and securing appropriate regulation. Addressing these priorities will require diverse research methodologies, including laboratory-based science, qualitative and quantitative research and population science. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION We used consensus development methods, which have inherent limitations, including the representativeness of the participant sample, methodological decisions informed by professional judgment and arbitrary consensus definitions. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS We anticipate that identified research priorities, developed to specifically highlight the most pressing clinical needs as perceived by healthcare professionals, people with fertility problems and others, will help research funding organizations and researchers to develop their future research agenda. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was funded by the Auckland Medical Research Foundation, Catalyst Fund, Royal Society of New Zealand and Maurice and Phyllis Paykel Trust. G.D.A. reports research sponsorship from Abbott, personal fees from Abbott and LabCorp, a financial interest in Advanced Reproductive Care, committee membership of the FIGO Committee on Reproductive Medicine, International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies, International Federation of Fertility Societies and World Endometriosis Research Foundation, and research sponsorship of the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies from Abbott and Ferring. Siladitya Bhattacharya reports being the Editor-in-Chief of Human Reproduction Open and editor for the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group. J.L.H.E. reports being the Editor Emeritus of Human Reproduction. A.W.H. reports research sponsorship from the Chief Scientist’s Office, Ferring, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health Research and Wellbeing of Women and consultancy fees from AbbVie, Ferring, Nordic Pharma and Roche Diagnostics. M.L.H. reports grants from Merck, grants from Myovant, grants from Bayer, outside the submitted work and ownership in Embrace Fertility, a private fertility company. N.P.J. reports research sponsorship from AbbVie and Myovant Sciences and consultancy fees from Guerbet, Myovant Sciences, Roche Diagnostics and Vifor Pharma. J.M.L.K. reports research sponsorship from Ferring and Theramex. R.S.L. reports consultancy fees from AbbVie, Bayer, Ferring, Fractyl, Insud Pharma and Kindex and research sponsorship from Guerbet and Hass Avocado Board. B.W.M. reports consultancy fees from Guerbet, iGenomix, Merck, Merck KGaA and ObsEva. E.H.Y.N. reports research sponsorship from Merck. C.N. reports being the Co Editor-in-Chief of Fertility and Sterility and Section Editor of the Journal of Urology, research sponsorship from Ferring and retains a financial interest in NexHand. J.S. reports being employed by a National Health Service fertility clinic, consultancy fees from Merck for educational events, sponsorship to attend a fertility conference from Ferring and being a clinical subeditor of Human Fertility. A.S. reports consultancy fees from Guerbet. J.W. reports being a statistical editor for the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group. A.V. reports that he is a Statistical Editor of the Cochrane Gynaecology & Fertility Review Group and the journal Reproduction. His employing institution has received payment from Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority for his advice on review of research evidence to inform their ‘traffic light’ system for infertility treatment ‘add-ons’. N.L.V. reports consultancy and conference fees from Ferring, Merck and Merck Sharp and Dohme. The remaining authors declare no competing interests in relation to the present work. All authors have completed the disclosure form. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.

Artículo de revisión temática sobre el plan de alta o egreso hospitalario desde el cuidado de enfermería. La búsqueda se hizo desde diferentes estudios realizados a nivel de Colombia, en el periodo de 2009 a 2015, para lo cual se revisó la literatura relacionada con el tema, que sirviera de soporte para discutir, reflexionar y evaluar críticamente los datos obtenidos en la investigación adelantada, respecto a la perspectiva que tienen otros autores. Fueron analizados 23 artículos, divididos en tres grupos, relativos a agencia de autocuidado, educación y proceso de enfermería, asociados todos a plan de egreso. Se concluye que, dado que el plan de alta es una actividad que debe ser incluida en toda institución de salud, esta actividad debe ser liderada por el personal de enfermería. Referencias: Achury, D., Rodríguez S. y Achury, L. (2013). Efecto de un plan educativo en la capacidad de agencia de autocuidado del paciente con hipertensión arterial en una institución de segundo nivel. Recuperado de http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/aquichan/article/view/2293 Báez, L., Camacho, P., Abreu, P., Arenas, I. y Jaimes, G. (2006). La importancia de la rehabilitación cardiovascular: experiencia en la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Cardiología, 13(2), 90-96. Bejarano, D., González, N., Lozano, L. y Pinto, N. (2013). Seguimiento al plan de egreso hospitalario con uso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (teléfono fijo-móvil y/o mensajes de texto) a cuidadores familiares de niños con enfermedad crónica en el Instituto de Ortopedia Infantil Roosevelt. Recuperado de http://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/imagenydesarrollo/article/view/1636 Brito, P. (2009). Diagnósticos enfermeros priorizados en atención primaria. Enfermería Global, 16. Cardona, D. y Noreña, Y. (2013). Propuesta de modelo de atención de enfermería - Hospital General de Medellín. Recuperado de http://www.hgm.gov.co/images/PDF/gestion-conocimiento/2013-investigaciones/propuesta-de-modelo-de-atencion-de-enfermeria.pdf Carrillo-González, G., Barreto-Osorio, R., Arboleda, L., Gutiérrez-Lesmes, O., Melo, B. y Ortiz, V. (2015). Competencia para cuidar en el hogar de personas con enfermedad crónica y sus cuidadores en Colombia. Revista Facultad de Medicina, 63(4), 668-675. Carrillo, G., Sánchez, B. y Vargas, E. (2016). Desarrollo y pruebas psicométricas del Instrumento “cuidar” - versión corta para medir la competencia del cuidado en el hogar. Revista de la Universidad Industrial de Santander, Salud, 48(2), 222-231. Carrillo, M., Barrera, L., Sánchez, B., Carreño, S. y Chaparro, L. (2014). Efecto del programa de habilidad de cuidado para cuidadores familiares de niños con cáncer. Revista Colombiana de Cancerología, 18(1), 18-26. Céspedes, L. y Sáenz, X. (s.f.). Plan de alta para personas con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Recuperado de http://aquichan.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/aquichan/article/view/84/173 Contreras Orozco, A., Contreras Machado, A., Hernández, C., Castro, M. y Navarro, L. (2013). Capacidad de autocuidado en pacientes diabéticos que asisten a consulta externa. Sincelejo, Colombia. Investigaciones Andina, 15(26), 667-668. Estrada, D., López, M., Martín, E., Soriano, R. y Grau, J. (2014). Reingresos hospitalarios en un servicio de Medicina Interna de un hospital de tercer nivel. Index de Enfermería, 23(4), 205-208. Fernández, A. y Manrique, F. (2010). Efecto de la intervención educativa en la Agencia de autocuidado del adulto mayor hipertenso de Boyacá, Colombia, Suramérica. Ciencia y Enfermería, 16(2), 83-97. -------. (2011). Agencia de autocuidado y factores básicos condicionantes en adultos mayores. Avances en Enfermería, 29(1), 30-41. Fundación Caser. (2017). Ley de Promoción de la Autonomía Personal y Atención a Personas en Situación de Dependencia. Recuperado de https://www.fundacioncaser.org/discapacidad/informacion-de-interes/ley-de-promocion-de-la-autonomia-personal-y-atencion-personas-en-situacion-de-dependencia Gutiérrez, I., Del Barrio, J., Sánchez, AI., Castro, F., Sánchez, A., González, J.,… Palmero, C. (2014). Propuesta de programa de promoción de la salud en cuidadores informales de enfermos de Alzheimer y prevención del síndrome del cuidador ‘Evitando que el cuidador se convierta en paciente’. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Pshychology INFAD, Revista de Psicología, 2(1), 203-210. López-Jaramillo, P., Sánchez, R., Díaz, M., Cobos, L., Bryce, A., Parra-Carrilo, J….Zanchetti, A. (2013). Consenso latinoamericano de hipertensión en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 y síndrome metabólico. Acta Médica Colombiana, 38(3), 154-172. Martín. L., Grau, J. y Espinosa, A. (2014). Marco conceptual para la evaluación y mejora de la adherencia a los tratamientos médicos en enfermedades crónicas. Revista Cubana de Salud Pública, 40(2), 222-235. Ministerio de Salud, Argentina. (s.f.). ¿Qué son las enfermedades no transmisibles? Recuperado de http://www.msal.gob.ar/ent/index.php/informacion-para-ciudadanos/ique-son-icuales-son Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2012). Plan de Acción para la Prevención y Control de las ENT en las Américas 2013-2019. Recuperado de https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11275%3Aplan-action-ncds-americas-2013-2019&catid=7587%3Ageneral&Itemid=41590&lang=es Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2014). Informe sobre la situación mundial de las enfermedades no transmisibles. Recuperado de http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/149296/1/WHO_NMH_NVI_15.1_ spa.pdf?ua=1 Prado, L., González, M., Paz, N. y Romero, K. (2014). La teoría Déficit de Autocuidado: Dorothea Orem, punto de partida para calidad en la atención. Revista Médica Electrónica, 36(6). Ramírez, C. (2014). Adherencia a la farmacoterapia en pacientes hipertensos ambulatorios que asisten al programa de control de hipertensión arterial en el Hospital Jorge Cristo Sahium, Norte de Santander (Colombia). Ciencia & Tecnología para la Salud Visual y Ocular, 12(2), 27-35. Rodríguez, M. (2016). Transición del cuidado hospitalario al cuidado ambulatorio.Revista Colombiana de Cardiología, 23(1), 38-40. Rojas, M. y Cardozo, S. (2015). El video como soporte social a cuidadores de personas con enfermedad crónica, Girardot 2010. Avances en Enfermería, 33(2), 199-208. Sánchez, B., Carrillo, G. y Barrera, L. (2014). El plan de transición y egreso hospitalario y su efecto en el cuidado de la salud: una revisión integrada. Revista U.D.C.A. Actualidad & Divulgación Científica, 17(1), 13-23. Velandia-Arias, A. y Rivera-Álvarez, L. (2009). Agencia de Autocuidado y Adherencia al Tratamiento en Personas con Factores de Riesgo Cardiovascular. Revista Salud Pública, 11(4), 538-548. Villarejo, L. (2011). Diagnósticos de enfermería en pacientes dados de alta, con enfermedades crónicas, según taxonomía NANDA-I (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association). Enfermería Global 10(23), 25-29.

Computer- und Videospiele sind heute ein selbstverständlicher Bestandteil der Lebenswelt vieler Kinder und Jugendlicher, aber auch von (jüngeren) Erwachsenen, die mit diesen neuen Medien aufgewachsen sind. Lange Zeit haben elektronische Bildschirmspiele allenfalls sporadische Beachtung gefunden. Weder in der Medienforschung oder Medienpädagogik noch in der breiteren Öffentlichkeit waren sie ein Gegenstand von breiterem Interesse.* In den letzten knapp zehn Jahren sind Video- und Computerspiele allerdings zunehmend in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit gerückt. Dabei sind in der massenmedial vermittelten Öffentlichkeit vor allem Amokläufe in Schulen in einen direkten Zusammenhang mit den Vorlieben (der Täter) für bestimmte Computerspiele gebracht worden. Die auch von prominenten Politikern aufgegriffene These lautete, dass gewalthaltige Spiele wie der First Person Shooter «Counterstrike» ein virtuelles Trainingsprogramm für das Töten und daher als wesentliche Ursache solcher Schulmassaker anzusehen seien. Auf der Basis dieser kausalen Wirkungsannahmen bzw. der unterstellten negativen Lern- und Trainingseffekte werden seither immer wieder Forderungen nach einem Verbot solcher «Killerspiele» oder gar nach der Verbannung aller Bildschirmmedien aus den Kinderzimmern abgeleitet. Neben solcher skandalisierter Thematisierung ist aber zunehmend auch eine nüchterne wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung zu konstatieren. So haben sich seit Beginn des neuen Jahrtausends die «digital game studies» als interdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld etabliert. Im Jahr 2000 wurde innerhalb der Gesellschaft für Medienwissenschaft z.B. die AG Games gebildet, die sich zu einem wichtigen deutschsprachigen Forum für die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit Computerspielen entwickelt hat, und im Jahr 2002 entstand die internationale Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA), die im September 2009 ihre vierte grosse Konferenz nach 2003, 2005 und 2007 durchgeführt hat (vgl. www.digra.org). Seit 2001 gibt es mit der «Game Studies» eine primär kulturwissenschaftlich ausgerichtete Online-Zeitschrift (vgl. gamestudies.org), und daneben sind zahlreiche Publikationen zu verzeichnen, die zur Strukturierung und Systematisierung des Forschungsfeldes beigetragen haben, etwa die transdisziplinär angelegten Sammel- und Tagungsbände von Wolf & Perron (2003); Fritz & Fehr (2003), Copier & Raessens (2003), Neitzel, Bopp & Nohr (2004), Raessens & Goldstein (2005), Kaminski & Lorber (2006), Vorderer & Bryant (2006), de Castell & Jenson (2007), Kafai et al. (2008), Quandt, Wimmer & Wolling (2008). Ausserdem liegen Monografien vor, die sich um Orientierung sowie empirische oder theoretische Klärungen bemühen (etwa Fromme, Meder & Vollmer 2000, Newman 2004, Juul 2005, Klimmt 2005, Mäyrä 2008, Pearce & Artemesia 2009). Diese wissenschaftlichen Entwicklungen und Arbeiten zeigen, dass die Phase der blossen Skandalisierung oder akademischen Ignorierung der Computerspiele zu Ende geht. Stattdessen kann von einer zunehmenden Normalisierung und Ausdifferenzierung der akademischen Auseinandersetzung mit diesen neuen Medien und ihren Verwendungsweisen ausgegangen werden, wie sie bei anderen, etablierteren Gegenstandsbereichen (etwa der Film- oder Fernsehforschung) schon länger selbstverständlich ist. Zur Normalisierung und Differenzierung der Debatte soll auch dieses Themenheft der Online-Zeitschrift «MedienPädagogik» auf www.medienpaed.com beitragen, das sich mit den digitalen Spielen und Spielkulturen aus einer primär medienpädagogischen Perspektive befasst und nach den Chancen und Potentialen für informelle wie auch formelle Lern- und Bildungsprozesse fragt. Die Beiträge fokussieren in diesem Spannungsfeld von Spielen und Lernen, von Unterhaltung und Bildung unterschiedliche Aspekte. Die Mehrzahl greift dabei aktuelle Diskussionen über Einsatzmöglichkeiten digitaler Spiele im Bereich des Lernens und der Ausbildung auf, die unter dem Label «Serious Games» oder auch «Game-based Learning» geführt werden (Petko; Bopp; Berger/Marbach; Lampert/Schwinge/Tolks; Malo/Neudorf/Wist; Pfannstiel/Sänger/Schmidt). Daneben widmen sich Beiträge der Frage, wie die Lern- und Bildungsrelevanz der medial-kulturellen Praxen, die sich weitgehend unabhängig von pädagogischer Intervention entfalten, untersucht und verstanden, aber auch pädagogisch unterstützt werden können (Fromme/Jörissen/Unger; Schrammel/Mitgutsch). In einem Beitrag geht es schliesslich darum, Computerspiele selbst zum Gegenstand der pädagogischen Reflexion machen (Biermann). Diese Verteilung spiegelt das Gewicht der Schwerpunkte innerhalb des aktuellen Diskurses über den Zusammenhang von Computerspielen und Lernen/Bildung durchaus angemessen wider. Dominik Petko fokussiert auf formelle Lern- und Bildungskontexte und behandelt die Frage, welche didaktischen Potenziale Computerspiele für den gezielten Einsatz in Schule und Ausbildung aufweisen. Ausgangspunkt ist die Überlegung, dass es für den schulischen Bereich nicht ausreicht, die allgemeinen Lernpotenziale der Spiele auszuweisen und die Muster des spielimmanenten Lernens nachzuzeichnen, wie dies in einigen Publikationen der letzten Jahre geschehe. Um einen Schritt weiterzukommen und zu erreichen, dass digitale Spiele tatsächlich vermehrt in den Unterricht integriert werden, komme es darauf an, den Lehrpersonen zu zeigen, dass der Einsatz solcher Spiele einerseits mit einem vertretbaren Aufwand möglich ist und andererseits zu einem erkenn- und begründbaren Mehrwert führt. Dazu sei im ersten Schritt eine genauere Analyse und Typisierung der Spiele und anschliessend eine Konkretisierung der didaktischen Strategien und Arrangements für die sinnvolle Einbettung in den Unterricht erforderlich. Der Beitrag vermittelt einen ersten systematischen Überblick über entsprechende mediendidaktische Ziele und Ansätze für den Einsatz von Computerspielen in Schule und Unterricht. Matthias Bopp geht aus von der Überlegung, dass Computerspiele die Spielenden generell mit Aufgaben und Herausforderungen konfrontieren, die nur im Rahmen von spielbezogenen Lernprozessen bewältigt werden können. Zudem unterstützen aktuelle Spiele die Spielenden in der Regel systematisch beim Erwerb der erforderlichen Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten, weisen also ein (zumindest implizites) didaktisches Design auf. Wenn man in Rechnung stellt, dass Video- und Computerspiele für Kinder, Jugendliche und zunehmend auch Erwachsene trotz – oder gerade wegen – der hohen Anforderungen, die sie stellen, höchst faszinierend und motivierend sind, dann bietet es sich an, die Lehr-Lern-Designs digitaler Spiele genauer zu untersuchen, um ihre erfolgreichen Prinzipien auf Lernspiele zu übertragen. Der Beitrag konzentriert sich in diesem Kontext auf die Frage, welche Bedeutung zum einen Rahmengeschichten (Storytelling) und zum anderen parasoziale Interaktionen zwischen Spielenden und virtuellen Spielfiguren für die Spielmotivation haben und welche Rolle ihre gezielte Verwendung beim Design von Lernspielen zur Steigerung oder Aufrechterhaltung der Lernmotivation spielen kann. Daraus werden Empfehlungen für die Gestaltung motivierender Lernspiele abgeleitet und abschliessend an Hand zweier Beispiele veranschaulicht. Johannes Fromme, Benjamin Jörissen und Alexander Unger plädieren dafür, die Bildungspotenziale von Computerspielen – und der neuen, computerbasierten Medien überhaupt – nicht nur in ihrer Verwendung bzw. Verwendbarkeit als didaktische und motivationssteigernde Hilfsmittel für die Vermittlung dieser oder jener Lehrinhalte zu sehen, sondern die Perspektive in verschiedenen Hinsichten zu erweitern. Eine prinzipielle Erweiterung bestehe darin, bei der Frage nach Bildungspotenzialen in der Tradition der humanistischen Bildungstheorie nicht primär den Wissenserwerb, sondern die Steigerung von Reflexivität im Selbst- und Weltverhältnis in den Blick zu nehmen und somit zu fragen, in welcher Weise der Umgang mit Medien hierzu beitragen kann. Und weil Bildung in dieser Tradition grundsätzlich als Selbstbildung verstanden werde, liege es nahe, neben der formellen, institutionalisierten Bildung dem Bereich der informellen Bildung eine entsprechende Beachtung zu schenken. Der Artikel fragt daher nach dem Beitrag, den Computerspiele – und vor allem community-basierte Praxen – für eine Flexibilisierung von Selbst- und Weltsichten sowie für den Aufbau von Orientierungswissen leisten können, und diskutiert abschliessend, inwiefern solche informellen Bildungspotenziale pädagogisch aufgegriffen und unterstützt werden können. Florian Berger und Alexander Marbach gehen davon aus, dass es angesichts der Popularität und hohen Motivationskraft der Computerspiele zwar nahe liege, ihre pädagogische Verwertbarkeit zu prüfen, dass für den pädagogischen Einsatz der digitalen Spiele aber bisher weder theoretisch fundierte Konzepte noch eine hinreichende Forschung existiere. Insbesondere würden Fragen der technischen Machbarkeit zu wenig beachtet, wobei die Schwierigkeit darin bestehe, dass der jeweilige «State of the Art» für Lernspiele als Massstab schon wegen der begrenzten (finanziellen) Ressourcen ausscheide, andererseits aber ein Mindeststandard erreicht werden müsse, um die notwendige Akzeptanz beim Anwender zu finden. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht der Beitrag zunächst der Frage nach, was die technische, die kulturelle und die pädagogische Qualität eines digitalen Spiels ausmacht, um dann – aus einer primär ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Perspektive – zu diskutieren, wie bei der Gestaltung von Lernspielen eine gute Balance erreicht werden kann. Ralf Biermann betrachtet Computerspiele in seinem Beitrag nicht aus mediendidaktischer, sondern aus medienpädagogischer Perspektive und stellt ein Konzept vor, mit dem die digitalen Spiele selbst zum Gegenstand einer lernorientierten Auseinandersetzung werden. Die leitende Idee ist es, Wege aufzuzeigen und zu erproben, wie Computerspiele in den Bereich der aktiven, projektorientierten Medienarbeit eingebunden werden können, die sich dieser neuen Medien – im Unterschied zu Radio, Presse oder Film – bisher kaum angenommen hat. Das Konzept des Video Game Essays knüpft an der Film- und Videoarbeit an, erweitert es aber um einige neue Elemente, die mit den technischen Besonderheiten der Spiele zu tun haben. Der Ansatz kann als innovative Form der Medienanalyse angesehen werden, bleibt aber bei der Analyse nicht stehen, sondern eröffnet auch weitergehende Handlungs- und Lernpotenziale. Als Einsatzgebiete des Video Game Essays werden die ausserschulische Medienarbeit, die Schul- und die Hochschulausbildung genauer betrachtet. Claudia Lampert, Christiane Schwinge und Daniel Tolks zeichnen in ihrem Beitrag die bisherigen Entwicklungen im Bereich der Serious Games nach, die von anderen Ansätzen des mediengestützten Lernens wie E-Learning, Edutainment und Game-Based Learning abgegrenzt werden, und arbeiten den aktuellen Diskussions- und Forschungsstand auf. Die Potenziale und Grenzen werden am Beispiel zweier Spiele aus dem Gesundheitsbereich (Games for Health) detaillierter diskutiert, für die auch erste empirische Befunde vorliegen. Serious Games gewinnen zwar – nach Ansicht der Autoren/innen vor allem aus Marketinggründen – zunehmend an Bedeutung, allerdings bestehe noch ein erheblicher Forschungs- und Evaluationsbedarf. Sabrina Schrammel und Konstantin Mitgutsch kritisieren, dass im medienpädagogischen Diskurs über Computerspiele der Umstand vernachlässigt werde, dass Spielen eine kulturell geprägte, aktive Auseinandersetzung mit einem Spielgegenstand sei. Ihnen geht es im vorliegenden Beitrag daher darum, die spezifische medial- kulturelle Praktik des Computerspielens zu erfassen bzw. dafür einen geeigneten methodischen und theoretischen Zugang zu entwickeln und vorzustellen. Das Spielen von Computerspielen wird in Anlehnung an den internationalen Diskurs als Transformation und Produktion kultureller Erfahrungen interpretiert, auch um aus den Engführungen der im deutschsprachigen Raum noch dominierenden Mediennutzungs- und Medienwirkungsforschung herauszugelangen. Für die pädagogische Auseinandersetzung wird daraus abgeleitet, dass nicht die didaktische Nützlichkeit, sondern die bildungstheoretische Bedeutung von Computerspielen zu fokussieren sei. Den bisher vorherrschenden teleologischen Lernkonzepten wird hier ein genealogischer Ansatz gegenübergestellt, bei dem die Erfahrungen und Lernprozesse im Zuge der Spielhandlungen selbst thematisiert werden. An einem Beispiel wird abschliessend verdeutlicht, wie das theoretisch-methodische Vorgehen einer hierauf ausgerichteten Analyse ausgestaltet und wie bei einer solchen Analyse die medial-kulturelle Praktik des Computerspielens pädagogisch rekonstruiert werden kann. Steffen Malo, Maik Neudorf und Thorben Wist ordnen ihren Beitrag in den Kontext des Game-based Training (GBT) ein und berichten über das Projekt Alphabit, bei dem es darum geht, computerbasierte Lern- bzw. Trainingsspiele als ergänzendes methodisches Mittel für Alphabetisierungs- bzw. Grundbildungsprogramme einzusetzen. Vorgestellt werden die im Projekt entwickelten konzeptionellen Überlegungen zu den Rahmenbedingungen, zur Auswahl der Inhalte, zu unterstützenden instruktionalen Hilfen, zu den Entwicklungsprozessen und zu methodischen Aspekten des spielerischen Lernens in virtuellen Umgebungen. Ausserdem werden erste Ansätze für die Umsetzung präsentiert und offene Forschungsfragen aufgezeigt. Auch Jochen Pfannstiel, Volker Sänger und Claudia Schmitz berichten über ein Projekt, das für die Bildungspraxis konzipiert wurde und auch bereits erprobt wird. Hier geht es um Game- based Learning im Hochschulbereich, genauer: um ein Lernspiel, das ergänzend zu einer Pflichtvorlesung in der Informatik eingesetzt wird, um Studierende dazu zu motivieren, sich während des Studiums intensiver und vertiefend mit der Vorlesungsthematik zu befassen. Ziel ist also ein verbessertes und vor allem nachhaltigeres Verständnis der Vorlesungsinhalte durch spielerische Mittel zu erreichen. Der Beitrag beschreibt das dazu entwickelte Lernspiel und berichtet über die bisherigen Erfahrungen und erste Evaluationsergebnisse. * Eine Ausnahme erscheint allerdings erwähnenswert: In der ersten Hälfte der 1980er Jahre gab es in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland eine Debatte (und einige Forschungsarbeiten) zum Videospiel in Spielhallen mit dem Ergebnis, dass 1985 ein geändertes Jugendschutzgesetz in Kraft trat, das den Zugang zu Glücks- und Videospielautomaten in der Öffentlichkeit neu regulierte und unter 18-Jährigen nicht mehr gestattete. Diese Regelung ist – anders als die 2003 obligatorisch gewordenen Altersfreigaben der USK für Computerspiele auf Datenträgern – unabhängig vom Inhalt der Spiele, und sie ist bis heute in Kraft. Literatur Copier, Marinka/Raessens, Joost (Eds.) (2003): Level Up. Digital Games Research Conference, 4–6 November 2003, Utrecht University, Conference Proceedings. De Castell, Suzanne/Jenson, Jennifer (Eds.) (2007): Worlds in Play. International Perspectives on Digital Games Research. New York et al.: Peter Lang. Fritz, Jürgen/Fehr, Wolfgang (Hrsg.) (2003): Computerspiele. Virtuelle Spiel- und Lernwelten. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Fromme, Johannes, Meder, Norbert; Vollmer, Nikolaus (2000). Computerspiele in der Kinderkultur. Opladen: Leske + Budrich. Juul, Jesper (2005). Half-real. Video games between real rules and fictional worlds. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Kafai, Yasmin B./Heeter, Carrie/Denner, Jill/Sun, Jennifer Y. (Eds.) (2008): Beyond Barbie and Mortal Kombat. New Perspectives on Gender and Gaming. Cambridge, Mass./London: MIT Press. Kaminski, Winfred/Lorber, Martin (Hrsg.) (2006): Clash of Realities. Computerspiele und soziale Wirklichkeit. München: Kopäd. Klimmt, Christoph (2005): Computerspielen als Handlung. Dimensionen und Determinanten des Erlebens interaktiver Unterhaltungssoftware. Köln: Herbert von Halem. Mäyrä, Frans (2008): An Introduction to Game Studies. Games in Culture. Los Angeleos u.a.: SAGE. Neitzel, Britta/Bopp, Matthias/Nohr, Rolf F. (Hrsg.) (2004): «See? I’m real …» Multidisziplinäre Zugänge zum Computerspiel am Beispiel von ‹Silent Hill›. Münster: Lit. Newman, James (2003): Videogames. London/New York: Routledge. Pearce, Celia/Artemesia (2009): Communities of Play. Emergent Cultures in Multiplayer Games and Virtual Worlds. Cambridge, Mass./London: MIT Press. Quandt, Thorsten/Wimmer, Jeffrey/Wolling, Jens (Hrsg.) (2008): Die Computerspieler. Studien zur Nutzung von Computergames. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag. Raessens, Joost; Goldstein, Jeffrey (2005) (Ed). Handbook of Computer Game Studies. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Vorderer, Peter; Bryant, Jennings (2006) (Ed). Playing Video Games. Motives, Responses, and Consequences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Wolf, Mark J./Perron, Bernard (Eds.) (2003): The Video Game Theory Reader. New York/London: Routledge.

O presente ensaio coteja as obras Peter Pan, de James Matthew Barrie, e Capitães da Areia, de Jorge Amado, com vistas a verificar como as narrativas apresentam a criança abandonada da Inglaterra e do Brasil no início do século XX. Frutos de diferentes ideologias, os romances revelam visões que em alguns aspectos se aproximam e, em outros, se repelem. O foco narrativo é, em ambos os livros, fundamental para que se consiga vislumbrar a mundividência dos autores.