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Journal articles on the topic 'Javelin throw'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Maeda, Masato, Eiji Shamoto, Toshimichi Moriwaki, and Haruo Nomura. "Measurement of Applied Force and Deflection in the Javelin Throw." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 15, no. 4 (November 1999): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.15.4.429.

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The present paper presents a new sensor to measure 6 components of force and 2 components of deflection applied to the javelin during the throw. Since the javelin is deflected and vibraled during throwing, measurement of force and deflection applied to the javelin will provide important information for throwers in how to better throw the javelin and to design javelins with better dynamic characteristics. The sensor is designed not to significantly change the static and dynamic characteristics of the javelin. The force sensor performs well in terms of linearity and crosstalk, and the javelin equipped with this sensor has similar characteristics to ordinary javelins. The present paper also presents an example of measurement in the javelin throw.

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2

Whiting, William C., Robert J. Gregor, and Marie Halushka. "Body Segment and Release Parameter Contributions to New-Rules Javelin Throwing." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 7, no. 2 (May 1991): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.7.2.111.

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Eight male javelin throwers were filmed while throwing new-rules javelins during competition at five meets over a 2-year period. Body segment kinematics and javelin release parameters were assessed relative to their contribution to throwing performance. The data suggest that successful throws, as judged by distance thrown, are characterized by higher release speeds, longer last-step lengths, less flexion of the front-leg knee during the final plant phase, and an orderly progression of peak speeds at the hip, shoulder, and elbow from the onset of double leg support until release. Individual variability in performance was associated with differences measured between several throwing variables. Limitations inherent to two-dimensional analysis were identified that highlighted the need for three-dimensional investigation of the javelin throw.

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3

Muhammad Zia ul Haq, Tasleem Arif, and Muhammad Akhtar Nawaz. "Angular Kinematics and Physical Fitness Analysis of Tall height and Short Height Javelin Throwers- A Case Study of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 829–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i2.1255.

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This study was designed to compare the physical fitness and angular position of the university level javelin throwers. Eight tall height and (n = 08) short height javelin throwers were selected for data collection. A handgrip dynamometer, stadiometer, and weight balance were used for the measurements of physical fitness. Two video cameras a Kinovea software was utilized for video analysis of the Javelin throws. The selected variables were stature, body mass, standing broad jump, maximum bench press handgrip strength, the javelin throw distance. The angle of knee joint, elbow joints, and stride length was selected variables while performing the javelin throw. An independent t-test was applied to find mean difference among tall and short height javelin thrower. The result showed the distance of javelin throw, handgrip strength, maximum bench press, vertical jump, and standing broad jump of tall height throwers were significantly higher than short height javelin throwers. On the other hand, the tall height throwers were also significantly higher in extension of right elbow, right knee, and stride length than the short height at the time of the javelin release from hand. It was concluded the longer arms, body mass, and angular kinematics of javelin throwers are associated with the better performance. It is suggested the physical fitness would be include in the selection of javelin throw and angular movement of the right knee and elbow focused on training of javelin thrower.

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4

Ganse, Bergita, and Hans Degens. "Accelerated Decline in Javelin Throwing Performance in Master Athletes 70 Years and Older – Do Changes in Technique Play a Role?" Sports Medicine International Open 02, no. 03 (June 2018): E79—E83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0635-0584.

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AbstractWhile many older adults are immobile and frail, others still participate in competitive sports. World records of javelin throw decrease with increasing age. It is, however, unknown 1) whether the decline is linear or, as in sprint performance, accelerates beyond the age of 69; and 2) to what extent frailty-related changes in throwing technique contribute to decreasing performance. We plotted current world records against age and assessed the performance of 27 male javelin throwers 69 years and older during three master athletics championships. Three to six throws were filmed, and the best throw of each athlete selected. A step-wise linear regression was applied to assess contributions of age, angle of release, angle of attitude, angle of attack and elbow angle just before the pull to performance. The ageing-related decline in javelin-throw performance accelerated after age 69. Age was the main predictor of performance (adjusted R2=0.68), with a small contribution of elbow angle (adjusted R2 increased to 0.76) and angle of attack (R2=0.82; all P<0.001) in the older athletes. None of the technique-related parameters correlated with age. Although the technique had some influence on javelin-throwing performance, the accelerated decline was not associated with a characteristic ageing-related change in technique.

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5

W.A., Al-lami. "Systematic Directivity for Selecting Special Javelin Throw Exercises." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 4 (February 28, 2020): 4046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i4/pr201517.

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6

Zhiheng, Ning, Liu Yongdong, and Zhou Zaiping. "Biomechanical analysis of the javelin throw." Journal of Biomechanics 25, no. 7 (July 1992): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(92)90379-f.

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7

Komi, Paavo V., and Antti Mero. "Biomechanical Analysis of Olympic Javelin Throwers." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 1, no. 2 (May 1985): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.1.2.139.

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A two-dimensional film analysis was performed on five men and six women finalists in the javelin throw of the Los Angeles Olympic Games of 1984. In addition to the great interindividual variation in the measured kinematic and kinetic parameters, the results indicated that in men the winner had the highest release velocity of javelin (29.12 m × s−1), and that a significant (p < .01) relationship could be obtained between the release velocity and throwing distance. Despite great variation in throwing distance in women (55.88 m - 69.56 m) the release velocities were in relatively small range (20.73 m × s−1 - 23.62 m × s−1). High impact loading was specific to the last foot contact on the ground. It was characterized by a short duration (0.032 s) and high velocity knee flexion (12.66 ± 2.11 and 12.27 ± 3.81 rad × s−1, respectively, for men and women). The respective knee extension velocities averaged 5.80 ± 2.00 and 7.60 + 5.17 rad × s−1. Despite the fact that a small number of analyzed world-class throws revealed only some biomechanical differences between good and poorer performance, the results can be used to identify some new criteria for successful performance in javelin throw.

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8

LeBlanc, M. K., and J. Dapena. "ANGULAR MOMENTUM FLOW DURING THE JAVELIN THROW." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (May 1998): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-01047.

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9

MAEDA, Masato. "Effects of release parameters when throwing a wooden javelin in javelin throw." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2016 (2016): B—11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2016.b-11.

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10

MAEDA, Masato. "Rotational speed around the longitudinal axis of the javelin in javelin throw competitions." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2018 (2018): D—5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2018.d-5.

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11

Gregor, Robert J., and Marilyn Pink. "Biomechanical Analysis of a World Record Javelin Throw: A Case Study." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 1, no. 1 (February 1985): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.1.1.73.

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As part of an ongoing project to evaluate elite track and field throwers in the United States, the javelin competition was filmed during the 1983 Pepsi Invitational Track Meet. A high-speed video camera (Spin Physics SP2000) was positioned orthogonal to the javelin runway to record the release of all throws. During this competition, Tom Petranoff’s world record (99.72 m) was filmed at 200 fields per second. Subsequent frame-by-frame digitization yielded results consistent with reports in the literature. Release velocity was 32.3 m/s and represents one of the highest values ever reported. Angle of release was .57r, javelin attitude at release was .64r» and angle of attack was .07r. While optimum values for these release parameters, in light of published results, remain open to discussion, the results presented here represent unique information on a world record performance and can serve as a basis of comparison for future performances.

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12

Al-Lami, Wael Abdullah Hussein, and G. B. Severukhin. "MAIN DIRECTIONS OF BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS Of JAVELIN THROW." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 29, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9550-2019-29-4-471-477.

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At present, the effectiveness of training an athlete should be based not only on the experience and methodological skills of a trainer, but also on the ability to use modern technical tools, equipment that allows to receive urgent information about the various components of the training process in javelin throwing this should be based on equipment allowing to obtain biochemical analysis data. The article shows the possibilities of using biomechanical models in the training of athletes. Approaches to the construction of biomechanical models are considered. A biomechanical model of javelin throwing has been developed. The solution of the dynamics problem is given: the range of the spear’s flight depends on the absolute initial departure speed, departure angle, and spear release height. The most significant biomechanical characteristics of the “athlete-spear” system are determined. The possibilities of using the individual characteristics of an athlete in achieving the best results are shown.

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13

Al-lami, Wael. "EFFECT OF EXERCISES ACCORDING TO THE BIOMECHANICS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JAVELIN THROW." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2020-8-3-42-49.

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The purpose is to select and develop an exercise program adapted to the rate of contribution of biomechanical variables affecting the result in javelin throwing. Methods and organization of the research 1. Consideration of biomechanical variables in the development of javelin training process for the Iraqi national team has made a great contribution to sport performance. 2. We used data of a biomechanical analysis and a specialized physical fitness test to identify the levels of technical performance and physical fitness of the research participants. 3. The outcomes of the initial level of technical performance and specialized physical fitness enabled the development of models of technical performance and physical fitness with individual characteristics for participants in the experimental group. 4. Mathematical treatment of the educational experiment results revealed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Results Exercises designed by the researcher in accordance with the contribution of the variables to the result positively affect not only performance of participants in the experimental group, but also modification of important variables in the throwing technique. Conclusion Javelin throw is a complex coordinated motor action. Its result depends on both the level of specialized physical fitness and technical excellence of an athlete. A biomechanical analysis of the technique of research participants, computerized processing of the results of technique analysis, and the creation of an experimental training program for athletes based on comparison with the criteria of outstanding throwers’ technique enabled improvement of sport performance and biomechanical variables of the javelin throw technique by the end of the experiment.

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14

TANMATSU, Yumiko, and Masato MAEDA. "B14 Effects of throw practice using Turbo-jav on the javelin throw beginners." Proceedings of Joint Symposium: Symposium on Sports Engineering, Symposium on Human Dynamics 2008 (2008): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmesports.2008.0_258.

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15

Maeda, Masato. "Effects of release parameters on flight distance in the javelic ball throw as an event leading to the javelin throw." Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 64, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.18088.

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16

Hubbard, M., and M. L. Hull. "Javelin throw optimization using computer simulation and trajectory instrumentation." Journal of Biomechanics 18, no. 3 (January 1985): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(85)90234-9.

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17

Laela, Ana, Samsuddin Samsuddin, and Hernawan Hernawan. "Model of Javelin Throwing Learning for SMK Students." Journal Physical Education, Health and Recreation 5, no. 1 (October 29, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/pjkr.v5i1.19257.

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The aim of the study was to produce and develop a javelin learning model for SMK students. This research uses the method of Research and Development (R&D) of Borg and Gall, the subject of this research and development is the student/I SMK Negeri 2 Rangkas Bitung. In limited trials (small group trials) use subjects 20 students/I and a large group trial using 40 subjects while the effectiveness test was using the 40 subjects. In the test of the effectiveness of learning models using the instrument assessment instruments how to hold the javelin, prefix attitude, throwing movements, the final attitude/recovery using rubric/portfolio (Process Assessment). Analysis of the data in this study using test-T, the results of the initial test before given the treatment of a javelin learning model amounting to 52.93 then after giving the treatment of the learning model in javelin increased to 89.90. In the test of significance differences with application. Keywords: Learning Model, javelin throw

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18

Maszczyk, Adam, Robert Roczniok, Przemysław Pietraszewski, Arkadiusz Stanula, Adam Zając, and Artur Gołaś. "Time Series Approach To Athletes Motor Potential." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 19, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10197-012-0010-5.

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AbstractIntroduction. The aim of this study was to determine the dynamics of changes in selected motor abilities of javelin throwers and to determine predictors of javelin throw distances. Material and methods. Research material included the results obtained from a group of 60 competitors from the Silesia Region of Poland, aged 14 - 15 years. In order to answer the research question, the following statistical analysis were employed: Pearson's linear correlation coefficients, vectors R0 and R1, time series analysis, distributed lag analysis and Almon distributed lag analysis and coefficient of concordance φ2Results. The correlation analyzes allowed for a selection of two variables for further analyses: specific strength of arms and trunk (SSAT) and specific strength of shoulders girdle and trunk (SSGT). Calculated indexes revealed that the level of SSAT showed a constant upward tendency (+15%). The highest rise in SSAT level was recorded in the 4th and 5th quarter (+9%). The level of SSGT showed an upward tendency nearly (+6%). In this case, the highest rise was observed in the 7th and 8th quarter (+4.5%). Conclusions. The standardized regression analysis revealed that the variable of specific power of arms and trunk (SOBT) is the most important predictor for javelin throw distance with a full approach run.

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19

Bartlett, Roger, Erich Müller, Christian Raschner, Stefan Lindinger, and Caroline Jordan. "Pressure Distributions on the Plantar Surface of the Foot during the Javelin Throw." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 11, no. 2 (May 1995): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.11.2.163.

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The aim of this study was to compare the plantar pressures and forces recorded from both feet of two groups of javelin throwers of different performance levels, in order to investigate differences between skill levels. The study was carried out using an EMED insole system on a Tartan javelin runway at the University of Innsbruck, Austria. Most of the differences (at p < .01) between the two groups were found in the two foot contacts during the delivery stride. Higher maximum total forces (forces on the whole foot) and maximum pressures were recorded for the more skilled or club throwers during the right foot contact at the beginning of this stride. For the left foot landing before release, the club throwers exhibited higher overall maximum forces and overall pressures (the largest forces and pressures recorded on any of the different foot regions) than the novices. The differences between the groups in the medial forefoot region contributed significantly to this result.

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20

Lee, Soon-Ho. "The Kinematical Analysis of Supported Athlete's Technical Motion in Javelin Throw." Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics 23, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5103/kjsb.2013.23.1.001.

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21

Morriss, Calvin, and Roger Bartlett. "Biomechanical Factors Critical for Performance in the Men??s Javelin Throw." Sports Medicine 21, no. 6 (June 1996): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199621060-00005.

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22

Z. Fateh allah, Jwan, Freedoon H. Othman, and Sirwan Kareem. "The analysis of biokenamatical of some variables in javelin throw activity." Al-Rafidain Journal For Sport Sciences 12, no. 41 (August 28, 2006): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rajsport.2006.6166.

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23

Ise, Tadayoshi, Takeaki Shionome, and Shinichi Watabe. "Effects of Super Slow Movie on Motion Observation of Javelin Throw." Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 66, no. 7 (2012): J267—J270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.66.j267.

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24

Hubbard, Mont, and LeRoy W. Alaways. "Rapid and accurate estimation of release conditions in the javelin throw." Journal of Biomechanics 22, no. 6-7 (January 1989): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(89)90010-9.

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25

Borba, Diego De Alcantara, João Batista Ferreira-Júnior, Luniky Alves dos Santos, Maria Carolina do Carmo, and Leonardo Gomes Martins Coelho. "Efeito da potencialização pós-ativação no Atletismo: uma revisão sistemática." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 19, no. 1 (May 28, 2017): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n1p128.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n1p128 Post-activation potentiation is a physiological phenomenon reported to increase muscle performance during high-intensity exercise. To induce post-activation potentiation, maximal strength or power short-duration activities are performed minutes prior the main activity in an attempt to enhance performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate previous publications on the effects of post-activation potentiation on athletic performance. This systematic review used Scielo, Pubmed and SporDiscus database with the following search terms either alone or grouped together: post-activation potentiation, exercise, athletics, track and field, sprint, long jump, triple jump, high jump, shot put, javelin throw, hammer throw e discus throw. The review provided evidence that performing squat, jump and sprint exercises prior to the main activity elicited a state of potentiation that would improve sprint and throw performances and that preparatory activities that can cause post-activation potentiation should be used to improve athletic performance.

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Wang, Ying, Ji He Zhou, and Long Fei Zhao. "Kinematics Analysis on the Last Exertion Skills of Chinese Woman Javelin Thrower Lv Huihui." Applied Mechanics and Materials 464 (November 2013): 441–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.464.441.

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Chinese women javelin thrower Lv Huihui won the championship of China Long Throw Open in 2013. However, there was still a large gap between her result and the world record. In order to improve her stroking techniques and enrich technological theories, we used advanced three-dimension picture to take up Lv Huihuis spell throw in game site. We also made three-dimension analysis on the last exertion skill and got the kinematics parameter to compare with the foreign elite women javelin thrower. The results show that Lv Huihuis stretch angel is 13.8° smaller than world elite athletes. Her flexibility is not so good that she cant do the full bow action completely. As for the last left knee stretching process, Lv Huihui and other Chinese elite athletes get the results of 5.3°and 10.2 °, while world elite athletes get 16°. It shows that Chinese athletes left knee stretching is not good. Lv Huihuis release speed is 23.36m/s, better than the Chinese athletes average level 21.36m/s, but this speed is much slower than the world elite athletes release speed 24.80m/s. It is the major reason that makes Lv Huihui remain a large gap with the world elite athletes.

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LeBlanc, Michele, Lindsay Bufkin, and Aaron T. Spitzlberger. "Skill Level and Gender Differences In Release Phase Durations In The Javelin Throw." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000274879.77873.b1.

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28

Ho-Mook, Kim, Woo Sang-Yeon, and Seo Jung-Suk. "Kinematic Characteristics of Javelin Throw by Record Levels in Middle School Male Athletes." Korean Journal of Teacher Education 35, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14333/kjte.2019.35.1.123.

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Grycmann, Paweł, Adam Maszczyk, Teresa Socha, Artur Gołaś, Michał Wilk, Tomasz Zając, and Krzysztof Przednowek. "Modelling analysis and prediction of women javelin throw results in the years 1946 – 2013." Biology of Sport 32, no. 4 (August 4, 2015): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1189201.

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Pokrajčić, Vladimir, Ivana Čerkez Zovko, and Martina Rezić. "APPLICATION OF VORTEX AS AUXILIARY PROP IN JAVELIN THROW TECHNIQUE TRAINING AT KINESIOLOGY STUDENT." Sportlogia 15, no. 1 (December 2, 2019): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5550/sgia.191501.en.pzr.

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31

Murray, Steven Ross, Willaim A. Sands, Nathan A. Keck, and Douglas A. O'Roark. "Efficacy of The Ankyle in Increasing the Distance of the Ancient Greek Javelin Throw." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (May 2011): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000402401.74509.f2.

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TAKIGAWA, Hiroko, and Kenji TAUCHI. "Investigation of gender differences in motion factors in the javelin throw in relation to throwing record." Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences) 65 (2020): 595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.20020.

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Kostyuchenko, Valery, Evgeny Vrublevsky, and Valentina Borovaya. "Classification of the special exercises applied in training of throwers (on the example of javelin throw)." Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta, no. 114 (May 2014): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2014.05.111.p70-77.

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Dearmond, Robert, and Douglas M. Semenick. "SPORTS PERFORMANCE SERIES: The javelin throw: a kinesiological analysis with recommendations for strength and conditioning programming." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 11, no. 2 (1989): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1989)011<0004:tjtaka>2.3.co;2.

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Bartlett, Roger, Erich Müller, Stefan Lindinger, Fritz Brunner, and Calvin Morriss. "Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Kinematic Release Parameters for Javelin Throwers of Different Skill Levels." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 12, no. 1 (February 1996): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.12.1.58.

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This study compared three-dimensional release parameters and important features of the throwing technique for male javelin throwers of three different skill levels (elite, club, novice), recorded using three-dimensional cine or video. As expected, significant differences (p < .01) in throw distances and release speeds were found between all three groups. The only other release parameter for which a significant difference was found (between club and novice groups) was the yaw angle. The increase in release speed with increasing skill across the groups may be attributable in part to greater run-up speeds. Also important were significantly greater peak speeds of the throwing shoulder, elbow, and hand during the delivery stride for the elite group compared to the other groups. Significantly longer acceleration paths at the start of the delivery stride and a delay in elbow flexion until after final foot strike for the elite throwers were also important in generating greater release speeds.

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HASSAN, Essam Eldin. "A movable technological simulation system for kinematic analysis to provide immediate accurate feedback and predict javelin throw distance." Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 17, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15314/tjse.2015112538.

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37

Best, Russell J., Roger M. Bartlett, and Richard A. Sawyer. "Optimal Javelin Release." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 11, no. 4 (November 1995): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.11.4.371.

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This paper reports a study of the optimal release of men's and women's new and old rule javelins involving modeling, simulation, optimization (including sensitivity analysis), and simulation evaluation. Because of the lack of repro-ducibility in earlier results of two-dimensional flight simulation research, the paper presents a continuation of the two-dimensional model used previously. As expected, each javelin was found to have a different optimal release for a given individual, and the optimal release varied with the thrower's nominal release speed. A limited degree of simulation evaluation was achieved by comparison of the model and simulation results with measured throws. Within the constraints of measurement error, this tended to support both the adequacy of the two-dimensional model and the results of the simulations for such high standard throws. However, further experimental studies to quantify the angle of yaw (sideslip) in measured wind conditions are recommended to assess any changes needed to the two-dimensional model of javelin throwing and to determine the advisability of including this three-dimensional aspect of javelin release in future simulations.

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Dohrenwend, Robert E. "La lanza: un arma efectiva desde la antigüedad." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 2, no. 2 (July 18, 2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v2i2.298.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The spear is perhaps man’s oldest weapon, and may even be his oldest tool. Over the hundreds of thousands of years of the weapon’s existence, it evolved from a pointed stick into an efficient hunting missile, and then became the most effective hand-held bladed weapon humans ever devised. The spear and its use is the only martial art originally devised for use against species other than our own, and more than any other weapon, the spear emphasizes the relationship between hunting and warfare. Virtually without exception, the spear is present wherever there are humans. The spear may claim to be the senior martial art, and the weapon is still in use today. Early techniques are preserved by the small number of Japanese sojutsu schools, and modern Chinese martial artists have developed elegant and impressive gymnastic routines for the spear. The javelin throw is a modern Olympic track and field event, and there are people who have resurrected the Aztec atlatl for sporting competition. Today, the spear is still used in Europe for hunting wild boar, and the continued issue of the obsolete bayonet to modern soldiers testifies to a deep, almost instinctive respect still possessed by the military for the spear.</span></span></span></p>

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Nukaga, Hideyuki, Tomotaka Takeda, Kazunori Nakajima, Keishiro Narimatsu, Takamitsu Ozawa, Keiichi Ishigami, and Kazuo Funato. "Masseter Muscle Activity in Track and Field Athletes: A Pilot Study." Open Dentistry Journal 10, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601610010474.

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Teeth clenching has been shown to improve remote muscle activity (by augmentation of the Hoffmann reflex), and joint fixation (by decreased reciprocal inhibition) in the entire body. Clenching could help maintain balance, improve systemic function, and enhance safety. Teeth clenching from a sports dentistry viewpoint was thought to be important and challenging. Therefore, it is quite important to investigate mastication muscles’ activity and function during sports events for clarifying a physiological role of the mastication muscle itself and involvement of mastication muscle function in whole body movement. Running is a basic motion of a lot of sports; however, a mastication muscles activity during this motion was not clarified. Throwing and jumping operation were in a same situation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence or absence of masseter muscle activity during track and field events. In total, 28 track and field athletes took part in the study. The Multichannel Telemetry system was used to monitor muscle activity, and the electromyograms obtained were synchronized with digital video imaging. The masseter muscle activity threshold was set 15% of maximum voluntary clenching. As results, with few exceptions, masseter muscle activity were observed during all analyzed phases of the 5 activities, and that phases in which most participants showed masseter muscle activity were characterized by initial acceleration, such as in the short sprint, from the commencement of throwing to release in both the javelin throw and shot put, and at the take-off and landing phases in both jumps.

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Hadad Abd -El ga, Nahedwad Hassan. "The effect of weighted finger exercises on the grip strength and the level record for students of the Faculty of Physical Education, Minia University in the javelin throw competition." Assiut Journal of Sport Science and Arts 316, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajssa.2016.70730.

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Keller, Robert A., Anthony F. De Giacomo, Julie A. Neumann, Orr Limpisvasti, and James E. Tibone. "Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit and Risk of Upper Extremity Injury in Overhead Athletes: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2018): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738118756577.

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Context: Current perception dictates that glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a chronic adaptation that leads to an increased risk of pathologic conditions in the dominant shoulder or elbow of overhead athletes. Objective: To determine whether adaptations in glenohumeral range of motion in overhead athletes lead to injuries of the upper extremity, specifically in the shoulder or elbow. Data Sources: An electronic database search was performed using Medline, Embase, and SportDiscus from 1950 to 2016. The following keywords were used: GIRD, glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, glenohumeral deficit, shoulder, sport, injury, shoulder joint, baseball, football, racquet sports, volleyball, javelin, cricket, athletic injuries, handball, lacrosse, water polo, hammer throw, and throwing injury. Study Selection: Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Of those 17 studies, 10 included specific range of motion measurements required for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Data Extraction: Data on demographics and methodology as well as shoulder range of motion in various planes were collected when possible. The primary outcome of interest was upper extremity injury, specifically shoulder or elbow injury. Results: The systematic review included 2195 athletes (1889 males, 306 females) with a mean age of 20.8 years. Shoulders with GIRD favored an upper extremity injury, with a mean difference of 3.11° (95% CI, –0.13° to 6.36°; P = 0.06). Shoulder total range of motion suggested increased motion (mean difference, 2.97°) correlated with no injury ( P = 0.11), and less total motion (mean difference, 1.95°) favored injury ( P = 0.14). External rotational gain also favored injury, with a mean difference of 1.93° ( P = 0.07). Conclusion: The pooled results of this systematic review and meta-analysis did not reach statistical significance for any shoulder motion measurement and its correlation to shoulder or elbow injury. Results, though not reaching significance, favored injury in overhead athletes with GIRD, as well as rotational loss and external rotational gain.

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MAEDA, Masato. "A study on release conditions of JaveBall in the javelic ball throw." Proceedings of the Symposium on sports and human dynamics 2017 (2017): B—1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeshd.2017.b-1.

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Chen, Yo, Yi-Chen Chou, Tang-Yun Lo, Wen-Hsing Chang, and Jia-Hao Chang. "Kinematics differences between personal best and worst throws in actual javelin competition." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 20, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2019.1697580.

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Fung, Lena, and Amy Ha. "Changes in Track and Field Performance with Chronological Aging." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 38, no. 2 (March 1994): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ev2r-nffv-q430-58xf.

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Use of existing records to study performance decline with age has been recommended by several writers. This investigation attempts to identify one running, jumping, and throwing event whose performance was most affected by age. Results indicated that the 400 meter run and the long jump events were most affected by advancing age among both male and female master athletes whereas in the area of throws, the event most affected was the javelin for men and the discus for women.

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TANMATSU, Yumiko, and Masato MAEDA. "B7 A study on the release condition of the "turbo-jav" in javelic throw." Proceedings of Joint Symposium: Symposium on Sports Engineering, Symposium on Human Dynamics 2007 (2007): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmesports.2007.0_234.

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GOLDEN, MARK. "War and Peace in the Ancient and Modern Olympics." Greece and Rome 58, no. 1 (April 2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383510000495.

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The past sleeps lightly at Olympia. Recall the opening sequence of Leni Riefenstahl's 1938 film, Olympia. In a misty landscape of ruined buildings, broken columns, and weeds run wild, a Greek temple stands amid the wreckage. Statues appear and then waken to life; a naked athlete throws a discus, another a javelin – this heads towards a bowl of fire. Another naked youth lights the Olympic torch and holds it high. It is carried from hand to hand in a relay and then reaches the stadium in Berlin, home of the 1936 Olympic Games, which the film is meant to celebrate. Adolf Hitler salutes the spectators, 100,000 strong.

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Łysoń-Uklańska, Barbara, Michalina Błażkiewicz, Monika Kwacz, and Andrzej Wit. "Muscle Force Patterns in Lower Extremity Muscles for Elite Discus Throwers, Javelin Throwers and Shot-Putters – A Case Study." Journal of Human Kinetics 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0026.

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Abstract Optimal release variables, as well as the kinematics and kinetics of athletes, are crucial for the maximization of throwing distance in athletics. Mathematical models and simulations allow throwing techniques to be studied. However, muscle force patterns and the contribution of specific muscle groups in athletics throwing events are not well understood and require detailed research. In this study, important variables of the muscle force generated during the javelin, discus and shot put events were determined using OpenSim software. Musculoskeletal simulations were carried out based on kinematic and kinetic data collected using the Vicon system and Kistler plates with the help of nine top Polish athletes (three in each event). OpenSim software was used to calculate muscle forces and joint velocities. For each discipline, it was found that the main muscle groups involved in the throwing movement were better at distinguishing throwers than joint velocities. The contribution of right ankle plantar flexors at the beginning of the final acceleration phase as well as left hip extensors at the end of the final acceleration phase was given special attention. This work provides a better understanding of the techniques used in athletics throws. Musculoskeletal simulations of throwing styles might help coaches analyze the techniques of individual athletes, resulting in better adjustment of training programmes and injury prevention protocols.

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Linthorne, Nicholas, Martin Heys, Tomas Reynolds, and Nils Eckardt. "Attaching mass to the upper arm can increase throw distance in a modified javelin throw." Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics 22, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.37190/abb-01558-2020-02.

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Purpose: The effectiveness of the whip-like coordination in throwing might be influenced by the inertial properties of the athlete’s arm. This preliminary study investigated the acute effect of attaching mass to the upper arm on the distance achieved in a modified javelin throw. The aim was to identify the optimum upper arm mass that maximizes throw distance. Methods: Three well-trained adult male athletes performed maximum-effort throws with an 800-g javelin training ball. A wide range of masses (0–1.5 kg) were attached to the upper arm and a 2D video analysis was used to obtain measures of the projection variables for each attached mass. Results: All three athletes showed an effect of attached arm mass on throw distance, and with the optimum mass the athlete’s throw distance was increased by 2.2 m, 1.2 m, and 0 m (7%, 4%, and 0%) respectively. The optimum mass was specific to the athlete (0.6 kg, 0.2 kg, and 0 kg) and changes in throw distance were mostly due to changes in release velocity rather than changes in release angle or release height. The experimental results were broadly similar to those obtained using a simple 2D mathematical model of throwing. Conclusions: These results indicate that some javelin throwers might see an increase in throwing performance when a mass is attached to their upper arm. However, the relationship between upper arm mass and throwing performance should be investigated further with studies on more athletes, projectiles of different mass, and other throwing events.

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"Injury Prevention for Javelin Athletes using Sensors and IoT." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 12 (October 10, 2019): 2417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.l3002.1081219.

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The main idea of this dissertation was to understand the inter-relationships among Biomechanical parameters which describes for javelin throwing execution and wounds continued by javelin throwers. One of the multi-joint, complex track and field throwing events is javelin throw, which needs great coordination on physiological and movement parameters. Current Javelin throwers mainly concentrate on muscular strength and the control to throw the javelin at long distance with high speed. But, it is essential for both men and women javelin throwers to effectively transfer run-up momentum and throwing arm action into great release speed and to control the release. A Great joint power was seen in spear hurlers were related with developments of the shoulder and elbow which is the system for lance tossing damage. These parameters may be modified to decrease injury risk without affecting the performance to achieve maximum throwing distance. Now a day technological advancements are increasing at a faster face, but the utilization of technologies in various sectors is very low. Considering the possible injuries to could occur, this system has been proposed for the welfare of javelin throwers. This indicates whenever the athletes commit a mistake while throwing the javelin which in-turn prevents further injuries through feedback mechanism using the sensor, IoT and Mobile App. The real-time monitoring of injury parameter and providing feedbacks become tremendous potentials for maximizing athlete’s performances

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Maryniak, Jerzy, Edyta Ładyżyńska-Kozdraś, and Edyta Golińska. "Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulations of Javelin Throw." Human Movement 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10038-009-0003-5.

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