Academic literature on the topic 'Japanese American criminals'
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Journal articles on the topic "Japanese American criminals"
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Cathcart, Adam, and Patricia Nash. "“To Serve Revenge for the Dead”: Chinese Communist Responses to Japanese War Crimes in the PRC Foreign Ministry Archive, 1949–1956." China Quarterly 200 (December 2009): 1053–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741009990622.
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AbstractUsing newly available documents from the PRC Foreign Ministry Archive, this article traces the evolving legacies of the War of Resistance in the first seven years of the People's Republic. Analysis is offered of PRC campaigns against Japanese bacteriological war crimes, criticisms of American dealings with Japanese war criminals, and the 1956 trial of Japanese at Shenyang. Throughout, behind-the-scenes tensions with the Soviet Union and internal bureaucratic struggles over the Japanese legacy regarding these matters are revealed. The article thereby aims to shed light on how the War of Resistance affected post-war China's foreign relations, demonstrating how the young Republic advantageously used wartime legacies as diplomatic tools in relations with the superpowers and within the orchestrated clangour of domestic propaganda campaigns.
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Hira, Shinji, and Isato Furumitsu. "Polygraphic Examinations in Japan: Application of the Guilty Knowledge Test in Forensic Investigations." International Journal of Police Science & Management 4, no. 1 (March 2002): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146135570200400103.
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There are two main types of psychophysiological detection of deception in Held practice: the guilty knowledge test (GKT) and the control question test (CQT). A survey carried out for members of the American Psychological Association and the Society for Psychophysiological Research proved that many of the members consider that the GKT is superior to the CQT in its validity. Moreover, several experimental studies reported that the GKT produces fewer false positive errors (classifying an innocent suspect as guilty) than the CQT. In spite of these issues, the GKT is used less in North America and there are several researchers who insist that it is inapplicable in real-life criminal investigations. In Japan, however, the GKT has been extensively and successfully used in criminal investigations since the 1950s. Moreover, basic studies of the GKT, such as visual presentations of evidence, an automated diagnostic method by a computer and detecting guilty knowledge by using event-related brain potentials, are actively carried out in many Japanese laboratories to improve the method's reliability. In an effort to encourage the application of the GKT as an effective and scientific method in criminal investigations, this paper describes the status of the GKT in Japan.
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Curtin, Neil. "“We Might As Well Write Japan Off”: The State Department Deals with the Girard Crisis of 1957." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 19, no. 2 (2012): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-01902002.
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The Girard Crisis of 1957 erupted after a young American serviceman, William S. Girard, shot and killed Mrs. Naka Sakai, a Japanese woman collecting shell cases on an army firing range in Japan. While this incident caused an immediate storm of Japanese protest against American military bases, controversy erupted in the United States only when it was revealed that the Army would waive criminal jurisdiction and hand Girard over to Japanese courts for trial. American press and congressional critics charged that the decision to “surrender” Girard under the provisions of the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) threatened the constitutional rights of all American servicemen overseas, while Japan and other Asian countries hotly resented the one-sided SOFAs and lenient treatment of American soldiers in military courts. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson bickered over responsibility, but both worried that the jurisprudential dispute would fatally undermine Japanese support for the Security Treaty and threaten the entire U.S. alliance system in the Far East. Although the administration, with President Eisenhower’s shrewd help, eventually defused the crisis, its initial responses were confused. This article focuses on State Department handling of the diplomatic and jurisdictional issues in Asia and development of a coherent administration strategy in the face of public anger at home.
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Kobayashi, Emiko, and David Farrington. "Why Do Japanese Bully More than Americans? Influence of External Locus of Control and Student Attitudes Toward Bullying." Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 20, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12738/jestp.2020.1.002.
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It is widely accepted that Japanese, compared to Americans, commit fewer criminal and other forms of deviant acts. However, there is evidence that Japanese students have an unusually high prevalence of bullying. In the current study, we develop a rationale for predicting that Japanese students, relative to Americans, should be oriented more strongly toward an external locus of control and have more favorable attitudes toward bullying, which, in turn, might explain why student bullying is more prevalent in Japan than in the U.S. Analyses of comparable survey data from college students in Japan (N = 584) and the U.S. (N = 623) provide generally supportive evidence for our predictions. In agreement with expectations, Japanese students committed more bullying acts during their high school days than Americans. Further, Japanese students were oriented more strongly toward an external locus of control and had more favorable attitudes toward bullying. After controlling for both an external locus of control and student attitudes toward bullying, the initially significant difference between the two samples in student bullying disappeared. We discuss the utility of comparative research to increase our understanding of cross-national differences in student bullying. We suggest that longitudinal comparative data on an external locus of control and student attitudes toward bullying, both of which reflect individual cognitive orientations, are an important resource for further development of school intervention programs around the world.
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Goldstein, Judith, Miles Kahler, Robert O. Keohane, and Anne-Marie Slaughter. "Introduction: Legalization and World Politics." International Organization 54, no. 3 (2000): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081800551262.
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In many issue-areas, the world is witnessing a move to law. As the century turned, governments and individuals faced the following international legal actions. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that Britain's ban on homosexuals in the armed forces violates the right to privacy, contravening Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia indicted Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic during a NATO bombing campaign to force Yugoslav forces out of Kosovo. Milosevic remains in place in Belgrade, but Austrian police, bearing a secret indictment from the International Criminal Tribunal, arrested a Bosnian Serb general who was attending a conference in Vienna. In economic affairs the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body found in favor of the United States and against the European Union (EU) regarding European discrimination against certain Latin American banana exporters. A U.S. district court upheld the constitutionality of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) against claims that its dispute-resolution provisions violated U. S. sovereignty. In a notable environmental judgment, the new Law of the Sea Tribunal ordered the Japanese to cease all fishing for southern bluefin tuna for the rest of the year.
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Muller, Eric L. "Of Coercion and Accommodation: Looking at Japanese American Imprisonment through a Law Office Window." Law and History Review 35, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 277–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000086.
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Crucial to the implementation of the War Relocation Authority's (WRA) regulations of its detention camps for the uprooted Japanese American community of the West Coast were the WRA “project attorneys,” white lawyers stationed in the camps who gave legal advice to administrators and internees alike. These lawyers left behind a voluminous correspondence that opens a new window on the WRA's relationship with its prisoners, a relationship heretofore understood as encompassing coercion on one side and either compliance or resistance on the other. This article uses the voluminous correspondence of the project attorney at the Heart Mountain Relocation Center in Wyoming as a new lens for viewing the regulatory relationship between the WRA and the imprisoned community. It focuses on three of the many matters about which the project attorney gave advice: the design of the camp's community government, its criminal justice system, and its business enterprises. Evidence from this one law office suggests that on many key issues, the relationship between the WRA and the internees was marked not so much by coercion as by reciprocal accommodation, with each taking account of some of the preferences of the other. While the data are from just one of the ten WRA camps, they suggest a need to reconsider our understanding of how this American system of racial imprisonment operated.
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Piano, Ennio E. "Outlaw and economics: Biker gangs and club goods." Rationality and Society 30, no. 3 (December 4, 2017): 350–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463117743242.
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Today, outlaw motorcycle gangs are best known for their involvement in an international criminal network dealing in narcotics, human trafficking, and arms smuggling. Law enforcement agencies in three continents have identified groups like the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club, the Outlaws Motorcycle Club, and the Bandidos Motorcycle Club as a major threat to public safety. Before their descent into organized crime, outlaw bikers captured the imagination of the American public due to their peculiar look and outrageous behavior. They dressed in dirty sleeveless leather jackets and Nazi paraphernalia, their arms covered in tattoos of Nazi and White-supremacist symbolism. They drove highly customized, loud, and heavy American bikes—almost always Harley-Davidsons—and despised Japanese vehicles. They were notorious for their erratic behavior, in particular, the propensity to use violence in an idiosyncratic way when interacting with non-bikers and the public display of nudity and sexual practices. Unlike standard treatments of outlaw bikers, which draw from criminology, sociology, and psychology, I propose an explanation for these seemingly irrational and certainly odd practices rooted on the economic approach. Following the literature on the economic theory of religious sects, I argue that these odd practices served as effective obstacles to the ability of outlaw bikers to free ride on the club goods provided by these organizations.
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Hong,, Tae-Seok. "Criminal judgment and implications of self-determination right of terminal patient in foreign cases - Through Japanese and American precedents -." Legal Theory & Practice Review 8, no. 2 (May 31, 2020): 59–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30833/ltpr.2020.05.8.2.59.
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Forcese, Craig, and Joanna Harrington, Special Issue Editors. "Fostering a Scholarly Network in International Law: An Introduction to the Special Issue." Alberta Law Review 46, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr207.
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This special issue of the Alberta Law Review is devoted to the discussion of current topics within the field and discipline of international law, including matters of international trade and investment law, international development, peace and security, international criminal law, and the international protection of human rights. The publication of this issue represents the culmination of an extraordinary intellectual exchange between four societies dedicated to the development and promotion of international law, which together represent five countries and attract membership from lawyers within academia, government, and private practice. The “Four Societies” initiative stems from an initial partnership in the early 1990s between the American Society of International Law (ASIL), the Canadian Council on International Law (CCIL), and the Japanese Society of International Law (JSIL), which was later expanded upon during the current decade to include the Australian & New Zealand Society of International Law (ANZSIL). Without the support of these Four Societies, this special issue, and the two-day conference at which the articles were first presented, would not have taken place.
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LUKNER, KERSTIN. "Global Goals versus Bilateral Barriers? The International Criminal Court in the Context of US Relations with Germany and Japan." Japanese Journal of Political Science 13, no. 1 (January 27, 2012): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109911000259.
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AbstractThis article deals with the International Criminal Court (ICC) as a point of contention in US relations with Germany and Japan. Both countries rank among America's closest allies, but – quite contrary to the US – they have also been supporting the establishment and operation of the ICC, although each to a different extent. The article analyzes the reasons for the three countries’ diverging attitudes and policies towards the establishment and operation of the Court, and contrasts Germany's and Japan's handling of the ICC issuevis-à-visthe US. It suggests that Berlin's idealistic position and full ICC support on the one hand, as well as Japan's cautious and pragmatic approach on the other, are both rooted not only in their individual evaluations of the ICC's institutional design, but also the varying degrees of their bi/multilateral orientation and the extent of their ‘dependence’ on US security commitments.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Japanese American criminals"
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Nakamura, Kelli Y. "Suspected criminals, spies, and "human secret weapons" : The evolution of Japanese-American representations in political and cultural discourse from Hawai'i to Japan, 1880--1950s." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20640.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.This dissertation explores issues of race, class, criminality, and ethnic identity in the Japanese community in Hawai'i from the arrival of the first Japanese migrants in 1886 through World War II and its immediate aftermath. It traces the development of anti-Japanese sentiment in Hawai'i, which culminated in the institution of martial law, the internment of nearly 1,500 individuals in Hawai'i, and the forced repatriation to Japan of certain allegedly disloyal members of the Japanese community during World War II. This study investigates the growing fears of the Japanese due to the large number of Japanese in the islands, due to Japan's militaristic activities in the Pacific, and due to the perceived threat posed by Hawai'i's Japanese in the event of war. This dissertation specifically focuses on a series of crimes that reflected ethnic fears among white elites in the islands and among American military officials concerning Hawai'i's Japanese population: the 1889 lynching of Katsu Goto, the bombing of Juzaburo Sakamaki's home in 1920, the 1928 Jamieson murder, and the 1932 Massie rape. The two largest labor strikes in Hawai'i in 1909 and 1920 likewise involving Japanese intensified white fears and illustrated the precarious economic position occupied by white planters who depended on Japanese labor. The white power structure that dominated local politics and the American military establishment in Hawai'i shared similar interests and aligned in order to control the Japanese in the islands, first through a dual-system of justice that privileged whites at the expense of ethnic minorities and later through the full-scale institution of martial law during the war. This analysis relies in many respects on close-readings of Hawai'i's major newspapers in order to assess the media's role in the construction of a contested Japanese identity and in the establishment of an official narrative of Japanese criminality, disloyalty, and threat. Whites and Japanese frequently clashed over issues of race and power, and the divide between rulers and ruled was often contested and never clearly defined. The period prior to World War II was marked by strife and tension between these groups, culminating in martial law, internment, and ultimately repatriation.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 510-549).
Also available by subscription via World Wide Web
549 leaves, bound 29 cm
Books on the topic "Japanese American criminals"
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Parker, L. Craig. The Japanese police system today: An American perspective. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1987.
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Borch, Fred L. Aftermath. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777168.003.0013.
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Days before Dutch sovereignty ended in the islands on December 27, 1949, those Japanese war criminals still serving prison sentences in the Netherlands East Indies were transferred to Japan, where they were to serve out their terms of imprisonment. This chapter discusses how the Dutch authorities arranged for the transfer of more than 600 convicted war criminals to Japan, and how these men fared back on Japanese soil. The Dutch had hoped that the Japanese who had been convicted would complete their sentences in Japan. This was not to be: The American occupation authorities immediately implemented a policy of clemency, with the result that every Japanese war criminal transferred from the NEI to Japan was free by 1958.
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Parker, L. Craig. The Japanese Police System Today: An American Perspective. Kodansha America, 1988.
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Tyler, Amanda L. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199856664.003.0013.
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The book concludes by arguing that the current state of American habeas jurisprudence should trouble anyone who cares about the Constitution. As the chapters of the book reveal, the War on Terror Supreme Court decision in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld and the World War II internment of Japanese Americans stand entirely at odds with everything the Founding generation sought to achieve with the Suspension Clause. Specifically, the origins and long-standing interpretation of the Suspension Clause understood it to prohibit the government, in the absence of a valid suspension, from detaining persons who can claim the protection of domestic law outside the criminal process, even in wartime.
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Schabas, William A. The Commission on Responsibilities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833857.003.0008.
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When the Peace Conference opens in Paris in January 1919, Georges Clemenceau insists upon the importance of prosecuting war criminals. It decides to set up a Commission on Responsibilities, with representatives of the five Powers (the United States, the British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan), as well as five smaller countries, including Belgium. The Commission soon agrees that the Kaiser should not be prosecuted for starting the war or for violating Belgian neutrality. However, a majority, led by the British representative, Ernest Pollock, and the French delegate, Ferdinand Larnaude, insist that the Kaiser should be tried for violations of the laws and customs of war by an international tribunal. The Americans, led by Robert Lansing, are fiercely opposed. Compromise proves impossible. The Commission issues a majority report favouring trial of the Kaiser for war crimes, while the Americans and the Japanese write dissenting opinions.
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Okamura, Jonathan Y. Raced to Death in 1920s Hawaii: Injustice and Revenge in the Fukunaga Case. University of Illinois Press, 2019.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Japanese American criminals"
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McDonald, Andrew T., and Verlaine Stoner McDonald. "Occupation." In Paul Rusch in Postwar Japan, 104–26. University Press of Kentucky, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813176079.003.0006.
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Rusch returned to Japan to find destruction, despair, and starvation everywhere. Rusch began his work for the Civil Intelligence Section in Tokyo, uncovering evidence for the International Military Tribunal of the Far East (IMTFE). Rusch hoped that the Allies would bring justice to postwar Japan, but the Americans had an agenda. As part of the effort to facilitate a peaceful occupation, Rusch secured evidence supportive of American policy, absolving Emperor Hirohito of blame for the Pacific War. Rusch was instrumental in acquiring the Saionji-Harada Memoirs, volumes of notes cataloguing the imperial family’s resistance to militarism. Rusch also recovered evidence of an international Communist conspiracy in Japan, a development that greatly enhanced his standing among his anti-Communist superiors. Rusch soon discovered the level of compromise and corruption in the Occupation government as he saw innocent Japanese being purged while some war criminals, such as the biological warfare mastermind Shiro Ishii, received immunity. During this time, Rusch met a former kamikaze pilot, Ryo Natori, a teenager he hired as a houseboy. Natori became a surrogate son and was a key figure in the rest of Rusch’s life. Rusch also used his considerable power to punish those who sold Seisen-Ryo and stripped Rikkyo University of its Christian identity.
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Okamura, Jonathan Y. "Capture, Confession, and Court." In Raced to Death in 1920s Hawai i, 63–89. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042607.003.0004.
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This chapter covers the ensuing four days in the case and brings out the speed with which it proceeded in the criminal justice system after Fukunaga’s capture. The major events considered include his arrest as a result of spending some of the ransom money, his immediate admission of guilt, and the prompt publication in the newspapers of such incriminating statements by him. The chapter analyzes the official transcript of his police interrogation, which came to be referred to as his “confession,” that provided detailed information about his crime. It also notes the responses of the Japanese American community to the crime, including by their newspapers. The chapter concludes with a review of Fukunaga’s prompt arraignment in court for first-degree murder and appointment of his two attorneys.
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LoBrutto, Vincent. "Noir One/Noir Two." In Ridley Scott, 84–92. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177083.003.0009.
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Two neo-noir films are covered here, Someone to Watch over Me and Black Rain. The former concerns class distinctions and their effect on a marriage. The latter is about two New York police officers sent to Japan to capture a dangerous escaped criminal. During the production of Someone to Watch over Me, Ridley Scott was beginning to learn to control his debilitating temper on the set. The film is a family drama with complications. The production of this New York film is handsome and uses the Gershwin classic of the title to add depth to the narrative. The production of Black Rain was impacted by serious differences between the American filmmaking team and Japanese officials. This crime film also engages with how the horrors of the dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima affected its citizens. Both movies did poorly with critics and audiences.
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Tyler, Amanda L. "Conclusion." In Habeas Corpus: A Very Short Introduction, 122–24. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190918989.003.0011.
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The book concludes by celebrating aspects of the history of the writ of habeas corpus as a great writ of liberty, observing that the writ has served as a vehicle for securing the freedom of political prisoners and slaves and for the declaration of bedrock constitutional rights in criminal cases. But, the conclusion also notes, it is also the case that habeas corpus has sometimes fallen short, as the World War II mass incarceration of Japanese Americans reveals. Habeas, in other words, is sometimes only as effective as the politics of the time permit. Highlighting the challenges that lie ahead for the future of the storied writ, the conclusion suggests that we would do well to recall the period when the writ earned Blackstone’s praise as a “second magna carta,” for that history tells a story of a habeas writ that could bring even the King of England to his knees before the law.
Conference papers on the topic "Japanese American criminals"
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Nakane, Ikuko. "Accusation, defence and morality in Japanese trials: A Hybrid Orientation to Criminal Justice." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.16-5.
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The Japanese criminal justice system has gone through transformations in its modern history, adopting the models of European Continental Law systems in the 19th century as part of Japan’s modernisation process, and then the Anglo-American Common Law orientation after WWII. More recently, citizen judges have been introduced to the criminal justice process, a further move towards an adversarial orientation with increased focus on orality and courtroom discourse strategies. Yet, the actual legal process does not necessarily represent the adversarial orientation found in Common Law jurisdictions. While previous research from cultural and socio-historical perspectives has offered valuable insights into the Japanese criminal court procedures, there is hardly any research examining how adversarial (or non-adversarial) orientation is realised through language in Japanese trials. Drawing on an ethnographic study of communication in Japanese trials, this paper discusses a ‘hybrid’ orientation to the legal process realised through courtroom discourse. Based on courtroom observation notes, interaction data, lawyer interviews and other relevant materials collected in Japan, trial participants’ discourse strategies contributing to both adversarial and inquisitorial orientations are identified. In particular, the paper highlights how accusation, defence and morality are performed and interwoven in the trial as a genre. The overall genre structure scaffolds competing narratives, with prosecution and defence counsel utilising a range of discourse strategies for highlighting culpability and mitigating factors. However, the communicative practice at the micro genre level shows an orientation to finding the ‘truth,’ rehabilitation of offenders and maintaining social order. The analysis of courtroom communication, contextualised in the socio-historical development of the Japanese justice system and in the ideologies about courtroom communicative practice, suggests a gap between the practice and official/public discourses of the justice process in Japan. At the same time, the findings raise some questions regarding the powerful role that language plays in different ways in varying approaches to delivery of justice.