Academic literature on the topic 'Java nightmare'

The life skills values prevalent among the peasants’ society in the past can be integrated into the content of life skills subject in the historical learning given to students. The expansion of plant products export in the era of Dutch Colonial was significant in the emergence of some changes in the socio-economic life of the peasant and villagers in Java. They were further immersed into the flow of commercialism. The issue in this article is how the response of the farmers to those changes. As an object of observation, this article took the object of study of village areas in Afedeeling Purwerodjo in the beginning of the twentieth century. The methodology used in this article was historical method involving the processes of heuristic, critiques of resources, interpretation, and historiography.The theoretical framework used in this article was dialectics between the assumption that the change of the socio-economic life in the villages into commercialism was a prolong nightmare for the villagers and the assumption that the changed socio-economic life of the villages into commercialism brought new economic opportunities for the villagers. The conclusion was commercialism resulted in rationality and prosperity for the farmers. The peasants would spend their time and energy more efficiently to exploit the new opportunities given. The rational considerations were more determining than the social motivation in terms of decision making. The peasants had the life skills to create beneficial alternative economic resources to support their lives in the middle of a greater flow of foreign plantation commercialism.

The Indonesian Dairy Industry wa.s well developed until mid 1997, due to some government protective policies, such as credit far imported dam cattle. and domestic market security. (;orernment determined the Milk Ratio (the ratio between domestic fresh milk and imported milk) that should he satisfied/ by the multinational milk processors (IPS) to run their milk processing lactories. However, the domestic .fresh milk production was not sufficient to meet the raw material far their Jactories. Therefore, in 1996, about 67% of raw materials has w he imported, especially from Australia and New Zealand, At least there were m.o/actors resulting a high import of dairy product. First, the domestic dairy production capacity was limited: second the Indonesian dairy industry was considered as inefficient, so that the price of domesticfresh milk was claimed to be more expensive compared to imported milk. The economic crisis starting from mid 1997, resulting in a high price of imported dairy cattle and feed. On the other hand, this crisis also resulting in a significant increase in price of imported milk. Therefore, the demand for domestic fresh milk by IPS was significantly increased The observations in 6 milk cooperatives (in East and West Java) showed that since economic crisis, all fresh milk offered by all cooperatives to IPS was absorbed. Even IPS provided some incentives (higher price and bonus).* the farmers who have a better quality of milk. There was also price adjustment given by IPS from about Rp. 600 hr in 1996 97 to about Rp. 900 and then about Rp. 1100 ltr in 1998 99. However, the farmers was still complaining. because if they compare milk price to rice price, they recognize that before crisis I liter milk was equivalent to 0.6 kg rice, but after crisis 1 liter milk was equivalent to only 0.4 kg rice. The most important issue that should be anticipated is that "if exchange rate of Rupiah to US Dollar is increased, then imported milk will be cheaper, and IPS will tend to import milk rather than buying domestic fresh milk If this case is happening, it will be a nightmare to farmers who do dairy farm. Therefore, the development and transfer of the more efficient technology in dairy industry should be given a high priority.

Abstract Introduction In the James A. Haley Veterans Administration (JAHVA) Vista database, the ICD-9 code 307.47 for Nightmare disorder (ND) is infrequently used and appears independently of codes for PTSD. We wanted to determine if certain drugs that may affect sleep are associated with ND. Methods All patients with ND visiting JAHVA between 2007 and 2011 were selected along with control patients who visited JAHVA on one of 20 random days, one day each quarter year. Controls were assigned an index date reflecting their selection quarter. Associations with prescriptions for opioids, antidepressants (SSRI’s, SSNI’s, Tricyclics), antihistamines and benzodiazepine/Z-drugs were initially investigated. Two analyses were performed: risk factor analysis- patients with ND diagnosis dates (cases) or index dates (controls) prior to 2008 were excluded and only prescription dates that preceded the ND diagnosis or index date were considered; treatment analysis- cases and controls with a ND diagnosis date or index date after 2010 were excluded and only prescription dates that were subsequent to the ND diagnosis or index date respectively were considered. Logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, race and Hispanic ethnicity was used to determine the association between drug groups and ND. Results In risk factor analysis (667 cases, 14,739 controls), opioids and antihistamines were significantly less prevalent among would-be ND patients than controls (OR=0.627 and 0.610 respectively); no drug group was predictive of ND. In contrast, all drug groups were significantly associated with ND in treatment analysis (803 cases, 15,530 controls). The strongest associations were seen with benzodiazepine (OR=3.026; 95% CI: 2.472, 3.703) and SSRI (OR=2.789; 95% CI=2.316, 3.358) prescriptions. Conclusion Our data suggest that some JAHVA providers may be treating ND with medication, most notably with benzodiazepines/Z-drugs and antidepressants. The role of anti-histamine and opioid prescriptions needs further elucidation. The ramifications of these treatment decisions should be explored. Support This material is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital.