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1
Ahammer, Alexander, and Stefan Kranzinger. "Poverty in Times of Crisis." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5444/1/WP_Poverty_in_Times_of_Crisis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This paper evaluates the impact of a large macroeconomic shock on poverty. In particular, we use longitudinal data from the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) comprising almost two million individuals from 29 European countries in order to quantify changes in poverty transition patterns caused by the 2007 global financial crisis. Because the crisis was largely unforeseeable, it provides an appealing natural experiment allowing us to isolate the causal effect of a substantial macroeconomic shock on poverty. Employing semiparametric mixed discrete time survival analysis, we find that conditional poverty entry hazards increased temporarily by 13.4% during the crisis, while post-crisis they are estimated to be 15.7% lower than before. Not only entry hazards have decreased,
also conditional exit hazards are estimated to be 31.4% lower post-crisis compared to before. Ceteris paribus, the crisis therefore has made it more difficult to slip into poverty, yet those who were already poor face substantially lower prospects to escape. Exploring determinants of poverty transitions, we find that being retired, having a permanent job, owning one's dwelling instead of renting it, age, marital status, and household size are the most important protective factors against poverty. Finally, we show that mostly a housing cost overburden seems to be responsible for the persistence of poverty.Series: INEQ Working Paper Series
2
Crespo, Cuaresma Jesus, Stephan Klasen, and Konstantin M. Wacker. "There is poverty convergence." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4807/1/wp213.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Martin Ravallion ("Why Don't We See Poverty Convergence?" American Economic Review, 102(1): 504-23; 2012) presents evidence against the existence of convergence in global poverty rates despite convergence in household mean income levels and the close linkage between income growth and poverty reduction. We show that this finding is driven by a specification that demands more than simple convergence in poverty headcount rates and assumes a growth elasticity of poverty reduction, which is well-known to accelerate with low initial poverty levels. If we motivate the poverty convergence equation using an arguably superior growth semi-elasticity of poverty reduction, we find highly significant and robust evidence of convergence in absolute poverty headcount ratios and poverty gaps. Relatedly, we show that the results in Ravallion (2012) are driven by the special income growth and poverty dynamics in Central and Eastern European transition economies that started with low initial poverty rates and thus observed a high elasticity of poverty reduction. Once we control for their abnormal poverty dynamics, we again find robust evidence of global convergence in poverty, even in the original specification by Ravallion (2012). (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
3
Schneebaum, Alyssa, and M. V. Lee Badgett. "Poverty in US Lesbian and Gay Couple Households." Taylor & Francis, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2018.1441533.
Full textAbstract:
Poverty is a widely researched topic in economics. However, despite growing research on the economic lives of lesbians and gay men in the United States since the mid 1990s, very little is known about poverty in same-sex couple households. This study uses American Community Survey data from 2010 to 2014 to calculate poverty rates for households headed by different-sex versus same-sex couples. Comparing households with similar characteristics, the results show that those headed by same-sex couples are more likely to be in poverty than those headed by different-sex married couples. Despite that overall disadvantage, a decomposition of the poverty risk shows that same-sex couples are protected from poverty by their higher levels of education and labor force participation, and their lower probability of having a child in the home. Lastly, the role of gender - above and beyond sexual orientation - is clear in the greater vulnerability to poverty for lesbian couples.
4
Kettner, Claudia, Angela Köppl, and Sigrid Stagl. "List of well-being indicators." European Commission, bmwfw, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4714/1/WWWforEurope_WPS_no002_MS30.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This milestone presents a pool of available indicators and indicator systems which go beyond the narrow concepts of national economic accounts as well as a structuring of the indicators and indices according to central areas of well-being. The milestone builds the basis for Task 202.2,
where a subset of indicators will be selected based on different theoretical frameworks, e.g. services / functionings, needs. Some of the indicators will be included in the macro-economic models in order to account for key dimensions of sustainability.Series: WWWforEurope
5
Fessler, Pirmin, and Alyssa Schneebaum. "The educational and labor market returns to preschool attendance in Austria." Taylor & Francis Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1584368.
Full textAbstract:
Preschool attendance is widely recognized as a key ingredient for later socioeconomic success,
mothers' labor market participation, and leveling the playing field for children from disadvantaged
backgrounds. However, the empirical evidence for these claims is still relatively scarce,
particularly in Europe. Using data from the 2011 Austrian European Union Statistics of Income
and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we contribute to this literature by studying the effects of having
attended preschool for the adult Austrian population. We find strong and positive effects of
preschool attendance on later educational attainment, the probability of working full time, hourly
wages, and the probability that the mother is in the labor market. Full time workers at the bottom
and the top of the distribution benefit less than those in the middle. Women in particular benefit
more in terms of years of schooling and the probability of working full time. Other disadvantaged
groups (second generation migrants; people with less educated parents) also often benefit more
in terms of education and work.
6
Groiß, Julia, Barbara Schuster, and Alyssa Schneebaum. "Vermögensverteilung nach Geschlecht in Österreich und Deutschland: Eine Studie auf der Personenebene." Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6580/1/2018_44_1_0045.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die zentralen Ergebnisse der Studie zur Vermögensverteilung
zwischen Frauen und Männern auf Personenebene in Österreich vorgestellt. Es
wurden bereits zahlreiche Studien zu den Themen der Einkommensverteilung und dem
geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschied publiziert, die Analyse von Vermögensunterschieden
zwischen Geschlechtern stand bisher allerdings nicht im Zentrum der Betrachtung.
Dabei ist gerade Vermögen ein wesentlich umfassenderes Maß für den Wohlstand
eines Haushalts bzw. Individuums. Die Untersuchung der geschlechtsspezifischen Vermögenslücke
erfolgt im Rahmen der Studie zum ersten Mal für Österreich anhand von Individualdaten
aus dem "Household Finance and Consumption Survey" (HFCS) 2014. Die Analyseergebnisse
zeigen, dass das Nettovermögen innerhalb von Paarhaushalten ungleich
verteilt ist und eine geschlechtsspezifische Vermögensdifferenz zulasten der Frauen existiert.
In österreichischen Paarhaushalten kann im Durchschnitt ein Gender Wealth Gap in
Höhe von 58.417 A ermittelt werden. Frauen in Paarhaushalten besitzen demnach um 28%
weniger Vermögen als Männer. Dieser Artikel analysiert des Weiteren Unterschiede hinsichtlich
Nettovermögen von Frauen und Männern in Paar- und Single-Haushalten anhand
von Haushaltsstruktur und Entscheidungsmacht.
7
Schneebaum, Alyssa, Bernhard Rumplmaier, and Wilfried Altzinger. "Intergenerational Educational Persistence in Europe." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4139/1/wp174.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Primarily using data from the 2010 European Social Survey, we analyze intergenerational educational persistence in 20 European countries, studying cross-country and cross-cluster differences in intergenerational mobility; the role of gender in determining educational persistence across generations; and changes in the degree of intergenerational
persistence over time. We find that persistence is highest in the Southern and Eastern European countries, and lowest in the Nordic countries. While intergenerational persistence in the Nordic and Southern countries has declined over time, it has remained relatively steady in the rest of Europe. Further, we find evidence of differences
in intergenerational persistence by gender, with mothers' education being a stronger determinant of daughters' (instead of sons') education and fathers' education
a stronger determinant of the education of their sons. Finally we see that for most clusters differences over time are largely driven by increasing mobility for younger
women. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
8
Schneebaum, Alyssa, Bernhard Rumplmaier, and Wilfried Altzinger. "Gender in Intergenerational Educational Persistence Across Time and Place." Springer, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-015-9291-5.
Full textAbstract:
Primarily using data from the 2010 European Social Survey, we analyze intergenerational educational persistence in 20 European countries, studying cross-country and cross-cluster differences; changes in the degree of intergenerational persistence over time; and the role of gender in determining educational persistence across generations. We find that persistence is highest in the Southern and Eastern European countries, and lowest in the Nordic countries. While persistence in the Nordic and Southern countries has declined over time, it has remained relatively steady in the rest of Europe. Our analysis highlights the importance of a detailed gender analysis in studying intergenerational persistence, finding that mothers education is a stronger determinant of daughters (instead of sons) education and fathers education a stronger determinant of the education of their sons. For most clusters, declines in intergenerational persistence over time are largely driven by increasing mobility for younger women.
9
Fessler, Pirmin, and Alyssa Schneebaum. "The Returns to Preschool Attendance." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5176/1/wp233.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Preschool attendance is widely recognized as a key ingredient for later socioeconomic success, mothers' labor market participation, and leveling the playing field for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, the empirical evidence for these claims is still relatively scarce, particularly in Europe. Using data from the 2011 Austrian European Union Statistics of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we contribute to this literature in all mentioned dimensions. In particular, we investigate the effect of preschool attendance on an individual's later educational attainment, the probability that they work full time and their hourly wages, the likelihood of the mother working when the child is 14 years old, and on the overall distribution of wages. We find strong and positive effects of preschool attendance on educational attainment, the probability of working full time, hourly wages, and the probability that the mother is in the labor market. Full time workers at the bottom and the top of the distribution tend to benefit less than those in the middle. Women in particular benefit more in terms of years of schooling and the probability of working full time. Other disadvantaged groups (second migration migrants; people with less educated parents) also often benefit more in terms of education and work. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
10
Fellner, Wolfgang, and Benedikt Goehmann. "Human Needs and the Measurement of Welfare." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5671/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2017_07.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Adam Smith considered consumption the sole end and purpose of
all production. Concerning the measurement of welfare, this requires
a sound understanding of the connection between consumption
and welfare. The consumerist conceptualization of this connection
implies that the amount of consumption equals welfare and the level
of production can be an indicator for welfare. The limits and problems
of production measures are widely accepted. Yet, indicators
like GDP remain the focus of mainstream economic theory and policy.
We trace the origin of this lock-in back to the economic model
of behaviour and the concept of agency in mainstream economics.
The suggested alternative stems from literature about human needs
in heterodox economics and psychology. This literature incorporates
the relevance of social aspects and cultural change for welfare. It
turns out that consumerism can be a threat to well-being and welfare
rather than a requirement for it.Series: SRE - Discussion Papers
11
Baumberg, Geiger Ben, René Böheim, and Thomas Leoni. "The growing American health penalty: International trends in the employment of older workers with poor health." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6525/1/wp271.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Many countries have reduced the generosity of disability benefits while making them more activating - yet few studies have examined how employment rates have subsequently changed. We present estimates of how the employment rates of older workers with poor health in 13 high-income countries changed between 2004-7 and 2012-15 using HRS/SHARE/ELSA data. We find that those in poor health in the USA have experienced a unique deterioration: they have not only seen a widening gap to the employment rates of those with good health, but their employment rates fell per se. We find only for Sweden (and possibly England) signs that the health employment gap shrank. We then examine possible explanations for the development in the USA: we find no evidence it links to labour market trends, but possible links to the USA's lack of disability benefit reform - which should be considered alongside the wider challenges of our findings for policymakers.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
12
Antonakakis, Nikolaos, and Alan Collins. "Does Fiscal Consolidation Really Get You Down? Evidence from Suicide Mortality." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4294/1/wp182.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
While linkages between some macroeconomic phenomena (e.g. unemployment, GDP growth) and suicide rates in some countries have been explored, only one study, hitherto, has established a causal relationship between fiscal consolidation and suicide, albeit in a single country. This study examines the impact of budget consolidation on suicide mortality across all Eurozone peripheral economies, while controlling for various economic and sociodemographic differences. The impact of fiscal adjustments is found to be gender, age and time specific. In particular, fiscal consolidation has short-, medium- and long-run suicide increasing effects on the male population between 65 and 89 years of age. A one percentage point reduction in government spending is associated with an 1.39%, 2.35% and 2.64% increase in the short-, medium- and
long-run, respectively, of male suicides rates between 65 and 89 years of age in the Eurozone periphery. These results are highly robust to alternative measures of fiscal consolidation. Unemployment benefits and substantial employment protection legislation seem to mitigate some of the negative effects of fiscal consolidation on suicide mortality. Plausible explanations for these impacts are provided and policy implications drawn. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
13
Schoch, Eric J. "A simulation of the I3 to D repair process and sparing of the F414-GE-400 jet aircraft engine." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03sep%5FSchoch.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Arnold H. Buss, Kevin J. Maher. Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-148). Also available online.
14
Pohl, Alina. "Eco-Clusters as Driving Force for Greening Regional Economic Policy. Policy Paper no 27." European Commission, bmwfw, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4737/1/WWWforEurope_Policy_Paper_027.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This research investigates eco-clusters as driver for greening regional economic policy and examines necessary incentive structures to foster eco-innovation as well as growth and employment in the eco-industry sector. Eco-clusters are seen in context with sustainability and environmental friendly behavior as means for a socio-ecological transition in the long run. The main hypothesis implies that eco-clusters have to be policy driven and established top-down and therefore differ from cluster structures in other industries. Possible reasons are uncertainty on a developing market as well as external effects of eco-innovations; the latter are seen as radical innovations. Based on theoretic findings for the establishment of clusters and general research findings for eco-clusters and eco-innovations, it is differentiated between a spontaneous cluster emergence from private initiatives through self-reinforcing forces of companies in a region (bottom-up), and the formation of a policy-driven network with primarily regional objectives to stimulate the competitive advantage of the regional industrial location (top-down). The hypothesis will be proofed by empirical results gained through personal interviews and complemented by findings in current research literature. Finally, implications for incentive structures to green economic policy are identified. It is shown that eco-clusters are different to other clusters and crucial for a long-term sustainable change and thus need political commitment and public incentives. For empirical observation, eco-clusters in Austria were selected. This research relates to the ongoing debate on green growth and develops policy incentives for establishment of eco-clusters and thus greening of economic policy.Series: WWWforEurope
15
Frankovic, Ivan, and Michael Kuhn. "Access to health care, medical progress and the emergence of the longevity gap: A general equilibrium analysis." Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2019.01.002.
Full textAbstract:
We study skill- and income-related differences in the access to health care as drivers of longevity inequality from a theoretical life-cycle as well as from a macroeconomic perspective. To do so, we develop an overlapping generations model populated by heterogeneous agents subject to endogenous mortality. We model two groups of individuals for whom differences in skills translate into differences in income and in the ability to use medical technology effectively in curbing mortality. We derive the skill- and age-specific individual demand for health care based on the value of life, the level of medical technology and the market prices. Calibrating the model to the development of the US economy and the longevity gap between the skilled and unskilled, we study the impact of rising effectiveness of medical care in improving individual health and examine how disparities in health care utilisation and mortality emerge as a consequence. In so doing, we explore the role of skill-biased earnings growth, skill-bias in the ability to access state-of-the art health care and to use it effectively, and skill-related differences in health insurance coverage. We pay attention to the macroeconomic feedback, especially to medical price inflation. Our findings indicate that skill-bias related to the effectiveness of health care explains a large part of the increase in the longevity with earnings-related differences in the utilisation of health care taking second place. Both channels tend to be reinforced by medical progress.
16
Waltenberg, Fabio Domingues. "Análise econômica de sistemas educativos : uma resenha crítica da literatura e uma avaliação empírica da iniqüidade do sistema educativo brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-24062004-101332/.
Full textAbstract:
Esta dissertação de mestrado consiste de uma resenha crítica da teoria econômica da educação no que se refere à análise de sistemas educativos, e de um estudo empírico do desempenho do sistema educativo brasileiro, com ênfase em indicadores de iniqüidade. Procura-se apresentar a evolução e o estado atual do debate relacionados aos seguintes assuntos: demanda por educação, oferta de educação (insumos monetários e não-monetários), arranjo institucional do sistema educativo, arranjo institucional sócio-econômico (em que se insere o sistema educativo), e os produtos do sistema educativo. Por fim, por meio da análise estatística de uma base de dados internacional (PISA 2000), apresenta-se um estudo empírico que visa a avaliar o desempenho do sistema educativo brasileiro, especialmente seu grau de iniqüidade.This MA dissertation thesis consists of a critical survey of the economics of education literature concerning educational system analysis, and of a study of the performance of the Brazilian educational system, with an emphasis in equity measurement. I discuss the evolution and the current state of the debate on the following subjects: demand for education, supply of education (monetary and non-monetary inputs), educational system institutional framework, socio-economic institutional framework (in which the educational system is imbedded), and the output of the educational system. Finally, by means of a statistical analysis of an international database (PISA 2000), I present an empirical study aiming at assessing the Brazilian educational system performance, especially its degree of inequity.
17
Oliveri, María Laura. "Adultos mayores en América Latina: Pensiones No Contributivas y pobreza." Tesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/46255.
Full textAbstract:
Este documento revisa la relación entre las pensiones y la pobreza en la vejez luego de los cambios recientes ocurridos en los sistemas previsionales de América Latina producto de la expansión de la cobertura a través de pensiones no contributivas, focalizándose en 18 países alrededor del año 2012. A partir de datos publicados por los organismos ejecutores o administradores de los programas se repasan las estrategias adoptadas en cuanto a su diseño e implementación y se comparan indicadores de desempeño: cobertura, adecuación de beneficios y costo fiscal. Por otro lado, se evalúa la situación demográfica y socio-económica de los adultos mayores en estos países. Los resultados indican que los esquemas elegidos reflejan las distintas realidades a las que se enfrentan los países. El avance de las pensiones no contributivas está asociado a la reducción de la pobreza entre los adultos mayores de la región especialmente en países de amplia cobertura y con beneficios adecuados. A pesar de los avances todavía quedan brechas por cerrar y la pobreza entre los adultos mayores sigue siendo un problema en la región.This document analyzes how the relationship between pensions and poverty among the elderly is after the recent expansion of non-contributory pension programs in the Latin American region. The analysis is focused in a set of 18 countries around the year 2012. On the one hand, based on data published by management and executive agencies the document revisits the strategies adopted by the countries in relation to program design, implementation and compares performance indicators such as coverage, benefits’ adequacy and fiscal cost. On the other hand, it evaluates the socio-demographic and socio-economic situation of the elderly in these countries. The results indicate that the adopted scheme in each country varies according to its own characteristics. The expansion of non-contributory pensions is associated to the reduction in the poverty among the elderly in the region, especially in those countries with extensive coverage and generous benefits. Despite these improvements, the gaps in coverage and poverty among the elderly are still considered an issue in the region.
18
Casanova, Luis. "Trampas de pobreza en Argentina." Tesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/3333.
Full textAbstract:
El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la existencia de trampas de pobreza en Argentina. Para ello se estima la dinámica de ingresos a partir de un pseudo panel construido con información brindada por la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares. Esta metodología permite superar los problemas econométricos que enfrenta la estimación de trampas de pobreza: carencia de un panel para un periodo largo de tiempo, attrition y la presencia de errores no clásicos de medición en los ingresos. Los resultados encontrados descartan la existencia de trampas de pobreza debido a no linealidades en la dinámica de ingresos.The aim of this paper is to analyze the existence of poverty traps in Argentina. In order to do it so, the income dynamic was estimated by using a pseudo panel built from the Encuesta Permanente de Hogares. This methodology allows to overcome econometric challenges involved in testing for the presence of poverty traps: lack of long duration panels, attrition, and measurement error in income. The results do find no evidence for the existence of poverty traps due to nonlinearities in income dynamics.
19
Garriga, Santiago. "Impacto del Plan Nacer sobre la mortalidad infantil en Argentina." Tesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/24375.
Full textAbstract:
El Plan Nacer es un programa del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación Argentina que invierte recursos con el objetivo de mejorar la cobertura y calidad de los servicios de salud en niños menores de seis años, mujeres embarazadas y puérperas que no poseen obra social. La novedad del mismo radica en la generación de un seguro público de salud para la población materno-infantil sin cobertura social y en la aplicación de un modelo de financiamiento basado en resultados. Este trabajo investiga los efectos del Plan Nacer sobre la mortalidad infantil en la Argentina siguiendo un enfoque no-experimental, basándose particularmente en la metodología de diferencias en diferencias, que consiste en la comparación de condiciones sanitarias entre poblaciones inscriptas y no inscriptas al programa, antes y después de su implementación. La fuente principal de variación es la participación en el programa a nivel departamental. El análisis de impacto realizado considera el caso de un tratamiento en donde las unidades bajo programa están sujetas a distintos grados de exposición al mismo. Los resultados encontrados indican que el Plan Nacer genera una reducción de la tasa de mortalidad infantil. El resultado es ambiguo si se divide a la tasa de mortalidad infantil entre la tasa de mortalidad neonatal, y la tasa de mortalidad post-neonatal: mientras que el Plan tiene un impacto negativo sobre la segunda, no ocurre lo mismo con la primera. Además no parecería existir un efecto del programa sobre la tasa de mortalidad materna.
20
Rabassa, Mariano. "Nutrition and education in childhood: is it possible to show a causal relationship using cross-section data?" Tesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/3352.
Full textAbstract:
The fact that nutrition affects education outcomes is accepted by researchers and by policy makers. It is simple. Children cannot learn if they are hungry. The validity of the empirical approaches used to show a causal relationship from nutrition to education is an issue of debate. The presence of unobserved characteristics that influence both variables is the main concern of researchers. The goal of this paper is to study the possibility of overcoming these difficulties using the NHANES III (1988-1994), a cross-section data set with national representation in the US. A set of school outcomes and a dummy that accounts for the "food-insecurity" condition of each child's family are the central variables here. Based on a IVs procedure, it looks for variables that can be used as instruments for the "food-insecurity" condition. The preliminary results indicate that child's height and mother's body mass index are no good instruments to do so. Further research in needed to construct other variables that might turn to be good instruments for food-insecurity.
21
Cantet, María Natalia. "Efectos del cumplimiento del Ramadán durante el embarazo sobre el peso al nacer con datos de África." Tesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/44705.
Full textAbstract:
El peso al nacer es una de las medidas más utilizada como proxy de la salud y bienestar infantil en la literatura económica. Aquellos niños con bajo peso al nacer (LBW), convencionalmente definido como menos de 2500 gramos, suelen experimentar efectos severos sobre la salud, la mortalidad, la morbilidad y la discapacidad. Por otro lado, el bajo peso al nacer también se traduce en costos sustanciales en el sector de la salud e impone una carga significativa sobre la sociedad en su conjunto. El desarrollo corporal de las madres al igual que su estilo de vida determinarán el peso del bebé al momento de nacer.
Este estudio se centra en el desarrollo de la vida fetal y explora cómo la desnutrición en el útero afecta al peso al nacer y durante los primeros años de vida mediante el uso de las fechas exactas de nacimiento de los niños menores de 5 años y la explotación de la naturaleza calendárica de la incidencia de las déficits nutricionales derivadas de la exposición con el mes de ayuno musulmán que ocurre durante el Ramadán. La estrategia de identificación econométrica utiliza a las variaciones en el tiempo de exposición al Ramadán durante la gestación y la religión para identificar el efecto el peso.
22
Sánchez, Juan Matías. "An economic analysis of higher education financing policies." Tesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/3354.
Full textAbstract:
This paper develops a model in which it is possible to evaluate alternatives of higher education financing. The alternative systems under discussion are: total fecing, graduates' taxes and uniform taxes (this can be associated to the scheme presently used in the Argentina to finance the universities). Assessment of the alternatives is performed over welfare, based on the indicators of poverty, equality, and the average levels of utility and wealth. Likewise, the functions of welfare presented by Bentham, Rawls, Atkinson, Sen and Kakwani are also considered.
The most remarkable results are obtained through the simulation of an economy under two scenarios. In that way, the system of graduates' taxation is found to be better for welfare; whereas the system of uniform taxation only can be justified as it maximizes the number of students.
23
Haimovich, Francisco. "Distribución del ingreso en América Latina: caracterización de las diferencias entre países." Tesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/3329.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabajo explora las diferencias entre las distribuciones del ingreso de las áreas urbanas de América Latina a través de ejercicios de microsimulaciones. Los principales insumos de estos ejercicios lo constituyen los microdatos de las encuestas de hogares de 16 países de la región. Los resultados indican que las diferencias entre países en los retornos a la educación formal y a factores inobservables en términos de salarios horarios dan cuenta de gran parte de las diferencias en pobreza y desigualdad entre las economías de la región. Las diferencias en términos de estructura sectorial del empleo, horas trabajadas, empleo, fecundidad, estructura de edades, diferencias salariales por género y edad, y aun de estructura educativa parecen tener, en promedio, un papel algo menor.
24
Carella, Laura Fernanda. "Educación universitaria: medición del rendimiento académico a través de fronteras de eficiencia." Tesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/3316.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabajo analiza el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes mediante la estimación de fronteras de eficiencia, método que permite distinguir el efecto de características del alumno y su entorno (edad, sexo, condición laboral, entre otros) del impacto de factores exógenos (características de la universidad, etc.). Entre los principales resultados, se encuentra que los alumnos que trabajan en tareas vinculadas a la carrera se ubican más cerca de la frontera de rendimientos, mientras que quienes trabajan en tareas no relacionadas se alejan de ella por factores ajenos a su comportamiento (por ejemplo, institucionales). Para los estudiantes que no trabajan, los resultados varían.This paper analyses students' academic performance by estimating efficiency frontiers, a method that allows to distinguish the effect of characteristics of the student and his background (age, gender, employment status, among others) from the impact of exogenous factors (university characteristics, etc.). Among the main results, it is found that students who work in jobs related to their career lie closer to the performance frontier, whereas for those employed in other kinds of jobs, departures from the frontier are explained by factors beyond their behavior (e.g. institutional). For students who don't work, results are variable.
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Garganta, Santiago. "Asignación Universal por Hijo: Impacto sobre la formalidad laboral." Tesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/3466.
Full textAbstract:
En el presente trabajo se evalúa el impacto de la Asignación Universal por Hijo sobre la formalidad laboral en Argentina. El programa consiste en una extensión de las asignaciones familiares (antes limitada a los trabajadores formales) a hijos de desocupados o de trabajadores que se desempeñan en la economía informal. Esta política, entonces, podría modificar la estructura de incentivos laborales de los individuos y hogares, estimulando una menor participación en el sector formal respecto de la que hubiese surgido en ausencia del programa. Para identificar estos efectos de la asignación se realiza una comparación en el tiempo entre grupos de individuos beneficiados potencialmente por la misma (trabajadores informales y desocupados con hijos) y aquellos que no son elegibles (trabajadores informales y desocupados sin hijos). Los resultados reflejan un significativo desincentivo hacia la formalidad provocado por esta política, que parece estar explicado fundamentalmente por lo acontecido durante el período inmediatamente posterior a su implementación. Por su parte, el programa no generó un incentivo suficiente como para incrementar las transiciones hacia la informalidad de los trabajadores del sector formal de la economía.