Academic literature on the topic 'JEL classification codes'

The Journal of Economic Literature codes classification system (JEL) published by the American Economic Association (AEA) is the de facto standard classification system for research literature in economics. The JEL classification system is used to classify articles, dissertations, books, book reviews, and working papers in EconLit, a database maintained by the AEA. Over time, it has evolved and extended to a system with over 850 subclasses. This paper reviews the history and development of the JEL classification system, describes the current version, and provides a selective overview of its uses and applications in research. The JEL codes classification system has been adopted by several publishers, and their instructions are reviewed. There are interesting avenues for future research as the JEL classification system has been surprisingly little used in existing bibliometric and scientometric research as well as in library classification systems.

In this paper, I suggest that the history of the classification system used by the American Economic Association (AEA) to list economic literature and scholars is a relevant proxy to understand the transformation of economics science throughout the twentieth century. Successive classifications were fashioned through heated discussions on the status of theoretical and empirical work, data and measurement, and proper objects of analysis. They also reflected the contradictory demands of users, including economists but also civil servants, journalists, publishers, librarians, and the military, and reflected rapidly changing institutional and technological constraints. Until the late 1940s, disagreements on the general structure of the classification dominated AEA discussions. As the subject matters, methods, and definition of economics rapidly evolved after the war, methodological debates raged on the status of theoretical and empirical work and the degree of unification of the discipline. It was therefore the ordering and content of major categories that was closely discussed during the 1956 revision. The 1966 revision, in contrast, was fueled by institutional and technical transformations rather than intellectual ones. Classifiers essentially reacted to changes in the way economists' work was evaluated, the nature and size of the literature they produced, the publishing industry, and the use of computer facilities. The final 1988–90 revision was an attempt by the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) editors to translate the mature core fields structure of their science into a set of codes and accommodate the new types of applied work economists identified themselves with. The 1990 classification system was only incrementally transformed in the next twenty years, but that the AEA is currently considering a new revision may signal more profound changes in the structure of economics. (JEL A14)

The COVID pandemic has ravaged the economic health of all countries round the world. This work is a commentary on the scale of the impact the disease has created on the economy and how the country has responded to the challenge. It looks into the interventions of the government as well as their possible implications on the macroeconomic health of the country. We have also suggested measures that could assist in redeeming the economic health and bringing out the vulnerable businesses from existential crisis. JEL Classification Codes: E00, E20, E23, E24, E32

The aim of this study is to scrutinise the impact of corporate governance mechanism on on the performance of family and non-family controlled firms in Pakistan. It has been found that a corporate governance structure influences the performance of both family and non-family controlled companies significantly. However all corporate governance mechanisms are not significant as the significant variables differ between family and non-family controlled companies. Thus, regulators need to be cautious in setting codes for different companies. JEL classification: G34, L21, L25 Keywords: Corporate Governance, Firm Performance

The algorithm for solving of dynamic management problem is examined, that is conducted in a few stages: from discrete initial data we get optimal functional dependence; we find differential equalization of process; we set a management function and criterion of optimality; we conduct the numeral solution of problem. For a solving the method of the Pontryagin maximum principle is used. Equalization of the state we write regarding Gross Domestic Product. An optimal management of United Kingdom system state from initial to the set end position is offered. JEL classification codes: C01; С53; E17; F21

Motivation for leasing is often believed to be the tax rate difference between the lessee and the lessor, allowing both to save on taxes at the government's expense. These short notes challenge this conventional wisdom and demonstrate not only the tax rate difference but also other various leasing parameters that can have an impact on government tax revenue both analytically and numerically. This paper adds additional theoretical groundworks to the literature to support the claim that the positive-sum games do exist among the lessee, the lessor, and the government. 
 JEL Classification Codes: C6, G3.

This article aims to examine the impact of internal and external factors on the profitability of 30 Islamic banks operating in the Middle East and North Africa over a period from 2005 till 2018. We use the OLS method according to Panel data. Empirical results indicate that the quality of management, liquidity, and capitalization, quality of services, the presence of women and the competence of staff are significant determinants of profitability. The other determinants including diversification, size and inflation have no significant effect on the Islamic banks' profitability.
 JEL Classification Codes: G21, G24, C33, D02.

This paper compares price impact ratio (Amihud, 2002) and new priceimpact ratio (Florackis, Gregoriou, & Kostakis, 2011) by taking dailydata from Pakistani market for a period of 14 years ranging fromJanuary 2000 to December 2013. The first part of the paper covers thecomparison of deciles portfolios and the second part covers riskadjusted deciles portfolios. Results suggest that new price impact modelgives better results as compared to extensively applied price impactmodel and confirms that costs of transaction and trading frequencyjointly effect asset pricing. Therefore, both the aspects should be studiedmutually rather than in isolation.
 JEL Classification Codes: G10; G12; G14

In development studies, classification of units into different homogeneous groups is often required. Arriving at such a classification becomes complicated when a number of variables are taken into consideration. The standard practice of using an aggregate measure for this purpose has several limitations. The present study applies a two-stage method that attempts to overcome these limitations. It has considered data for 10 indicators of outcome of primary education for 161 districts across India. These districts have been classified into three distinct but homogeneous groups. The classification is such that the districts within a particular group are more or less similar in terms of the indicators of educational outcome, but they differ significantly across the three groups. The two-stage method has also revealed the specific area of disadvantage for each group of districts, thus yielding useful information for policy purposes. JEL Codes: C18, C38, I21

For a special library serving its parent organization, the design and use of classification schemes primarily need to support work activities. However, when the Prince Vivadhanajaya Library at the Bank of Thailand decided to open its doors to the public in 2018, the redesign of classification that serves both internal staff work and the public interest became a challenging task. We designed a classification scheme by integrating work centered classification design approach, classification as communication framework and the service design approach. The design process included developing empathy, ideation and implementation and evaluation. As a result, the new classification scheme, including seven main classes and thirty-seven level-one subclasses and twenty-two level-two subclasses, was primarily based on the organization’s strategic plans, mapping with JEL Classification Codes, Library of Congress Classification (LCC) and Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH). The classification scheme also includes geographical code, author cutter number, publication year, volume number and copy number. Follow up interviews with twenty-three participants were conducted two years later to evaluate user experience as well as the staff’s opinion of the new classification scheme. The feedback addressed favorable outcomes and challenges to be used for the next iteration of the library service design process.

It is increasingly acknowledged that the proper objective of government efforts towards economic development should be aimed at improvements beyond simple measures of growth, poverty and inequality towards richer measures of human well-being. Herein, the economic and non-economic quality of life, as well as the quantity of life, becomes important indicators. Economists and other social planners therefore need to develop more meaningful indicators of the quality of life. Objective and subjective indicators of the quality of life can be distinguished. For various reasons, this thesis will focus on the search for more meaningful objective indicators of the quality of life. One of the most wellknown objective indicators of quality of life is the Human Development Index (HDI). There is, however, a growing dissatisfaction with the HDI. In this thesis, two recent methodological advances in the measurement of quality of life are applied and combined and, in particular, in the measurement of the non-economic quality of life, to the sub-national quality of life in South Africa. As such, this thesis’ contribution is twofold. First, it investigates the extent to which the quality of life differs within a developing country, as opposed to most studies that focus on either inter-country differences in quality of life, or studies that focus only on spatial inequalities within countries using a restricted set of measures such as per capita income or poverty rates and headcounts. Secondly, this thesis applies a recent methodology proposed by McGillivray (2005) to isolate the non-economic (non-monetary) quality of life in various composite indices and to focus on the non-economic quality of life across 351 South African magisterial districts Indices for the non-economic quality of life are compiled for geographical quality, for demographic quality, and based on the human development index. Furthermore, given that composite indices used in the construction of measures of quality of life consist of weightings of multiple proxies, this thesis implements the method of Lubotsky and Wittenberg (2006) which proposed a new estimator for the case where multiple proxies are to be used for a single, unobserved variable such as quality of life. This thesis establishes that when the non-economic quality of life of the demographic index is considered, the top ten regions in 1001 were as follows: Pretoria, Johannesburg, Soweto, Port Elizabeth, Durban, Inanda, Pietermaritzburg, Wynberg, Mitchellsplain and Vanderbijlpark. It is important to note that, when interpreting these results, one should take caution since variables such as the number of people, number of households etc. is included in this index and as a region grows in population size the more negative consequences such as a higher crime rate can be associated with the particular region. The top ten regions in which to reside in 1004 as determined by the geography quality of life index were: Calvinia, Gordonia, Namaqualand, Kenhardt, Carnarvon, Ubombo, Williston, Hlabisa, Ceres and Ingwavuma. This geography index measures a region's natural beauty which, according to Wey (2000), contributes positively to one's perceived quality of life. Considering changes in non-economic quality of life indices between 1996 and 2004, the conclusion can he drawn that the South African government has been successful to a certain degree in addressing non-economic quality of life. Social policies such as health care, education, housing, water and sanitation appear to have had a positive effect on people's perceived non-economic quality of life in areas that were relatively deprived in 1996.<br>Thesis (Ph.D. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007

Ground reinforcement methods such as stone columns, jet grouting, and soil mixing are commonly used to improve subsoil conditions for seismic mitigation. The purpose of this improvement is usually for foundation support and/or liquefaction mitigation. Additional benefits, such as a possible reduction in seismic ground motions, are not considered in NEHRP/IBC code provisions. This paper summarizes results from parametric dynamic 3-D finite element analyses of soil-mix reinforced ground. The results suggest that stiff ground reinforcements arranged in lattice-type soil-mix panels may significantly reduce ground motions and improve NEHRP/IBC Site Classification. Moreover, the cost of the soil improvement may be more than offset by the lower construction cost resulting from lower design motions and a more favorable site classification. Additional research is needed to provide detailed insight.

The objective is to reflect in the text The Hour of the Star (Clarice Lispector) and in the painting The Hour of Macabéa (Joel DuMara) a pragmatist proposal of semiotic understanding. Theoretically, it relates issues of interaction of verbal and non-verbal texts and the systematicity of semiotics from Pierce (2017). One visualizes the contact of art, what it provides and what it can bring opportunities between what is stamped on a canvas or on the pages of a book. For Pierce (1999, 2017) and Wilson and Martelotta (2017) the sign, as a thing, carries definitions in the language and makes it possible to relate the similarities of the object and its representamen (expression). For Aristotle (2014) the "art" that used the word became known as Literature. Methodologically, these understandings contribute as proposals of concepts and semiotic analyses about the materials chosen for this study, with reflections of the second trichotomy of the classification of the signs outlined by Pierce and referring to language: the symbol, the index and the icon. However, in the arts proposed for interrelation and reflections: The Hour of the Star and The Hour of Macabéa one finds inter-semiotic relations and effects that the sign has on the interpreter reader, so it is believed that by understanding and appropriating the codes of reading and artistic creation one acquires values and knowledge related to language, art and their own ideologies.

Thermohydraulic analyses for a fundamental water experiment simulating thermal striping phenomena at T-junction piping systems were carried out using a quasi-direct numerical simulation code DINUS-3, which is represented by instantaneous Navier-Stokes equations and deals with a modified third-order upwind scheme for convection terms. Calculated results were compared with experimental results on the flow patterns in the downstream region of the systems, the arched vortex structures under a deflecting jet condition, the generation frequency of the arched vortex, etc. in the various conditions; i.e., diameter ratio α, flow velocity ratio β and Reynolds number Re. From the comparisons, it was confirmed that (1) the DINUS-3 code is applicable to the flow pattern classifications in the downstream region of the T-junction piping systems, (2) the arched vortex characteristics with lower frequency components and their generation possibilities can be estimated numerically by the DINUS-3 code, and (3) special attentions should be paid to the arched vortex generations with lower frequency components of fluid temperature fluctuations in the design of T-junction systems from the viewpoints of the avoidances for the thermal striping.

We propose a fusion architecture that combines a set of classifier decisions over a time window to isolate dynamically evolving faults in gas turbine engines. The dynamic fusion problem is formulated as a maximum a posteriori decision problem of inferring the fault sequence based on uncertain outcomes of multiple classifiers over time. The resulting problem is solved via a primal-dual optimization framework. The fusion process involves three steps: the first step transforms the multi-class problem into dichotomies using error correcting output codes (ECOC) and thus solving the concomitant binary classification problems; the second step fuses the outcomes of multiple binary classifiers over time using a sliding window dynamic fusion method that exploits temporal data correlations over time. The window size provides a trade-off between diagnostic errors and decision delays. The third step optimizes the fusion parameters using a genetic algorithm. The probability of detection and false alarm probability of each classifier are the fusion parameters; these probabilities are jointly optimized as part of the fusion architecture instead of optimizing the parameters of each classifier separately. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated by computing the diagnostic performance metrics on a twin-spool commercial jet engine data.

This paper evaluates the impact of some key labor market reforms on rural-urban inequality and income distribution, using a household-disaggregated, recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of China. We also explore how these factor market reforms interact with product market reforms currently underway as part of China’s WTO accession process. The simulation results show that the reforms in rural land rental market and Hukou system, as well as increasing off-farm labor mobility would reduce the urban-rural income ratio dramatically. Furthermore, the combination of WTO accession and factor market reforms improves both efficiency and equality significantly. Keywords: Labor market, Income distribution, WTO, Computable general equilibrium, China JEL Classification Code: C68; J60; D30; F13; O53