Journal articles on the topic 'Java Server Faces'

Aplikasi web yang khususnya memiliki kompleksitas besar dalam melakukan transaksi data sehingga konsep arsitektur (pattern) perlu menjadi perhatian khusus untuk dapat mengoptimalkan kinerja performansi sistem ketika pengguna (user) menggunakan dalam waktu yang bersamaan dengan jumlah yang banyak. Analisis performa arsitektur aplikasi web yang menggunakan model 2 (MVC) dengan menggunakan framework Java Server Faces (JSF) dan model 1 sebagai pembanding. Metode yang digunakan adalah Load dan Scalability Testing dengan dua cara yaitu uji coba terhadap response time karena peningkatan ukuran dari database dan uji coba terhadap response time karena peningkatan jumlah user yang menggunakan sistem secara bersamaan (concurrent users) dan waktu tunggu (ramp-up) yang ditentukan menggunakan Apache Jmeter. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa dalam implementasi arsitektur web yang menggunakan model 1 waktu rata-rata yang dibutuhkan untuk merespon permintaan user lebih cepat dan efisien dibanding model 2 (MVC).

Hoy en día el uso de la tecnología y específicamente los sistemas de información están cada vez más inmersos los diferentes aspectos de nuestras vidas. Uno de esos aspectos es la educación donde las instituciones educativas y los docentes usan diferentes programas con la finalidad de reforzar las clases presenciales mediante el uso de tecnologías digitales. Este tipo de tecnologías se conocen como entornos virtuales de aprendizaje y están soportados mediante sistemas de gestión de contenidos de aprendizaje que se encargan de facilitar a los docentes de las herramientas y recursos necesarios para planificar las clases online. En internet existen diferentes alternativas de código abierto y distribución gratuita, sin embargo, estas aplicaciones no cumplen al 100% con las expectativas de los usuarios y genera malestar y muchas veces se dan de baja. En el CECIBEB 14 de Abril se implementó un sistema de gestión de tutorías denominado SyTutor mediante el cual los docentes solicitan la aprobación de sus tutorías y complementar la enseñanza de las aulas mediante el uso del aplicativo. De manera similar los estudiantes con el uso de la aplicación mejoran sus conocimientos y destrezas mediante el uso de las tecnologías digitales. El desarrollo de la aplicación fue utilizando la metodología RUP en combinación con el enfoque del Diseño Centrado en los Usuarios, además se utilizó el framework Java Server Faces junto con la biblioteca de interfaz enriquecida Primefaces.

Applications like NETMEDS have a fundamental drawback that users don’t know from where the medicines are being delivered. It has been one of the most challenging part for several people to order medicine online. In day-to-day world, if we visit medical shop then we get the proper medicine i.e., fresh to consume and extracted from a trusted source. In the proposed system, we have created a web portal that will help the customer to order medicine and going to help the vendor for maintaining stock availability online. The prime focus was to order medicine from a trusted source online and to deliver the medicine from trusted source. A web portal is created to order medicine from trusted sources and from specific area. We are going to select the vendor by ourselves and we’re going to add the online payment portal, a map link and a discount section to buy medicine. This is going to be carried out using Java 7, Java Server faces J2EE, Bootstrap 4 and Tomcat 7 in order to make our portal interactive. The web portal is almost created, we are able to search for areas and input the medicine stock from vender’s side, the map link to the vender’s shop, online payment portal with a search and filter ability. The existing systems requests for the prescriptions and the source of the medicine stores and sellers are not provided. To stay away from such framework, we have created a web application that can connect the customers as well as the nearby vendors. As the clients trust on close by drug store owners, so we have proposed a structure where client will have the option to look through medication’s accessibility in close by shop. Additionally, they will have the option to check accessibility for prescriptions. As the seller will be realized client will be agreeable for requesting prescription. In addition to that, we are giving online payment portal.

This study aims to discuss the divine symbols and attributes used as a medium of worship in the Dieng Plateau. The research was phased in according to Wallace's empirical cycle and was conducted in the Dieng Plateau, Central Java, Indonesia, a spiritual centre in ancient Java. The discovery of the Śiva Triśirah statue in the Dieng Temple Complex reveals new things in the past Hindu Nusantara Theology construction. Several divine symbols and attributes are served as a medium of worship at the Temple Complex in the Dieng Plateau. The concept of Deity in the Dieng Plateau is Śivaistic in character with the worship of Lord Śiva Triśirah, that is, Śiva with three faces and four hands, as the Supreme Deity. However, some divine symbols and attributes also serve as a medium of worship and connected to divinity. In Hinduism, the sacred symbols and attributes of God are inseparable. Divine attributes generally define God. In the discussion of theology, God is described with various excellent attributes. The central divine attributes found are as follows: Omnipotence, Creatorship, Omniscience, Eternity and Omnipresence, Personhood, Goodness⁄ Perfection, Non-Physicality, Necessary, Existence, Simplicity, Immutability, and Impassibility. These divine attributes are depicted in various forms of sacred symbols found in the Dieng Plateau.

Department of Information Technology Padang State Polytechnic growing rapidly, the number of students and the amount of data will increase too. However, these conditions will bring complex problems to the department to manage it in quantitative and qualitative way. How complicated the problems faced when there are a lot of data that needs to be processed, and if it goes wrong it needs a long time to find, fix and change it. To minimize the errors and redundancies in processing the data, the department requires an academic information system. This system will manage student grades, final assignment and job training data at Information Technology Department. This web based Academic Information System was develop by using object oriented concept and JAVA especially J2EE technology as programming language and MYSQL Server as database. This system also design by using UML(Unified Modeling Language).

Bioinformatics is an active and important research discipline in which molecular data is exponentially growing in complex nature. Because of the substantial research in this field, researchers are faced with critical issues such as bandwidth, storage, and complexity in order to retrieve molecular data. It becomes very difficult to conduct research using low computational devices such as Internet of things and sensors. We are employing migration of the agent technique to decrease network traffic and to mitigate the client’s limited resource problem by utilizing server-side resources to perform large-scale computation. Our proposed solution does not necessitate additional storage or processing power on the client’s side which makes it cost effective. In the proposed solution, (i) an agent visits service provider containing biological data, say sequences requested by the client, (ii) agent fetches the required data, and on the server side it will manipulate the data, and (iii) returns along with the required results to its source platform. Thus, it solves the bandwidth, storage, and computational issues without involving the low resources of the client. For the proof of concept, Java Agent Development (JADE) framework is used as an implementation tool and the results are compared with Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI). It is important to note that our findings reveal that our strategy saves the user up to 16.25% of average time with respect to bandwidth. On the other hand, our approach takes 46.82% less time than the other with respect to data that the agent carries. In addition to the previous contributions, our approach acts as a mashup, to collect data in different format from several service providers, and converts it in any required format. Thus, it solves the problem of complexity hidden in the nature of the data to increase the researchers’ productivity.

CERN IT department is providing production services to run containers. Given that, the IT-DB team, responsible to run the Java based platforms, has started a new project to move the WebLogic deployments from virtual or bare metal servers to containers: Docker on Kubernetes allow to improve the overall productivity of the team by reducing both operations time and time-to-delivery. Additionally, this framework allows us deploy our services in a fully-reproducible fashion. The scope of the project goes from the design and production of Docker images, deployment environments based on Kubernetes as well as all procedures and operations including the needed tools to hand over to users the management of their deployed applications. This article illustrates how at CERN we have faced all the technical and design aspects to run it in a production environment. That means the implementation of the solutions needed including monitoring, logging, high availability, security and traceability.

<span lang="EN-US">As the demand for electricity is shooting exponentially, reliable supply of electrical energy from generation to customer is the challenging task faced by utilities. Though generation and transmission can be maintained at hundred percent reliability, reliability of entire system cannot be assured unless focus is laid on distribution system. Most of the faults are occurring on the distribution system which is directly connected to different customers. Hence, we need to intensify the attention at distribution level. Due to deregulation, private players are evolving in distribution sector which complicates power system data exchange and information integration. To cope with this scenario, reliability evaluation of distribution system through Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) with feature of interoperability for Bus 2 of RBTS system has been introduced and analyzed using SOAP web services. Simulation is performed by developing a web application in Java and is deployed on the Glass-fish server using JAX-WS. The intent behind this proposed model is to use the internet as the transactional tool and exposing the functionality of the program for reliability evaluation for utilities to use and providing facility of interoperability through standards refinement and integration into profiles.</span>

Abstract Presentation of ticket availability information is still a manual one problems faced by the travel services for passengers have come to the ticket agent to check availability.Therefore the need for a reservation system applications.Bus ticket reservation system used for passengers booking a trip without having to come to the agency. To facilitate passengers to access this system, the bus ticket reservation application built Android -based mobile. Android is a collection of software intended for mobile devices includes an operating system. This application runs on the Android platform and integrate with applications residing on the server. Server is built to take advantage of web-based .web service. Web Service provides a standardized communication among different software applications are different, and can run on various platforms and frameworks. Through the application of this reservation, the reservation transaction is expected to be done anywhere and anytime without being bound by time and place. Keyword : Reservation, Android, web serviceAbstrak Penyajian informasi ketersediaan tiket yang masih manual menjadi salah satu permasalahan yang dialami oleh jasa travel karena calon penumpang harus datang ke agen untuk mengetahui ketersediaan tiket. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya suatu aplikasi sistem reservasi.Sistem Reservasi t iket bus digunakan calon penumpang untuk melakukan pemesanan tiket perjalanan tanpa harus datang ke agen. Untuk memudahkan calon penumpang dalam mengakses sistem ini, maka dibangun aplikasi reservasi tiket bus berbasis Android mobile. Android adalah kumpulan perangkat lunak yang ditujukan bagi perangkat bergerak mencakup sistem operasi. Aplikasi ini berjalan pada platform Android dan berintegrasi dengan aplikasi yang berada di server. Server dibangun berbasis web yang memanfaatkan web service. Web Service menyediakan standar komunikasi di antara berbagai aplikasi software yang berbeda-beda, dan dapat berjalan di berbagai platform maupun framework. Penelit ian ini membahas tentang perancangan dan implementasi aplikasi sistem reservasi tiket bus berbasis Android mobile. Melalui aplikasi reservasi ini, diharapkan transaksi reservasi dapat dilakukan dimana saja dan kapan saja tanpa terikat dengan waktu dan tempat. Kata Kunci : Reservasi, Android, web service

ABSTRACT: The spread of Corona Virus Diseases 2019 or better known as Covid-19 is expanding every day. The public in general is faced with health-related anxiety that threatens them, but for the poor, the concern is not only about health but also economic conditions to survive in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. The existence of vulnerable communities who become the new poor is also a problem in itself. Social assistance for communities affected by the Covid-19 pandemic is very important to survive in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. The existence of social assistance serves to provide assistance to the poor in the midst of a very tense situation. Regarding the meaning of Covid-19 social assistance and how the condition of the poor recently affected in Kedunglegok Village in providing views on social assistance became the main focus of the researcher's questions. ABSTRAK: Persebaran Corona Virus Diseases 2019 atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Covid-19 semakin meluas setiap harinya. Masyarakat pada umumnya dihadapkan dengan keresahan terkait kesehatan yang mengancam dirinya, namun bagi masyarakat miskin yang diresahkan bukan hanya soal kesehatan melainkan kondisi ekonomi untuk tetap bertahan hidup di tengah pandemi Covid-19. Adanya masyarakat rentan yang menjadi masyarakat miskin baru juga menjadi permasalahan tersendiri. Bantuan sosial bagi kalangan masyarakat terdampak pandemi Covid-19 merupakan hal yang sangat penting untuk survive di tengah pandemi Covid-19. Keberadaan bantuan sosial berfungsi untuk memberikan pertolongan pada masyarakat miskin di tengah situasi yang sangat mencekam. Terkait dengan bagaimana makna bantuan sosial Covid-19 dan bagaimana keadaan masyarakat miskin baru terdampak di Desa Kedunglegok dalam memberikan pandangan terhadap bantuan sosial menjadi sorotan utama pertanyaan peneliti.

Kedai Mandiri is a restaurant on Jalan Gatot Subroto No.40 Malabar Bandung, West Java which serves food and beverage culinary sales, Kedai Mandiri still uses the medium of delivering information on simple food and beverage menu data and services where the system runs on restaurants that are still semi-computerized. So that the sales of food and beverage products and services are still not optimal. In terms of the problems faced, then how do you apply Electronic Customer Relationship Management to Kedai Mandiri sales that can explain the fabric in detail so that the product menu and services received can be immediately responded to by customers so that they can access the required information data anytime and anywhere, related one to respond to this by creating a website-based sales E-CRM application at Kedai Mandiri using a prototype method approach that develops it by demonstrating the concept, design experiments and look for various problems and solutions to resolve misunderstandings between customers and developers in stages. This application can be expected to help the problems experienced by the Kedai Mandiri restaurant, and the system can be further developed using a mobile application.

Research on the commitment of the poor at the Cinta Orang Miskin Foundation is motivated by the reality of academic and practical gaps. From an academic perspective, researchers have never found the commitment of the poor at the Cinta Orang Miskin Foundation, even though the number of poor people is committed for the church to thrive. Currently the number reaches 1,300 people. On a practical level, this research wants to explore the decisions of these poor people to find out their commitment to involvement in the Cinta Orang Miskin Foundation (COM), which is served by Pastor Gunawan Setiadarma in Surabaya, East Java, which has experienced significant growth from 23 congregations to 1,300 people. . The problem of poverty is a problem that is being faced by the nation (nations in the world in general. The Indonesian nation itself cannot be separated from the poverty problem. The economic crisis that occurs within the Indonesian nation has an impact on all aspects of people's lives. It can be seen from the existence of people who live in poverty, live in slum environments, and the number of children (street children who are scattered in cities (cities in Indonesia). During this economic crisis, the number of street children in Indonesia increased drastically.

This work provides an imperial solution to the problems faced by man while enduring hazardous tasks like handling and disposal of nuclear wastes, monitoring nuclear power plants, mining operations etc .which have to be aborted if expertise group running it is unavailable or on a run. This paper presents a distributed platform that allows the special group of user to control a gadget (possibly a robot) through internet as a medium. An advanced version of this technology is capable of transmitting graphic images and other surrounding information as required, via internet back to the user to facilitate the effective monitoring of the existent situation using appropriate software tools. The project uses the SRV-1 Mobile Surveillance Robot which is a fully integrated system standard designed and other related technology for surveillance purposes. It is driven via web browser using JAVA based control applications with live video feeds. Specialised user group will be given separate account from where they can control and monitor the system even when they are not present at the site. End user will be connected to the gadget (robot) through a central server which acts as a single channel for both sending and receiving information. But the subject of remote control over the internet has some possible anomalies namely network freezing, delay between host and recipient, congested network and many others. This system enables asynchronous object passing so that network bandwidth is used effectively and such parameters as the network condition and server states have less effect on the system. To resolve this issue, a fuzzy logic controller is used to control the robot’s motion along a predefined path with the necessary manipulation of the normal course. The robot was first modelled in Matlab Simulink and the fuzzy logic rules were optimized for the best results possible. In accordance with the fuzzy rules developed the fuzzy interference system generates the output map for operating IR ranger sensor data. This system was developed to actuate as an auxiliary intelligence in the teleoperation system developed for the mobile robot, and the Grid Scanning algorithm was induced to enhance accuracy to cope up with the unexpected delays from the internet data communication. The logic in the internet based controlling of robotics can be expanded to a very large field, like speed control, trajectory control, obstacle avoidance and so on.

Food is a basic need for a nation. Indonesia as an archipelago has goals and objectives to meet the food needs of individual residents. Homework is not easy to ensure food can be available equitably, not only on the large islands such as Java, but also the small islands scattered across Indonesia, which is Bawean Island. The program Kawasan Rumah Pangan Pangan Lestari for sustainable food house areas is extended in response to the condition. But unfortunately, the application is still centered on the big island. Then the Doktor Mengabdi serves Bawean Island is conducted by Universitas Brawijaya which aims to encourage the establishment of Sustainable Food House Areas in small island areas in Indonesia. The program was held in Diponggo Village, Tambak Subdistrict, Bawean Island in August - October 2018 through the initiation of the Village Seed Garden, training and mentoring of nurseries and the care of horticulture plants. The results of these activities are the establishment of village Nurseries Diponggo built mutual citizens and the team at Hillbilly Kademangan. Furthermore, nursery training and mentoring are carried out by making planting media and planting the seed of red spinach, mustard greens, chili, tomatoes, kale, eggplant, cucumber the vegetable can be used as natural nutraceutical ingredients. The community also accompanied and trained to be able to do the treatment horticulture plant. Activities are carried out with a pattern of field schools so that participants are more flexible to discuss the obstacles faced. The material delivered includes: phases of plant growth, pests and diseases, and harvest

Clothing serves to cover the nakedness of Adam’s children and also as jewelry for them. A muslim should wear beautiful clothes, but should not be excessive and not accompanied by a sense of arrogance when wearing them. The term isbal means lengthening, anchoring and extending clothes to cover the ankles and touching the ground, either because of arrogance or not. Mangunharjo is one of the villages in Mayangan sub-district, Probolinggo, East Java. The formulations of the problem in this research are about: (1) the driving factor and the stages which are passed by a muslim in using his cingkrang (cropped) pants, (2) the challenges that are taken and the pleasure felt by a muslim after wearing a cingkrang (cropped) pants, (3) hadiths which prescribe a muslim to wear wearing a cingkrang (cropped) pants. The approach usedin this research is qualitative approach with the study of living hadith models. The results of this study indicate that: (1) There are 4 motivating factors for Mangunharjo’s muslims in wearing cingkrang (cropped) pantsand there are 5 stages that are passed by these muslims until they succeed in wearing it. (2) There are 5 challenges faced by muslims after wearing cingkrang (cropped) pantsand there are 4 of the toughest challenges they feel after they wearing it. On the other hand, they actually feel the 4 pleasures after they continue wearing it. (3) There are a number of hadiths which prescribe a muslim to wear cingkrang (cropped) pants as an implementation of the prohibition on isbal.

Bahtsul masail is one of the mechanisms of Islamic jurisprudence in Indonesia which is done collectively (jama’ i). Forum that comes fromthis pesantren is not consisted of permanent council, but open to kiai and jurisprudence. The term bahtsul masail itself comes from pesantren, which is a substitute for the word ijtihad or istinbath. Bahtsul masail can also be referred to as intellectual forum of pesantren outside the learning system. In the tradition of pesantren learning, the students studied the yellow book with sorogan and bandongan system. In the sorogan tradition, the santri individually get direct guidance from the kiai or ustadz. While in the bandongan system the santri together listened to the reading and explanation of the kiai while giving notesto their respective books. While the mass bahsul masail in pesantren is a higher-level recitation system, involving senior santri who have met certain scientific standards, or alumni who have completed the education phase at the pesantren. In this issue the senior students and alumni of pesantren are ‘challenged’ to think hard and solve various religious problems faced by the surrounding community with the reference of ‘kitab kuning’ that have been studied. Bahtsul masail not only serves as a forum for discussion or assessment forums, more than that bahtsul masail becomes a forum of legal determination on some importantissues concerning the problematic of people from time to time. When it was adopted by Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) since the founding of the organization in 1926, bahtsul masail has grown, both in terms of the choice of masail (question), as well as its procedures of discussion and ratification; according to the development flow of NU organization from year to year. It can be simply said that the first bahtsul masail was a forum to seek the reference of various religious questions (masa’il diniyyah) from collective kitab kuning (jama’ i).

Perawat adalah ujung tombak pemberi pelayanan langsung pada pasien selama 24 jam. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk membandingkan tingkat kepuasan kerja perawat dengan kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan keperawatan kelas 3 di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat (RSUP) X Jakarta. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan desain studi cross sectional, pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Populasi adalah seluruh perawat yang bertugas sebagai pelaksana keperawatan kelas 3 sebanyak 40 orang ser- ta pasien yang dirawat di ruang rawat inap kelas 3 sebanyak 120 orang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Hasil pengukuran kuantitatif menunjukkan bah- wa tingkat kepuasan kerja perawat pelaksana di kelas 3 dikategorikan “ren- dah”, (22,5%) sedangkan tingkat kepuasan pasien terhadap layanan keperawatan sebesar 85,0% (nilai p > 0,05). Ketidakpuasan kerja perawat yang tinggi tidak berdampak pada kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan keperawatan. Untuk perbaikan ketidakpuasan kerja perawat, manajemen rumah sakit sebaiknya meninjau kembali kebijakan tentang pakaian dinas, menu makanan pada saat jaga, dan merancang kamar ganti perawat. Selain itu, perlu dilakukan perhitungan jasa pelayanan perawat dengan memperhatikan risiko keterpaparan terhadap penyakit. Supervisor diharapkan dapat lebih membuka diri untuk mendengarkan masalah yang dihadapi pe- rawat pelaksana melalui komunikasi dan hubungan interpersonal secara informal.Kata kunci: Kepuasan kerja perawat, kepuasan pasien, rawat inap, kelas tigaAbstractNurses are front liner in providing nursing services directly to customers for 24 hours. The purpose of this study was to compare the level of job sa- tisfaction of nurses to patient satisfaction in the third class departement in general hospital of Jakarta. This study was a cross sectional study designed with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study population was all nurses who served as executive nurses (40 nurses) and patients treated in the inpatient (120 patients). Sampling was conducted purposively according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of quantitative measurements showed that the level of job satisfaction of nurses categorized as “low” (22,5%), while the level of patient satisfaction on nursing service at 85,0% (p value > 0,05). The high job dissatisfaction of nurses had no impact on patient satisfaction. To decrease the job dissatisfaction of nurses, hospital management should review the policy on official clothing, meals at the guard, and design the locker room of nurses. It also performed the cal- culation of nursing services with the risk of exposure to disease and supervisors more open to listen the problems faced by nurses with communication and informal interpersonal relationships.Key words: nurse’s job satisfaction, patient satisfaction, inpatient, the third class.

Abstract - In an era of shopping that is more modern and easy in the process of buying a furniture product, it results in an increase in sales of a furniture production. Gudho furniture products are one of the many companies that sell furniture needs in the Semarang area, Central Java. In the unpredictable sale of a product every month, the Gudho company finds it difficult to determine the target product sales each month and it is also difficult to determine the top product for that month. With this sales problem, the Gudho company really needs a sales solution that can predict product sales every month, and determine what type of furniture product can become a top product so that sales of the least products, so the company can make improvements in the quality of sales products on furniture. and benefit the product company. In sales forecasting or bias, it is called forecasting is a method of calculating analysis by carrying out value results in forecasting future events that require past sales data as reference material and using a qualitative or quantitative approach. Forecasting we can use in terms of using a Single Exponential Smoothing method. In addition to predicting the sales data for furniture products, we also carry out the process of ranking the best furniture product sales, calculated using a simple additive weighting (SAW) method. By combining the forecasting method and the product ranking method, it is able to overcome one of the sales problems faced by the Semarang furniture company Guhdo. In the two methods used are created using a website-based display that is built with a PHP programming language and the Codeigniter framework as a program server. So the result of this system is to produce a Support System in sales decisions and sales forecasting with the aim of getting a top product result and sales forecasting for the following month's product. Keywords - Product ranking, SAW, Single Exponential Smoothing, Forecasting. Abstrak – Dalam era berbelanja yang lebih modern dan mudah dalam mudah dalam proses pembelian suatu produk furniture mengakibatkan peningkatan dalam penjualan sebuah produksi furniture Produk Gudho furniture merupakan satu dari banyak perusahaan yang menjual kebutuhan furniture yang ada di wilayah Semarang. Didalam sebuah produk penjualan yang tidak pasti setiap bulannya, mengakibatkan perusahan Gudho sulit menentukan target penjualan produk setiap bulanya juga sulit menentukan sebuah produk unggulan pada bulan itu.Adanya masalah penjualan tersebut, Gudho sangat memerlukan sebuah solusi penjualan untuk mempermudah meramalkan penjualan produk setiap bulanya, serta menentukan jenis produk furniture apa yang bisa menjadi sebuah produk unggulan sehingga penjualan prouk yang paling sedikit, sehingga perusahaan dapat melakukan perbaikan dalam kualitas produk penjualan pada furniture dan menguntungkan perusahaan produk tersebut. Dalam peramalan penjualan atau bias disebut forecasting adalah sebuah metode analisa perhitungan dengan melakukan hasil nilai dalam perkiraan peristiwa di masa depan yang diperlukan data penjualan masa lalu sebagai bahan referensi dan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif ataupun juga kuantitatif. Forecasting kita dapat gunakan dalam hal menggunakan sebuah metode Single Exponential Smoothing. Selain di ramalkan data penjualan produk furniture, kita juga melakukan proses perangkingan penjualam produk furniture yang terbaik, dihitung dengan menggunakan sebuah metode simple additive weighting (SAW). Dengan menggabungkan metode forecasting dan metode perangkingan produk tersebut, mampu mengatasi salah satu masalah penjualan yang dihadapi perusahan Guhdo furnitur Semarang. Didalam kedua metode yang digunakan ini dibuat dengan mengunakan framework Codeigniter sebagai sebuah progam server dan tampilan berbasis web yang dibangun dengan sebuah bahasa permrogaman PHP . Maka dari hasil sebuah sistem ini yaitu menghasilkan sebuah Sistem dalam menentukan keputsan penjualan dan perengkingan penjualam dengan sebuah tujuan mendapt sebuah hasil produk terbaik dan melakukan peramalan penjualan produk untuk bulan selanjutnya. Kata Kunci - Perangkingan produk , SAW, Single Exponential Smoothing, Forecasting.

Abstract - Currently, many web application frameworks that available in the internet, we know from wikipedia that more than 20 java frameworks for developing web application. Frameworks is a developed base of related design or related architecture. A framework provides a set of libraries or classes that used by us to developing a web application, they will cooperate each others to accomplish certain tasks in the intended domain [SCHWABE 2001]. Decision makers can choose application frameworks that can be implemented in information system development. In this research writer will examine features in framework Java server faces, Struts, and Spring MVC with using ISO 9126 for getting criteria in choosing framework. This research will compare hierarchically with approaching Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Finally, from the result of this research we got the best alternatif from Java framework. The best java framework is Java Framework Spring MVC in comparison of Java Framework Java Server Faces and Java Framework Struts. So, it is very clear that Java Framework Spring MVC is the best framework which supported in developing information system. Keyword : Framework, Java Server Faces, Spring MVC, ISO 9126, Analytical Hierarchy Process

Currently, many web application frameworks that available in the internet, we know from wikipedia that more than 20 java frameworks for developing web application. Frameworks is a developed base of related design or related architecture. A framework provides a set of libraries or classes that used by us to developing a web application, they will cooperate each others to accomplish certain tasks in the intended domain [SCHWABE 2001]. Decision makers can choose application frameworks that can be implemented in information system development. In this research writer will examine features in framework Java server faces, Struts, and Spring MVC with using ISO 9126 for getting criteria in choosing framework. This research will compare hierarchically with approaching Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Finally, from the result of this research we got the best alternatif from Java framework. The best java framework is Java Framework Spring MVC in comparison of Java Framework Java Server Faces and Java Framework Struts. So, it is very clear that Java Framework Spring MVC is the best framework which supported in developing information system.

Con el avance tecnológico en el ámbito de desarrollo de aplicaciones web, se han incorporado nuevas tecnologías; mucho más robustas, escalables y con un mayor rendimiento. PrimeFaces y RichFaces son librerías de componentes de la tecnología Java Server Faces (JSF), utilizadas para el desarrollo de interfaces de usuario para la web, las que permiten una integración con Java Script y Ajax. En la presente investigación se presenta el análisis comparativo de las librerías PrimeFaces y RichFaces, en sus dimensiones de tiempo promedio de respuesta de página, y tiempo promedio de respuesta Ajax, para determinar cuál de ellas ofrece un mejor rendimiento. El análisis se realizó por medio de una página web N Capas, aplicada en la gestión de tutorías académicas universitarias, se configuró un ambiente de pruebas sobre un servidor web Apache Tomcat en un entorno Linux, con cada una de las librerías, además se usaron las tecnologías JSF, PrimeFaces y RichFaces. Las pruebas de rendimiento estuvieron basadas en la herramienta Neoload, simulando 350 peticiones por segundo observándose diferencias significativas entre las dos librerías de componentes.

Existen muchas herramientas para desarrollar aplicaciones en Java, pero existen pocas alternativas para Framework o bibliotecas especializadas para mostrar gráficos (Charts) en entornos web. Aunque la mayoría son para entornos de escritorio, las librerías PrimeFaces y ChartistJSF son una alternativa para la web, pero están orientadas a proyectos basados en Java Server Faces. En este sentido, muchos proyectos prefieren utilizar principalmente una biblioteca de gráficos integrada con JavaScript, lo que implica una curva de aprendizaje adicional y requiere más tiempo en el desarrollo de aplicaciones. Por lo tanto, es necesario tener una biblioteca o marco de visualización de gráficos único para aplicaciones Java en el entorno web. Por lo tanto, en este artículo se propone construir una herramienta que ayude a desarrollar visualizaciones gráficas en proyectos web Java utilizando los conceptos de TagLibs y Webjars. La herramienta propuesta se llama EchartsTag, y fue construida siguiendo la metodología XP y validada el producto con SonarQube y un grupo de profesionales expertos en desarrollo de proyectos Java. EchartsTag está disponible en GitHub, por lo que puede ser utilizado por cualquier desarrollador de la comunidad de Java u organizaciones que trabajen con tecnología Java. Finalmente, los resultados de rendimiento de EchartsTag se demuestran al comparar con otras herramientas alternativas, logrando un tiempo promedio de 14.17 minutos en tiempo de desarrollo y ocupando el tercer lugar en tiempo promedio de visualización que es 3.5ms después de Chartjs y HighChats. Además, ocupa el primer lugar en la evaluación de otros criterios para el desarrollo web java con herramientas de visualización de gráficos.

A globalização comercial está deixando o mercado cada vez mais complexo, e para se manterem competitivas as organizações precisam adotar políticas de gestão mais eficientes e de baixo custo. Um dos setores presentes em muitas empresas é o de logística, e para obter melhores resultados é importante mensurar a performance dos seus processos e atividades, assim, os gestores podem entender a situação da empresa e a partir das informações obtidas fazer planejamentos de ações futuras. Nesse contexto, este artigo apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma computacional de código fonte aberto para avaliação de desempenho logístico, que é composta pelos seguintes módulos: uma base de dados para centralizar e disponibilizar informações, uma aplicação web, uma API (Interface de Programação de Aplicações) para permitir a integração com outras aplicações e um aplicativo para disposititvos móveis, que facilitará, principalmente, o acompanhamento mais fácil das informações. Para o desenvolvimento da plataforma utilizou-se tecnologias atuais e de uso livre, como a linguagem de programação Java, Javascript, framework Java server faces, o banco de dados Mysql, o Ionic framework, entre outras. O desenvolvimento da plataforma tomou como base o modelo de avaliação proposto por Barão et al. (2016), adaptado de Rey (1999), a qual já sugere aos gestores o conjunto de processos e indicadores disponíveis no trabalho dela e em alguns outros da literatura. Além disso, para auxiliar na definição dos indicadores a serem utilizados na avaliação de desempenho, a plataforma desenvolvida utiliza a metodologia SMART. Em testes realizados durante o desenvolvimento, a plataforma demonstrou ser de fácil utilização, podendo ser uma ferramenta que pode trazer excelentes resultados.

Context: Widgets are reusable User Interfaces (UIs) components frequently delivered in Web applications.In the web application, widgets implement different interaction scenarios, such as buttons, menus, and text input.Problem: Tests are performed manually, so the cost associated with preparing and executing test cases is high.Objective: Automate the process of generating functional test cases for web applications, using intermediate artifacts of the web development process that structure widgets in the web application. The goal of this process is to ensure the quality of the software, reduce overall software lifecycle time and the costs associated with tests.Method:We elaborated a test generation strategy and implemented this strategy in a tool, Morpheus Web Testing. Morpheus Web Testing extracts widget information from Java Server Faces artifacts to generate test cases for JSF web applications. We conducted a case study for comparing Morpheus Web Testing with a state of the art tool (CrawlJax).Results: The results indicate evidence that the approach Morpheus Web Testing managed to reach greater code coverage compared to a CrawlJax.Conclusion: The achieved coverage values represent evidence that the results obtained from the proposed approach contribute to the process of automated test software engineering in the industry.

e-Learning systems increasingly support learning management and self-organized learning processes. Since the latter have been studied in the field of progressive education extensively, it is worthwhile to consider them for developing digital learning environments to support self-regulated learning processes. In this paper we aim at transforming one of the most prominent and sustainable approaches to self-organized learning, the “Dalton Plan” as proposed by Helen Parkhurst. Its assignment structure supports learners when managing their learning tasks, thus triggering self-organized acquisition of knowledge, and its feedback graphs enable transparent learning processes. Since e-learning environments have become common use, rather than creating another system, we propose a modular approach that can be used for extending existing e-learning environments. In order to design a respective component, we interviewed experts in self-organized e-learning. Their input facilitated integrating the Dalton Plan with existing features of e-learning environments. After representing each interview in concept maps, we were able to aggregate them for deriving e-learning requirements conform to the Dalton Plan instruments. In the course of implementing them, particular attention had to be paid to the asynchrony of interaction during runtime. Java Server Faces technology enable the Dalton Plan component to be migrated into existing web 2.0 e-learning platforms. The result was evaluated based on the acquired concept maps, as they also captured the transformation process of the Dalton Plan to e-learning features. The findings encourage embodying further progressive education approaches in this way, since the structured (concept) mapping of the Dalton Plan to e-learning features turned out to be accurate. The experts were able to recognize the potential of the approach both in terms of structuring the knowledge acquisition process, and in terms of developing progressive learning support features.

As necessidades de quantidade de dados, agilidade e automação, itensificaram a produção de corpora de línguas naturais, computacionalmente trabalháveis, anotados morfológica e sintaticamente, para pesquisas na área de Gramática. Com isso, a ciência Linguística passou a contar com a possibilidade de utilização de recursos para buscas automáticas por categorias sintáticas ou morfossintáticas em textos de corpora anotados. A utilização de softwares que realizem tais buscas é fundamental, uma vez que permitem a análise de grandes corpora, com grande volume de dados textuais. No entanto, grande parte das pesquisas que utilizam recursos automatizados para a busca de dados em corpora anotados não contam com ferramentas com interface gráfica, tendo, o pesquisador, que aprender uma linguagem de consulta que exige certo conhecimento de programação para aplicá-la em interface texto. O uso de um software que forneça o recurso de buscas automáticas com interface gráfica facilita o processo de busca, dispensando o aprendizado de comandos ou linguagens de consulta pelo linguista, contribuindo, desta maneira, com os estudos gramaticais, sobretudo da área de sintaxe. Consideramos que um esquema de anotação linguística baseado em padrões, como a linguagem XML (Extensible Markup Language), aliado a um aparato tecnológico para essa mesma linguagem, propicia mais flexibilidade às buscas, além de reuso e independência de tecnologias. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema web de buscas morfossintáticas e sintáticas, denominado de WebSinC, para ser utilizado em corpora digitais com anotação XML baseados na metodologia do Corpus Tycho Brahe, seguido de aplicação e testes no corpus digital DOViC. O software provê também o gerenciamento e a publicação do corpus, disponibilizando-o na Internet para pesquisadores interessados. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada no trabalho caracteriza-se como pesquisa aplicada. O WebSinC foi modelado utilizando-se da Linguagem de Modelagem Unificada (UML) e sua implementação utilizou a linguagem de programação Java e o framework Java Server Faces (JSF). O banco de dados utilizado no software foi o PostgreSQL. Os testes das buscas sintáticas e morfossintáticas implementadas no software foram realizados utilizando-se como dados uma carta do corpus DOViC, entitulada Carta de Alforria da cabra de nome Sofia, escrita em 1845, e um texto do corpus Tycho Brahe, escrito em 1502 por Pero Magalhães de Gandavo. Os testes foram realizados comparando os resultados do sistema WebSinC com os resultados produzidos pela ferramenta de busca Corpus Search, já utilizada em muitas outras pesquisas. Foi possível demonstrar a adequação dos resultados das buscas produzidos pelo WebSinC aos resultados esperados e/ou a igualdade com os resultados produzidos pelo Corpus Search. A utilização da linguaguem XML para todo o esquema de anotação e buscas conferiu maior possibilidade de recuperação de informação dos textos, explorando potencialidades de extração de dados em diferentes versões nas buscas, contribuindo assim para a possibilidade de garantia de fidedignidade das versões e controle das edições dos documentos. Também foi demonstrada a aplicabilidade da ferramenta em pesquisas realizadas em corpora anotados, dando exemplos de buscas automáticas que poderiam ser feitas com este recurso do WebSinC, o que leva à conclusão de que o WebSinC é uma ferramenta singular que trará possibilidades que até então não haviam sido exploradas no mundo dos corpora anotados para a pesquisa linguística. Como citar: COSTA, Aline Silva. WebSinc: uma ferramenta Web para buscas sintáticas e morfossintáticas em corpora anotados – estudo de caso do corpus DOViC – Bahia. Orientadora: Cristiane Namiuti. Coorientador: Jorge Viana Santos. 2015. 187f. Dissertação (mestrado em Linguística) – Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Vitória da Conquista, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54221/rdtdppglinuesb.2015.v3i1.51 . Acesso em: xxxxxxxx

The industrial revolution 4.0 has human resources that move between Indonesian workers to Malaysia. This research was conducted to find an understanding of the wellbeing condition of families of Indonesian international migrant workers who work in Malaysia. The research was conducted using quantitative descriptive method. The research respondents were 71 families of international migrant workers. Data collection techniques used questionnaires. Data analysis techniques used descriptive statistical analysis.The results showed that the problems faced by families of international migrant workers from Indonesia working in Malaysia included; (1) disruption of the fulfillment of husband / wife's love needs; (2) disruption of family economic needs; (3) disruption of the care function of children under five years of age (toddlers); (4) the disruption of the fulfillment of children's needs.The efforts made by families of international migrant workers from Indonesia who worked in Malaysia in overcoming their problems include; (1) resigned; (2) asking for large family assistance; (3) forgetting for a better future; and (4) trying to work to find additional income.The result of research on the psychosocial condition of family indicated; (1) families feel anxious in living life; (2) loneliness in living life; (3) difficulty sleeping; (4) anxiety; (4) more irritable and lose patience; (5) often sad; (6) concentration is disrupted when carrying out daily activities; (7) low self-esteem when meeting relatives; and (8) low self-esteem when interacting with neighbors / environment.Related to the socio-economic condition of the families of international migrant workers, the result showed that; (1) the participation of family members in participating in activities in the local environment is low; (2) the fulfillment of family members' food needs is fulfilled; (3) fulfillment of family member's clothing requirement is fulfilled; (4) increase of assets and family ownership is no change; (5) meeting the needs of the social environment and family residence is less fulfilled; (6) meeting the health needs of family members is less fulfilled; (7) the fulfillment of family members' education needs is less fulfilled. Recommended programs through the formation of a Self Help Group.This Self Help Group is a collection of various families of international migrant workers working in Malaysia. In its implementation, this Self Help Group serves as a container and means of families of international migrant workers to experience various experiences in handling problems faced by their families.

A grocery store is a small shop that is easily accessible to the public and is located on a busy street, gas station, train station or in a densely populated urban or residential area. Most of these types of shops are traditional in nature, where buyers cannot freely pick up their own goods, usually there is a dividing screen in the form of a window or shelf. If you pay attention, actually the goods sold in grocery stores are almost similar to those sold in supermarkets such as Alfamart or Indomart, it's just that the minimarkets are modern. People often refer to this shop as a grocery store. Among the many minimarkets and modern shops in Sidoarjo, it turns out that there is a grocery store whose building is still standing up to this day, namely An Nur Shop. This shop is located in Jambangan Candi Sumokali, Sumokali, Jambangan, Kec. Candi, Sidoarjo Regency, East Java 61271, Toko An Nur is a grocery store that was founded in 1990. An Nur shop has very many customers so that the stock of merchandise is often short, this makes An Nur shop troublesome in bringing in merchandise, so it requires sales of goods to arrive the merchandise sold. Based on the problems faced, through this research activity, the E-KELONTONG application is proposed. Through the E-KELONTONG application, it will be easier for An Nur Stores to bring in products through sales with the E-KELONTONG application.The creation of this E-KELONTONG application uses a way of collecting data by retrieving data directly from an An nur grocery store, interviewing the store owner. The software used to build this E-GROCERY application is using Android Studio 3.5 and Xampp server.

Why has software code become an object of intense interest in several different domains of cultural life? In art (.net art or software art), in Open source software (Linux, Perl, Apache, et cetera (Moody; Himanen)), in tactical media actions (hacking of WEF Melbourne and Nike websites), and more generally, in the significance attributed to coding as work at the pinnacle of contemporary production of information (Negri and Hardt 298), code itself has somehow recently become significant, at least for some subcultures. Why has that happened? At one level, we could say that this happened because informatic interaction (websites, email, chat, online gaming, ecommerce, etc) has become mainstream to media production, organisational practice and indeed, quotidian life in developed and developing countries. As information production moves into the mainstream, working against mainstream control of flows of information means going upstream. For artists, tactical media groups and hackers, code seems to provide a way to, so to speak, reach over the shoulder of mainstream media channels and contest their control of information flows.1 A basic question is: does it? What code does We all see content flowing through the networks. Yet the expressive traits of the flows themselves are harder to grapple with, partly because they are largely infrastructural. When media and cultural theory discuss information-network society, cyberculture or new media, questions of flow specificity are usually downplayed in favour of high-level engagement with information as content. Arguably, the heightened attention to code attests to an increasing awareness that power relations are embedded in the generation and control of flow rather than just the meanings or contents that might be transported by flow. In this context, loops provide a really elementary and concrete way to explore how code participates in information flows. Loops structure almost every code object at a basic level. The programmed loop, a very mundane construct, can be found in any new media artist's or software engineer's coding toolkit. All programming languages have them. In popular programming and scripting languages such as FORTRAN, C, Pascal, C++, Java, Visual Basic, Perl, Python, JavaScript, ActionScript, etc, an almost identical set of looping constructs are found.2 Working with loops as material and as instrument constitutes an indispensable part of producing code-based objects. On the one hand, the loop is the most basic technical element of code as written text. On the other hand, as process executed by CPUs, and in ways that are not immediately obvious even to programmers themselves, loops of various kinds underpin the generative potential of code.3 Crucially, code is concerned with operationality rather than meaning (Lash 203). Code does not directly create meaning. It circulates, transforms, and reproduces messages and patterns of widely varying semantic and contextual richness. By definition, flow is something continuous. In the case of information, what flows are not things but patterns which can be rendered perceptible in different ways—as image, text, sound—on screen, display, and speaker. While the patterns become perceptible in a range of different spatio-temporal modes, their circulation is serialised. They are, as we know, composed of sequences of modulations (bits). Loops control the flow of patterns. Lev Manovich writes: programming involves altering the linear flow of data through control structures, such as 'if/then' and 'repeat/while'; the loop is the most elementary of these control structures (Manovich 189). Drawing on these constructs, programming or coding work gain traction in flows. Interactive looping Loops also generate flows by multiplying events. The most obvious example of how code loops generate and control flows comes from the graphic user interfaces (GUIs) provided by typical operating systems such as Windows, MacOs or one of the Linux desktop environments. These operating systems configure the visual space of millions of desktop screen according to heavily branded designs. Basically they all divide the screen into different framing areas—panels, dividing lines, toolbars, frames, windows—and then populate those areas with controls and indicators—buttons, icons, checkboxes, dropdown lists, menus, popup menus. Framing areas hold content—text, tables, images, video. Controls, usually clustered around the edge of the frame, transform the content displayed in the framed areas in many different ways. Visual controls are themselves hooked up via code to physical input devices such as keyboard, mouse, joystick, buttons and trackpad. The highly habituated and embodied experience of interacting with contemporary GUIs consists of moving in and out, within and between different framing areas, using visual controls that respond either to pointing (with the mouse) or keyboard command to change what is displayed, how it is displayed or indeed to move that content elsewhere (onto disk, across a network). Beneath the highly organised visual space of the GUI, lie hundreds if not thousands of loops. The work of coding these interfaces involves making loops, splicing loops together, and nesting loops within loops. At base, the so-called event loop means that the GUI in principle stands ready at any time to accept input from the physical interface devices. Depending on what that input is, it may translate into direct changes within the framed areas (for instance, keystrokes appear in a text field as letters) or changes affecting the controls (for instance, Control-Enter might signal send the text as an email). What we usually understand by interactivity stems from the way that a loop constantly accepts signals from the physical inputs, queues the signals as events, and deals with them one by one as discrete changes in what appears on screen. Within the GUI's basic event loop, many other loops are constantly starting and finishing. They are nested and unnested. They often affect some or other of the dozens of processes running at any one time within the operating system. Sometimes a command coming from the keyboard or a signal arriving from some other peripheral interface (the network interface card, the printer, a scanner, etc) will trigger the execution of a new process, itself composed of manifold loops. Hence loops often transiently interact with each other during execution of code. At base, the GUI shows something important, something that extends well beyond the domain of the GUI per se: the event loop generates and controls informations flows at the same time. People type on keyboards or manipulate game controllers. A single keypress or mouse click itself hardly constitutes a flow. Yet the event loop can amplify it into a cascade of thousands of events because it sets other loops in process. What we call information flow springs from the multiplicatory effect of loops. A typology of looping Information flows don't come from nowhere. They always go somewhere. Perhaps we could generalise a little from the mundane example of the GUI and say that the generation and control of information flows through loops is itself regulated by bounding conditions. A bounding condition determines the number of times and the sequence of operations carried out by a loop. They often come from outside the machine (interfaces of many different kinds) and from within it (other processes running at the same time, dependent on the operating system architecture and the hardware platform). Their regulatory role suggests the possibility of classifying loops according to boundary conditions.4 The following table classifies loops based on bounding conditions: Type of loop Bounding condition Typical location Simple & indefinite No bounding conditions Event loops in GUIs, servers ... Simple & definite Bounding conditions determined by a finite set of elements Counting, sorting, input and output Nested & definite Multiple bounding conditions Transforming grid and table structures Recursive Depth of possible recursion (memory or time) Searching and sorting of tree or network structures Result controlled Loop ends when some goal has been reached Goal-seeking algorithms Interactive and indefinite Bounding conditions change during the course of the loop User interfaces or interaction Although it risks simplifying something that is quite intricate in any actually executing process, this classification does stress that the distinguishing feature of loops may well be their bounding conditions. In practical terms, within program code, a bounding condition takes the form of some test carried out before, during or after each iteration of a loop. The bounding conditions for some loops relate to data that the code expects to come from other places—across networks, from the user interface, or some other devices. For other loops, the bounding conditions continually emerge in the course of the loop itself—the result of a calculation, finding some result in the course of searching a collection or receiving some new input in a flow of data from an interface or network connection. Based on the classification, we could suggest that loops not only generate flows, but they generate those flows within particular spatio-temporal manifolds. Put less abstractly, if we accept that flows don't come from nowhere, we then need to say what kind of places they do come from. The classification shows that they do not come from homogeneous spaces. In fact they relate to different topologies, to the hugely diverse orderings of signs and gestures within mediatic cultures. To take a mundane example, why has the table become such an important element in the HTML coding of webpages? Clearly tables provide an easy way to organise a page. Tables as classifying and visual ordering devices are nothing new. Along with lists, they have been used for centuries. However, the table as onscreen spatial entity also maps very directly onto a nested loop: the inner loop generates the horizontal row contents; the outer loop places the output of the inner loop in vertical order. As web-designers quickly discovered during the 1990s, HTML tables are rendered quickly by browsers and can easily position different contents—images, headings, text, lines, spaces—in proximity. In shorts, nested loops can quickly turn a table into a serial flow or quickly render a table out of a serial flow. Implications We started with the observation that artists, writers, hackers and media activists are working with code in order to reposition themselves in relation to information flows. Through technical elements such as loops, they reappropriate certain facets of the production of information and communication. Working with these and other elements, they look for different points of entry into the flows, attempting to move upstream of the heavily capitalised sites of mainstream production such as the Windows GUI, eCommerce websites or blockbuster game titles. The proliferation of information objects in music, in visual culture, in database and net-centred forms of interactivity ranging from computer games to chat protocols, suggests that the coding work can trigger powerful shifts in the cultures of circulation. Analysis of loops also suggests that the notion of data or information flow, understood as the continuous gliding of bits through systems of communication, needs revision. Rather than code simply controlling flow, code generates flows as well. What might warrant further thought is just how different kinds of bounding conditions generate different spatio-temporal patterns and modes of inclusion within flows. The diversity of loops within information objects imply a variety of topologically complicated places. It would be possible to work through the classification describing how each kind of loop maps into different spatial and temporal orderings. In particular, we might want to focus on how more complicated loops—result controlled, recursive, or interactive and indefinite types—map out more topologically complicated spaces and times. For my purposes, the important point is that bounding conditions not only regulate loops, they bring different kinds of spatio-temporal manifold into the seriality of flow. They imprint spatial and temporal ordering. Here the operationality of code begins to display a generative dimension that goes well beyond merely transporting or communicating content. Notes 1. At a more theoretical level, for a decade or so fairly abstract notions of virtuality have dominated media and cultural studies approaches to new media. While that domination has been increasingly contested by more fine grained studies of how the Internet is enmeshed with different places (Miller and Slater), attention to code is justified on the grounds that it constitutes an increasingly important form of expression within information flows. 2. Detailed discussion of these looping constructs can be found in any programming textbook or introductory computer science course, so I will not be going through them in any detail. 3. For instance, the cycles of the clock chip are absolutely irreducible. Virtually all programs implicitly rely on a clock chip to regulate execution of their instructions. 4. A classification can act as a symptomatology, that is, as something that sets out the various signs of the existence of a particular condition (Deleuze 368), in this case, the operationality of code. References Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1996. Deleuze, Gilles. The Brain is the Screen. An Interview with Gilles Deleuze. The Brain is the Screen. Deleuze and the Philosophy of Cinema. Ed Gregory Flaxman. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2000. 365-68. Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri. Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard U P, 2000. Himanen, Pekka. The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age. London: Secker and Warburg, 2001. Lash, Scott. Critique of Information. London: Sage, 2002. Manovich, Lev. What is Digital Cinema? Ed. Peter Lunenfeld. The Digital Dialectic: New Essays on New Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1999. 172-92. Miller, Daniel, and Don Slater. The Internet: An Ethnographic Approach. Oxford: Berg, 2000. Moody, Glyn. Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution. Middlesworth: Penguin, 2001. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Mackenzie, Adrian. "Making Data Flow" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5.4 (2002). [your date of access] < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0208/data.php>. Chicago Style Mackenzie, Adrian, "Making Data Flow" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5, no. 4 (2002), < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0208/data.php> ([your date of access]). APA Style Mackenzie, Adrian. (2002) Making Data Flow. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5(4). < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0208/data.php> ([your date of access]).

IntroductionIn the year 2000, a group of likeminded individuals got together and convened the first annual World Barista Championship in Monte Carlo. With twelve competitors from around the globe, each competitor was judged by seven judges: one head judge who oversaw the process, two technical judges who assessed technical skills, and four sensory judges who evaluated the taste and appearance of the espresso drinks. Competitors had fifteen minutes to serve four espresso coffees, four cappuccino coffees, and four “signature” drinks that they had devised using one shot of espresso and other ingredients of their choice, but no alcohol. The competitors were also assessed on their overall barista skills, their creativity, and their ability to perform under pressure and impress the judges with their knowledge of coffee. This competition has grown to the extent that eleven years later, in 2011, 54 countries held national barista championships with the winner from each country competing for the highly coveted position of World Barista Champion. That year, Alejandro Mendez from El Salvador became the first world champion from a coffee producing nation. Champion baristas are more likely to come from coffee consuming countries than they are from coffee producing countries as countries that produce coffee seldom have a culture of espresso coffee consumption. While Ireland is not a coffee-producing nation, the Irish are the highest per capita consumers of tea in the world (Mac Con Iomaire, “Ireland”). Despite this, in 2008, Stephen Morrissey from Ireland overcame 50 other national champions to become the 2008 World Barista Champion (see, http://vimeo.com/2254130). Another Irish national champion, Colin Harmon, came fourth in this competition in both 2009 and 2010. This paper discusses the history and development of coffee and coffee houses in Dublin from the 17th century, charting how coffee culture in Dublin appeared, evolved, and stagnated before re-emerging at the beginning of the 21st century, with a remarkable win in the World Barista Championships. The historical links between coffeehouses and media—ranging from print media to electronic and social media—are discussed. In this, the coffee house acts as an informal public gathering space, what urban sociologist Ray Oldenburg calls a “third place,” neither work nor home. These “third places” provide anchors for community life and facilitate and foster broader, more creative interaction (Oldenburg). This paper will also show how competition from other “third places” such as clubs, hotels, restaurants, and bars have affected the vibrancy of coffee houses. Early Coffee Houses The first coffee house was established in Constantinople in 1554 (Tannahill 252; Huetz de Lemps 387). The first English coffee houses opened in Oxford in 1650 and in London in 1652. Coffee houses multiplied thereafter but, in 1676, when some London coffee houses became hotbeds for political protest, the city prosecutor decided to close them. The ban was soon lifted and between 1680 and 1730 Londoners discovered the pleasure of drinking coffee (Huetz de Lemps 388), although these coffee houses sold a number of hot drinks including tea and chocolate as well as coffee.The first French coffee houses opened in Marseille in 1671 and in Paris the following year. Coffee houses proliferated during the 18th century: by 1720 there were 380 public cafés in Paris and by the end of the century there were 600 (Huetz de Lemps 387). Café Procope opened in Paris in 1674 and, in the 18th century, became a literary salon with regular patrons: Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot and Condorcet (Huetz de Lemps 387; Pitte 472). In England, coffee houses developed into exclusive clubs such as Crockford’s and the Reform, whilst elsewhere in Europe they evolved into what we identify as cafés, similar to the tea shops that would open in England in the late 19th century (Tannahill 252-53). Tea quickly displaced coffee in popularity in British coffee houses (Taylor 142). Pettigrew suggests two reasons why Great Britain became a tea-drinking nation while most of the rest of Europe took to coffee (48). The first was the power of the East India Company, chartered by Elizabeth I in 1600, which controlled the world’s biggest tea monopoly and promoted the beverage enthusiastically. The second was the difficulty England had in securing coffee from the Levant while at war with France at the end of the seventeenth century and again during the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13). Tea also became the dominant beverage in Ireland and over a period of time became the staple beverage of the whole country. In 1835, Samuel Bewley and his son Charles dared to break the monopoly of The East India Company by importing over 2,000 chests of tea directly from Canton, China, to Ireland. His family would later become synonymous with the importation of coffee and with opening cafés in Ireland (see, Farmar for full history of the Bewley's and their activities). Ireland remains the highest per-capita consumer of tea in the world. Coffee houses have long been linked with social and political change (Kennedy, Politicks; Pincus). The notion that these new non-alcoholic drinks were responsible for the Enlightenment because people could now gather socially without getting drunk is rejected by Wheaton as frivolous, since there had always been alternatives to strong drink, and European civilisation had achieved much in the previous centuries (91). She comments additionally that cafés, as gathering places for dissenters, took over the role that taverns had long played. Pennell and Vickery support this argument adding that by offering a choice of drinks, and often sweets, at a fixed price and in a more civilized setting than most taverns provided, coffee houses and cafés were part of the rise of the modern restaurant. It is believed that, by 1700, the commercial provision of food and drink constituted the second largest occupational sector in London. Travellers’ accounts are full of descriptions of London taverns, pie shops, coffee, bun and chop houses, breakfast huts, and food hawkers (Pennell; Vickery). Dublin Coffee Houses and Later incarnations The earliest reference to coffee houses in Dublin is to the Cock Coffee House in Cook Street during the reign of Charles II (1660-85). Public dining or drinking establishments listed in the 1738 Dublin Directory include taverns, eating houses, chop houses, coffee houses, and one chocolate house in Fownes Court run by Peter Bardin (Hardiman and Kennedy 157). During the second half of the 17th century, Dublin’s merchant classes transferred allegiance from taverns to the newly fashionable coffee houses as places to conduct business. By 1698, the fashion had spread to country towns with coffee houses found in Cork, Limerick, Kilkenny, Clonmel, Wexford, and Galway, and slightly later in Belfast and Waterford in the 18th century. Maxwell lists some of Dublin’s leading coffee houses and taverns, noting their clientele: There were Lucas’s Coffee House, on Cork Hill (the scene of many duels), frequented by fashionable young men; the Phoenix, in Werburgh Street, where political dinners were held; Dick’s Coffee House, in Skinner’s Row, much patronized by literary men, for it was over a bookseller’s; the Eagle, in Eustace Street, where meetings of the Volunteers were held; the Old Sot’s Hole, near Essex Bridge, famous for its beefsteaks and ale; the Eagle Tavern, on Cork Hill, which was demolished at the same time as Lucas’s to make room for the Royal Exchange; and many others. (76) Many of the early taverns were situated around the Winetavern Street, Cook Street, and Fishamble Street area. (see Fig. 1) Taverns, and later coffee houses, became meeting places for gentlemen and centres for debate and the exchange of ideas. In 1706, Francis Dickson published the Flying Post newspaper at the Four Courts coffee house in Winetavern Street. The Bear Tavern (1725) and the Black Lyon (1735), where a Masonic Lodge assembled every Wednesday, were also located on this street (Gilbert v.1 160). Dick’s Coffee house was established in the late 17th century by bookseller and newspaper proprietor Richard Pue, and remained open until 1780 when the building was demolished. In 1740, Dick’s customers were described thus: Ye citizens, gentlemen, lawyers and squires,who summer and winter surround our great fires,ye quidnuncs! who frequently come into Pue’s,To live upon politicks, coffee, and news. (Gilbert v.1 174) There has long been an association between coffeehouses and publishing books, pamphlets and particularly newspapers. Other Dublin publishers and newspapermen who owned coffee houses included Richard Norris and Thomas Bacon. Until the 1850s, newspapers were burdened with a number of taxes: on the newsprint, a stamp duty, and on each advertisement. By 1865, these taxes had virtually disappeared, resulting in the appearance of 30 new newspapers in Ireland, 24 of them in Dublin. Most people read from copies which were available free of charge in taverns, clubs, and coffee houses (MacGiolla Phadraig). Coffee houses also kept copies of international newspapers. On 4 May 1706, Francis Dickson notes in the Dublin Intelligence that he held the Paris and London Gazettes, Leyden Gazette and Slip, the Paris and Hague Lettres à la Main, Daily Courant, Post-man, Flying Post, Post-script and Manuscripts in his coffeehouse in Winetavern Street (Kennedy, “Dublin”). Henry Berry’s analysis of shop signs in Dublin identifies 24 different coffee houses in Dublin, with the main clusters in Essex Street near the Custom’s House (Cocoa Tree, Bacon’s, Dempster’s, Dublin, Merchant’s, Norris’s, and Walsh’s) Cork Hill (Lucas’s, St Lawrence’s, and Solyman’s) Skinners’ Row (Bow’s’, Darby’s, and Dick’s) Christ Church Yard (Four Courts, and London) College Green (Jack’s, and Parliament) and Crampton Court (Exchange, and Little Dublin). (see Figure 1, below, for these clusters and the locations of other Dublin coffee houses.) The earliest to be referenced is the Cock Coffee House in Cook Street during the reign of Charles II (1660-85), with Solyman’s (1691), Bow’s (1692), and Patt’s on High Street (1699), all mentioned in print before the 18th century. The name of one, the Cocoa Tree, suggests that chocolate was also served in this coffee house. More evidence of the variety of beverages sold in coffee houses comes from Gilbert who notes that in 1730, one Dublin poet wrote of George Carterwright’s wife at The Custom House Coffee House on Essex Street: Her coffee’s fresh and fresh her tea,Sweet her cream, ptizan, and whea,her drams, of ev’ry sort, we findboth good and pleasant, in their kind. (v. 2 161) Figure 1: Map of Dublin indicating Coffee House clusters 1 = Sackville St.; 2 = Winetavern St.; 3 = Essex St.; 4 = Cork Hill; 5 = Skinner's Row; 6 = College Green.; 7 = Christ Church Yard; 8 = Crampton Court.; 9 = Cook St.; 10 = High St.; 11 = Eustace St.; 12 = Werburgh St.; 13 = Fishamble St.; 14 = Westmorland St.; 15 = South Great George's St.; 16 = Grafton St.; 17 = Kildare St.; 18 = Dame St.; 19 = Anglesea Row; 20 = Foster Place; 21 = Poolbeg St.; 22 = Fleet St.; 23 = Burgh Quay.A = Cafe de Paris, Lincoln Place; B = Red Bank Restaurant, D'Olier St.; C = Morrison's Hotel, Nassau St.; D = Shelbourne Hotel, St. Stephen's Green; E = Jury's Hotel, Dame St. Some coffee houses transformed into the gentlemen’s clubs that appeared in London, Paris and Dublin in the 17th century. These clubs originally met in coffee houses, then taverns, until later proprietary clubs became fashionable. Dublin anticipated London in club fashions with members of the Kildare Street Club (1782) and the Sackville Street Club (1794) owning the premises of their clubhouse, thus dispensing with the proprietor. The first London club to be owned by the members seems to be Arthur’s, founded in 1811 (McDowell 4) and this practice became widespread throughout the 19th century in both London and Dublin. The origin of one of Dublin’s most famous clubs, Daly’s Club, was a chocolate house opened by Patrick Daly in c.1762–65 in premises at 2–3 Dame Street (Brooke). It prospered sufficiently to commission its own granite-faced building on College Green between Anglesea Street and Foster Place which opened in 1789 (Liddy 51). Daly’s Club, “where half the land of Ireland has changed hands”, was renowned for the gambling that took place there (Montgomery 39). Daly’s sumptuous palace catered very well (and discreetly) for honourable Members of Parliament and rich “bucks” alike (Craig 222). The changing political and social landscape following the Act of Union led to Daly’s slow demise and its eventual closure in 1823 (Liddy 51). Coincidentally, the first Starbucks in Ireland opened in 2005 in the same location. Once gentlemen’s clubs had designated buildings where members could eat, drink, socialise, and stay overnight, taverns and coffee houses faced competition from the best Dublin hotels which also had coffee rooms “in which gentlemen could read papers, write letters, take coffee and wine in the evening—an exiguous substitute for a club” (McDowell 17). There were at least 15 establishments in Dublin city claiming to be hotels by 1789 (Corr 1) and their numbers grew in the 19th century, an expansion which was particularly influenced by the growth of railways. By 1790, Dublin’s public houses (“pubs”) outnumbered its coffee houses with Dublin boasting 1,300 (Rooney 132). Names like the Goose and Gridiron, Harp and Crown, Horseshoe and Magpie, and Hen and Chickens—fashionable during the 17th and 18th centuries in Ireland—hung on decorative signs for those who could not read. Throughout the 20th century, the public house provided the dominant “third place” in Irish society, and the drink of choice for itd predominantly male customers was a frothy pint of Guinness. Newspapers were available in public houses and many newspapermen had their own favourite hostelries such as Mulligan’s of Poolbeg Street; The Pearl, and The Palace on Fleet Street; and The White Horse Inn on Burgh Quay. Any coffee served in these establishments prior to the arrival of the new coffee culture in the 21st century was, however, of the powdered instant variety. Hotels / Restaurants with Coffee Rooms From the mid-19th century, the public dining landscape of Dublin changed in line with London and other large cities in the United Kingdom. Restaurants did appear gradually in the United Kingdom and research suggests that one possible reason for this growth from the 1860s onwards was the Refreshment Houses and Wine Licences Act (1860). The object of this act was to “reunite the business of eating and drinking”, thereby encouraging public sobriety (Mac Con Iomaire, “Emergence” v.2 95). Advertisements for Dublin restaurants appeared in The Irish Times from the 1860s. Thom’s Directory includes listings for Dining Rooms from the 1870s and Refreshment Rooms are listed from the 1880s. This pattern continued until 1909, when Thom’s Directory first includes a listing for “Restaurants and Tea Rooms”. Some of the establishments that advertised separate coffee rooms include Dublin’s first French restaurant, the Café de Paris, The Red Bank Restaurant, Morrison’s Hotel, Shelbourne Hotel, and Jury’s Hotel (see Fig. 1). The pattern of separate ladies’ coffee rooms emerged in Dublin and London during the latter half of the 19th century and mixed sex dining only became popular around the last decade of the 19th century, partly infuenced by Cesar Ritz and Auguste Escoffier (Mac Con Iomaire, “Public Dining”). Irish Cafés: From Bewley’s to Starbucks A number of cafés appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, most notably Robert Roberts and Bewley’s, both of which were owned by Quaker families. Ernest Bewley took over the running of the Bewley’s importation business in the 1890s and opened a number of Oriental Cafés; South Great Georges Street (1894), Westmoreland Street (1896), and what became the landmark Bewley’s Oriental Café in Grafton Street (1927). Drawing influence from the grand cafés of Paris and Vienna, oriental tearooms, and Egyptian architecture (inspired by the discovery in 1922 of Tutankhamen’s Tomb), the Grafton Street business brought a touch of the exotic into the newly formed Irish Free State. Bewley’s cafés became the haunt of many of Ireland’s leading literary figures, including Samuel Becket, Sean O’Casey, and James Joyce who mentioned the café in his book, Dubliners. A full history of Bewley’s is available (Farmar). It is important to note, however, that pots of tea were sold in equal measure to mugs of coffee in Bewley’s. The cafés changed over time from waitress- to self-service and a failure to adapt to changing fashions led to the business being sold, with only the flagship café in Grafton Street remaining open in a revised capacity. It was not until the beginning of the 21st century that a new wave of coffee house culture swept Ireland. This was based around speciality coffee beverages such as espressos, cappuccinos, lattés, macchiatos, and frappuccinnos. This new phenomenon coincided with the unprecedented growth in the Irish economy, during which Ireland became known as the “Celtic Tiger” (Murphy 3). One aspect of this period was a building boom and a subsequent growth in apartment living in the Dublin city centre. The American sitcom Friends and its fictional coffee house, “Central Perk,” may also have helped popularise the use of coffee houses as “third spaces” (Oldenberg) among young apartment dwellers in Dublin. This was also the era of the “dotcom boom” when many young entrepreneurs, software designers, webmasters, and stock market investors were using coffee houses as meeting places for business and also as ad hoc office spaces. This trend is very similar to the situation in the 17th and early 18th centuries where coffeehouses became known as sites for business dealings. Various theories explaining the growth of the new café culture have circulated, with reasons ranging from a growth in Eastern European migrants, anti-smoking legislation, returning sophisticated Irish emigrants, and increased affluence (Fenton). Dublin pubs, facing competition from the new coffee culture, began installing espresso coffee machines made by companies such as Gaggia to attract customers more interested in a good latté than a lager and it is within this context that Irish baristas gained such success in the World Barista competition. In 2001 the Georges Street branch of Bewley’s was taken over by a chain called Café, Bar, Deli specialising in serving good food at reasonable prices. Many ex-Bewley’s staff members subsequently opened their own businesses, roasting coffee and running cafés. Irish-owned coffee chains such as Java Republic, Insomnia, and O’Brien’s Sandwich Bars continued to thrive despite the competition from coffee chains Starbucks and Costa Café. Indeed, so successful was the handmade Irish sandwich and coffee business that, before the economic downturn affected its business, Irish franchise O’Brien’s operated in over 18 countries. The Café, Bar, Deli group had also begun to franchise its operations in 2008 when it too became a victim of the global economic downturn. With the growth of the Internet, many newspapers have experienced falling sales of their printed format and rising uptake of their electronic versions. Most Dublin coffee houses today provide wireless Internet connections so their customers can read not only the local newspapers online, but also others from all over the globe, similar to Francis Dickenson’s coffee house in Winetavern Street in the early 18th century. Dublin has become Europe’s Silicon Valley, housing the European headquarters for companies such as Google, Yahoo, Ebay, Paypal, and Facebook. There are currently plans to provide free wireless connectivity throughout Dublin’s city centre in order to promote e-commerce, however, some coffee houses shut off the wireless Internet in their establishments at certain times of the week in order to promote more social interaction to ensure that these “third places” remain “great good places” at the heart of the community (Oldenburg). Conclusion Ireland is not a country that is normally associated with a coffee culture but coffee houses have been part of the fabric of that country since they emerged in Dublin in the 17th century. These Dublin coffee houses prospered in the 18th century, and survived strong competition from clubs and hotels in the 19th century, and from restaurant and public houses into the 20th century. In 2008, when Stephen Morrissey won the coveted title of World Barista Champion, Ireland’s place as a coffee consuming country was re-established. The first decade of the 21st century witnessed a birth of a new espresso coffee culture, which shows no signs of weakening despite Ireland’s economic travails. References Berry, Henry F. “House and Shop Signs in Dublin in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 40.2 (1910): 81–98. Brooke, Raymond Frederick. Daly’s Club and the Kildare Street Club, Dublin. Dublin, 1930. Corr, Frank. Hotels in Ireland. Dublin: Jemma Publications, 1987. Craig, Maurice. Dublin 1660-1860. Dublin: Allen Figgis, 1980. Farmar, Tony. The Legendary, Lofty, Clattering Café. Dublin: A&A Farmar, 1988. Fenton, Ben. “Cafe Culture taking over in Dublin.” The Telegraph 2 Oct. 2006. 29 Apr. 2012 ‹http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1530308/cafe-culture-taking-over-in-Dublin.html›. Gilbert, John T. A History of the City of Dublin (3 vols.). Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1978. Girouard, Mark. Victorian Pubs. New Haven, Conn.: Yale UP, 1984. Hardiman, Nodlaig P., and Máire Kennedy. A Directory of Dublin for the Year 1738 Compiled from the Most Authentic of Sources. Dublin: Dublin Corporation Public Libraries, 2000. Huetz de Lemps, Alain. “Colonial Beverages and Consumption of Sugar.” Food: A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present. Eds. Jean-Louis Flandrin and Massimo Montanari. New York: Columbia UP, 1999. 383–93. Kennedy, Máire. “Dublin Coffee Houses.” Ask About Ireland, 2011. 4 Apr. 2012 ‹http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/pages-in-history/dublin-coffee-houses›. ----- “‘Politicks, Coffee and News’: The Dublin Book Trade in the Eighteenth Century.” Dublin Historical Record LVIII.1 (2005): 76–85. Liddy, Pat. Temple Bar—Dublin: An Illustrated History. Dublin: Temple Bar Properties, 1992. Mac Con Iomaire, Máirtín. “The Emergence, Development, and Influence of French Haute Cuisine on Public Dining in Dublin Restaurants 1900-2000: An Oral History.” Ph.D. thesis, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, 2009. 4 Apr. 2012 ‹http://arrow.dit.ie/tourdoc/12›. ----- “Ireland.” Food Cultures of the World Encylopedia. Ed. Ken Albala. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2010. ----- “Public Dining in Dublin: The History and Evolution of Gastronomy and Commercial Dining 1700-1900.” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 24. Special Issue: The History of the Commercial Hospitality Industry from Classical Antiquity to the 19th Century (2012): forthcoming. MacGiolla Phadraig, Brian. “Dublin: One Hundred Years Ago.” Dublin Historical Record 23.2/3 (1969): 56–71. Maxwell, Constantia. Dublin under the Georges 1714–1830. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1979. McDowell, R. B. Land & Learning: Two Irish Clubs. Dublin: The Lilliput P, 1993. Montgomery, K. L. “Old Dublin Clubs and Coffee-Houses.” New Ireland Review VI (1896): 39–44. Murphy, Antoine E. “The ‘Celtic Tiger’—An Analysis of Ireland’s Economic Growth Performance.” EUI Working Papers, 2000 29 Apr. 2012 ‹http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/WP-Texts/00_16.pdf›. Oldenburg, Ray, ed. Celebrating the Third Place: Inspiring Stories About The “Great Good Places” At the Heart of Our Communities. New York: Marlowe & Company 2001. Pennell, Sarah. “‘Great Quantities of Gooseberry Pye and Baked Clod of Beef’: Victualling and Eating out in Early Modern London.” Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London. Eds. Paul Griffiths and Mark S. R. Jenner. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2000. 228–59. Pettigrew, Jane. A Social History of Tea. London: National Trust Enterprises, 2001. Pincus, Steve. “‘Coffee Politicians Does Create’: Coffeehouses and Restoration Political Culture.” The Journal of Modern History 67.4 (1995): 807–34. Pitte, Jean-Robert. “The Rise of the Restaurant.” Food: A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present. Eds. Jean-Louis Flandrin and Massimo Montanari. New York: Columbia UP, 1999. 471–80. Rooney, Brendan, ed. A Time and a Place: Two Centuries of Irish Social Life. Dublin: National Gallery of Ireland, 2006. Tannahill, Reay. Food in History. St Albans, Herts.: Paladin, 1975. Taylor, Laurence. “Coffee: The Bottomless Cup.” The American Dimension: Cultural Myths and Social Realities. Eds. W. Arens and Susan P. Montague. Port Washington, N.Y.: Alfred Publishing, 1976. 14–48. Vickery, Amanda. Behind Closed Doors: At Home in Georgian England. New Haven: Yale UP, 2009. Wheaton, Barbara Ketcham. Savouring the Past: The French Kitchen and Table from 1300-1789. London: Chatto & Windus, Hogarth P, 1983. Williams, Anne. “Historical Attitudes to Women Eating in Restaurants.” Public Eating: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1991. Ed. Harlan Walker. Totnes: Prospect Books, 1992. 311–14. World Barista, Championship. “History–World Barista Championship”. 2012. 02 Apr. 2012 ‹http://worldbaristachampionship.com2012›.AcknowledgementA warm thank you to Dr. Kevin Griffin for producing the map of Dublin for this article.

Photo by Adhy Savala on Unsplash ABSTRACT During a crisis, when healthcare capacity becomes overwhelmed and cannot meet regular standards of patient care, crisis standards of care are invoked to distribute scarce hospital space, staff, and supplies. When transitioning between conventional standards of care and crisis standards, hospitals may have to manage resources under scarcity constraints in an intermediate phase defined as the contingency phase. While much attention has been paid to the ethics of crisis standard of care protocols, contingency measures were more widely implemented, though little exists within the literature on the ethics of contingency measures or a clearly explicated contingency standard of care. This paper addresses three ethical issues with the current contingency response to COVID-19: the lack of formalization, the risks of using short-term solutions for prolonged contingency shortages, and the danger of exacerbating health disparities through hospital-level resource allocation. To mitigate these ethical issues, I offer recommendations for reimagining resource allocation during contingency standards of care. INTRODUCTION When transitioning between conventional standards of care and crisis standards, or in situations where shortages do not immediately threaten care delivery, hospitals may have to manage scarce resources in an intermediate phase, known as the “contingency” phase.[1] While much attention has been paid to the ethics of crisis standards, less literature covers the ethics of contingency measures or a clearly explicated contingency standard of care. Many states and hospital systems do not have contingency standards of care to dictate allocation absent an event triggering crisis standards. Crisis standards of care, used when healthcare capacity becomes overwhelmed and cannot meet regular standards of patient care, reflect ethical priorities relevant in times of shortage or other emergencies. These priorities include saving the most lives, the stewardship of scarce resources, and justice relating to equitable resource distribution.[2] Crisis standards of care delineate specialized allocation protocols and triage decision-making bodies at the institutional or state levels. Crisis standards of care require formal activation at the state level, and in the absence of clear triggers or governmental willingness to use them, hospitals may adopt informal strategies to manage allocation in the form of contingency measures. The contingency phase is defined by two simultaneous goals: prevent or stall crisis-level scarcity by managing limited resources and providing patient care that is functionally equivalent to usual care.[3] In other words, allocate scarce resources with no significant health consequences to patients. However, this is an unrealistic expectation: meeting a patient’s medical needs and allocating resources on the basis of scarcity instead of medical indications can be at odds, creating ethical tension. This paper addresses three ethical issues with the current contingency response stemming from this tension: the lack of formalization, the risk of using short-term solutions for prolonged contingency shortages, and the danger of exacerbating health disparities through hospital-level resource allocation. To mitigate these ethical issues, I offer recommendations for reimagining resource allocation during contingency standards of care. l. Lack of Formalization One shortcoming of current contingency measures is that they fail to meet the same level of procedural detail and clarity as crisis standards. The early COVID-19 surges in Italy and France demonstrated the pitfalls of bedside allocation in the absence of procedural guidance. The acute scarcity of critical care resources forced doctors in these countries to make allocation decisions at the bedside, which often resulted in de facto age-based allocation as well as experiences of moral distress and shame among providers.[4] In France, medical allocation guidelines and statistics were never released to the public, raising concerns over the role of transparency in implementing crisis standards and triage guidelines and causing the public to question the trustworthiness of provider triage.[5] Though many states in the US have crisis standards of care that can be implemented in the case of a large-scale triage event, these measures vary widely. A 2020 review of 31 crisis standards of care in the US found that only 18 contained strong “ethical grounding,” 28 used “evidence-based clinical processes and operations,” 21 included “ongoing community and provider engagement, education, and communication,” and 16 had “clear indicators, triggers, and lines of responsibility.”[6] The need for standardization, public transparency, and guidelines for crisis standards of care to prevent bedside allocation has been widely recognized. However, these issues remain unresolved by public policy or legislative efforts during the contingency period before (or after) crisis standards apply. A recent public health study that observed triage team members in a high-fidelity triage simulation highlighted the challenges of making equitable frontline allocation decisions.[7] In the simulation, participants nudged patient priority status up or down depending on what they subjectively identified as morally relevant factors. Through the simulation, participants reported difficulty separating implicit biases about patient characteristics from their clinical judgment. In the absence of formal institutional or regional guidelines for allocation during contingency-level shortages, there are few to no procedural safeguards against biased, ad hoc, and non-transparent rationing. Without formalized or standardized contingency allocation guidance, providers are left to make bedside allocation decisions that are susceptible to individual biases and patterns of unintended discrimination. An example of this susceptibility is seen when hospitals allow patients who no longer benefit from ICU resources to continue occupying ICU beds. This is based on a first-come-first-served (FCFS) approach to bed allocation. FCFS is often a default for patient intake, which led to disparities in care access during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Media reports of hospitals with “plenty of space” being unwilling to accept patients from overwhelmed, lower-income hospitals illustrate that the FCFS default advantages those who could show up first to a particular hospital: often privileged, well-funded healthcare systems that were inaccessible to low-income communities.[8] FCFS is blind to several morally relevant factors, including the likelihood of survival to discharge, reciprocity (i.e. prioritizing healthcare workers), and varying degrees of access to healthcare. Therefore, it inappropriately privileges those in proximity to healthcare systems or with social connections enabling greater initial access to care.[9] During crisis standards of care, excessive mortality that would result from FCFS is mitigated through formalized system-wide triage protocols based on current patient health status and potential benefit from resources. Crisis and contingency standards may provide liability coverage for providers who reallocate critical care beds away from those who no longer benefit during periods of scarcity. This liability coverage shifts bed allocation away from an FCFS model, but only if the policy is well-defined, clearly established, and known to providers. Without a formal system to guide the process or transition from the usual method of allocation to the contingency period, contingency decisions about who gets a scarce resource may continue to operate on an implicit FCFS basis, even when approaching crisis levels of scarcity. Additionally, these decisions will fall unsustainably on individual providers or transfer center workers, leading to moral distress on the frontlines when hospitals are already strained. Lessons from the crisis and contingency responses during COVID-19 can improve future contingency responses. There are multiple ways of achieving equity during contingency allocation, ranging from hospital-level to state-level policy changes. State-wide policies and interventions to facilitate resource-sharing can relieve some of the scarcity burdens that hospitals may face during the contingency period. For example, moving ICU patients to lower levels of care once they have sufficiently recovered is a challenge for doctors, who often call other hospitals to find open beds. In these situations, providers who do not move patients who no longer benefit from ICU beds unknowingly reinforce the FCFS system in which those who arrive first keep the scarce beds, while those who arrive later or wait for one are disadvantaged by having limited access to them. State-wide patient transfer centers, often facilitated by state public health departments, present an alternative by balancing patient needs and bed distribution more equitably and efficiently than individual physicians do, as demonstrated following COVID-19 surges in hospitalization.[10] These centers aid not only in allocating open tertiary care beds, but also in identifying open beds at lower levels of care and assisting physicians with transferring out patients who can be safely downgraded and no longer benefit from tertiary care resources. However, the simplest solution is to encourage the creation of ethics guidance or protocols for contingency allocation at the hospital level. In hospitals, institutional ethics guidance can help providers navigate difficult decisions and conversations with patients. When providers face time-sensitive allocation decisions, like the allocation of open ICU beds, the guidance would be a useful tool for making transparent, principled, and ethically justified allocation decisions in real-time to mitigate the risk of ad hoc or implicit rationing. ll. Unsuited for Prolonged Resource Shortages Secondly, neither contingency nor crisis standards are currently designed to respond to prolonged strains on the healthcare system. Since the start of the pandemic, a prolonged period of staffing shortages began and is projected to persist.[11] However, both crisis and contingency standards assume that the system will eventually return to conventional standards of care. For example, as a contingency or crisis standard, many hospitals deferred elective surgeries to preserve limited resources for emergency and life-saving procedures. Massachusetts, for instance, issued a public health emergency order that required hospitals to defer 50 percent of all non-essential and non-urgent (elective) surgeries. This order demonstrates the use of this contingency measure in response to prolonged staffing and bed shortages.[12] However, the deferral of elective procedures can result in adverse long-term community health consequences. Medical conditions typically addressed through elective surgery, such as joint replacement surgeries for osteoarthritis patients, may worsen if delayed. This can result in greater numbers of acute emergencies, the need for more complex surgical procedures later, increased reliance on pain medications, and longer recovery times.[13] Without a greater understanding of long-term complications in community health, existing contingency strategies, such as the deferral of elective surgeries, may be unsuitable for prolonged shortages. This becomes a greater threat to patient safety when contingency measures inappropriately take the place of crisis standards, risking the long-term implementation of emergency measures designed for temporary use. Although some state emergency planning documents identify indicators and triggers for activating contingency and crisis operations,[14] this transition is not always clear in action. For example, New York did not implement crisis standards of care during the early COVID-19 pandemic despite being one of the hardest-hit cities in the US.[15] Other states, including California, Texas, and Florida, did not activate crisis standards of care, leaving hospitals to implement informal contingency measures that ultimately required allocation strategies very similar or identical to many crisis standards of care protocols.[16] Due to the hesitance to activate crisis standards, ad hoc contingency measures and bedside decision-making prevailed over formal triage protocols. If contingency measures are not set forth in objective documents and are inappropriately used in the place of crisis standards, these short-term measures may result in an unfair or non-transparent distribution of scarce resources. When shortages in space, staff, or supplies jeopardize the ability to provide necessary care for critically ill patients under a conventional standard of care, failures to activate crisis standards risk the inappropriate use of ad hoc contingency measures in their place. With clear contingency standards of care, the duration of an ad hoc approach could be limited. Crisis standards are defined and activated at the regional or state-wide level, but outside of hospital-specific resource limitations, there are generally no standardized indications or triggers for transitioning into and out of contingency measures. Leaving contingency needs to individual hospitals may seem beneficial but defining the contingency period at the hospital level and the crisis period at the state or regional level blurs the line about when it is appropriate for decision makers to activate crisis standards, risking delayed activation or failure to activate them at all. Therefore, it is important that state policies implement automatic triggers for activation that clearly delineate between contingency and crisis responses.[17] Automatic triggers based on validated metrics like remaining available resources can inform the appropriate decision makers about when they must activate crisis standards. These triggers should be transparent to the public, validated, and updated over time with evolving data. These automatic triggers would prevent confusion, inconsistent guidelines, and inequitable contingency allocation at the hands of distressed providers when crisis standards are needed. Defining when to begin crisis standards could help limit the length of the contingency period. This would protect against the inappropriate application of contingency measures to crisis-level scarcity and prolonged shortages that they could not sustainably ameliorate. lll. Potential to Exacerbate Health Disparities Inconsistencies in contingency allocation open the door to disparities in care and unequal distribution of scarcity burdens among different communities based on their location or health needs. This is a concern because it is unclear whether contingency measures can meet their goal of achieving functionally equivalent patient outcomes when resource allocation must be balanced with patient-centered care.[18] The care under contingency standards is meant to be functionally equivalent to regular care. The definition assumes (or may wrongly suggest) that any contingency strategy in place to avoid critical scarcity has no significant impact on patient outcomes. While functional equivalence is attainable, there is currently little research into which contingency measures achieve functionally equivalent outcomes and which patient groups may be disproportionately affected by harmful resource allocation strategies. Although the transition from contingency standards to crisis standards is defined by the inability to provide functionally equivalent care, the difference in practice may merely be a distinction between visible, immediate sacrifices to patient well-being during crises and less-obvious, long-term decrements in community health due to protracted contingency care alterations. Two common contingency measures are cause for concern over disparate patient outcomes and the attainability of functional equivalence. First, restricting emergency room visits by the patient’s degree of need has worrying consequences. In late 2021 and early 2022, hospitals in Massachusetts faced widespread staffing shortages, leading to an emergency order that restricted emergency visits to emergency needs.[19] While this order is a reasonable method of allocating limited staff in the emergency department during severe shortages, it is doubtful that the outcomes of this restriction were equivalent to usual care. Health issues that are soon-to-be emergencies are filtered out until they worsen, resulting in patients overflowing to urgent care clinics or presenting to ERs with more severe forms of sicknesses later on. Given the empirical evidence demonstrating ER treatment and admission disparities that disadvantage Black and Hispanic patients, such a measure would only exacerbate these disparities by further limiting access to needed care.[20] Second, altered staffing ratios, which stretch a limited number of providers to meet patient needs during a staffing shortage, are another concerning yet common contingency measure. Staffing allocation is often viewed similarly to the allocation of space and medical equipment, such that contingency alterations to staffing operations may not seem like they significantly jeopardize patient care quality and outwardly appear functionally equivalent.[21] However, lower ratios of qualified nurses are associated with poor outcomes such as higher inpatient mortality[22] and lower survival rates of in-hospital cardiac arrest for Black patients.[23] These examples highlight the strong potential for contingency measures to amplify social health disparities, particularly when adopted over a prolonged time frame. Lowered standards of care in crisis allocation disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities.[24] For example, crisis standards of care used clinical scoring systems that were not developed or validated for crisis triage to prioritize access to life-saving treatments during the COVID-19 pandemic. This practice actively gives rise to racial health disparities and discrimination against disabled patients.[25] Not only were the standards inequitable in practice, but they varied widely from state to state and sometimes even from hospital to hospital, creating disparities across and within geographic regions.[26] If contingency measures are similarly implemented across hospitals or hospital departments without standardization or advance planning to ensure equitable outcomes, it is likely that the burden of a lower standard of care will fall primarily on disadvantaged patient groups and racial minorities. However, standardization alone may be insufficient. Other factors like varying levels of details on patients’ charts between hospitals could produce unfair outcomes if used to determine patient admission or transfer priority, even if the criteria for admissions and transfers are consistent. Thus, ongoing monitoring for unintended patterns of disparity must accompany standardization to ensure that blind spots in the allocation process are identified and corrected. Bioethics has long been preoccupied with the micro-allocation of limited resources within hospitals instead of confronting the structural inequities that underlie broader scarcity and patient needs. The traditional dilemma of allocating limited hospital resources among a certain number of patients overlooks questions about how other resources have already been allocated, which patients were present at the hospital in the first place, where hospitals have (and have not) been built, and whether previous allocation strategies created bias in the broader distribution of resources. Therefore, to achieve fairness, bioethicists must pay attention to aspects of the broader distribution of resources, such as social determinants of health and the allocation of preventative resources at the public health level. One strategy for measuring and addressing these disparities is the Area Deprivation Index (ADI). The ADI quantifies the effects of race, class, and socioeconomic background by geographic region for use in public health research and the prioritization of resources.[27] It has shown promise in identifying geographic regions in need of targeted community health efforts for diabetes management based on electronic patient health records.[28] The ADI and similar tools would be useful in proactively deciding how to allocate public health resources when hospitals are strained. Moreover, through using population health and resource data, public health organizations may forecast contingency shortages allowing for the adoption of early measures to mitigate health disparities that might otherwise be amplified from hospital-level contingency allocation decisions. CONCLUSION Meeting community health needs during periods of contingency scarcity, both before and after crisis standards of care apply, will require contingency standards of care rather than a bedside ad hoc distribution of scarce resources. While it is not inherently ethically unjustifiable for hospitals to adopt measures that may lower the standard of care during contingency standards, the necessity of these measures requires that bioethicists consider how equity, transparency, and the overall aim of functional equivalence can best be achieved under conditions of scarcity. The long-term health consequences of existing contingency measures, the potential for ad hoc and inconsistent allocation of scarce resources, and the need for consensus about when it becomes appropriate to make the formal transition to crisis standards of care demand further consideration. Because contingency measures will likely amplify existing disparities as crisis standards have, hospital-level management of scarcity is inadequate. Public health measures should be adopted in parallel to anticipate and manage health needs at the community or state level when resources are strained. - [1] Altevogt, B. M., Stroud, C., Hanson, S. L., Hanfling, D., & Gostin, L. O. (2009). Guidance for Establishing Crisis Standards of Care for Use in Disaster Situations: A Letter Report. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12749 [2] Emanuel, E. J., Persad, G., Upshur, R., Thome, B., Parker, M., Glickman, A., Zhang, C., Boyle, C., Smith, M., & Phillips, J. P. (2020). Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(21), 2049–2055. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsb2005114 [3] Alfandre, D., Sharpe, V. A., Geppert, C., Foglia, M. B., Berkowitz, K., Chanko, B., & Schonfeld, T. (2021). Between Usual and Crisis Phases of a Public Health Emergency: The Mediating Role of Contingency Measures. The American Journal of Bioethics, 21(8), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2021.1925778 [4] Rosenbaum, L. (2020). Facing Covid-19 in Italy—Ethics, Logistics, and Therapeutics on the Epidemic’s Front Line. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(20), 1873–1875. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2005492 [5] Orfali, K. (2020). What Triage Issues Reveal: Ethics in the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy and France. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 17(4), 675–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-10059-y [6] Romney, D., Fox, H., Carlson, S., Bachmann, D., O’Mathuna, D., & Kman, N. (2020). Allocation of Scarce Resources in a Pandemic: A Systematic Review of US State Crisis Standards of Care Documents. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 14(5), 677–683. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.101 [7] Butler, C. R., Webster, L. B., Diekema, D. S., Gray, M. M., Sakata, V. L., Tonelli, M. R., & Vranas, K. C. (2022). Perspectives of Triage Team Members Participating in Statewide Triage Simulations for Scarce Resource Allocation During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Washington State. JAMA Network Open, 5(4), e227639. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.7639 [8] Dwyer, J. (2020, May 14). One Hospital Was Besieged by the Virus. Nearby Was ‘Plenty of Space.’—The New York Times. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/14/nyregion/coronavirus-ny-hospitals.html [9] Persad, G., Wertheimer, A., & Emanuel, E. J. (2009). Principles for allocation of scarce medical interventions. Lancet (London, England), 373(9661), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60137-9 [10] Mitchell, S. H., Rigler, J., & Baum, K. (2022). Regional Transfer Coordination and Hospital Load Balancing During COVID-19 Surges. JAMA Health Forum, 3(2), e215048. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.5048 [11] ASPE. (2022, May 3). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Hospital and Outpatient Clinician Workforce: Challenges and Policy Responses. ASPE. https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/covid-19-health-care-workforce [12] Executive Office of Health and Human Services. (2021). Baker-Polito Administration Provides COVID-19 Update on Mask Advisory, Hospital Support | Mass.gov. https://www.mass.gov/news/baker-polito-administration-provides-covid-19-update-on-mask-advisory-hospital-support [13] The Lancet Rheumatology. (2021). Too long to wait: The impact of COVID-19 on elective surgery. The Lancet Rheumatology, 3(2), e83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00001-1 [14] For an example of transition planning between crisis and contingency standards, see Minnesota Department of Health. (2021). Ethical Framework for Transitions Between Conventional, Contingency, and Crisis Conditions in Pervasive or Catastrophic Public Health Events with Medical Surge Implications (Minnesota Crisis Standards of Care). https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/ep/surge/crisis/framework_transitions.pdf [15] Powell, T., & Chuang, E. (2020). COVID in NYC: What We Could Do Better. The American Journal of Bioethics, 20(7), 62–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1764146 [16] Persoff, J., & Wynia, M. K. (2021). Ethically Navigating the Murky Waters of “Contingency Standards of Care.” The American Journal of Bioethics, 21(8), 20–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2021.1939810 [17] Board on Health Sciences Policy & Institute of Medicine. (2013). Indicators and Triggers. In Crisis Standards of Care: A Toolkit for Indicators and Triggers. National Academies Press (US). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK202381/ [18] Frith, L., Draper, H., Fovargue, S., Baines, P., Redhead, C., & Chiumento, A. (2021). Neither ‘Crisis Light’ nor ‘Business as Usual’: Considering the Distinctive Ethical Issues Raised by the Contingency and Reset Phases of a Pandemic. The American Journal of Bioethics, 21(8), 34–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2021.1940363 [19] Rosseau, M. (2022, January 14). New emergency orders issued to help understaffed Mass. Hospitals. Boston.Com. https://www.boston.com/news/coronavirus/2022/01/14/new-emergency-orders-issued-to-help-understaffed-mass-hospitals/ [20] Zhang, X., Carabello, M., Hill, T., Bell, S. A., Stephenson, R., & Mahajan, P. (2020). Trends of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Emergency Department Care Outcomes Among Adults in the United States From 2005 to 2016. Frontiers in Medicine, 7. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2020.00300 [21] Hick, J. L., Hanfling, D., & Wynia, M. (2022). Hospital Planning for Contingency and Crisis Conditions: Crisis Standards of Care Lessons from COVID-19. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjq.2022.02.003 [22] Musy, S. N., Endrich, O., Leichtle, A. B., Griffiths, P., Nakas, C. T., & Simon, M. (2021). The association between nurse staffing and inpatient mortality: A shift-level retrospective longitudinal study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 120, 103950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103950 [23] Brooks Carthon, M., Brom, H., McHugh, M., Sloane, D. M., Berg, R., Merchant, R., Girotra, S., & Aiken, L. H. (2021). Better Nurse Staffing Is Associated With Survival for Black Patients and Diminishes Racial Disparities in Survival After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrests. Medical Care, 59(2), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000001464 [24] Annas, G. J., & Crosby, S. S. (2021). Standard Racism: Trying to Use “Crisis Standards of Care” in the COVID-19 Pandemic. The American Journal of Bioethics, 21(8), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2021.1941424 [25] Wynia, M. K., & Sottile, P. D. (2020). Ethical Triage Demands a Better Triage Survivability Score. The American Journal of Bioethics, 20(7), 75–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1779412 [26] Fink, S. (2020). Ethical Dilemmas in Covid-19 Medical Care: Is a Problematic Triage Protocol Better or Worse than No Protocol at All? The American Journal of Bioethics, 20(7), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1788663 [27] Knighton, A. J., Savitz, L., Belnap, T., Stephenson, B., & VanDerslice, J. (2016). Introduction of an Area Deprivation Index Measuring Patient Socioeconomic Status in an Integrated Health System: Implications for Population Health. EGEMS (Washington, DC), 4(3), 1238. https://doi.org/10.13063/2327-9214.1238 [28] Kurani, S. S., Lampman, M. A., Funni, S. A., Giblon, R. E., Inselman, J. W., Shah, N. D., Allen, S., Rushlow, D., & McCoy, R. G. (2021). Association Between Area-Level Socioeconomic Deprivation and Diabetes Care Quality in US Primary Care Practices. JAMA Network Open, 4(12), e2138438. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.38438