Dissertations / Theses: 'Jatropha curcas seed oil'

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Rizzardo, RÃmulo Augusto Guedes. "The africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) for pollination and seed oil production in Jatropha curcas (L.)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7808.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the feasibility of using the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) for pollination and yield increment in Jatropha curcas L. crops. Therefore, the floral biology and pollination process of J. curcas were studied as well as the foraging behavior and pollination efficiency of A. mellifera in this crop by the introduction of four colonies in a hectare. The work was carried out in a five years-old commercial plantation comprising 10ha, in the state of PiauÃ, (08Â32â19,0âS and 43Â56â19,7âW, 220 meters above sea level), Brazil, from March to July, 2009. Flowers were presented in protogynous inflorescences and the anthesis and most of pollen presentation took place mainly in the morning shift. Inflorescences last, in average, 20 days, with female flowers concentrating in the first third of the period and male flowers predominating in the second third, in a relation of 18.1:1 male/ female flower. Although this may favor xenogamy, the stigma receptivity lasts for, at least, five days ensuring the flower to reach the period of most pollen release in its own inflorescence, facilitating the occurrence of geitonogamy. Flowers pollinated up to four days after anthesis did not differ (p>0.05) in fruit setting to those pollinated in the first, second or third day after anthesis. Foraging by A. mellifera occurs throughout the day and peaks between 13h00min and 15h00min and is characteristic of nectar harvesting both in male and female flowers. Only one visit by A. mellifera to J. curcas flowers set 100% producing results similar (p>0,05) to those from manual xenogamy (96%), manual geitonogamy (94%) and open pollination (93%). However, only one visit by a bee was not enough to maximize the oil content per seed (213mg) in comparison to the open pollination and geitonogamy treatments (both 250mg). Besides that, it was possible to observe that geitonogamy led to greater oil production than xenogamy (237mg). It is concluded that A. mellifera is an efficient pollinator of this crop. The introduction of four honey bee colonies per hectare maximize oil production and produce the best results for all parameters studied. Furthermore, only one visit by the honey bee to J. curcas flowers was enough to prevent pollination deficit in this crop.
O objetivo desta tese foi investigar a possibilidade da utilizaÃÃo de Apis mellifera L. na polinizaÃÃo e incremento de produtividade da cultura do pinhÃo manso (Jatropha curcas L.). Para tanto, foi estudado a biologia floral e a polinizaÃÃo do pinhÃo manso bem como o comportamento forrageiro e a eficiÃncia polinizadora de Apis mellifera. O trabalho foi realizado em 10ha de plantio comercial jÃ estabelecido, com cinco anos de idade, no estado do PiauÃ, (08Â32â19,0âS e 43Â56â19,7âW e 220 metros de altitude), entre os meses de marÃo e julho de 2009. A antese das flores do pinhÃo manso, distribuÃdas em cimos com carÃter protogÃnico, ocorre basicamente no perÃodo matinal, bem como a maior oferta de pÃlen. As inflorescÃncias duram, em mÃdia, 20 dias, com maior concentraÃÃo de flores femininas no terÃo inicial e de masculinas, no terÃo mÃdio, com relaÃÃo de 18,1 flores masculinas para cada feminina. Embora esse fato favoreÃa a xenogamia, a receptividade do estigma por, pelo menos, cinco dias, garante a flor alcanÃar o perÃodo de maior oferta de pÃlen no prÃprio cimo, oportunizando a geitonogamia. As flores polinizadas atÃ o quarto dia frutificam da mesma forma que aquelas polinizadas no primeiro, segundo e terceiro dias apÃs antese, nÃo havendo diferenÃas significativas. O forrageamento por A. mellifera ocorre durante todo o dia, com maior pico entre 13h00m e 15h00m e Ã tÃpico de coleta de nÃctar, tanto nas flores masculinas quanto nas femininas. Apenas uma visita da abelha Ãs flores acarreta em 100% de vingamento, mostrando resultado semelhante, (p>0,05), aos tratamentos de xenogamia manual (96%), geitonogamia manual (94%), e polinizaÃÃo aberta (93%). PorÃm, uma visita apenas, nÃo Ã suficiente para produzir maior quantidade de Ãleo por semente (213mg), em comparaÃÃo com o tratamento de polinizaÃÃo aberta, e por geitonogamia (250mg). AlÃm disto, foi possÃvel constatar que hÃ maior produÃÃo de Ãleo por geitonogamia e nÃo por xenogamia (237mg). Conclui-se que a Apis mellifera Ã um polinizador eficiente da cultura. Sua introduÃÃo, com quatro colÃnias por hectare, maximiza a produÃÃo de Ãleo e produz os melhores resultados para todos os parÃmetros avaliados. AlÃm disso, apenas uma visita da abelha melÃfera Ãs flores do pinhÃo manso Ã suficiente para prevenir dÃficit de polinizaÃÃo.

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Jereissati, Camila Barbosa Pinheiro. "Proteomic analysis of plastids the endosperm of developing seeds of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13786.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Jatropha curcas L. is a plant native to America and belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. Currently it is gaining economical interest mainly because it is an oilseed crop with potential to produce biodiesel. However, presence of phorbol esters (a class of diterpenes) that are the major toxic constituents of the seeds, limits a better usage of the plant, by making the use of the residue, obtained after the oil extraction from the seeds, unfeasible for animal feed, due to its pro-carcinogenic activity and inflammatory action. Proteomic analysis of the plastids isolated from developing seeds of Jatropha is important because the synthesis of fatty acid as well as phorbol esters, the two most attractive compounds in the study of Jatropha curcas, occur in plastids. Proteomic analysis of this organelle is crucial to better understand and explore not only the biosynthetic pathway of these two compounds but other metabolic pathways , and addtionaly providing foundation for researchs that aimed to develope genotypes with more suitable characteristics for industrial applications. In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis of plastids isolated from the endosperm of developing Jatropha curcas seeds that were in the initial stage of deposition of protein and lipid reserves. Proteins extracted from the plastids were digested with trypsin, and the peptides were applied to an EASY-nano LC system coupled online to an ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer, and this led to the identification of 1103 proteins representing 804 protein groups, of which 923 were considered as true identifications, and this considerably expands the repertoire of J. curcas proteins identified so far. Of the identified proteins, only five are encoded in the plastid genome, and none of them are involved in photosynthesis, evidentiating the nonphotosynthetic nature of the isolated plastids. Homologues for 824 out of 923 identified proteins were present in three different plastids proteins databases i.e. PPDB, SUBA and PlProt, while homologues for 13 proteins were not found in any of these three databases but were marked as plastidial by at least one of the three prediction programs used (TargetP, ChloroP and PlantMPloc). Functional classification showed that proteins belonging to amino acids metabolism comprise the main functional class, followed by carbohydrate, energy, and lipid metabolisms. The small and large subunits of Rubisco were identified, and their presence in plastids is considered to be an adaptive feature counterbalancing for the loss of one-third of the carbon as CO2 as a result of the conversion of carbohydrate to oil through glycolysis. While several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of several precursors of diterpenoids were identified, we were unable to identify any terpene synthase/cyclase, which suggests that the plastids isolated from the endosperm of developing seeds do not synthesize phorbol esters. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the major biosynthetic pathways and certain unique features of the plastids from the endosperm of developing seeds at the whole proteome level.
O pinhÃo manso (Jatropha curcas L.) Ã uma planta nativa da AmÃrica, pertencente Ã famÃlia Euphorbiaceae. Atualmente, ela desperta interesse econÃmico principalmente por se tratar de uma oleaginosa com potencial para a produÃÃo de biodiesel. Entretanto, a presenÃa de Ãsteres de forbol (uma classe de diterpeno), que sÃo os principais constituintes tÃxicos das sementes, limita uma melhor utilizaÃÃo dessa planta, por inviabilizar o uso do resÃduo de extraÃÃo do Ãleo das sementes na alimentaÃÃo animal, bem como, por apresentar atividade prÃ-carcinogÃnica e aÃÃo inflamatÃria. A anÃlise proteÃmica de plastÃdeos, isolados de sementes em desenvolvimento de pinhÃo manso, Ã uma importante vertente de estudo, pois tanto a sÃntese de Ãcidos graxos como dos Ãsteres de forbol, os dois compostos mais atrativos no estudo de Jatropha curcas, ocorrem nos plastÃdeos. O estudo proteÃmico dessa organela torna-se crucial para melhor compreender e explorar nÃo somente as vias biossintÃticas desses dois compostos, como de outras vias metabÃlicas, alÃm de proporcionar um conjunto de dados que pode ser utilizado em pesquisas voltadas para o desenvolvimento de genÃtipos com caracterÃsticas mais adequadas para aplicaÃÃes industriais. No presente trabalho, realizou-se uma anÃlise proteÃmica de plastÃdeos isolados do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento do pinhÃo manso, que estavam nos estÃgios iniciais de deposiÃÃo de lipÃdios e proteÃnas de reserva (25-30DAA), confirmados por meio de anÃlises histolÃgica e histoquÃmica. As proteÃnas extraÃdas dos plastÃdeos foram digeridas com tripsina e os peptÃdeos foram aplicados no sistema de nano-LC EASYII acoplado online ao espectrÃmetro de massa nano ESI LTQ-Orbitrap velos, o que resultou na identificaÃÃo 1103 proteÃnas, representando 804 grupos de proteÃnas, dos quais 923 foram consideradas identificaÃÃes verdadeiras. Isso expandiu consideravelmente o repertÃrio de proteÃnas do pinhÃo manso atÃ agora identificas. Dentre as proteÃnas identificadas, apenas 5 sÃo codificadas pelo genoma plastidial, e nenhuma delas estÃ envolvida na fotossÃntese, o que evidencia a natureza nÃo fotossintÃtica dos plastÃdeos isolados. HomÃlogos de 824, dentre as 923 proteÃnas identificadas, estavam presentes nos bancos de dados PPDB, SUBA e PlProt, enquanto homÃlogos para 13 proteÃnas nÃo foram encontrados em nenhum dos trÃs bancos de dados plastidiais, mas foram detectados como plastidiais por pelo menos um dos trÃs programas de prediÃÃo de localizaÃÃo subcelular utilizados (TargetP, ChloroP, PlantMPloc). A classificaÃÃo funcional mostrou que a maioria das proteÃnas identificadas pertencia ao metabolismo dos aminoÃcidos, seguido dos metabolismos dos carboidratos, energÃtico e dos lipÃdios. As subunidades maiores e menores da Rubisco foram identificadas, e sua presenÃa nos plastÃdeos foi considerada uma caracterÃstica adaptativa para contrabalancear a perda de um terÃo do carbono na forma de CO2 como um resultado da conversÃo de carboidratos em Ãleo atravÃs da glicÃlise. Apesar de enzimas envolvidas na biossÃntese de diversos precursores dos diterpenÃides terem sido identificadas, nÃo foi detectado nenhuma terpeno sintase/ciclase, o que sugere que os plastÃdeos isolados do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento nÃo sintetizam Ãsteres de forbol, apesar de uma grande quantidade desse composto ser encontrada neste tecido. Como conclusÃo, o presente trabalho proporciona insights sobre as principais vias biossÃntÃticas, e sobre caracterÃsticas peculiares dos plastideos isolados do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento.

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Romuli, Sebastian [Verfasser]. "Process optimisation of oil and protein recovery from Jatropha curcas L. seeds in terms of hulling, shelling and mechanical extraction for improved efficiency and product quality / Sebastian Romuli." Aachen : Shaker, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149278633/34.

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He, Wei. "Biochemical and genetic analyses of Jatropha curcas L. seed composition." Thesis, University of York, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1941/.

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Diminishing worldwide fossil fuel reserves coupled with the negative impact of their use on the environment has led to increased research and development of renewable energy sources. Renewable liquid biofuels are in demand for the transport sector, particularly if they can be used directly in existing internal combustion engines. Jatropha curcas L. is a perennial plant which belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. J. curcas seeds contain about 30% oil which is suitable for biodiesel production, and therefore it has received global interest as a source of biofuel. However, to date J. curcas has not been put through any stringent breeding program for traits improvement and thus has not reached its full potential. Improving seed yield, seed oil quality and quantity is necessary for large scale biodiesel production, and developing other by products will add to the economic value of this crop. Apart from oil, J. curcas seeds also contain a high percentage of proteins, which makes the seed meal potentially useful as animal feed. However, seeds from most of the current global J. curcas plantations in Asia and Africa are characterized as non-edible, due to the existence of a few toxins or antinutrients. Phorbol esters have been considered as the main toxic agent. Edible provenances exist in Mexico which are devoid of phorbol esters. Among the other toxins, curcin (a type I ribosome inactivating protein) levels have not been reported for the edible and non-edible varieties. To improve our understanding of J. curcas natural variation and biochemical composition, seed samples were collected from a variety of locations in Madagascar, Mexico, and purchased from five other countries. Seed oil content, fatty acid composition and phorbol esters content were measured to establish the diversity in these traits. Seed oil content and fatty acid composition was found to vary in seeds collected from different sites, and oleate and linoleate composition were found to correlate strongly with cultivation site temperature indicating the importance of environmental conditions for the production of an optimal feedstock for biodiesel. Phorbol esters were found to be present in all seed samples originating from outside Mexico, and in the Mexican provenance Rosario Chiapas. All other Mexican samples lacked phorbol esters. This suggests that the presence of phorbol esters is a qualitative trait. AFLP analysis revealed that most genetic variation was present in Mexican samples, with all material originating from outside Mexico showing very limited genetic diversity. Edible samples and non-edible samples were found to be genetically distinct, with the edible samples forming a single cluster. The large amount of variation in oil quantity and quality in Madagascan samples, together with the limited genetic diversity in these samples, implies that J. curcas seed oil is largely influenced by environmental factors. Seed curcin levels were determined in the edible and non-edible varieties. The results showed that curcin levels are equally abundant in both varieties. This demonstrates that curcin is not playing any significant role in determining seed edibility and is consistent with the predominant role understood to be played by phorbol esters in determining this trait. The spatial and temporal expression of different curcin genes was further examined. Four curcin genes showed different patterns of expression with seed and leaf specific patterns of expression being identified. Further analyses revealed that CURCIN2 is induced in mature leaves in response to various abiotic stresses. Furthermore it appears that the induction of CURCIN2 in response to wounding is regulated via the JA (jasmonic acid) signalling pathway. Together these results represent a valuable addition to the knowledge base underpinning the development of J. curcas as an industrial crop through molecular breeding.

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Shah, Mohibullah. "Proteome analysis of developing seeds of Jatropha curcas L." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11638.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is an important crop due to its ability of storing high content of oil in the seeds, which can serve as raw material for biodiesel production. Because of the presence of toxic constituents like phorbol esters (PEs) and curcins, the seed cake produced as a result of oil extraction cannot be utilize for animal feed. Development of the genotypes better suited for the industrial applications and biodiesel production as well as with lower level of toxic constituents is being hampered by a lack of understanding about the a) proteins related to the biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids (FAs) and triacylglycerides (TAGs), b) role of proteins deposited during seed development and c) proteins related to the synthesis and storage of toxic compounds during seed development. Agreeing with this, we have performed the anatomical analysis of the developing seeds of J. curcas, followed by the proteome analysis of the endosperm isolated from the seeds of J. curcas at five different developmental stages, which resulted into the identification of the 1517, 1256, 1033, 752 and 307 proteins, from Stage 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, respectively, summing up to a total of 1760 proteins. Proteins with similar expression pattern were grouped into five different clusters and protein quantification based on spectral counts was determined. Besides identification of the proteins involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of the FAs and TAGs, we also identified a large number of proteins involved in the metabolism of the carbohydrates, which are important for supplying energy and carbon source for the synthesis of TAGs in heterotrophic seeds. Among the members of different classes of seed storage proteins (SSPs), we have identified four SSPs named as nutrients reservoir, which in contrast to the other SSPs showed decreasing deposition pattern during seeds development and revealed to have special role during seed development. In addition, peptidases belong to different mechanistic classes were identified, which have a range of functions, highlighting the role in reserve mobilization during germination. Isoforms of curcin were also identified in this proteome analysis which were absent in our previous proteome analysis of the other tissues from these seeds, suggesting that the deposition of these toxic proteins only occur in the endosperm. Similarly, several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of diterpenoid precursors were identified in this proteome analysis but, like in our previous proteome analysis of the other tissues from J. curcas seeds,we were unable to identify any terpene synthase/cyclase, enzymes responsible for the synthesis of PEs, which collectively suggesting that the synthesis of PEs may not occur in seeds of this plant. In conclusion, the strategy used here enabled us to provide a first in depth proteome analysis of the endosperm from J. curcas developing seeds, which along with providing information regarding important aspects of the seed development, also set the foundation of a proteomic approach to study biotechnologically important plant species.
PinhÃo manso (Jatropha curcas L.) Ã uma cultura importante devido Ã sua habilidade em armazenar alto conteÃdo de Ãleo nas sementes, as quais podem servir como matÃria-prima para a produÃÃo de biodiesel. Devido Ã presenÃa de constituintes tÃxicos como Ãsteres de forbol e curcina, a torta da semente produzida como resultado da extraÃÃo do Ãleo nÃo pode ser utilizada na alimentaÃÃo animal. O desenvolvimento de genÃtipos mais adequados a aplicaÃÃes industriais e Ã produÃÃo de biodiesel assim como apresentando baixos nÃveis de constituintes tÃxicos estÃ sendo prejudicado pela falta de entendimento sobre a) proteÃnas relacionadas a biossÃntese e degradaÃÃo de Ãcidos graxos e triacilglicerÃis, b) o papel de proteÃnas depositadas durante o desenvolvimento da semente e c) proteÃnas relacionadas Ã sÃntese e reserva de compostos tÃxicos durante o desenvolvimento da semente. Diante disso, nÃs realizamos uma anÃlise anatÃmica de sementes em desenvolvimento de J. curcas, seguido por uma anÃlise proteÃmica do endosperma isolado de sementes dessa espÃcie em cinco diferentes estÃgios de desenvolvimento, o que resultou na identificaÃÃo de 1517, 1256, 1033, 752 e 307 proteÃnas, dos estÃgios 6, 7, 8, 9 e 10, respectivamente, somando um total de 1760 proteÃnas. ProteÃnas com padrÃo de expressÃo similar foram agrupadas em cinco grupos diferentes e a quantificaÃÃo das proteÃnas baseada na contagem dos espectros foi determinada. AlÃm da identificaÃÃo das proteÃnas envolvidas na biossÃntese e degradaÃÃo de FAs e TAGs, nÃs identificamos um grande nÃmero de proteÃnas envolvidas no metabolismo de carboidratos, as quais sÃo importantes para o fornecimento de energia e fontes de carbono para a sÃntese de TAGs em sementes heterotrÃficas. Entre os membros de diferentes classes de proteÃnas de reservas de sementes (SSPs), nÃs identificamos quatro SSPs denominadas reservatÃrios de sementes, que em contraste as outras SSPs mostraram decrÃscimo no padrÃo de deposiÃÃo e revelaram ter um papel especial durante o desenvolvimento da semente. Em adiÃÃo, peptidases pertencentes a diferentes classes mecanÃsticas foram identificadas destacando o papel da mobilizaÃÃo de reservas durante a germinaÃÃo. Isoformas da curcina ausentes em nossas anÃlises proteÃmicas prÃvias de outros tecidos da semente foram identificadas sugerindo que a deposiÃÃo dessas proteÃnas tÃxicas sÃ ocorre no endosperma. Similarmente, vÃrias enzimas envolvidas na biosÃntese de precursores de diterpenÃides foram identificadas nessa anÃlise proteÃmica, mas como em nossas prÃvias anÃlises proteÃmicas de outros tecidos de sementes de J. curcas, nÃs nÃo fomos capazes de identificar sintases/ciclases de terpenos, enzimas responsÃveis pela sÃntese de PEs, o que coletivamente sugere que a sÃntese desses compostos pode nÃo ocorrer nas sementes dessa planta. Em conclusÃo, a estratÃgia utilizada nos fornece a primeira anÃlise proteÃmica profunda do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento de J. curcas, o que alÃm de fornecer informaÃÃes sobre aspectos importantes do desenvolvimento da semente, tambÃm estabelece a base para uma pesquisa proteÃmica com o objetivo de estudar espÃcies vegetais importantes biotecnologicamente.

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Soares, Emanoella Lima. "Seed ontogeny and proteomic analysis of the internal integument of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15250.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
The economic importance of J. curcas is due to the high amount of oil accumulated in their seeds, specifically in the endosperm. In this context, the events related to the endosperm formation and the accumulation of toxic compounds in the seeds could help in the production of varieties that produce more oil and are less toxic. Thus, anatomical, proteomic and gene expression analysis were made with J. curcas seeds to contribute with the knowledge about physiologic events related with the formation of endosperm and the processes of synthesis and accumulation of phorbol esters. The anatomical analysis showed the maternal tissue responsible for the nutrients transfer to the endosperm and contributed to fill the gaps present in the literature about the anatomy of J. curcas seeds. The inner integument is the maternal tissue that presents the vasculature of the mother plant and is the responsible for the nutrition of the endosperm through the process of programmed cell death (PCD). Based on this result proteomic analysis of two anatomically different regions of the inner integument, named as proximal and distal, were performed. The identified proteins indicated that the inner integument pass through PCD in different degrees in the proximal and distal regions and that in this tissue there is a spatial distribution between catabolism and anabolism. In the proximal region especially hydrolases were identified and in the distal region storage proteins and proteins of biosynthetic pathways were prevalent. The gene expression analysis had two purposes: first, verify wether the transcripts levels of the genes likely involved in PCD, whose proteins were identified and quantified in the proteomic analysis, were related to the protein abundance and second, identify the site of synthesis of the committed enzyme in the phorbol esters biosynthesis, the casbene synthase, through a study with root, leaf, embryo, inner integument and endosperm and 14 putative genes of the mentioned enzyme. The results indicated that the proteins related to PCD must be controlled at transcript level. Nine putative genes from casbene synthase were expressed in roots and one of them was expressed in the leaf and embryo. This work denotes the role of PCD in the inner integument to the development of the seed and also demonstrates the transitory nature of storage of this tissue. In addition gives notation that the seed, despite of accumulates phorbol esters, do not synthesizes these compounds, but probably import them from roots.
A importÃncia econÃmica da espÃcie J. curcas deve-se a grande quantidade de Ãleo acumulada em suas sementes, especificamente no endosperma. Os eventos relacionados Ã formaÃÃo do endosperma e ao acÃmulo de compostos tÃxicos nas sementes podem auxiliar na produÃÃo de variedades com maior produÃÃo de Ãleo e menos tÃxicas. Visando isso, foram realizadas anÃlises anatÃmicas, proteÃmicas e de expressÃo de genes nas sementes de J. curcas para contribuir com o entendimento sobre os eventos fisiolÃgicos associados Ã formaÃÃo do endosperma e aos processos de sÃntese e acÃmulo dos Ãsteres de forbol. A anÃlise anatÃmica mostrou o tecido maternal responsÃvel pela transferÃncia de nutrientes para o endosperma e contribuiu para resolver lacunas existentes na literatura sobre a anatomia de sementes de J. curcas. O integumento interno Ã o tecido maternal que apresenta a vascularizaÃÃo da planta-mÃe e Ã o responsÃvel pela nutriÃÃo do endosperma atravÃs do processo de morte celular programada (PCD). Com base nesse resultado, realizou-se uma anÃlise proteÃmica do integumento interno na regiÃo proximal e distal ao endosperma, uma vez que as caracterÃsticas celulares indicativas de PCD nesse tecido se apresentavam diferentes nessas regiÃes. As proteÃnas identificadas indicaram que o integumento interno sofre PCD em diferentes graus nas diferentes regiÃes e que nesse tecido hÃ uma distribuiÃÃo espacial entre catabolismo e anabolismo, pois na regiÃo proximal identificaram-se principalmente hidrolases e na regiÃo distal proteÃnas de reserva e de vias biossintÃticas. A anÃlise de expressÃo de genes teve dois propÃsitos: primeiro, verificar se os nÃveis de transcritos de genes possivelmente relacionados Ã PCD, cujas proteÃnas foram identificadas e quantificadas na anÃlise proteÃmica, estavam relacionados Ã abundÃncia de proteÃnas e o segundo foi identificar o local de sÃntese da enzima comprometida na biossÃntese dos Ãsteres de forbol, a sintase do casbeno, atravÃs de um estudo com raiz, folha, embriÃo, integumento interno e endosperma e 14 genes candidatos Ã enzima mencionada. Os resultados indicaram que as proteÃnas relacionadas Ã PCD devem ser controladas no Ãmbito transcricional. Nove genes candidatos Ã sintase do casbeno foram expressos em raiz e um deles foi expresso na folha e no embriÃo. Este trabalho evidencia o papel da PCD no integumento interno para o desenvolvimento da semente, alÃm de demonstrar a natureza transitÃria de reserva desse tecido. Adicionalmente, dÃ indÃcios de que a semente, apesar de acumular Ãsteres de forbol, nÃo sintetiza esses compostos, mas possivelmente os importa das raÃzes.

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Madanayake, Buddhike Neminda. "Characterization and pre-treatment of Jatropha curcas seed cake for co-firing with coal." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37438/.

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In the light of growing concern over greenhouse gas emissions and limited fossil fuels, the use of renewable energy sources such as biomass is becoming more vital. Jatropha curcas seed cake, which is a waste product of biodiesel production, has been identified as a potential candidate to be co-fired with coal in existing boilers. There is a dearth of information on the effective utilisation of Jatropha curcas seed cake in this manner, and this research work contributes to bridging this knowledge gap. The seed cake received was divided into two distinct classes based on appearance and texture, identified as type A (harder and lower oil content) and type B (the more abundant class). As an initial step, the fundamental fuel properties of the seed cake were determined; these include the proximate and ultimate analyses, higher heating value (HHV) and inorganic content. The HHV of type A and type B was 20.76 MJ/kg and 24.06 MJ/kg, respectively; their dry ash content was 5.9% and 4.4%, respectively. K was the most abundant inorganic element present. The main hindrances to co-firing of a typical biomass with coal arise due to the difference in properties of biomass and coal. Torrefaction and leaching were carried out with the aim of bringing the thermochemical (primarily the HHV) and chemical (inorganic content) properties, respectively, of the seed cake closer to those of coal. An envelope of torrefaction conditions was recommended –~250°C for 45-60 min for the type A, and < 5 min at > 280°C to > 45 min at 220°C-250°C for the type B. These conditions ensured that the HHV of the type A and type B were enhanced to > 24.5 MJ/kg and > 27 MJ/kg, respectively, while not compromising excessively on the energy yield. Leaching at 20°C for < 24 h was considered adequate in the case of the untorrefied seed cake, and this result ed in a reduction of the potassium content (the most abundant and critical inorganic element in the seed cake) by 85%. Leachability of the torrefied biomass was markedly reduced, and leaching at least at 50°C was deemed necessary. Combustion modelling using Ansys Fluent 14.0 was carried out to assess the combustion and co-firing characteristics of untorrefied and torrefied Jatropha curcas seed cake. The effect of torrefaction on the devolatilisation characteristics, flame properties and consequently NOx pollutant formation was established. Compared to the torrefied biomass, the untorrefied seed cake devolatilised earlier, had a more dispersed flame and higher NO formation. The higher reactivity of the biomass was shown to have a positive effect on the devolatilisation rate of the less reactive coal under co-firing simulations.

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Sitorus, Henry Binsar Hamonangan. "The study of jatropha curcas oil-based biodegradable insulation materials for power transformer." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0022/document.

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Ce travail porte sur la caractérisation physico-chimique de l'huile de Jatropha Curcas et sa capacité à remplacer l'huile minérale dans les transformateurs de puissance. Ce produit présente plusieurs avantages sur les autres huiles végétales comme l'huile de palme ou l'huile de colza, qui recommandent sa production et son utilisation. En effet, la plante de Jatropha Curcas peut être cultivée sur des sols pauvres à faibles précipitations, évitant ainsi d'utiliser des sols plus fertiles pour sa culture permettant ainsi aux petits exploitants de réserver leurs terres aux cultures de base. Cette plante peut pousser facilement dans des zones où les niveaux de précipitations annuelles sont nettement inférieures à celles requises par d'autres espèces telles que le colza, le tournesol, le soja, le maïs, le palmier à huile et d'autres. Elle peut être cultivée sur tous les types de sol en Indonésie, même sur des terres arides, dans de nombreuses régions de l'Indonésie orientale, inexploitées en raison des difficultés à planter d'autres cultures. En outre, l'huile de Jatropha Curcas est un produit non alimentaire. En faisant subir à l’huile de Jatropha Curcas brute une estérification à base alcaline avec de l'hydroxyde de potassium (KOH), on obtient de l’huile de méthylester de Jatropha Curcas (JMEO) dont la viscosité et l’acidité sont acceptables pour les équipements à haute tension en particulier pour les transformateurs de puissance. Les propriétés physico-chimiques et électriques de JMEO ont été mesurées ainsi que celles de l'huile minérale (MO) pour la comparaison. Pour les propriétés physico-chimiques, il s’agit de la densité relative, la teneur en eau, la viscosité, l'acidité, l'indice d'iode, la corrosivité, le point d'éclair, le point d'écoulement, la couleur, l'examen visuel, et la teneur en ester méthylique. Quant aux propriétés électriques, elles concernent la rigidité diélectrique sous différentes formes de tension (alternative, continu et choc de foudre), les phénomènes de pré-claquage et de claquage sous choc de foudre, les décharges glissantes sur les surfaces de carton comprimé, immergé dans JMEO et MO. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les tensions de claquage moyennes en continu et en choc de foudre des huiles JMEO et MO sont très proches ; la tension de claquage moyenne de JMEO est même plus élevée que celle de l'huile minérale (de type naphténique). La mesure des tensions de claquage des mélanges d'huiles «80% JMEO + 20% MO» et «50% JMEO et 50% MO» montrent que la tension de claquage du mélange «80% JMEO + 20% MO» est toujours supérieure à celle de l'huile minérale sous tensions alternative et continue. Cela indique que le mélange d'huile minérale et de JMEO avec un rapport de 20:80 ne dégrade pas ses performances. Le mélange d'huiles peut se produire lors du remplacement de l'huile minérale par JMEO dans les transformateurs installés et en exploitation. L'analyse des caractéristiques des streamers (la forme, le temps d'arrêt, le courant associé et la charge électrique) se développant dans les huiles JMEO et MO sous tension impulsionnelle de foudre, montre une grande similitude. Aussi, la longueur finale (Lf) et la densité des branches des décharges surfaciques se propageant sur le carton comprimé immergé dans l'huile de Jatropha Curcas de méthylester (JMEO) et de l'huile minérale (MO), sous tensions de choc de foudre positif et négatif (1,2/50 μs), pour deux configurations d'électrodes divergentes (électrode pointe haute tension perpendiculaire et tangente au carton, respectivement), sont fortement influencées par l'épaisseur du carton comprimé. Pour une épaisseur donnée, Lf augmente avec la tension et décroît lorsque l'épaisseur augmente. Lf est plus long lorsque la pointe est positive que lorsque la pointe est négative. Pour une tension et une épaisseur du carton comprimé donnée, les valeurs de Lf dans l’huile minérale et l’huile JMEO sont très proches. [...]
This work is aimed at the investigation of the physicochemical characterization of Jatropha Curcas seeds oil and its capacity to be an alternative option to replace mineral oil in power transformers. This product presents several advantages that recommend both its production and usage over those of other vegetable oils as crude palm oil and rapeseeds oil. Indeed, it may be grown on marginal or degraded soils avoiding thus the need to utilize those more fertile soils currently being used by smallholders to grow their staple crops; and it will readily grow in areas where annual rainfall levels are significantly lower than those required by other species such as palm oil, rape-seeds oil, sunflower oil, soybeans oil, corn oil and others. For instance, these plants can grow on all soil types in Indonesia, even on barren soil. The barren soil types can be found in many parts of eastern Indonesia that remain untapped because of the difficulty planted with other crops. Moreover, jatropha curcas oil is nonfood crops. Jatropha Curcas oil was processed by alkali base catalyzed esterification process using potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce Jatropha Curcas methyl ester oil (JMEO) has a viscosity and a acidity that are acceptable for high voltage equipment especially in power transformer. The physicochemical and electrical properties of JMEO were measured as well as those of mineral oil (MO) for comparison. The physicochemical properties cover relative density, water content, viscosity, acidity, iodine number, corrosivity, flash point, pour point, color, visual examination, and methyl ester content. Meanwhile the electrical properties cover dielectric strength under AC, DC and lightning impulse voltages, pre-breakdown / streamers under lightning impulse voltage, creeping discharge over pressboard immersed in JMEO and MO. The obtained results show that the average DC and lightning impulse breakdown voltages of JMEO and MO are too close, even the average AC breakdown voltage of JMEO are higher than that of mineral oil (napthenic type). The measurement of breakdown voltages of two oil mixtures namely “80% JMEO + 20% MO” and “50% JMEO and 50% MO” shows that the breakdown voltage of the first mixture (i.e., “80%JMEO+20%MO”) is always higher than that of mineral oil under both AC and DC voltages. This indicates that mixing 20:80 mineral oil to JMEO ratio does not degrade its performance. The mixing of oils can occur when replacing mineral oil by JMEO in installed transformers. The analysis of the streamers characteristics (namely; shape, stopping length, associated current and electrical charge) developing in JMEO and MO under lightning impulse voltages, shows that these are too close (similar). It is also shown that the stopping (final) length Lf and the density of branches of creeping discharges propagating over pressboard immersed in Jatropha Curcas methyl ester oil (JMEO) and mineral oil (MO), under positive and negative lightning impulse voltages (1.2/50 μs), using two divergent electrode configurations (electrode point perpendicular and tangential to pressboard), are significantly influenced by the thickness of pressboard. For a given thickness, Lf increases with the voltage and decreases when the thickness increases. Lf is longer when the point is positive than with a negative point. For a given voltage and thickness of pressboard, the values of Lf in mineral oil and JMEO are very close. It appears from this work that JMEO could constitute a potential substitute for mineral oil for electrical insulation and especially in high voltage power transformers

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Souza, Lívia Tereza de Andrade. "Síntese enzimática do biodiesel de Jatropha curcas pela rota etílica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97137/tde-04102012-110800/.

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O esperado crescimento na demanda de biodiesel no mercado mundial tem impulsionado uma evolução constante em seu sistema de produção de forma a torná-lo mais eficiente e ambientalmente favorável. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o potencial do óleo de pinhão manso para obtenção de biodiesel pela via enzimática empregando etanol com agente acilante. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, as atividades experimentais foram iniciadas pela adequação do óleo de pinhão manso bruto para sua utilização como matériaprima na reação de transesterificação, incluindo as etapas de degomagem, neutralização e secagem. O óleo tratado, após caracterização físico-química, foi utilizado nos testes de triagem do biocatalisador enzimático testando diferentes preparações de lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) tanto na forma livre como imobilizada em SiO2-PVA, para mediar à síntese de biodiesel em meio isento de solventes. Os testes indicaram que as lipases na forma imobilizada foram mais eficientes e permitiram selecionar os derivados imobilizados das lipases de Burkholderia cepacia e Pseudomonas fluorescens como as preparações mais adequadas para catalisar a síntese de biodiesel a partir do óleo de pinhão, com rendimentos reacionais de 93,18% e 85,67%, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, os derivados imobilizados selecionados foram testados na reação de interesse, mantendo-se fixa as condições reacionais (temperatura 45oC, 1:9 de razão molar óleo/etanol e 500 unidades de atividade lipolítica por grama de óleo), empregando reatores de vidro acoplados com condensador de refluxo, para evitar perda de etanol. O monitoramento da reação foi efetuado pela determinação dos ésteres etílicos formados (Cromatografia de fase gasosa) e viscosidade cinemática em amostras retiradas ao longo da reação. O produto transesterificado (biodiesel) foi purificado e submetido às análises para caracterização de suas propriedades físico-químicas, incluindo estudo reológico, espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TG) e ressonância magnética nuclear protônica (1H-RMN). Os resultados obtidos permitiram confirmar que a lipase de Burkholderia cepacia foi a preparação de lipase mais eficiente para mediar à síntese do biodiesel do óleo de pinhão manso, alcançando rendimento de transesterificação superior a 97% (72h). O biodiesel produzido manteve-se estável termicamente até 128oC e não sendo constatada contaminação do produto com glicerol ou água residual, assegurando a eficiência da etapa de purificação do produto transesterificado. Experimentos adicionais foram ainda efetuados sob irradiação de micro-ondas e os resultados obtidos indicaram que o aquecimento por micro-ondas constitui um procedimento potencial para a produção de biodiesel, tendo em vista a considerável redução do tempo global de reação. A estabilidade operacional da lipase imobilizada foi determinada em bateladas consecutivas sob aquecimento convencional e irradiação de micro-ondas, revelando um tempo de meia-vida do biocatalisador de 110 e 26,5h, respectivamente. A real contribuição da aceleração da reação por meio de irradiação de micro-ondas deverá ser reavaliada levando em consideração a acentuada perda da atividade sintética do biocatalisador.
The expected increase in the biodiesel demand worldwide has brought a constant evolution in its production system in order to make it more efficient and environmentally favorable. The objective of present work was to verify the potential of Jatropha oil as raw material to produce biodiesel by enzymatic route using ethanol as acilant agent. To attain the proposed objective, the experimental activities were starting by treating the oil to attain suitable properties to be used in the transesterification reaction, including the degumming, neutralization and drying steps. The treated oil, after physico-chemical characterization was used to carry out a screening test to select the most suitable biocatalyst by means of testing different preparations of lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) in free form as well as immobilized in SiO2-PVA, to mediate the biodiesel synthesis in solvent free system. The assays indicated that the immobilized lipases were more efficient than free ones and allowed selecting the immobilized derivatives from Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas fluorescens as the most suitable preparations to catalyze biodiesel synthesis from Jatropha oil, attaining yields of 93.18% and 85.67%, respectively. In the second step, the selected immobilized derivatives were used to catalyze the reaction of interest maintaining the previous set conditions (temperature 45oC, 1:9 molar ratio oil/ethanol and 500 units of lipolytic activity per gram of oil) using a glass reactor coupled with condenser to avoid ethanol loss. The reaction was monitored by determining the formed ethyl esters by gas chromatography and viscosity in samples taken from the reactor during the reaction. The transesterified product (biodiesel) was purified and submitted to further analyses for physico-chemical properties, including rheological study, FTIR, TG and 1H NMR. The obtained results confirmed that the lipase from Burkholderia cepacia was the most efficient biocatalyst to mediate the biodiesel synthesis from Jatropha oil, attaining transesterification yields higher than 97% (72h. The product biodiesel was thermo stable up to 128oC and no residual glycerol or water contaminations were detected, assuring the efficiency of the down stream process. Additional experiments were performed under microwave irradiation and the results suggested that the microwave heating constitutes a potential procedure to enhance the reaction rate by reducing the global reaction time. The operational stability of the immobilized lipase was determined in repeated batch runs under conventional and microwave heating systems, revealing biocatalyst half-life time of 110 and 26.5 h, respectively. Therefore, the real contribution of the microwave irradiations to enhance the reaction should be revalued by taking into account the lost of the biocatalyst activity.

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10

Tee, Meng Y. "The economics of an alternative bio-energy feedstock - the case of Jatropha curcas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2334.

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11

Clarke, Jasper. "Quantitative trait locus mapping of oil yield and oil quality related traits in the biofuel crop Jatropha curcas." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16007/.

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Jatropha curcas is a perennial shrub from the Euphorbiacea family. It is known for its stress resilience and high seed oil content, however little selective breeding has been carried out to fully domesticate this species. The aim of this project is to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed oil content, seed oil composition (oil quality), and oil yield, in order to identify loci suitable for introgression into an economically viable cultivar. In this study, an F2 population (G51xCV) consisting of 229 plants for linkage analysis, and 145 plants for QTL analysis, was used to identify and position 312 genetic markers and 8 quantitative traits onto a genetic linkage and QTL map. Over 288 short sequence repeat (SSR) markers were mined from genome sequence to complement single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from genomic and transcribed DNA. 132 of the mined SSRs were physically linked to candidate genes, leading to the mapping of a substantial portion of genes that form the seed oil biosynthetic pathway in Jatropha curcas. Integration of phenotypic datasets collected over 2 independent years, enabled the identification of 15 QTL regulating seed oil content (2QTL), seed oil composition; palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate content (10 QTL), seed weight (1 QTL), number of branches (1 QTL) and seed yield (1QTL). Combined PVE for these QTL accounted for between 9.34 % (palmitate content year 2) to 32.26 % (seed oil content Year 2) of observed variation. Analysis of final oil yield per plant, showed that seed yield (number of seeds) was most important for regulating oil yield in this mapping population, however seed oil content and seed weight were also important traits, highlighting that selection of both seed oil and vegetative traits are of utmost importance for optimising oil yield in Jatropha curcas.

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Gaur, Sarthak. "Development and evaluation of an effective process for the recovery of oil and detoxification of meal from jatropha curcas." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Gaur_09007dcc806c289e.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed August 31, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-56).

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Lopes, Sofia Helena Lewis. "Valorização de resíduos agro-industriais para a produção biológica de hidrogénio." Master's thesis, ISA, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6685.

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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
Biohydrogen (bioH2) production through anaerobic fermentation has the advantage of the possibility to use waste as substrate becoming an attractive alternative from both economic and environmental viewpoint. In this study, it was developed a microbiological anaerobic process to produce hydrogen by a strain of bacterium Enterobacter aerogenes using as a substrate, Jatropha curcas seed cake. In this context, the effects of the application of a thermal pretreatment and the increase of residue initial concentration on the process yields were studied. Therefore, batch assays were performed using Jatropha curcas seed cake (2,5gVSsubstrate/Lfermentation medium) submitted to thermal treatment in an autoclave during 15 and 30 minutes and the results obtained were compared with the same when the substrate was added without pretreatment. The best results were obtained in absence of pretreatment (68,2mLH2/gVSsubstrate; 169mLH2/Lfermentation medium), while the 30 minutes exposure time at 121°C led to lower yields (60,0mLH2/gVSsubstrate; 149mLH2/Lfermentation medium), indicating inhibitory effects caused by the application of pretreatment. In the best established conditions, it was verified that the increase of the Jatropha curcas seed cake initial concentration from 2,5 to 10gVSsubstrate/Lfermentation medium led to a increase of bioH2 production volume of about 32%, although it was followed by a specific yield decrease from 68,2 to 23,5mLH2/gVSsubstrate. On the other hand, bioH2 production rate increased from 0,7 to 1mLH2/h.

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Freitas, Ricardo Galvão de. "Caracterização de germoplasma de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.) por descritores morfo-agronômicos." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2010. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4529.

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Physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) is a highly promising species for biofuel production. Its descriptors are known and evaluation of its genetic variability has not been done yet. This is the first study on genetic variability in J. curcas accessions and its aim was to start the definition of morph-agronomical descriptors in juvenile phase, to evaluate the and to estimate genetic parameters in progenies and their matrix. Germplasm bank (GBA) of J. curcas at UFV contains 75 accessions from Brazil and three from Cambodia. Evaluations were done at eight and at 14 months of field. Morph-agronomical descriptors evaluated in progenies were plant height (PH) and height of branches (HEIB), crown diameter (CD) and diameter of stem (DS), number of branches (NB), length (LL) and width (WL) of the leaf, LL/WL ratio and petiole size (PS). Descriptors of seed evaluated in matrix were oil content in the seeds (OIL), weight of 100 seeds (WS), length and width of the seeds and LS/WS ratio. Estimates of genetic parameters, analysis of genotypic correlation among descriptors and Mahalanobis distance, which quantified genetic variability, were processed using softwares SELEGEN e SAS. On this distance matrix, it was applied Tocher and UPGMA clusters. Genetic divergence was also evaluated through canonical variables. The relative contribution from descriptors for divergence was evaluated based on matrix of distances and eigenvectors estimate associated to the later canonical variables. These last analyses were processed using software GENES. Average oil content in seeds was 31% ranging from 16 to 45%. It was found no genetic correlation among morph-agronomical descriptors and oil content. High coefficients of genetic variation were found for seed descriptors (PS and OIL) and for morphagronomical at eight (HEIB, PH, NB and DS) and at 14 (HEIB and PS) months of field. The highest herdability coefficients in a strict sense were found, at eight months of field, for LL, WL and DS, and at 14 months of field, for descriptors LL, PS and WL. Tocher cluster made it possible, in both evaluation times, separation of accessions in three different groups. Dendogram by UPGMA was able to separate accesses, at eight and 14 months of field, in eight and 15 different groups, respectively. Analyses of canonical variable also evidenced divergence among accesses. The two first canonical variables explained 88.67 and 82.35% all variation, at eight and 14 months of field, respectively, forming four different groups for both ages of evaluation. The next step is choosing divergent groups and within them the identification of the most interesting accesses for the breeder. Thus, the existence of genetic diversity in GBA was proven which is important for continuity of genetic breeding works aiming at obtaining cultivars with high production of grain and high productivity of oil. Accessions with high oil content in the seeds were separately grouped, and crossing among them must be explored by the program. For registration of cultivar protection, the descriptors that contributed at most for divergence were PH and DS, the others vary in importance over time. Future evaluations involving the same descriptors and other related to reproductive cycle (inflorescences) and productive cycle (number of bunches, number of fruit per bunch, number of seeds per fruit and production) can increase even more the knowledge on the species and permit the advance on its breeding.
Pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.) é uma espécie altamente promissora para produção de biodiesel. Seus descritores são desconhecidos e a avaliação da sua variabilidade genética ainda não foi feita. Este é o primeiro estudo da variabilidade genética em acessos de J. curcas e teve como objetivo iniciar a definição dos descritores morfo-agronômicos da fase juvenil, avaliar a variabilidade e estimar parâmetros genéticos em progênies e suas matrizes. O banco de germoplasma (BAG) de J. curcas da UFV contém 75 acessos do Brasil e três do Camboja. As avaliações foram realizadas aos oito e aos 14 meses de campo. Os descritores morfo-agronômicos avaliados nas progênies foram altura da planta (ALT) e da ramificação (ALTR), diâmetro da copa (DCP) e do caule (DCL), número de ramos (NR), comprimento (CF) e largura foliar (LF), razão CF/LF e tamanho do pecíolo (TP). Os descritores de sementes avaliados nas matrizes foram teor de óleo nas sementes (Óleo), peso de 100 sementes (PS), comprimento (CS) e largura das sementes (LS) e razão CS/LS. As estimativas de parâmetros genéticos, a análise de correlação genotípica entre descritores e a distância de Mahalanobis, que quantificou a variabilidade genética, foram processadas nos softwares SELEGEN e SAS. Sobre esta matriz de distância foram aplicados os agrupamentos de Tocher e UPGMA. A divergência genética também foi avaliada por variáveis canônicas. A contribuição relativa dos descritores para a divergência foi avaliada com base na matriz de distâncias e na estimativa dos autovetores associados às últimas variáveis canônicas. Estas últimas análises foram processadas no software GENES. O teor médio de óleo nas sementes foi 31%, com uma variação de 16 a 45%. Nenhuma correlação genética foi encontrada entre descritores morfo-agronômicos e teor de óleo. Elevados coeficientes de variação genética foram encontrados para os descritores de semente (PS e Óleo) e para os morfo-agronômicos aos oito (ALTR, ALT, NR e DCL) e aos 14 meses de campo (ALTR e TP). Os maiores coeficientes de herdabilidades no sentido restrito foram encontrados, aos oito meses de campo, para CF, LF e DCL e, aos 14 meses de campo, para os descritores CF, TP e LF. O agrupamento de Tocher possibilitou, em ambas as épocas de avaliação, a separação dos acessos em três grupos distintos. O dendrograma por UPGMA possibilitou a separação dos acessos, aos oito e 14 meses de campo, em oito e 15 grupos distintos, respectivamente. A análise de variáveis canônicas também evidenciou divergência entre acessos. As duas primeiras variáveis canônicas explicaram 88,67 e 82,35% de toda variação, aos oito e 14 meses de campo, respectivamente, formando quatro grupos distintos em ambas as idades de avaliação. O próximo passo é a escolha dos grupos divergentes e dentro deles a identificação dos acessos mais interessantes ao melhorista. Assim a existência de diversidade genética no BAG foi comprovada e isso é importante para continuidade dos trabalhos de melhoramento genético, com o objetivo de obter cultivares de elevada produção de grãos e alta produtividade de óleo. Acessos com alto teor de óleo nas sementes foram agrupados separadamente, e o cruzamento entre estes deve ser explorado pelo programa. Para o registro de proteção de cultivares, os descritores que mais contribuíram para a divergência foram ALT e DCL, os demais variam em importância com o passar do tempo. Avaliações futuras envolvendo os mesmos descritores e outros relacionados ao ciclo reprodutivo (inflorescências) e produtivo (número de cachos, de frutos por cacho, de sementes por frutos e produção) podem ampliar ainda mais o conhecimento da espécie e permitir o avanço do seu melhoramento.

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Bastos, Rafaela Koglin. "Influência da água residuária da suinocultura sobre a acidez do óleo do pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.)." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/798.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The increased interest in biofuels in recent years, coupled with the problem of the need for environmental sanitation in different areas of the economy justify the proposal of this work, which is the reuse of wastewater from swine (SW) in the jatropha crop (Jatropha curcas L.) and its influence on oil acidity - short parameter importance in the production of biodiesel; culture stands out from oilseeds for its oil production capacity and high adaptability in different scenarios. The experiment featured a Jatropha plantation area of 900 m², which were used 216 m² for conducting the experiment, divided into eighteen installments, the research was conducted over three years; each year the plots received six treatments with different proportions of SW with three repetitions each, applications were performed in triplicate with an interval of three months between each application. Seed harvest was done by hand during the entire production plan period from the first application of each year, the oil was extracted with solvent (ethanol), justified because it is cheaper, less toxic and less harmful to the environment, when compared to other organic solvents such as hexane. The acidity was determined by titration process with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at the end of each experimental cycle; further the composition was determined as the percentage of oils of fatty acids (FA) by gas chromatography. The results showed an inversely proportional reduction of acidity amount of SW applied during the three years analyzed; It was also observed a decrease in linolenic acid concentration due to the increase of the applied dose and in all cycles. Knowing FA unsaturated oils leave them more susceptible to oxidation, reduction FA that may be related to decreased acidity
O aumento do interesse por biocombustíveis nos últimos anos, somado à problemática da necessidade do saneamento ambiental em diferentes áreas da economia, justificam a proposta do presente trabalho, que é o reuso da água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) na cultura do pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.) e sua influência sobre a acidez do óleo - parâmetro de suma importância na produção de biodiesel; a cultura se destaca dentre as oleaginosas por sua capacidade de produção de óleo e a alta adaptabilidade em diferentes cenários. O experimento contou com uma área de plantio de pinhão manso de 900 m², da qual foram utilizados 216 m² para condução do experimento, divididos em dezoito parcelas, a pesquisa foi conduzida ao longo de três anos; em cada ano as parcelas receberam seis tratamentos com diferentes proporções de ARS com três repetições cada, as aplicações foram realizadas em triplicata com intervalo de três meses entre cada aplicação. A colheita das sementes foi feita manualmente durante todo o período produtivo da planta a partir da primeira aplicação de cada ano, o óleo foi extraído com solvente (etanol), justificado pelo fato de ser mais barato, menos tóxico e menos nocivo ao meio ambiente, quando comparado a outros solventes orgânicos, como o hexano. A acidez foi determinada pelo processo de titulação com hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) ao final de cada ciclo experimental; foi determinada ainda a composição dos óleos quanto a porcentagem de ácidos graxos (AG), por cromatografia gasosa. Os resultados mostraram uma redução da acidez inversamente proporcional a quantidade de ARS aplicada, nos três anos analisados; observou-se ainda um decréscimo na concentração do ácido linolênico em função do aumento das doses aplicadas e em todos os ciclos. Sabendo que AG insaturados deixam os óleos mais susceptíveis à oxidação, a redução desse AG pode estar relacionada à diminuição da acidez

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Karaj, Shkelqim [Verfasser]. "Characterization of physico-chemical properties of Jatropha curcas L. and optimization of mechanical oil extraction and sedimentation / Shkelqim Karaj." Aachen : Shaker, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1049380452/34.

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Saavedra, Thony Arce. "Transesterificação alcalina convencional e assistida por ultrassom de misturas binárias dos óleos de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) e palma (Elaeis guineensis)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-02082018-094508/.

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Diversas pesquisas têm demonstrado a importância dos combustíveis biorenováveis como alternativas eficientes na redução da demanda de energia fóssil, aquecimento global e seus efeitos ambientais. Os óleos de pinhão manso e de palma (dendê) com suas diferentes composições de ácidos graxos, estabilidade oxidativa e propriedades fluidodinâmicas, têm chamado a atenção no Peru e Brasil, quando o assunto é a diversificação das matérias-primas para a obtenção de um biodiesel otimizado a partir de misturas desses óleos, com desempenho melhorado e maior resistência oxidativa. Neste trabalho, biodiesel foi produzido pelos métodos de transesterificação convencional e transesterificação assistida por ultrassom. Foram estudadas cinco misturas binárias dos óleos brutos pinhão manso e palma pré-tratados (9,1; 18,2; 28,6; 37,0 e 41,7% de óleo de pinhão manso), utilizando etanol e hidróxido de sódio como catalisador. Para determinar as melhores condições de reação foi utilizado o delineamento experimental proposto pelo método de superfície de resposta tendo como variáveis independentes a relação entre as misturas binárias dos óleos de pinhão manso e palma, a razão molar óleo:etanol e a concentração do catalisador NaOH. As melhores misturas binárias dos óleos brutos foram compostas por 37% de pinhão manso e 63% de palma (1PM1,7P) e pela mistura de 28,6% de pinhão manso e 71,4% de palma (1PM2,5P), ambas propiciando altos rendimentos de ésteres etílicos (maiores que 96,6%) por ambos os métodos, com a diferença que o sistema por ultrassom só precisou de 4 minutos. Além disso, os valores de densidade, viscosidade, ponto de fluidez, ponto de entupimento de filtro a frio (1PM1,7P obtido por ultrassom) e a estabilidade oxidativa (1PM2,5P obtido por ultrassom) dos ésteres ficaram dentro da norma ANP (2014). A mistura binária dos óleos brutos de pinhão manso e palma produziram altos teores de ésteres etílicos com características fluidodinâmicas e de estabilidade oxidativa aprimoradas.
Several researches have demonstrated the importance of bio-renewable fuels as efficient alternatives in reducing the contribution of fossil energy demand, global warming and its environmental effects. Jatropha and palm and biodiesel oils that differ in their compositions of fatty acids, oxidative stability and fluid dynamics properties have caught attention in Brazil and Peru in the diversification of raw materials for production of an optimized biodiesel from mixtures of these oils, with improved performance and higher oxidative resistance. In this study, conventional and ultrasonic assisted transesterification was applied to five binary mixtures of the pretreated jatropha and palm crude oils (9.1, 18.2, 28.6, 37.0 and 41.7% of jatropha oil) using ethanol and sodium hydroxide as the catalyst. In order to determine the best reaction conditions, the experimental design proposed by the response surface method was used, having as independent variables the proportion of jatropha and palm oils in the binary mixtures, the molar oil: ethanol ratio and the NaOH catalyst concentration. The best binary oil mixtures were: 37% of jatropha and 63% of palm (1 PM1,7P) and 28.6% of jatropha and 71.4% of palm (1 PM2,5P), both providing high yields of ethyl esters (greater than 96.6%) by either systems, with the difference that the ultrasound system required only 4 minutes. In addition, density, viscosity, pour point, cold filter plug-in point for 1PM1.7P obtained by ultrasound and oxidative stability for 1PM2.5P by ultrasound of the esters were within the ANP standards (2014). The binary mixture of crude jatropha and palm oils produced high levels of ethyl esters with improved fluid dynamics and oxidative stability characteristics.

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Nucci, Stella Maris. "Diversidade genética em germoplasma de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) identificada por marcadores SSR e ISSR." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-13092011-111035/.

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O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas) é uma espécie arbórea de ampla distribuição geográfica e com qualidades que a tornam importante do ponto de vista natural, ecológico e principalmente sócio-econômico, pois seus frutos são uma valiosa fonte de óleo vegetal com potencial para produção de biodiesel, proporcionando vantagens ambientais, econômicas e sociais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade genética no germoplasma de pinhão-manso e para isto foram utilizados marcadores moleculares microssatélites e ISSR. A partir de uma biblioteca enriquecida com locos microssatélites foram desenvolvidos 18 pares de primers para a espécie, sendo estes utilizados, juntamente com 30 pares de primers SSR desenvolvidos no CBMEG, visando à caracterização e estudo da estrutura genética populacional. Os acessos dos bancos de germoplasma do CPQBA (Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas) da UNICAMP e da UFS (Universidade Federal de Sergipe) foram avaliados. O germoplasma pertencente ao CPQBA está organizado em 12 populações e o da UFS representado por 17 acessos únicos. Não foi observado polimorfismo entre as populações inviabilizando o estudo populacional. A caracterização dos grupos formados pelos acessos dos bancos de germoplasma foi realizada utilizando 14 marcadores ISSR, revelando que 86,64% da variação genética encontram-se dentro dos grupos e 13,36% entre eles. O número médio total de alelos (na) foi de 1,99 alelos por loco e o número efetivo de alelos (ne) foi de 1,42 alelos por loco. A diversidade genética de Nei (1973) indicou uma baixa diversidade genética dentro dos grupos (0,26), assim como o Índice de Shannon (I) para os acessos (0,41), considerado um baixo valor de diversidade genética. A análise bayesiana alocou todos os acessos avaliados em quatro grupos, todos os acessos apresentaram Q > 0,8. Os grupos formados não apresentaram nenhuma relação com a origem dos acessos. O índice médio de similaridade de Jaccard indicou que existem 30% de similaridade entre os grupos e a amplitude de similaridade variou de 0,23 a 0,94. O dendrograma formou os mesmos quatro grupos de acessos que o formado pela análise bayesiana, tornando ainda mais consistente os resultados obtidos na presente análise. O estudo revela a necessidade e importância de reunir o maior número possível de acessos de diferentes regiões e países para formar o banco de germoplasma da espécie viabilizando a conservação e programas de melhoramento da espécie, haja vista seu promissor potencial para produção de bicombustível.
Physic nut (Jatropha curcas) is a geographically widespread perennial plant species. It is ecologically important in natural communities and economically due to the oil extracted from its fruits that exhibit high potential for biodiesel production, thus, providing environmental, economical and social advantages. The current work aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity in physic nut germplasm using microsatellites and ISSR molecular markers. From a microsatelliteenriched library, 18 primer pairs were developed for the species and were used along with 30 SSR primer pairs developed at CBMEG to characterize and study the population genetic structure. Acessions from the germplasm banks at CPQBA (Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas) from UNICAMP and from UFS (Universidade Federal de Sergipe) were evaluated. The germplasm from CPQBA is organized in 12 populations whereas the accessions from UFS represent 17 soloist accessions. The polymorphism observed between the populations does not impair population genetic studies. The clusters of accessions from the germplasm Banks were characterized using 14 ISSR markers, revealing 86.64% of the genetic diversity are found within the clusters whereas between them, it corresponds to 13.36%. The total average number of alleles per locus (na) corresponded to 1.99 and the effective number of alleles (ne) was of 1.42 alleles per locus. The genetic diversity, investigated as in Nei (1973), indicated a low genetic diversity within the groups (0.26). Shannon index (I) for the accessions evidenced a low value of genetic diversity (0.41). Bayesian analyses of all investigated accessions in four groups demonstrated that all the accessions exhibit Q > 0.8. The clustering patterns did not indicated origin relationships among the accessions. Jaccard average index indicated 30% of similarity between the groups and the amplitude of similarity ranged from 0.23 to 0.94. The dendrogram analysis grouped the four clusters generated by the Bayesian analysis, confirming the consistency of the results. The current study reveals the necessity and importance of gathering as many germplasm accession as possible for the species in order to allow the establishment of conservation and breeding program strategies, considering the potential of the species for biofuel production.

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Jereissati, Camila Barbosa Pinheiro. "Análise proteômica de plastídeos do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/19405.

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JEREISSATI, Camila Barbosa Pinheiro. Análise proteômica de plastídeos do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.). 2015. 127 f. Tese (Doutorado em Bioquímica)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015.
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Jatropha curcas L. is a plant native to America and belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. Currently it is gaining economical interest mainly because it is an oilseed crop with potential to produce biodiesel. However, presence of phorbol esters (a class of diterpenes) that are the major toxic constituents of the seeds, limits a better usage of the plant, by making the use of the residue, obtained after the oil extraction from the seeds, unfeasible for animal feed, due to its pro-carcinogenic activity and inflammatory action. Proteomic analysis of the plastids isolated from developing seeds of Jatropha is important because the synthesis of fatty acid as well as phorbol esters, the two most attractive compounds in the study of Jatropha curcas, occur in plastids. Proteomic analysis of this organelle is crucial to better understand and explore not only the biosynthetic pathway of these two compounds but other metabolic pathways , and addtionaly providing foundation for researchs that aimed to develope genotypes with more suitable characteristics for industrial applications. In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis of plastids isolated from the endosperm of developing Jatropha curcas seeds that were in the initial stage of deposition of protein and lipid reserves. Proteins extracted from the plastids were digested with trypsin, and the peptides were applied to an EASY-nano LC system coupled online to an ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer, and this led to the identification of 1103 proteins representing 804 protein groups, of which 923 were considered as true identifications, and this considerably expands the repertoire of J. curcas proteins identified so far. Of the identified proteins, only five are encoded in the plastid genome, and none of them are involved in photosynthesis, evidentiating the nonphotosynthetic nature of the isolated plastids. Homologues for 824 out of 923 identified proteins were present in three different plastids proteins databases i.e. PPDB, SUBA and PlProt, while homologues for 13 proteins were not found in any of these three databases but were marked as plastidial by at least one of the three prediction programs used (TargetP, ChloroP and PlantMPloc). Functional classification showed that proteins belonging to amino acids metabolism comprise the main functional class, followed by carbohydrate, energy, and lipid metabolisms. The small and large subunits of Rubisco were identified, and their presence in plastids is considered to be an adaptive feature counterbalancing for the loss of one-third of the carbon as CO2 as a result of the conversion of carbohydrate to oil through glycolysis. While several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of several precursors of diterpenoids were identified, we were unable to identify any terpene synthase/cyclase, which suggests that the plastids isolated from the endosperm of developing seeds do not synthesize phorbol esters. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the major biosynthetic pathways and certain unique features of the plastids from the endosperm of developing seeds at the whole proteome level.
O pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.) é uma planta nativa da América, pertencente à família Euphorbiaceae. Atualmente, ela desperta interesse econômico principalmente por se tratar de uma oleaginosa com potencial para a produção de biodiesel. Entretanto, a presença de ésteres de forbol (uma classe de diterpeno), que são os principais constituintes tóxicos das sementes, limita uma melhor utilização dessa planta, por inviabilizar o uso do resíduo de extração do óleo das sementes na alimentação animal, bem como, por apresentar atividade pró-carcinogênica e ação inflamatória. A análise proteômica de plastídeos, isolados de sementes em desenvolvimento de pinhão manso, é uma importante vertente de estudo, pois tanto a síntese de ácidos graxos como dos ésteres de forbol, os dois compostos mais atrativos no estudo de Jatropha curcas, ocorrem nos plastídeos. O estudo proteômico dessa organela torna-se crucial para melhor compreender e explorar não somente as vias biossintéticas desses dois compostos, como de outras vias metabólicas, além de proporcionar um conjunto de dados que pode ser utilizado em pesquisas voltadas para o desenvolvimento de genótipos com características mais adequadas para aplicações industriais. No presente trabalho, realizou-se uma análise proteômica de plastídeos isolados do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento do pinhão manso, que estavam nos estágios iniciais de deposição de lipídios e proteínas de reserva (25-30DAA), confirmados por meio de análises histológica e histoquímica. As proteínas extraídas dos plastídeos foram digeridas com tripsina e os peptídeos foram aplicados no sistema de nano-LC EASYII acoplado online ao espectrômetro de massa nano ESI LTQ-Orbitrap velos, o que resultou na identificação 1103 proteínas, representando 804 grupos de proteínas, dos quais 923 foram consideradas identificações verdadeiras. Isso expandiu consideravelmente o repertório de proteínas do pinhão manso até agora identificas. Dentre as proteínas identificadas, apenas 5 são codificadas pelo genoma plastidial, e nenhuma delas está envolvida na fotossíntese, o que evidencia a natureza não fotossintética dos plastídeos isolados. Homólogos de 824, dentre as 923 proteínas identificadas, estavam presentes nos bancos de dados PPDB, SUBA e PlProt, enquanto homólogos para 13 proteínas não foram encontrados em nenhum dos três bancos de dados plastidiais, mas foram detectados como plastidiais por pelo menos um dos três programas de predição de localização subcelular utilizados (TargetP, ChloroP, PlantMPloc). A classificação funcional mostrou que a maioria das proteínas identificadas pertencia ao metabolismo dos aminoácidos, seguido dos metabolismos dos carboidratos, energético e dos lipídios. As subunidades maiores e menores da Rubisco foram identificadas, e sua presença nos plastídeos foi considerada uma característica adaptativa para contrabalancear a perda de um terço do carbono na forma de CO2 como um resultado da conversão de carboidratos em óleo através da glicólise. Apesar de enzimas envolvidas na biossíntese de diversos precursores dos diterpenóides terem sido identificadas, não foi detectado nenhuma terpeno sintase/ciclase, o que sugere que os plastídeos isolados do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento não sintetizam ésteres de forbol, apesar de uma grande quantidade desse composto ser encontrada neste tecido. Como conclusão, o presente trabalho proporciona insights sobre as principais vias biossíntéticas, e sobre características peculiares dos plastideos isolados do endosperma de sementes em desenvolvimento.

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Devappa, Rakshit K. [Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Becker. "Isolation, characterization and potential agro-pharmaceutical applications of phorbol esters from Jatropha curcas oil / Rakshit Devappa Kodekalra. Betreuer: Klaus Becker." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027352987/34.

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Devappa, Rakshit Kodekalra [Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Becker. "Isolation, characterization and potential agro-pharmaceutical applications of phorbol esters from Jatropha curcas oil / Rakshit Devappa Kodekalra. Betreuer: Klaus Becker." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:100-opus-6849.

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Gomes, Kleber Alves. "Diversidade alélica, metabólica e físico-química da biossíntese de ácidos graxos e ésteres de forbol em diferentes genótipos de Jatropha curcas L." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-01092015-202336/.

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Jatropha curcas L., também conhecida no Brasil como pinhão-manso, é uma oleaginosa que atraiu a atenção do mundo para bioenergia dado a qualidade e o alto conteúdo de óleo na semente. Contudo, a espécie necessita de programas de melhoramento genético para fixar características de interesse em bancos de germoplasma. Este trabalho objetivou identificar e analisar a diversidade alélica, metabólica e físico-química relacionada à síntese de óleo e ésteres de forbol em uma amostra de 22 genótipos do BAG do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas para seleção de genótipos elite. Os genes MFP2, KASIII e 3-N-D, envolvidos na biossíntese de óleo e de taxol, foram selecionados a partir de Gomes et al. (2010). Os resultados mostraram que há baixa diversidade alélica para os genes KAS III e MFP2, por outro lado, a expressão desses mesmos genes e a composição de ácidos graxos foi bastante variável entre os genótipos e ao longo do desenvolvimento da semente de J. curcas indicando uma provável regulação diferenciada da via de óleo. O estudo realizado permite combinar a diversidade alélica, expressão dos genes, conteúdo metabólico e poder calorífico para a seleção de genótipos e identificação de parentais direcionando cruzamentos no quadro do programa de melhoramento do IAC.
Jatropha curcas L., also know in Brazil as physic nut, is an oilseed that call world´s attention to bioenergy due to quality and high oilseed content. However, this species needs of breeding programs so that interest traits may to be fixed in germplasm banks. This study aimed to identify and analyze allelic, metabolic and physicochemical diversity related to oil and phorbol esters synthesis in a 22 genotypes sample from Instituto Agronômico de Campinas-BAG for elite genotypes selection. The MFP2, KASIII and 3-ND genes involved in oil and taxol biosynthesis were selected from Gomes et al. (2010). The results showed that there is low allelic diversity for KAS III and MFP2 genes, on the other hand, the expression of these same genes and fatty acid composition was quite variable between genotypes through J. curcas seed development indicating a putative differential regulation in oil pathway. This study allows combining allelic diversity, gene expression, metabolic content and calorific values for parental genotypes identification and selection driving crosses within IAC breeding program.

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Santos, Otávio Neto Almeida. "Irrigação e tipos de poda no cultivo de pinhão-manso em Piracicaba, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-06042016-175801/.

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O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L) é uma espécie da família da Euforbiácea que tem se destacado por ser uma planta perene, rústica e com elevada produção de óleo. A avaliação dos efeitos da poda e da irrigação no crescimento e produção do pinhão-manso é relevante para o manejo de um cultivo com essa espécie. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de poda e manejos hídricos no cultivo do pinhão-manso em Piracicaba, SP. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas (ESALQ/USP), com plantas de quatro anos de idade dispostas em espaçamento 3 x 4 m, totalizando 833 plantas ha-1. Os tratamentos foram arranjados de forma aleatória em blocos compostos de quatro repetições, sendo que os fatores foram constituídos de dois manejos hídricos (irrigado e sem irrigação) e três tipos de poda, sendo P1 (sem poda), P2 (1,5 m de altura x 1,5 m de diâmetro de copa) e P3 (poda a 2 m de altura e 1,5 m de diâmetro da copa). A irrigação teve influência no diâmetro da copa, nas taxas de crescimento absoluto em altura e diâmetro, na taxa de crescimento relativo em diâmetro e nas variáveis produtivas. O fator poda apresentou diferenças em todas as variáveis de crescimento, sendo a poda drástica (P2) a que exibiu as maiores taxas médias de crescimento. As plantas irrigadas apresentaram os maiores rendimentos por planta e por hectare. A análise de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN de 1H) revelou que a irrigação e a poda não influenciaram o teor de óleo nas sementes de pinhão-manso. Em relação ao perfil graxo, a irrigação teve influência em plantas submetidas a poda drástica (P2), de modo que a ausência de irrigação favoreceu o maior acúmulo de ácido oleico no óleo. Pela análise energética, observou-se que os fertilizantes foram os insumos com maior participação na demanda energética (42,57 GJ ha-1) para os dois sistemas estudados, seguido dos combustíveis (32,96 GJ ha-1). A área irrigada consumiu 100,4 GJ ha-1, sendo 16% devido ao acionamento do pivô central. A energia bruta dos frutos de pinhão-manso foi de 69,82 e 45,31 GJ ha-1 para o sistema irrigado e o sem irrigação, respectivamente. O balanço energético (BE) para as duas áreas foi negativo e a lucratividade energética (EROI) foi de 0,63 para a área irrigada e 0,49 para a área sem irrigação, evidenciando a ineficiência e a não sustentabilidade do cultivo de pinhão-manso nas condições deste estudo para geração de energia.
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L) is a species from Euforbiácea family that has been widely studied because of some particular characteristics such as being a perennial plant, its rusticity and the high oil production. The evaluation of pruning and irrigation on growth development and yield of jatropha is very important for the culture management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on jatropha under different types of pruning and water management in Piracicaba, SP. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Department of Biosystems Engineering (ESALQ/USP) during the fourth year crop growing and with 3 x 4 m planting spacing, totalizing 833 plants ha-1. The treatments were randomly arranged in blocks with two water management (irrigation and rainfed) and three pruning types (P1, no pruning; P2, with 1.5 m height x 1.5 m canopy diameter and; P3, with 2.0 height x 1.5 m canopy diameter). In each block, there were three pruning types with 4 blocks in each water management. Irrigation have influenced the canopy diameter values, absolute growth rates for height and canopy diameter, relative growth rate for canopy diameter and yield parameters., pruning management have influenced in all growth parameters, with drastic pruning (P2) representing the highest average growth rates. The irrigation have showed the highest yield per plant and per hectare. The analysis of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of hydrogen (1H NMR) have shown that the irrigation and pruning have not influenced the oil content on jatropha seeds. Regarding the fatty profile, the irrigation management have influenced only the P2, since that no irrigation have influenced to largest accumulation of oleic acid in the oil. In energy analysis, it was noted that fertilizers were the inputs with the largest participation in energy input (42.57 GJ ha-1) for both water management, followed by fuels (32.96 GJ ha-1). The irrigated area consumed 100.4 GJ ha-1 energy, representing 16% due to the central pivot usage. The gross energy of jatropha fruits was 69.82 and 45.31 GJ ha-1 for irrigated and rainfed system, respectively. The energy balance for the two areas was negative and the energy return over investment, with 0.63 and 0.49 for irrigated and rainfed, respectively, have showed the inefficiency and unsustainability of jatropha cultivation to generate energy.

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24

SILVA, Marcelle Almeida da. "Efeito do solo contaminado por óleo diesel na germinação e fisiologia de Hymenaea courbaril L e Jatropha curcas L." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4954.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The object of this study was to analyze the effect of soil contaminated by diesel oil in the germination and physiology of Hymenaea courbaril L. and Jatropha curcas L. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse of the Plant Physiology Laboratory - UFRPE. For the assembly of the experiments were used seeds and plants propagated sexually. The germination experiment evaluated: germination percentage (%G), germination speed index (GSI) and mean time germination (MTG). The experimental design was a factorial (2x3), two species (H. courbaril and J. curcas) and 3 treatments, T30 (contaminated soil after 30 days), T60 (contaminated soil after 60 days) and T0 (without soil contamination), 3 replications. The second experiment used plants of H. courbaril and J. curcas and evaluated, gas exchange (photosynthesis - A; Transpiration - E; Stomatal Conductance - gs); water relations (Potential Hydride Leaf - w; Relative Water Content - RWC); photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids); index chlorophyll- SPAD; protoplasmic damage and organic solutes (carbohydrates, amino acids, protein and proline). The experimental design was in a factorial design (2x3x2), 2 species (H. courbaril and J. curcas); 3 treatments: T0 (100% of the maximum water holding capacity of the soil - without contamination); T1 (50% of maximum water holding capacity of the soil + addition of 23 mL of diesel per kg of soil) and T2 (50% of maximum water holding capacity of the soil + 46,2mL of diesel per kg of soil); and 2 times (3hours and 192hours after contamination), 5 repetitions. The %G, IVG and TMG H. courbaril and J. curcas in seed were affected, germination does not occur for any of the species in no of contamination treatments. For the seeds of T0 (H. courbaril and J. curcas), they presented %G 84.51% and 82.29%, germination speed index of 17.29 and 12.02 (seedling / day ) and mean germination time of 1.41 and 3.04 (day), respectively. For H. courbaril plants and J. curcas, they show differences 3h after application to stress to gas exchange (A, E and gs), with percentages of 127% and 169%; 96.24% and 190%; 401.5% and 651.87% for T1 and T2, respectively, when compared to T0. The w showed reductions after 3h in H. courbaril and J. curcas with average: -2.63 MPa and -2.75 MPa -2,3MPa; -1.35 MPa to -2.05 MPa and -2,53MPa T0, T1 and T2, respectively. After of 192h, both species recovered their water status and increased their w with average: -1,05MPa and -1,5MPa; -1.16 MPa and -0.65 MPa for the T1 and T2 treatments for H. courbaril and J. curcas, respectively. The solutes demonstrated that the species showed tolerance mechanisms after 3h and stomatal closure with stress prolonged. Photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll index-SPAD showed an increase after 192h. Protoplasmic damage also showed increases, being more pronounced in J. curcas plants after 192h. Given the above, it is suggested to using plants instead of seeds in contaminated areas with diesel oil.
Objetivou-se neste estudo, analisar o efeito do solo contaminado por óleo diesel na germinação e fisiologia de Hymenaea courbaril L. e Jatropha curcas L. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação do Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal - UFRPE. Para a montagem dos experimentos foram utilizadas sementes e plantas propagadas sexuadamente. O experimento de germinação avaliou: a porcentagem de germinação (%G), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e Tempo Médio de Germinação (TMG). O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial (2x3), 2 espécies (H. courbaril e J. curcas) e 3 tratamentos, T30 (solo contaminado após 30 dias), T60 (solo contaminado após 60 dias) e T0 (solo sem contaminação), com 3 repetições. O segundo experimento utilizou plantas de H. courbaril e J. curcas e avaliou, as trocas gasosas (Fotossíntese – A; Transpiração – E; Condutância Estomática – gs); relações hídricas (Potencial Hídrico Foliar - Ψw; Teor Relativo de Água – TRA); pigmentos fotossintéticos (Clorofila a; b; total e carotenóides); índice de clorofila-SPAD; danos protoplasmáticos e solutos orgânicos (carboidratos, aminoácidos, proteína e prolina). O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial (2x3x2), 2 espécies (H. courbaril e J. curcas); 3 tratamentos: T0 (100% da capacidade máxima de retenção de água no solo – sem contaminação); T1 (50% da capacidade máxima de retenção de água no solo + adição de 23mL de óleo diesel por kg de solo) e T2 (50% da capacidade máxima de retenção de água no solo + 46,2mL de óleo diesel por kg de solo); e 2 avaliações (3horas e 192horas após contaminação), com 5 repetições. A %G, IVG e TMG de sementes de H. courbaril L. e J. curcas L. foram afetados, não ocorrendo germinabilidade para nenhuma das espécies em nenhum dos tratamentos com contaminação. Já para as sementes do T0 (H. courbaril L. e J. curcas), estes apresentaram %G de 84,51% e 82,29%, índice de velocidade de germinação de 17,29 e 12,02 (plântula/dia) e tempo médio de germinação de 1,41 e 3,04 (dia), respectivamente. Para as plantas de H. courbaril e J. curcas, estas apresentaram diferenças após 3h de imposição ao estresse para as trocas gasosas (A, E e gs), com percentuais de 127% e 169%; 96,24% e 190%; 401,5% e 651,87% para T1 e T2, respectivamente, quando comparados ao T0. O Ψw apresentou reduções após 3h para H. courbaril e J. curcas com médias: -2,63 MPa, -2,75 MPa e -2,3MPa; -1,35 MPa, -2,05 MPa e -2,53MPa para T0, T1 e T2, respectivamente. Após 192h ambas as espécies recuperaram seu status hídrico e aumentaram seu Ψw com médias: -1,05MPa e -1,5MPa; -1,16 MPa e -0,65 MPa, para os tratamentos T1 e T2 para H. courbaril e J. curcas, respectivamente. Os solutos demonstrando que as espécies apresentaram mecanismos de tolerância após 3h e fechamento estomático com o prolongamento do estresse. Os pigmentos fotossintéticos e índice de clorofila-SPAD, apresentaram acréscimo após 192h. Os danos protoplasmáticos também apresentaram aumentos, sendo mais pronunciando nas plantas de J. curcas após 192h. Diante do exposto, sugere-se utilizar plantas ao invés de sementes em áreas contaminadas por óleo diesel.

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Souza, Cristiane Daliassi Ramos de. "Estudo analítico, térmico e energético do pinhão manso (Jatropha Curcas l.) como matéria-prima para a produção de biocombustíveis." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2012. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/4448.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Jatropha curcas L. is a vegetable species that supplies great amount of oil, but due to its toxicity cannot be used to feed human beings. It is a promising alternative for Biodiesel production. This Thesis had the purpose of perform analytic, thermal and energy studies for the oil extracted from oleaginous species Jatropha curcas L., cultivated in the State of Amazonas. The study was also done for byproducts such as fruit peels, seed peels and the cake originated by biofuel productive chain. To reach the proposed objective, the experimental activities were started with the sampling of the whole fruits in a plantation located in Itacoatiara city-Amazonas. Six independent samplings were done in different months and all the samples were submitted to physical characterization to evaluate size and weight for all parts of the fruit. The process to obtain the oil was done by two methods: mechanical extraction and chemical extraction (Soxhlet system). The chemical extraction was performed for all available samples and the best efficiency was the 50.21%, although all the extractions have presented good results (43-48%). The mechanical process was just performed for the 2010 crop presenting a satisfactory efficiency (33.14%). Then, the oil extracted by the two processes was characterized by several physical-chemical parameters. The oxidative stability by Rancimat was measured for the oils and the result was around 12 hours, this value is considered satisfactory when compared with other species. The fatty acid profile was analyzed by gas chromatography, which indicated the presence of higher concentrations of oleic and linoleic acids. The palmitic, stearic, arachidic and palmitoleic acids were also detected, however in smaller concentrations. The evaluation for thermal and energy potential was done for the oil and byproducts using TG/DTA, immediate analysis and superior heat power techniques. The results of thermal analysis for the oils obtained by chemical and mechanical extraction indicated thermal stability temperature about 180 and 217°C, respectively. Energy evaluation for byproducts was done by immediate analysis and high values for volatile materials were found (65-78%). These values characterize a fuel that can be easy and quickly burned during the combustion process. The results of PCS for the obtained oils presented high values (34-39 MJ/kg), which are close to the ones measured for diesel. For the byproducts, the results were between 17 and 21 MJ/kg, close and even superiors to the literature values for other agricultural residues showing, therefore, great applicability for use in energy generation processes. Finally, reactions with the Jatropha curcas L. oil were made to obtain biofuels through the methylic and ethylic transesterification and thermal cracking. The results for transesterification process were excellent, with efficiency above 90%, however, the physical-chemical evaluation showed that the methylic Biodiesel was the only one in conformity with the Resolution 14/2011 from ANP. A satisfactory efficiency of 75% was obtained for bio-oil.
O pinhão manso é uma espécie vegetal que fornece grande quantidade de óleo e por sua toxidade não pode ser usado na alimentação humana, podendo se transformar em uma alternativa promissora na produção de Biodiesel. Esta Tese teve a finalidade de realizar um estudo analítico, térmico e energético do óleo extraído da espécie oleaginosa pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas L.), cultivada no Estado do Amazonas, assim como dos co-produtos, tais como, cascas do fruto, cascas da semente e torta, presentes na cadeia produtiva de biocombustíveis. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, as atividades experimentais foram iniciadas com a coleta dos frutos na plantação localizada em Itacoatiara-AM. Foram feitas seis coletas em diferentes meses e todas as amostras foram submetidas à caracterização física avaliando o tamanho e a massa para todas as partes do fruto. Em seguida realizou-se o processo de obtenção do óleo, utilizando dois métodos, a extração mecânica e a extração com solvente (Método Soxhlet). A extração com solvente foi realizada para todas as amostras coletadas e o melhor rendimento obtido foi de 50,21%, apesar de ter obtido bons resultados em todas as extrações (43-48%). O processo mecânico foi realizado apenas com o lote da safra de 2010 apresentando um rendimento satisfatório (33,14%). Posteriormente, o óleo extraído foi caracterizado por diversos parâmetros físico-químicos. A estabilidade oxidativa por Rancimat foi realizada para o óleo do pinhão manso ficando em torno de 12 horas, um valor considerado satisfatório quando comparado com outras espécies. O perfil de ácidos graxos foi analisado por cromatografia gasosa, o qual indicou a presença de altas concentrações dos ácidos oléico e linoléico. Os ácidos palmítico, esteárico, araquídico e palmitoléico também foram detectados, porém em concentrações menores. A avaliação do potencial térmico e energético foi realizada para o óleo e os co-produtos utilizando as técnicas de TG/DTA, análise imediata e PCS. Os resultados da análise térmica dos óleos, obtidos via extração química e mecânica, indicaram uma temperatura de estabilidade térmica em torno de 180C e 217C, respectivamente. Na avaliação energética dos co-produtos realizada pela análise imediata houve destaque para o teor de materiais voláteis, que apresentou valores elevados (65-78%), o que caracteriza um combustível mais fácil e rapidamente queimado durante o processo de combustão. Os resultados do PCS para os óleos obtidos apresentaram valores elevados (34-39 MJ/kg) e próximos ao diesel. Para os co-produtos, os resultados ficaram entre 17 e 21 MJ/kg, próximos e até superiores aos valores reportados na literatura para outros resíduos agrícolas mostrando, portanto grande aplicabilidade para utilização em processos de geração de energia. Por fim foram realizadas reações com o óleo de pinhão manso para obter biocombustíveis através da transesterificação metílica e etílica e do craqueamento térmico. Os resultados da transesterificação mostraram-se excelentes, com rendimentos acima de 90%, entretanto a avaliação físico-química mostrou que apenas o Biodiesel metílico ficou em conformidade com a Resolução 14/2011 da ANP. O Bio-óleo obteve um rendimento satisfatório (75%).

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Ko, Gaelle Kafira. "Etude et modélisation dynamique d'un concentrateur à miroir linéaire de Fresnel." Thesis, Perpignan, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PERP0018/document.

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Parmi les technologies de solaire thermodynamique, la technologie du linéaire de Fresnel semble la plus adaptée aux régions d’Afrique Sub saharienne. Cela en raison de la simplicité de la technologie. C’est dans cette optique qu’un collecteur de type linéaire de Fresnel d’une superficie de 7,5 m² de miroirs a été construit au laboratoire énergies renouvelables et efficacité énergétique (LabEREE). La construction du collecteur s’est faite en utilisant en priorité les matériaux disponibles localement afinde rendre la technologie plus accessible aux populations locales et de réduire les coûts de fabrication. Des tests sont effectués sur le collecteur afin de déterminer ses rendements optiques, thermiques et globaux. Dans un premier temps, une revue bibliographie des différents collecteurs de type linéaire de Fresnel nous a permis d’identifier les variantes, de cette technologie, les plus adaptées au contexte dela région . Un modèle thermique et un modèle optique ont été mis en place comme outils de dimensionnement et d’optimisation du collecteur. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont été utilisés pour valider les différents modèles mis en place. Le rendement global du collecteur obtenu expérimentalement est de 21% et il a un facteur de concentration local de 6
Among the different technologies of concentrated solar power plant, the linear Fresnel, thanks to its simplicity, appears the most adapted to rural area of Sub Sahara region. A linear Fresnel collector of 7.5 m² has been built in “laboratoire énergies renouvelables et efficacité énergétique (LabEREE)”. The collector have been designed using material available locally by local man power. This reduces the total cost of the technology and makes it affordable for local population. The collector has been characterized in order to find optical, thermal and global efficiencies. In first time, a review on different linear Fresnel collector allows finding the technology that is most adapted to the Sub-Saharan region. An optical and thermal model of the collector has been done as a tool for designing and optimisation. The experimental results enable to validate the different models done. The collector has an effective concentration factor of 6 and a global efficiency of 21%

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Gofferjé, Gabriele [Verfasser], Eckhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Flöter, Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Herfellner, Ute [Akademischer Betreuer] Schweiggert-Weisz, Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Stäbler, Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Eisner, and Gerrit van [Akademischer Betreuer] Duijn. "Improved oil processing and protein extraction for better valorization of Jatropha curcas L. nuts / Gabriele Gofferjé. Gutachter: Eckhard Flöter ; Peter Eisner ; Gerrit van Duijn. Betreuer: Eckhard Flöter ; Thomas Herfellner ; Ute Schweiggert-Weisz ; Andreas Stäbler." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1070276723/34.

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Zanette, Andréia Fátima. "Estudo da transesterificação do óleo de pinhão manso empregando catalisadores heterogêneos." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2010. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1885.

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The search for renewable sources of energy had increased intensely through the last years. By this way, biofuels are starting to play an important role as an alternative in opposition to fossil fuels. Biodiesel can be obtained by a transesterification reaction of oils with a short alcohol chain. In this regard, the species Jatropha curcas has been showing many advantages due its good quality of its extracted oil, yet it does not rival with food production. The use of heterogeneous catalysts presents itself as a promising alternative to the homogeneous catalysts, reducing biodiesel production costs, because the process of separation of the reaction results is simpler, there s not soap production, besides the possibility of re-using the catalyst. In this sense, the objective of this study was to valuate the efficiency of the following heterogeneous catalysts: resins, zeolites, clays, hydrotalcites, aluminas, and niobium oxide in the esters of fatty acids production, using methanol and Jatrophas curcas oil as substrates. For this finality, were made experimentation in a batch reactor in order to reach the catalysts screening in the following operational conditions: oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:9, 6 hours of reaction, 5 % (w/w) catalysts, at 6 °C to 120 °C. Results showed that an increasing in the temperature conduces an increment in the reaction s efficiency. Were selected two catalysts that presented the highest efficiency: clayl KSF and the resin Amberlyst 15, the both are commercial catalysts. A DCCR 23 complete experimental planning was made with this both catalysts to maximize the percentage of esters in the reaction. Independent variables and valuated levels in the planning were: temperature between 80 °C and 180 °C, oil to methanol molar ratio at 1:4 to 1:14, and catalyst percentage of 1 to 20% (w/w). Reaction conditions for a maximum efficiency in esters were: oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:12, 5 % (w/w) of catalyst, 160 °C and 6 hours of reaction, for both catalysts, obtaining a percentage of 70 % for clay and 60 % for the resin. It was also made a study of these catalysts re-utilization in five successive experiments in a batch reactor in the optimized reaction conditions for the both catalysts. It was observed an efficiency decrease in the number of the catalyst using cycles. In the fifth cycle the reaction efficiency was 37,5 % with the clay KSF and 25,2 % with the resin Amberlyst 15. As well, was searched the characterization of the catalysts about the area and the diameter of their pores by means of nitrogen isotherms and the application of the BET and BJH methods, which identified that the products present microporous and mesoporous. Yet, experiments were made to obtain the reaction kinetics in a batch reactor in the optimized conditions of the reaction. A simplified kinetic model was proposed, which described the reaction kinetics nicely.
A busca por fontes renováveis de energia tem-se intensificado nos últimos anos. Desta forma, os biocombustíveis estão adquirindo um papel relevante como alternativa aos combustíveis fósseis. O biodiesel pode ser obtido pela reação de transesterificação de óleos com um álcool de cadeia curta. Neste cenário, a espécie Jatropha curcas tem mostrado vantagens pela boa qualidade do óleo extraído, além de não competir com a alimentação. O emprego de catalisadores heterogêneos apresenta-se como alternativa promissora aos catalisadores homogêneos, reduzindo os custos da produção de biodiesel, pois o processo de separação dos produtos da reação é mais simples, não há a formação de sabão, além da possibilidade de reutilização do catalisador. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos seguintes catalisadores heterogêneos: resinas, zeólitas, argilas, aluminas, hidrotalcitas e óxido de nióbio na produção de ésteres de ácidos graxos, utilizando metanol e óleo de pinhão manso como substratos. Para esse fim, foram realizados experimentos num reator batelada visando ao screening do catalisador nas seguintes condições operacionais: razão molar óleo:metanol de 1:9, 6 horas de reação, 5 % (m/m) de catalisador, nas temperaturas de 60 °C e 120 °C. Na temperatura de 60 °C o maior rendimento em ésteres foi de 18 %, e até 40 % na temperatura de 120 °C. Os resultados mostraram que um aumento na temperatura conduz a um incremento no rendimento da reação. Foram selecionados dois catalisadores que apresentaram o maior rendimento, a argila KSF e a resina Amberlyst 15, ambos catalisadores comerciais. Foi realizado um planejamento experimental completo DCCR 23 com estes dois catalisadores a fim de maximizar o teor de ésteres da reação. As variáveis independentes e níveis avaliados no planejamento foram: temperatura entre 80 e 180 °C, razão molar óleo:metanol de 1:4 a 1:14, e teor de catalisador de 1 a 20 % (m/m). As condições reacionais para um máximo de rendimento em ésteres foram: razão molar óleo:metanol de 1:12, 5 % (m/m) de catalisador, 160 °C e 6 horas de reação, para ambos os catalisadores, obtendo um teor de ésteres de 70 % para a argila e de 60 % para a resina. Também foi realizado um estudo da reutilização destes catalisadores em cinco experimentos consecutivos em um reator batelada nas condições reacionais otimizadas para os dois catalisadores. Observou-se um decréscimo do rendimento com o número de ciclos de utilização do catalisador. No quinto ciclo o rendimento da reação foi de 37,5% para a argila KSF e de 25,2 % para a resina Amberlyst 15. Também foi realizada a caracterização dos catalisadores quanto à área e o diâmetro dos poros por meio das isotermas de nitrogênio e aplicação dos métodos BET e BJH. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os materiais avaliados apresentam microporosos e mesoporosos.Também foram realizados experimentos para a obtenção da cinética da reação em um reator batelada nas condições otimizadas da reação. Um modelo cinético simplificado foi proposto, o qual descreveu satisfatoriamente a cinética da reação.

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29

Kenda, Nitedem Eric. "Stockage thermique à base d'éco-matériaux locaux pour centrale solaire à concentration : cas du pilote CSP4AFRICA." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0052/document.

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Convaincu de l’intérêt et du potentiel des matériaux naturels et des déchets industriels, cette thèse a contribué à la mise au point de matériaux de stockage de la chaleur (TESM) pour les CSP en Afrique de l’Ouest. Plus spécifiquement, ce travail de recherche a porté sur la valorisation de la latérite du Burkina Faso, des cendres de foyer des centrales à charbon de la société SONICHAR au Niger, des résidus en carbonate de calcium (chaux) de l’industrie de production de l’acétylène au Burkina Faso et l’huile végétale de Jatropha curcas de la société Belwet au Burkina Faso. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de montrer que l’huile de Jatropha curcas peut être considérée comme une alternative viable aux fluides de transfert et aux TESM conventionnels pour les CSP fonctionnant à 210 °C. Les matériaux élaborés à partir des cendres de foyer et de la latérite présentent un caractère réfractaire en raison de la présence de mullite et de spinelle. L’ajout de chaux permet de réduire le point de fusion tout en préservant le caractère réfractaire et conducteur des phases obtenues. En raison de leurs stabilités, et l’absence de conflit d'utilisation, les matériaux obtenus peuvent être utilisés comme TESM dans CSP à des températures allant jusqu’à 900 °C
Convinced of the interest and potential of natural materials and industrial waste, this thesis has contributed to the development of heat storage materials (TESM) for CSPs in West Africa. More specifically, this research focused on the valorization of laterite from Burkina Faso, the bottom ashes from the coal-fired power plants of SONICHAR in Niger, residues of calcium carbonate (lime) from the acetylene in Burkina Faso and the vegetable oil of Jatropha curcas from the company Belwet in Burkina Faso. The results of this study showed that Jatropha curcas oil can be considered as a viable alternative to conventional HTF and TESM for CSP operating at 210 °C. The materials elaborated from bottom ashes and laterites present a refractory character due to the presence of mullite and spinel. The addition of lime makes it possible to reduce the melting temperature while preserving the refractory and conductive character of the obtained phases. Due to their stabilities, and the absence of conflict of use, the obtained materials can be used as TESM in CSP at temperatures up to 900 °C

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Abdelgadir, Hafiz Ahmed. "Strategies to improve seed production in Jatropha curcas : a potential seed oil crop for biodiesel." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10841.

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Interest in planting Jatropha curcas L. for the production of biodiesel is growing exponentially. The properties of the crop and its oil have persuaded investors to consider J. curcas oil as a substitute for fossil fuels. However, this plant is still undomesticated, basic agronomic properties are not thoroughly understood and the environmental effects on growth have not been investigated. This thesis investigated different approaches that may contribute to improving the productivity of this plant. Seed germination and methods of propagation are usually the first consideration in any plant development programme. The effects of aerosol smoke, smoke water, potassium nitrate, naphthalene acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid on germination and seedling growth of J. curcas were investigated. Seed coat removal accelerated water imbibition and germination occurred within 48 h. Seeds exposed to aerosol smoke failed to germinate over the whole study period of three months. There were no significant differences in total germination between the treatments and the untreated control (intactand shelled-seed). However, shelled-seeds had a shorter mean germination time. The seedlings were subsequently sown in trays under shade house conditions and different seedling growth traits measured after three months. Smoke water, potassium nitrate and naphthalene acetic acid produced significantly heavier seedlings with longer stems and roots, wider stems and a higher vigour index compared to the control treatments. Smoke water, potassium nitrate and naphthalene acetic acid stimulated seedling growth and vigour of J. curcas. This opens the possibility of applying these treatments to produce quality seedlings for large scale planting and accelerated plant establishment in production orchards. Effective pollination is a prerequisite for many crops to increase seed-set and fruit production. Experiments were conducted to determine factors that could influence seed production in this potential biofuel seed crop. Controlled pollination experiments showed that plants required pollinator visits for seed production and were genetically selfx compatible. Pollen-supplementation did not lead to increased fruit set, suggesting that seed production in the study population was not pollen-limited. Both male and female flowers produced nectar and were highly attractive to honeybees. These insects were effective pollinators of J. curcas, as shown by experiments in which flowers exposed to single or multiple visits by honeybees set significantly more fruit than those from which visits were precluded. Pollinator-mediated self-pollination led to marginally lower levels of seed production relative to cross-pollination. Progeny from selfed plants had significantly shorter roots than progeny of outcrossed plants. However, in general, there was little evidence of inbreeding depression. The present results provide empirical evidence that honeybees are effective pollinators of J. curcas. Fruit arising from selfpollination were almost as numerous and as large as those arising from crosspollination, suggesting that promotion of cross-pollination does not have to be a priority in orchard management for fruit yield. Manipulation of pollen development and function is of vital importance for crop development and improvement. Experiments were conducted to investigate pollen viability, in vitro pollen germination and in vivo pollen tube growth in J. curcas. Light and fluorescence microscopy were employed to examine the different developmental stages. It was possible to determine pollen viability and distinguish between fresh and dead pollen using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Pollen germination was significantly higher in an agar-based medium composed of sucrose, boric acid and calcium nitrate compared with the control treatment (distilled water). Supplementation of IAA to the different media significantly increased pollen germination and pollen length compared with the control treatment. Pollen from hermaphrodite flowers had a lower viability, lower germination rates and shorter pollen tubes, with abnormal shapes, compared to the pollen from male flowers. Pollen tubes from both self- and crosspollinated flowers entered the ovary within 8 hours after pollination (HAP). However, at 6 HAP, the pollen tube length and growth rate were significantly higher in crosscompared to self-pollinated pollen. Our results suggest that TTC is a reliable test for pollen viability; boric acid, calcium nitrate, sucrose and addition of IAA are essential and beneficial for pollen germination in this plant. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were not inhibited, nor interfered with, as a result of self-pollination treatments. During, both types of pollination, fertility is maintained as evidenced by ovule penetration by pollen tubes. This suggests that type of pollination has no influence on the success of fertilization in J. curcas. Manual pruning is one of the major management practices in commercial plantations of J. curcas, resulting in production of more branches and thus increased potential for more inflorescences leading to a higher seed yield. Experiments were conducted to determine the response of J. curcas plants to manual pruning under summer and winter conditions. The results showed that manual pruning under both conditions significantly increased the number of branches per plant. However, there were no significant differences in number of branches between winter and summer manual pruning. Winter pruning, however, had a significantly wider crown diameter compared to the control and summer pruning. Both treatments produced significantly less fruits/per plant in the subsequent season compared to the un-pruned control. This study revealed that winter and summer manual pruning may be suitable practice to promote branching. Manual pruning, however, is time consuming, labour intensive and expensive. A study was conducted to determine the potential of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) to increase the number of lateral branches of J. curcas plants. A single foliar application of BA (benzyladenine) at 12 mmol l-1 significantly increased branches in both the pot (4) and field (13.2) trials compared to manual pruning (MP) (1.8 and 5.7 respectively) and control (no new branches) plants. In the field, treatment with TIBA (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid) (1 mmol l-1) significantly increased the number of branches (15.9) after seven months from application. Of all the PGRs examined, DK (Dikegulac) (2,3:4,6-di-Oisopropylidene- 2-keto-L-gulonic acid) at 2 mmol l-1 produced the maximum number of branches (18) in the field seven months after application. Concentrations of 2 and 3 mmol I-1 of MH (Maleic hydrazide) (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione, coline salt) significantly increased the number of branches, four and seven months after spraying in both the pot trial in the shade house and field respectively. Under field conditions J. curcas plants responded better to all the PGRs (DK < TIBA < BA < MH) when treated once, with insignificant variations of other growth parameters. This study indicates that a single foliar application of PGRs under field conditions can be an alternative method to MP for increasing the number of lateral branches of J. curcas plants. The field chemical pruning experiment was continued to determine the potential subsequent effects of the different PGRs on seed production. In the subsequent year following the single foliar application, the parameters of flowering, fruit set, fruit characteristics, total oil content and free fatty acid (FFA) content were evaluated. Number of flowers per plant and number of fruits per bunch were significantly affected by the different treatments. However, there were no variations in the degree of fruit set. A single foliar application of BA (6-benzylaminopurine) produced more flowers per plant, more fruits per bunch, heavier and bigger fruits and seeds with more oil compared to MP (manual pruning). TIBA (2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid) produced significantly more flowers per plant and heavier fruits compared to the control and MP treatments. However, it produced significantly bigger fruits with more seeds and a higher oil content than MP. DK (Dikegulac) (2,3:4,6-di-O-isopropylidene-2-keto-Lgulonic acid) produced more flowers per plant and seeds with high oil content compared to the control and MP. However, it produced more fruit per bunch and more seeds per fruit compared to MP. MH (Maleic hydrazide) produced more flowers per plant, heavier and bigger fruits with numerous, heavier and oil rich seeds compared to the control and MP. This study indicates that foliar application of PGRs can be used in J. curcas to increase seed production and improve fruit quality.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

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31

Mthembu, Feziwe Celile. "Modelling the production of biodiesel from non-edible oils (Jatropha curcas oil and Tobacco seed oil (TSO): a kinetic study." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24235.

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Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering at the School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa October, 2017
The significant increase in the primary energy demand and the effort to reduce harmful emissions related to the greenhouse gases enhanced the search for alternative energy. Production and modelling processes of biofuel from non-edible oil sources assist in the process development of an environmentally friendly fuel such as biodiesel. This work focused on the kinetic modelling of biodiesel synthesised from non-edible oils. Two types of non-edible oils (Jatropha curcas seed oil and Tobacco seed oil) were used in this study including the development of the kinetic behaviour of the transesterification reaction. A linear polynomial model was generated from experimental data found in literature in order to study the influence of operating parameters during biodiesel production. It was found that the temperature improves the yield of biodiesel; this is attributed to the fact that temperature affects the reaction rate constants; and the higher the reaction rate, the lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur. The optimum conditions for the transesterification of Jatropha curcas seed oil are a temperature of 55 0C, methanol to oil ratio of 6:1, catalyst concentration of 1.2% KOH (by volume of oil), and agitation speed range of 0-250 rpm. Results from both the homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of Jatropha curcas oil and tobacco seed oil were used to verify the theoretical kinetic and empirical models. It was found that both models describe the kinetic behaviour of transesterification with minor deviations in the estimated parameters. However, the use of empirical model in determining the reaction order, as opposed to the theoretical assumption, gave a second order with respect to oil triglycerides at a temperature of 60 0C. The theoretical kinetic model gave a first order with respect to oil triglycerides. In this case, the activation energy was found to be 71.83 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factor was found to be 2.48 x1010. More investigation should be done to describe the kinetic behaviour of biodiesel production from non-edible oil in order to confirm the correct reaction order and why there is change in reaction order when the temperature increases above 60°C.
MT2018

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32

Chiou, Ming-Hao. "Process Simulation and Evaluation of Alternative Solvents for Jatropha Curcas L. Seed Oil Extraction in Biodiesel Production." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-9205.

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Jatropha curcas L. is a drought-resistant plant which can be grown in poor soil and marginal lands. The use of Jatropha seed oil to produce biodiesel has been widely studied in recent years. Results showed that it is one of the most promising alternatives for conventional petro-diesel. Currently, hexane is still the most commonly used solvent for commercial oil extraction. However, the increasing price and flammability properties of hexane are motivating industry to seek alternative solvents. The objectives of this study are to design and analyze the Jatropha seed oil extraction for use in biodiesel production, and to provide a systematic safety-economic analysis of alternative solvents that can be used in Jatropha seed oil extraction. First, a base-case flowsheet is synthesized for oil extraction. Then, the base-case extraction process and each solvent Fire and Explosion Index (F & EI) and the Solvent Safety Index (SSI). Eight solvents, including n-heptane, toluene, xylene, dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, methanol and ethanol are selected for candidates by comparing these results to those for hexane. Two cases are developed to evaluate the economic potential of these candidates. Furthermore, heat integration is applied to the process to minimize energy usage. Finally, a comprehensive solvent comparison is developed based on F & EI, SSI, solvent makeup cost, utilities cost, and capital investment. The results show that chloroform is the optimal solvent, while dichloromethane is the next best.

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33

Hsieh, Yi-Ju, and 謝依如. "The performance of plant growth, seed yield and oil yeild in sun flower (Helianthus annuus L.) and jatropha ( Jatropha curcas L. )with various mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorous fertilizer application." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75553269848718887816.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
農園生產系所
98
Sun flower and jatropha are energy crops their seeds were inoculated with six species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) ：Glomus clarum (Gc), G. etunicatum (Ge), G. fasciculatum (Gf), G. mosseae (Gm), Gigaspora sp.(Gg) and Acaulospora sp. (Asp) to evaluate the effects on their growth, fertilizer saving, seed yield and oil yield. The most beneficial VAMF species was thus screened out. The results showed that the pot-grown sunflower recorded a mycorrhizal formation rate of 45～67% after 30 days. Applied with three phosphorous fertilizer levels for 50 days, the growth of Gf, Gm, and Ge inoculation were better than those in non-inculation. The plant growth, content of chlorophyll, soluble protein and soluble carbohydrate in mycorrhized plant were significantly better than those in the non-inoculated. The nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels in the leaves of mycorrhized plants were higher than that of the control. For the field sunflower test, The mycorrhizal formation rate for sunflower was 10～60% after 30 days of inoculation. No matter full or half amount of phosphorous fertilizer was applied, the growth of those inoculated plants were better than that of non-inoculated after 35 days; The leaves content of chlorophyll in field sunflower plants was the highest when the plant was inoculated with Gc, Ge and Gf, while Gm inoculation gave better content of soluble protein and soluble carbohydrate. The nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels in the leaves and seed yield and oil yield of mycorrhized plants were higher than that of the control. In pot trials, Gc、Ge species was screened out at first for their higher compactibity with jatropha plants. The mycorrhizal formation rate was 45～55% after 40 days of inoculation. In pot or field trials the inoculation treatment didn’t appear significant difference in plant growth. But the nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels in the leaves of mycorrhized plants were higher than that of the control. The content of soluble protein in mycorrhized plants was higher than that of the control. Pot-grown jatropha inoculated with Ge resulted in higher content of carbohydrate in leaves; field-grown jatropha inoculated with Gc resulted in higher oil yield in seed.

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34

Chou, Ting-Yu, and 周庭聿. "Jatropha seed cake effects the growth of Jatropha curcas." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71132293751209486293.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
農藝學研究所
103
Jatropha curcas is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions with the high adaptability in soil and environment. The seeds with high oil content could be converted into the biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It can grow in barren soil and not compete with food crops. With high biomass production, it is suitable for phytoremediation as a carbon sink. The biodiesel produced less environmental pollution. The waste products of seeds after oil extraction as manures can also achieve zero waste agriculture purposes. After the seeds were crushed, waste productions were produced, like seed cake, hull and the annual pruning of the stems, are the main materials of compost. Measure its maturity after indoor and outdoor fermentation. Jatropha seedlings were applied different levels of seed cake compost and chemical fertilizer to perform a comparison test. Investigate Jatropha curcas growth parameters and photosynthesis rate to assess the effectiveness of seed cake compost, and test whether the compost has allelopathic potential. The results showed that the chemical fertilizer applied high nitrogen level didn’t significantly increase photosynthesis as lower stomatal conductance though it has the high chlorophyll index. Moreover, Jatropha curcas seed cake compost must apply to high nitrogen levels to raise photosynthesis Pn (Net CO2 assimilation rate) 、Ci (Intercellular CO2 concentration) 、gs (Stomatal conductance) . It indicates that Jatropha curcas seed cake compost provides nutrients for seedling growth, however still need more long-term decompose. In compost treatment, the chlorophyll fluorescence non-photochemical quenching increases to induce light protection help relieve environmental stress. According to bioassay results, the indoor fermentation compared to outdoor fermentation treatment, significantly inhibited the root and hypocotyl growth. Similar results were obtained with the total phenolic content. Inference that more complete fermentation maturity which reduces the allelopathic potential, will not impact on fertility of cultivated crops.

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Hsu, Shih-Hong, and 徐世鴻. "The development of membrane materials for crude Jatropha curcas oil refining process." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02116174156628136307.

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博士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
100
Crude vegetable oils contain various minor substances such as phospholipids, free fatty acids and water that affect the quality of the refined vegetable oil. Reduction of energy costs and waste disposal are major concerns for many oil refining processes. In this study, membrane separation technology and adsorption technology were used to replace conventional degumming during the processing of vegetable oils. The phospholipid removal of 300kDa commercial ceramic membrane with crude Jatropha curcas oil is 99% . The flux of oil/hexane miscella is increased 3 times (30L/h*m2), but the phospholipid removal decreased to 75%. In order to overcome this problem, mesoporous carbon aerogel membrane was used. Mesoporous carbon aerogels were successfully coated on macroporous alumina tubular supports to form tubular carbon aerogel membranes via a sol-gel process. The thickness and pore size of the carbon aerogel membrane were about 10 μm and 10 nm, respectively. For the first time, tubular carbon aerogel membranes were applied for phospholipid removal from Jatropha oil to provide biodiesel. The decreases in the viscosity, water content, carbon residue and phospholipid content of the treated Jatropha oil were attributed to the successful removal of the gums and phospholipids during the degumming process, with the rejection rate of the phospholipids to be around 80%. Commercial zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide and Zinc oxide were used to find out a appropriate adsorbent for phospholipids. All samples were characterized by N2 adsorption(desorption), particle size distribution, XRD and zeta potential. Obtained results show that zirconium dioxide can adsorb more phospholipids than other two metal oxides. Zeta potential and pH value were negative correlation, which means under acidity environment the surface property of metal oxide will become more positive electricity. In the oil the electrical charge of phospholipid is -28.6mV, if the surface properties of metal oxide is positive charge, it’ll improve the ability to adsorb the phospholipids. Concerning the properties of the metal oxides used in this experiment, it has been noted that the use of the zirconium dioxide led to a better removal of the phospholipid.

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36

Belot, Gaelle Teresa Voigt Robert C. Boehman André L. "An evaluation and economic study of alternative jet fuel from Jatropha curcas oil." 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4078/index.html.

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37

Chen, Chang-Yong, and 陳長湧. "The study of metal oxide adsorbents to adsorb phospholipid from Jatropha curcas crude oil." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88505074136514359972.

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碩士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
100
Al2O3 and ZrO2 used as adsorbent to remove phospholipid from Jatropha crude oil and those removal potential in this study. In contrast to conventional method, adsorbent remove can decrease energy consumption and the waste. All operation system were in four processes, first was the preparation and pre-treatment of different metal oxides, second was adsorption experiment with metal oxides, third was samples digestion with microwave-assisted, final process was samples analysis, determining the phosphorus contents from Jatropha oil after adsorption. Adsorption experiment were carried out in two steps, first was adsorption isotherm, second was dynamic adsorption. The best contact time of adsorption from ZrO2 and Al2O3 were 30 and 15 min, respectively. The best contact time of adsorption did not change with the concentration of phospholipid increasing. The effect of electron transfer and electronegativity were studied. It was found that the adsorption isotherm could divided into three process. In low concentration, ZrO2 could be well described by Langmuir model. It showed good fit. The uptake of Al2O3 was found to be around 0.2 mg/g, Due to the surface area and affinity were low, the effect of adsorption of Al2O3 were poor. Although the difference of surface area between ZrO2 and Al2O3 were small, ZrO2 had better adsorption capacity than Al2O3. The effect of phospholipid aggregation led to the adsorption curve increased linearly when phospholipid exceed low concentration. The uptake were reduced when phospholipid exceed 230 ppm. Phospholipid concentration was too high and the adsorption capacity of change was too small, led to the phospholipid content didn’t reduce when the determination of phosphorus to oil samples.

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Su, Yi-Wa, and 蘇宜娃. "A Study on Crossflow Electro-ultrafiltration for Concentrating Jatropha Curcas Seed Protein Extract and BSA/LY protein solution." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8j52t9.

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碩士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
102
Global warming and energy crisis are the currently major problems of the world, and the usage of Jatropha curcas to produce biodiesel as a renewable energy source has attracted many attentions. Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) can grow in poor soil conditions, and its seed contains about 40% of oil. After oil extraction of crushed seed, the solid residue is rich in proteins, but it contains toxic compounds, being unsuitable for food applications. Such proteins can be used in industries for non-food applications as emulsifying, foaming, and adhesives etc. Currently, the methods of recovering Jatropha seed protein from Jatropha waste seed cake are extracting by alkaline solvent, and then concentrating by centrifugation, isoelectric precipitation, and so on. Membrane filtration is a simple physical separation process widely used in chemical, food, biochemistry, water treatment and other procedures in the concentration and separation. With UF membrane, the recover y of Jatropha seed protein could up to 80%, but membrane fouling and blocking would lead to a significant decrease in the filtration rate. The factors in controlling the formation of fouling and blocking include membrane characteristics, operating parameters, and so on. In this study, crossflow ultrfiltration experiments of Jatropha seed protein extract and BSA/LY protein solutions with 10, 30 and 100 kDa MWCO RC and PES membranes were carried out for investigating the effects of membrane characteristics, operating pressure, feed rate and external electric field etc.on flux and protein rejection. Experimental results with no electric field showed that the pretreatment with degumming process wouldn’t give obvious influence on filtration rate and protein retentivity. When an electric field as E=2500 V/m was imposed on, a rise in filtration rates was observed and the degummed Jatropha protein extract has a higher filtration rate than that non-gummed. Based on the experimental results from the conditions used in the study, 10 kDa RC membrane operated at 2 bar and feed flow rate at 1.5 L/min (average Re=1152) with electric field could provide a better performance in concentrating the Jatropha seed protein extract, producing a higher flux and a protein retentivity larger than 80%. For BSA/LY protein solution, the solutions at pH=7 has a higher flux than that at pH=9 when the pressure applied is 0.5 bar. However, an opposite result in the effect of pH on filtration rate was observed if the applied pressure drop is increased to 2 bar. The retentivity of protein is higher than 90% at pH=9 by using 10 and 30 kDa PES or 10 k Da RC membranes , however, at pH=7 the retenvity of 30 kDa RC membrane at 0.5 bar is lower than 60 % and under 2 bar pressure drop 90% retentivity can be obtained. Experimental results using 30 kDa RC membranes showed that at pH=7 the filtration rate with an electric field of E=2000 V/m is lower than that with no electric field, but the former has a higher retentivity of protein. For concentrating Jatropha seed protein extract and BSA/LY protein solution, 10 kDa RC membrane with 2 bar and 1.5 L/min could achieve higher filtration rate and recovery higher than 80%. When an electric field of 2500 V/m was imposed on filter for Jatropha seed protein extract, protein retentivity increased to about 86 %. For BSA/LY protein solution, the retentivity is up to 90% at an electric field of 2000 V/m.

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39

Liao, Chien-Chih, and 廖建治. "The Optimization of the Microwave-assisted Transeterification of Jatropha curcas Oil to Biodiesel Fuel by Experimental Design Methodology." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83458871249430715791.

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博士
中原大學
化學工程研究所
101
A simple continuous process was designed for the transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil to alkyl esters using microwave-assisted method. The product with purity above 96.5% of alkyl ester is called the biodiesel fuel. The process variables such as methanol/oil molar ratio (X1), amount of catalyst (X2) and flow rate (irradiation time) (X3) were discussed and optimized through the Box–Behnken experimental design. Using response surface methodology, a series of experiments with three reaction factors at three levels were carried out to investigate the transesterification reaction in a microwave and conversion of alkyl ester from Jatropha curcas oil with the homogeneous catalyst of NaOH and the heterogeneous catalyst of KOH-CaO. The results showed that the ratio of methanol to oil, amount of catalyst and flow rate (irradiation time) have significant effects on the transesterification and conversion of alkyl ester. Based on the response surface methodology using the selected operating conditions, the optimal conversion of homogeneous catalyst and heterogeneous catalyst in the microwave-assisted system were 99.63% (X1=10.74, X2=1.26, X3 =1.62) and 97.08% (X1=8.42, X2=3.17, X3 =67.90) respectively. From the above mentioned results, response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box–Behnken model was demonstrated to predict the optimum condition for this system. Our findings confirmed the successful development of a two-step process for the transesterification reaction of Jatropha oil with microwave-assisted heating, which is effective and time-saving for alkyl ester production.

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40

Foltýnová, Anna. "Porovnání vlivu aplikace biologického odpadu ze zpracování Jatropha curcas L. a kompostu na vybrané půdní ukazatele a pěstovanou rostlinu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-250439.

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This Master's thesis is focused on problems of modern agriculture. Current agriculture is facing many problems that already exceed the production area. Among these belong soil degradation caused by inappropriate agricultural practices, erosion phenomena, etc. Both developed and developing countries have experienced these problems. This soil degradation is mainly caused due to lack of soil organic matter content. Current agriculture therefore faces the issue of how to solve this problem. A simple solution is based on increasing the content of the soil organic matter in arable land. In the first part, this thesis describes various problems of modern agriculture and also suggests possible solutions. Regarding to content of soil organic matter, the thesis proposes solutions in the form of compost application into the soil. Besides compost, thesis presents an alternative organic fertilizer Jatropha seed cake. Jatropha seed cake is produced as waste after oil extraction from seeds of Jatropha curcas L. In the first part both of these substrates are further described, along with characterization of Jatropha curcas L. The aim of this thesis was to compare the fertilizing effects of Jatropha seed cake with compost. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Application effect of Jatropha seed cake and compost on soil and plants was monitored at selected soil indicators. The results describe the impact of Jatropha seed cake and compost application on production of plant biomass, soil hydrophobicity rate, mineral nitrogen mobility and soil microbial activity.

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41

Lin, Hang, and 林涵. "Engineering cytokinin-related genes to enhance cytokinin level and using RNA interference-based gene silencing of CASBENE SYNTHASE 1 for seed detoxification in Jatropha curcas L." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26030320614148540826.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
植物科學研究所
102
Jatropha curcas L. is one of the best candidates for biodiesel production owing to high oil content of seeds. However, there are several disadvantages, such as low seed yields and phorbol esters toxicity of seed cake for feedstuff use. Previous studies indicated that cytokinin spraying was able to promote cell division, repressed apical dominance and led to increase seed yield of J. curcas. Our preliminary study revealed that exogenous application of 6-benzyladenine on inflorescence caused phenotypical changes of numerous flowers and higher seed yield. Previous studies have shown that ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE and CYTOKININ OXIDASE were two genes playing the major roles in controlling endogenous cytokinin level and seed yield in plants. In order to increase endogenous cytokinin level in J. curcas, we have constructed CKX5-RNAi and 35S::JcIPT1 vectors based on the spatial expression profile of JcIPTs and JcCKXs and transformed to J. curcas mediated by A. tumefaciens. Data revealed the JcIPT1 expression level in 35S::JcIPT1 transgenic line 15 is much higher than empty-vector transformed J. curcas. The 35S::JcIPT1 transgenic line 1 has higher cytokinin level than empty-vector transformed J. curcas. In parallel, the seed detoxification by engineering JcCAS1-RNAi is in progress. Casbene synthases (CASs) catalyze the first step of phorbol ester (PE) biosynthesis. PEs are the main toxic compounds in J. curcas. Our spatial expression profile of JcCAS1 indicated that JcCAS1 had higher expression level in roots and germination seeds but did not express in leaves. The expression level of JcCAS1 increased towards fruit maturity. Thus far two transgenic lines were obtained.

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