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Journal articles on the topic 'Japanese Martial Arts History'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Rouse, Wendy. "Jiu-Jitsuing Uncle Sam." Pacific Historical Review 84, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 448–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2015.84.4.448.

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The emergence of Japan as a major world power in the early twentieth century generated anxiety over America’s place in the world. Fears of race suicide combined with a fear of the feminizing effects of over-civilization further exacerbated these tensions. Japanese jiu-jitsu came to symbolize these debates. As a physical example of the yellow peril, Japanese martial arts posed a threat to western martial arts of boxing and wrestling. The efficiency and effectiveness of Japanese jiu-jitsu, as introduced to Americans in the early twentieth century, challenged preconceived notions of the superiority of western martial arts and therefore American constructions of race and masculinity. As Theodore Roosevelt and the U.S. nation wrestled with the Japanese and jiu-jitsu, they responded in various ways to this new menace. The jiu-jitsu threat was ultimately subjugated by simultaneously exoticizing, feminizing, and appropriating aspects of it in order to reassert the dominance of western martial arts, the white race and American masculinity.

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NAGY, Stephen Robert. "Japanese Martial Arts as Popular Culture: Teaching Opportunity and Challenge." Asian Studies 3, no. 1 (July 24, 2015): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2015.3.1.83-102.

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Japanese martial arts, here after Japanese budō, are popular cultural icons that are found in films, comics, video games and books. Teaching Japanese budō at university offers a novel way to teach about East Asian and in particular Japanese culture, history, and philosophy while including ideas about the globalization and the localization of culture. Question though remains as to how and what should we teach about the popular culture of Japanese budō at the university level? This paper found that a comprehensive approach to teaching about budō was effective. By using many kinds of materials and the incorporation of opportunities to experience budō and to try budō, students were better able to grasp the historical, cultural and religious characteristics of budō.

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Pérez Gutiérrez, Mikel, and Carlos Gutiérrez García. "Estudio bibliométrico sobre las monografías de artes marciales publicadas en España (1906-2006)." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 3, no. 4 (July 19, 2012): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v3i4.387.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This paper examines the martial arts monographs published in Spain between 1906 and 2006 from a bibliometric point of view. Starting from Pérez and Gutiérrez’s previous bibliography (2008), the total number of published monographs following the criteria of subject, decade and the combination of both was analyzed. The results showed a total of 2.036 books (1.285 original editions) with a prevalence of Japanese and Chinese martial arts. A group of eight subjects exceeded a hundred volumes (karate, judo/jujutsu, taijiquan, wu-shu/kung fu, classics, qigong, philosophy, history and education, and aikido), with two patterns of bibliographic evolution appearing. The first, represented by Japanese martial arts considered as a group and martial arts focused on the utilitarian and/or sporting performance aspects (judo/jujutsu, karate and wu-shu/kung fu), developed increasingly until the 80’s when it followed a steady-state and/or drop. The second model, which characterises the Chinese martial arts group and martial arts mainly focused on healthy and/or spiritual aspects of training (taijiquan, qigong, aikido), has increased significantly from the 90’s until the present moment. The interpretation of these patterns and the evolution of the martial arts bibliographic production in Spain highlights some aspects such as the development of the Spanish society and sports practice, bibliographic production, reading habits, or the cultural influences of eastern countries on Spain.</span></span></span></p>

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Benesch, Oleg. "Olympic samurai: Japanese martial arts between sports and self-cultivation." Sport in History 40, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 328–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2020.1739739.

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LUKMINAITĖ, Simona. "Women’s Education at Meiji Jogakkō and Martial Arts." Asian Studies 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2018.6.2.173-188.

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The topic of bushidō in education has recently been explored by Gainty (2013), Benesch (2014), and several Japanese historians in Japan, such as Sōgawa (2017). However, martial arts and bushidō, as found in the education for women, remains a largely untreated issue, despite the great attention women and their physical education received in the discourses regarding the creation of a healthy modern nation that took place during and after the Meiji period (1868–1912). By looking at numerous primary sources, this paper, building upon Lukminaitė (2018), focuses on Meiji Jogakkō’s instruction of budō as a modern means of physical education (PE). It aims to provide new insights into how budō was perceived, treated in writing, and functionally put into practice.

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Cynarski, Wojciech J. "Panorámica sobre las artes marciales polacas." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 3, no. 3 (July 19, 2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v3i3.373.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The purpose of this study is to explain the revival of Polish martial arts from the perspectives of cultural sociology, the sciences of physical culture, and the humanistic theory of martial arts. The Polish Martial Arts (<em>Polskie Sztuki Walki</em>) are a subject still requiring serious scientific examination, even in Poland. There are few works concerning the history of Polish weapons, and most only describe techniques for wielding specific types of edged weapons. Nevertheless, there is a large group of enthusiasts trying to restore and cultivate the old Polish tradition, a tradition with heavy emphasis on the art of fencing. The author knows many of the people and facts presented here, from personal observation and from direct participation in these arts. As a disciple of the late Master Yoshio Sugino (10th-dan Kobudo Katori Shinto-ryu), he fought against the Polish saber champion, and he has taken part in joint exhibitions of Polish and Japanese fencing.</span></span></span></p>

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Moenig, Udo, and Minho Kim. "The Japanese and Korean Martial Arts: In Search of a Philosophical Framework Compatible to History." International Journal of the History of Sport 35, no. 15-16 (November 2, 2018): 1531–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2019.1618277.

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Wile, Douglas. "Taijiquan y Taoísmo. De religión a arte marcial, de arte marcial a religión." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 3, no. 1 (July 19, 2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v3i1.345.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;" lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This study explores the ways in which the construction and deconstruction of a martial arts-Daoism connection has figured in political ideology, national iden-tity, and commercial interest during the past 400 years of Chinese history. Focusing on the taijiquan-Daoism-Zhang Sanfeng nexus, it traces the wrapping of a martial art in indigenous religious garb during the periods of Manchu rule, Japanese occupation, and post-Mao 21st century. It concludes by reporting on a contemporary movement in China to revive the cult of Zhang Sanfeng and to cast taijiquan as a form of religious practice. In this light, taijiquan emerges as an important site of constructing “Chinese-ness” in the face of state appropriation and Western cultural imperialism.<strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></strong></span></span></span></p>

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CHRISTIANSON, G. Björn, Mikko VILENIUS, and Humitake SEKI. "Role of the Sword Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi in the Origin of the Japanese Bushidō Tradition." Asian Studies 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2018.6.2.211-227.

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One of the formative narratives in Japanese martial arts is the bestowal of the mystical sword “Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi” upon Emperor Jinmu, the legendary founder of Japan. Within the Kashima Shinden Bujutsu lineage, this bestowal is attested as a critical event in the initiation of the principles of Bushidō martiality. However, the practical reasons for its significance has been unclear. Drawing on historical and archaeological records, in this paper we hypothesise that the physical conformation of the legendary sword Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi represented a comparatively incremental progression from the one-handed short swords imported from mainland Asia. These modifications, however, allowed for a new, two-handed style of swordsmanship, and therefore it was the combination of the physical conformation of Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi and the development of appropriate techniques for wielding it that formed the basis of the martial significance of the “Law of Futsu-no-mitama”. Drawing on various traditions and records linking Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi to the Kashima Grand Shrine, we also argue that this new tradition of swordsmanship was the nucleus around which the Kashima Shinden Bujutsu lineage would develop, and therefore represented a critical first step towards the later concepts of Bushidō. Based on the kabala of the Kashima Shinryū, we also present a working model of what the techniques for usage of Futsunomitama-no-tsurugi might have been, and provide an account of an experiment testing its application.

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Sato, Shohei. "The sportification of judo: global convergence and evolution." Journal of Global History 8, no. 2 (June 6, 2013): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022813000235.

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AbstractThis article re-examines our understanding of modern sport. Today, various physical cultures across the world are practised under the name of sport. Almost all of these sports originated in the West and expanded to the rest of the world. However, the history of judo confounds the diffusionist model. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a Japanese educationalist amalgamated different martial arts and established judo not as a sport but as ‘a way of life’. Today it is practised globally as an Olympic sport. Focusing on the changes in its rules during this period, this article demonstrates that the globalization of judo was accompanied by a constant evolution of its character. The overall ‘sportification’ of judo took place not as a diffusion but as a convergence – a point that is pertinent to the understanding of the global sportification of physical cultures, and also the standardization of cultures in modern times.

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CULEDDU, Maria Paola. "The Evolution of the Ancient Way of the Warrior: From the Ancient Chronicles to the Tokugawa Period." Asian Studies 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 87–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2018.6.2.87-109.

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The term bushidō is widespread today and involves history, philosophy, literature, sociology and religion. It is commonly believed to be rooted in the ancient “way” of the bushi or samurai, the Japanese warriors who led the country until modern times. However, even in the past the bushi were seldom represented accurately. Mostly, they were depicted as the authors thought they should be, to fulfil a certain role in society and on the political scene.By taking into account some ancient and pre-modern writings, from the 8th to the 19th centuries, from the ancient chronicles of Japan, war tales, official laws, letters, to martial arts manuals and philosophical essays, and by highlighting some of the bushidō values, this article attempts to answer the questions how and why the representation of the bushi changed from the rise of the warrior class to the end of the military government in the 19th century.

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Tomita, Ryuta. "Research work of Prof. Tomita, including: 1. Examination of environmental vibration measurement using vibration control rubber on carpet. 2. Measures against floor impact sound by heavy-impact source using storage furniture with tatami. 3. Study on tatami mat considering safety when falling in case of falling collision and sound insulation performance. 4. Research on evaluation method and evaluation rank for vertical vibration." Impact 2020, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.4.15.

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A tatami is a type of mat used as a floor material in many rooms in Japan. They are also used in training rooms, such as in a dojo or martial arts, and are often covered with woven straw. Tatami mats were used as flooring materials for buildings in the Kamakura period (c. 1185) and have a long history. Tatami is often used in the Japanese-style room of today's homes. Generally, tatami mats are 55 mm thick; some mats are made of mostly straw and some made of insulation board and extruded polystyrene foam. The surface of both types of mats is covered with tatami facing. More recently, tatami mats made of insulation board and extruded polystyrene foam are used in homes. Despite their presence in Japanese buildings, there are several problems associated with tatami mats and other floor materials. One of the potential problems concerns the safety of individuals who fall on the mats, while another is the sound created by impact on the mats, such as when people walk or run across them. Research is underway to find effective ways of improving the sound insulation performance of floor materials at the same time as considering the safety of the inhabitants of the buildings with the mats in them. One team, which is investigating means of improving tatami mats and the materials used to build them, is based at the College of Science and Technology in Nihon University, Japan. Led by Professor Ryuta Tomita, the team is engaged with several projects revolving around overcoming heavy-weight floor impact sound insulation performance and safety of individuals who fall on tatami mats.

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13

Nichols, Elizabeth. "Japanese poetic forms: haiku and martial arts." International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies 5, no. 2 (June 2008): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aps.159.

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Yamamoto, Yuji, Keiko Yokoyama, Motoki Okumura, Akifumi Kijima, Koji Kadota, and Kazutoshi Gohara. "Joint Action Syntax in Japanese Martial Arts." PLoS ONE 8, no. 9 (September 4, 2013): e72436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072436.

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Bowman, Paul. "Making Martial Arts History Matter." International Journal of the History of Sport 33, no. 9 (June 12, 2016): 915–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1212842.

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Souza-Junior, Tácito P., Bernardo N. Ide, Jeffer E. Sasaki, Rafael F. Lima, Cesar C. C. Abad, Richard D. Leite, Marcelo P. Barros, and Allan C. Utter. "Mixed Martial Arts: History, Physiology and Training Aspects." Open Sports Sciences Journal 8, no. 1 (September 8, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01508010001.

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to review current knowledge on exercise physiology and sports training that can be applied to develop training programs for Mixed Martial Arts. Methods: A non-systematic literature review was conducted to search for articles related to history, physiology and training of Mixed Martial Arts and other Martial Arts such as Judo, Wrestling, Jiu-Jitsu, and Karate. A review on aerobic, anaerobic, strength and power training was also conducted and directly related to Mixed Martial Arts training. Results: There is scarce scientific information about training methods and physiological responses to specific efforts in Mixed Martial Arts. Many studies were reviewed and meaningful information on physiology and training were summarized for application in Mixed Martial Arts. Conclusion: The present study provides a review on important physiology and training aspects for successful preparation of Mixed Martial Arts athletes.

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Cynarski, Wojciech J. "Social Stratification in Japanese and Some Other Martial Arts: A Comparison and Discussion of Changes." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 59, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2013-0024.

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Abstract Using the humanistic theory of martial arts and martial arts sociology, the author attempts to describe and explain the relationship between social stratification and martial arts. He asks whether a person’s position in the martial arts environment is, today, dependent on social background. He asks: Who could practice with weapons, and which weapons, a hundred years ago? Who can study in the ancient fencing schools today? The analysis includes martial arts in ancient Japan, Europe and Brazil as well as today. He finds that positions originally went to those in the privileged classes or social strata. Today, this does not matter. It can be concluded that there is simply a generational transmission of interest within families. Position in the martial arts, as in many other areas, is part of a person’s long-term effort to determine their own position in society, or “position developed independently”. Martial arts are part of the farreaching democratization and leveling of society. Positions inherited from father to son arise only very rarely. This mainly now happens only in the ancient ancestral schools.

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Lee, Kwanghee, Ilhoon Song, and Hwansuk Choi. "On the Origin of Baekje MILITARY MARTIAL ARTS and the Path and Inflow of Japanese Military Martial Arts." J-Institute 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/military.2021.6.2.01.

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Kleinschmidt, Harald, and Sydney Anglo. "The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe." Journal of Military History 65, no. 2 (April 2001): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677174.

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Sánchez García, Raúl. "An Introduction to The Historical Sociology of Japanese Martial Arts." Martial Arts Studies, no. 6 (July 23, 2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/mas.64.

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Cynarski, Wojciech J., and Jong-Hoon Yu. "Ethical values in jujutsu of Japanese origin." Physical Activity Review 9, no. 1 (2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2021.09.05.

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Background. The broad humanistic and socio-cultural theoretical perspectives applied to this research effort provides a foundation for the Humanistic Theory of Martial Arts and the anthropological Focus on martial arts used in this paper. Hence, conceptual language has been adopted for this investigation. The aim is to assess and identify the ethical values and pro-social perspectives accentuated by high ranking masters in the martial art of jujutsu. Specifically, this paper seeks to answer the question of which values are most often prioritized or stressed? Method. The discussion involves the analysis of a broad survey of scientific and expert literature. Quoted and compared are the opinions and perspectives of 11 Grand Masters of jujutsu, holders of the highest titles and master's degrees (i.e, 9-10 dan), are analyzed and presented as evidence. Results. Classical schools and their representatives uniformly accentuate the value of tradition. On the other hand, there is a trend toward modernization both in the content of teaching and in technical ideas. This modernization began with Jigoro Kano, whose followers are today seen as reformers. All present Grand Masters pay attention to the ethical values and educational aspects of martial arts, particularly with regard to jujutsu. Conclusions. Ethics in jujutsu extends, as a kind of continuum between the traditionalist Butoku (i.e, knightly virtues resulting from Bushido) and the axiology of Christian Europe. A general consensus exists as to its educational and pro-social values. Aspects may also include self-control, self-discipline, perseverance, and responsibility, which are shaped by long-term educational processes.

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Sunshine, Glenn S., and Sydney Anglo. "The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe." Sixteenth Century Journal 33, no. 1 (2002): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144328.

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Meyer, Martin, and Heiko Bittmann. "Why do People Train Martial Arts? Participation Motives of German and Japanese Karateka." Societies 8, no. 4 (December 17, 2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc8040128.

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Meyer’s (2012) qualitative research on motivation of German karateka initiated the coordinated research project Why Martial Arts? (WMA) to analyse motives in various martial arts styles, like jūdō, taiji, krav maga and wing chun. In 2017, the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) supported the transposition of the research question to Japanese karatedō and jūdō practitioners. For the German sub-study, 32 interviews were conducted about entry/participation motives, fascination categories, and reasons for choosing karatedō. The design of the Japanese sub-study was based on the aforementioned German study, but due to the higher number of participants (n = 106), a mixed method questionnaire was used and distributed via paper and online versions. The results demonstrate that many motivation categories of Japanese and German karatedō practitioners share similarities in importance and content, although the characteristics of motives can be very different—partly due to cultural specifics.

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Donohue, John. "Budo Mind and Body: Training Secrets of the Japanese Martial Arts." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 1, no. 4 (July 17, 2012): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v1i4.279.

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Cohen, Einat Bar-On. "Kime and the Moving Body: Somatic Codes in Japanese Martial Arts." Body & Society 12, no. 4 (December 2006): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x06070885.

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Hodges, K. "Drawing on Tradition: Translation, Martial Arts, and Japanese Anime in America." Genre 36, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2003): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00166928-36-1-2-189.

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Teo, Hsu-Ming. "Popular History and the Chinese Martial Arts Biopic." History Australia 8, no. 1 (January 2011): 42–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2011.11668356.

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Jeon, Jeong Woo. "An Analysis on Korea,China,Japan Martial Arts Image for Improvement in Variety of Korean Martial Arts -Focused on Japanese Viewpoints." Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 45 (August 31, 2011): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51979/kssls.2011.08.45.81.

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Füleky, András. "Some Interrelations among Martial Arts, Personality Development, and Military Career." Honvédségi Szemle 148, no. 1 (September 7, 2020): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35926/hdr.2020.1.5.

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In my study, I attempt to present a diverse set of requirements through which a valuable person may be characterized for a professional army in the long term, with the use of a scientific description of the concept of human talent. In the second half of the article, I explain in detail the personality-, character- and abil-ity-shaping effects of martial arts. Following the psychosocial development process introduced by Erikson I analyse the specific life-course model provided by Japanese martial arts, which focuses on the lifelong exercise of budō.

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Borg, Alan. "The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe, Sydney Anglo." English Historical Review 116, no. 465 (February 2001): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/116.465.206.

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Borg, A. "The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe, Sydney Anglo." English Historical Review 116, no. 465 (February 1, 2001): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/116.465.206.

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Nakajima, Tetsuya. "Book Review：The Historical Sociology of Japanese Martial Arts by Raúl Sánchez García." Martial Arts Studies, no. 11 (July 19, 2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/mas.124.

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ARRIGHI, GILLIAN. "Circus and Sumo: Tradition, Innovation and Opportunism at the Australian Circus." Theatre Research International 37, no. 3 (September 4, 2012): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883312000910.

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This article examines an early example of martial arts performance in Australia occasioned by the tour of – purportedly – the first team of sumo wrestlers to leave Japan. By examining the performances and reception of the Japanese sumo wrestlers against the backdrop of international political relations, which included the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–5, this study contributes to our understanding of the transnational circulation of the martial arts on popular stages, and to our understanding of the circus as a politically dynamic site that nurtured performative transnational encounters. The case of the sumo wrestlers reveals, furthermore, ways in which the popular stage of the circus worked to undermine negative racial stereotypes prevalent in Australia's homeland culture.

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Dodd, Simon Alexander, and David Brown. "Kata – The true essence of Budo martial arts?" Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 11, no. 1 (June 25, 2016): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v11i1.3693.

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<p class="BodyA">This paper uses documentary research techniques to analyse the use of <em>kata, </em>forms, in the Japanese martial arts. Following an introduction on the existence of <em>kata </em>practice, using existing sources of information the paper first examines the spiritual developments of <em>bushido, </em>secondly, the social changes that led to the redevelopment of <em>bujutsu </em>into <em>budo </em>is scrutinsised. Next, the position of <em>kata </em>in relation to <em>budo </em>martial arts is explored followed by a discussion on the use of <em>kata</em> as a pedagogy. Finally, <em>kata </em>is repositioned in light of the contextual expansion investigated demonstrating how <em>kata </em>could represent the intended essence of <em>budo </em>as well a culturally-valued, spiritual pedagogy.</p>

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MacLeod, Douglas. "The American Martial Arts Film (review)." Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies 35, no. 1 (2005): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/flm.2005.0021.

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Coffman, Tom. "Bayonets in Paradise: Martial Law in Hawai'i During World War II." Law and History Review 36, no. 3 (August 2018): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248018000226.

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Justice Frank Murphy once wrote that two aspects of World War II could only be forgotten at our peril. One was the indiscriminate incarceration of Japanese aliens and Japanese Americans. The other was 4 years of martial law in Hawai'i. We have cried “Never Again” to the first but forgotten the second. Therefore, it is at long last that the legal scholars Harry and Jane Scheiber have excavated why and how an unprecedented military rule occurred and how stubbornly it clung to power.

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Gutiérrez García, Carlos, Mikel Pérez Gutiérrez, William Acevedo, and Mei Cheung. "Los luchadores japoneses tienen más destreza y arte que los luchadores chinos, o cuando el contexto importa más que el texto." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 5, no. 1 (July 13, 2012): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v5i1.123.

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<p class="AMresumen">The present study proposes a reflection on different elements (political, economic, military, social, cultural…) that condition the perception, introduction and acceptance of the martial arts in other cultures. Particularly several Chinese and Japanese martial arts articles that were published in different Spanish illustrated magazines (1899-early 20<sup>th</sup> century) are analyzed. Then we point out differences between the international success of Japan and its <em>jujutsu</em>, when compared to the difficulties that China faced at that time and the lack of representation of its martial practices in such international context.</p>

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Fan, Haichao. "Integration of National Complex and Sports Techniques: A View on the Historical Media of the Chinese Martial Arts from Unification of Martial Arts (1934-1935)." World Journal of Social Science Research 5, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v5n1p44.

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<p><em>The Unification of Martial Arts was an important publication about martial arts during the period of the Republic of China. As a media for communication, it exerted a huge positive impact on spreading traditional Chinese martial arts in its ways and the contents. Therefore, this paper explores this journal through the method of literature and logic analysis. The study finds that, in terms of the content spreading, Unification of Martial Arts mainly has analyzed the martial arts from its unified concept, its ambitious thought of building China into a powerful nation, the basic knowledge of martial arts, its history and the legendary stories related to it. In terms of the ways, photographs have become an important carrier of martial arts techniques and a way of expressing national complex. The communication and investigation have presented the readers with a learning platform for interaction. Meanwhile, the dissemination of information about other sports has broken through the limitation in martial arts communication, demonstrating the inclusive spirit in the sporting world.</em></p>

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Hauser, William B., and G. Cameron Hurst III. "Armed Martial Arts of Japan: Swordsmanship and Archery." American Historical Review 104, no. 5 (December 1999): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649379.

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Hobart, Peter. "Manadas & lobos solitarios. Entrevista con Ellis Amdur sobre las tradiciones marciales japonesas." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 4, no. 3 (July 16, 2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v4i3.178.

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<p>There are some significant differences in the manner that the classical Japanese martial arts are practiced in the East and in the West. Among these are the student-teacher relationship, the degree of formality and the level of emphasis on etiquette in the dojo. In this interview, noted martial arts teacher Ellis Amdur, who spent thirteen of his more than forty years of martial practice studying in Japan, explores these and other concepts, vital to anyone who wishes to understand the way these arts are (or were) taught in the country of their origin. He also discusses the two particular martial systems (<em>koryu</em>) which he is licensed to teach: Araki-ryu, a rugged system that emphasizes close combat; and Toda-ha Buko-ryu, a system specializing in the use of the naginata against a variety of weapons.</p>

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Figueiredo, Abel A., Wiesław Błach, Zbigniew Bujak, Roland J. Maroteaux, and Wojciech J. Cynarski. "Martial Arts Tourism of the “Europe—Far East” Direction, in the Opinion of Grand Masters." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 25, 2020): 8857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218857.

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Martial arts tourism is a form of cultural, sports and educational tourism that requires special recognition; particularly important is knowledge about martial arts. The sources of this practical knowledge are especially high-ranking masters. The scientific problem raised here involves the issue of high-ranking martial arts teachers taking trips for their own studies (to acquire knowledge and skills) and teaching others. Some of the questions addressed include how often the trips occur (single, sporadic, or multiple, regular), what their effects are, and what their meaning is—in the opinion of these experts. The “Martial Arts Tourism” questionnaire was addressed to N = 12 people, masters/teachers of high-rank in martial arts (level 7–10 dan/toan) who live and teach in Europe and the USA, but come from Europe. They are the holders of the highest degrees in Chinese, Japanese and Korean styles. Further questions were asked through direct correspondence. The collected statements were usedby means of qualitative analysis—as in the method of ‘expert courts’/’competent judges’. The respondents in most cases undertook trips from Europe to East Asia for their own learning. They teach themselves mainly in their own countries and in Europe. Stays rarely lasted over two weeks. The respondents are convinced of the legitimacy of this type of trip, and believe that the trips are very helpful on the way to mastery. None of the respondents mentioned the material forms of cultural heritage pertaining to martial arts as motives for the trips. Therefore, the ability to visit historic places is a marginal concern. The trips were directly linked to a career path and self-improvement in martial arts, learning or teaching.

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Jaquet, Daniel, Claus Frederik Sørensen, and Fabrice Cognot. "Historical European Martial Art a crossroad between academic research, martial heritage re-creation and martial sport practices." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/apd-2015-0001.

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Abstract Historical European martial arts (HEMA) have to be considered an important part of our common European cultural heritage. Studies within this field of research have the potential to enlighten the puzzle posed by past societies, for example in the field of history, history of science and technology, or fields related to material culture. The military aspects of history are still to be considered among the most popular themes of modern times, generating huge public interest. In the last few decades, serious HEMA study groups have started appearing all over the world – focusing on re-creating a lost martial art. The terminology “Historical European Martial Arts” therefore also refers to modem-day practices of ancient martial arts. Many of these groups focus on a “hands-on” approach, thus bringing practical experience and observation to enlighten their interpretation of the source material. However, most of the time, they do not establish inquiries based on scientific research, nor do they follow methodologies that allow for a critical analysis of the findings or observations. This paper will therefore propose and discuss, ideas on how to bridge the gap between enthusiasts and scholars; since their embodied knowledge, acquired by practice, is of tremendous value for scientific inquiries and scientific experimentation. It will also address HEMA practices in the context of modern day acceptance of experimental (or experiential) processes and their value for research purposes and restoration of an historical praxis. The goal is therefore to sketch relevant methodological and theoretical elements, suitable for a multidisciplinary approach, to HEMA, where the “H” for “historical” matters.

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Rawnsley, Ming-Yeh T. "Chinese Martial Arts Cinema: the Wuxia tradition." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 31, no. 1 (March 2011): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439685.2011.553444.

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Teo, Stephen. "Confucian Orientalism and Western Outlook in Martial Arts Film." Journal of Chinese Film Studies 1, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcfs-2021-0006.

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Abstract This paper discusses the martial arts genre with reference to the films of the Japanese master Kurosawa Akira and the Chinese director Zhang Yimou, discussing how both directors converge in their themes and styles through the concept of “Eastern Orientalism.” Such Orientalism is based on Confucian precepts of zhengming (rectification of names), chaos theory, and the defense of the people undertaken by militaristic but heroic individual protagonists (samurai or xia). In raising the issue of Orientalism, the paper probes into the Western perceptions of the genre and the imperative of directors like Kurosawa and Zhang in pandering to Western tastes. However, these same directors seem equally preoccupied with fostering a sense of self and nationalistic expression in their response to and treatment of Orientalized content. The paper concludes with a discussion on The Great Wall (2016) as a comparative review of the Western and Eastern viewpoints at play in the US-China co-production. Here the analysis revolves around the issue of sameness, dramatized as a main theme in the film.

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Cho, Jong Kyun, and Cindy Park. "A Study on the Required Curriculum Process of Martial Arts Education in Japanese." Korean Journal of History for Physical Education, Sport, and Dance 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24826/khspesd.22.2.4.

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Madden, Margaret E. "Perceived Vulnerability and Control of Martial Arts and Physical Fitness Students." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3 (June 1995): 899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3.899.

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Anecdotal reports and limited research suggest that enrolling in self-defense courses can enhance feelings of control and reduce feelings of vulnerability; however, much self-defense is taught in the context of martial arts courses. To assess the effects of martial arts courses on perceptions of vulnerability and control, 83 students in physical fitness and 59 students in martial arts courses at 10 randomly chosen large universities responded to questionnaires. Martial arts students scored lower on control, higher on vulnerability, and higher on perceived likelihood of being injured than fitness students while enrolled in their courses. A year later, regardless of whether they had continued training, they scored higher on control and lower on vulnerability. Neither gender nor prior history of assault was related to responses. Enrolling in martial arts courses may not enhance people's feelings of control, at least in the initial stages of training.

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Bielec, Grzegorz, Bartosz Dziadek, Zbigniew Borysiuk, and Wojciech J. Cynarski. "Budo in Physical Recreation as a Form of Rapprochement to Nature." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 6951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126951.

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Martial arts, or budo in Japanese, are practiced recreationally on a global scale. Is there a relation between the regular practice/training of various fighting arts and the attitude of these people towards the natural world? Does budo educate in this direction? Representatives of various fighting arts (n = 145) were examined using a diagnostic survey. It was found that the attitude of the respondents to nature and ecology was positive for the majority of the respondents (almost 74%). This applied to both men and women and was not determined by the level of education. The type of martial art or combat sport practiced did not differentiate this attitude.

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Patterson, William R. "El papel del Bushido en el auge del nacionalismo japonés previo a la Segunda Guerra Mundial." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 3, no. 4 (July 19, 2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v3i4.386.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Though some attention has been given to the role that Bushido (the ethical system of the samurai) may have played in the development of nationalism in post-Meiji Japan, the martial arts themselves have largely been absolved of any complicity. I argue in this article that the martial arts did in fact play a role in the rise of Japanese nationalism and therefore share some of the blame for the events that took place leading up to and during the Second World War. The article demonstrates how the martial arts were used to popularize the precepts of Bushido and how these precepts in turn lead to the growth of expansionist nationalism. It also shows how the martial arts were used in the educational system and the military to inculcate the Bushido notions of honor and loyalty in the general public.</span></span></span></p>

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Tao, Lingrong. "Application of Data Mining in the Analysis of Martial Arts Athlete Competition Skills and Tactics." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (April 3, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5574152.

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In martial arts, data mining technologies are used to describe and analyze the moves of athletes and changes in the process and sequences. Martial arts is a process in which athletes use all kinds of strengths and actions to make offensive and defensive changes according to the tactics of opponents. One such martial arts is Wushu arts as it has a long history in reference to Chinese martial arts. During the Wushu competition, Wushu athletes show their adaptability and technical level in complex, random, and nonlinear competitive abilities, organized and systematic skills, tactics, and position movement. Using data mining techniques, in-depth mining a particular type of martial arts competition technology and tactics behind statistical data, and using the data to find the law of change to solve some problems, for martial arts athletes in daily training to develop technology and tactics and improve competition results, is the practical significance of data mining in martial arts athletes competition. This research explored the relationship between goal-oriented and mental intensity and their effect on competitive success outcomes.

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Michot, Yahya, and Lina Stas. "Ibn Taymiyya's Fatwa on Martial Arts Training." Muslim World 108, no. 3 (July 2018): 419–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12235.

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