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Journal articles on the topic 'JEL I32'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Goodman-Bacon, Andrew. "The Long-Run Effects of Childhood Insurance Coverage: Medicaid Implementation, Adult Health, and Labor Market Outcomes." American Economic Review 111, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 2550–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171671.

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This paper estimates the long-run effects of childhood Medicaid eligibility on adult health and economic outcomes using the program’s original introduction ( 1966–1970) and its mandated coverage of welfare recipients. The design compares cohorts born in different years relative to Medicaid implementation, in states with different preexisting welfare-based eligibility. Early childhood Medicaid eligibility reduces mortality and disability, increases employment, and reduces receipt of disability transfer programs up to 50 years later. Medicaid has saved the government more than its original cost and saved more than 10 million quality adjusted life years. (JEL H51, I12, I18, I32, I38, J13)

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2

Andrews, Rodney J., and Kevin M. Stange. "Price Regulation, Price Discrimination, and Equality of Opportunity in Higher Education: Evidence from Texas." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 31–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20170306.

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We assess the importance of price regulation and price discrimination to low-income students’ access to opportunities in public higher education. In 2003, Texas shifted tuition-setting authority away from the state legislature to public universities themselves. In response, most institutions raised sticker prices and many began charging more for high-earning majors, such as business and engineering. We find that poor students actually shifted toward higher earning programs following deregulation, relative to non-poor students. Deregulation facilitated more price discrimination through increased grant aid and enabled supply-side enhancements, which may have partially shielded poor students from higher sticker prices. (JEL D63, H75, I22, I23, I24, I28, I32)

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3

Aizer, Anna, Shari Eli, Joseph Ferrie, and Adriana Lleras-Muney. "The Long-Run Impact of Cash Transfers to Poor Families." American Economic Review 106, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 935–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140529.

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We estimate the long-run impact of cash transfers to poor families on children's longevity, educational attainment, nutritional status, and income in adulthood. To do so, we collected individual-level administrative records of applicants to the Mothers' Pension program—the first government-sponsored welfare program in the United States (1911–1935)—and matched them to census, WWII, and death records. Male children of accepted applicants lived one year longer than those of rejected mothers. They also obtained one-third more years of schooling, were less likely to be underweight, and had higher income in adulthood than children of rejected mothers. (JEL I12, I14, I18, I32, I38, J16, N32)

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4

Carneiro, Pedro, Lucy Kraftman, Giacomo Mason, Lucie Moore, Imran Rasul, and Molly Scott. "The Impacts of a Multifaceted Prenatal Intervention on Human Capital Accumulation in Early Life." American Economic Review 111, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 2506–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191726.

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We evaluate an intervention targeting early life nutrition and well-being for households in extreme poverty in Northern Nigeria. The intervention leads to large and sustained improvements in children’s anthropometric and health outcomes, including an 8 percent reduction in stunting 4 years, post-intervention. These impacts are partly driven by information-related channels. However, the certain and substantial flow of cash transfers is also key. They induce positive labor supply responses among women, and enables them to undertake productive investments in livestock. These provide protein rich diets for children, and generate higher household earnings streams long after the cash transfers expire. (JEL I12, I32, I38, J13, J16, J22, O12)

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5

Bailey, Martha J., and Andrew Goodman-Bacon. "The War on Poverty's Experiment in Public Medicine: Community Health Centers and the Mortality of Older Americans." American Economic Review 105, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 1067–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120070.

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This paper uses the rollout of the first Community Health Centers (CHCs) to study the longer-term health effects of increasing access to primary care. Within ten years, CHCs are associated with a reduction in age-adjusted mortality rates of 2 percent among those 50 and older. The implied 7 to 13 percent decrease in one-year mortality risk among beneficiaries amounts to 20 to 40 percent of the 1966 poor/non-poor mortality gap for this age group. Large effects for those 65 and older suggest that increased access to primary care has longer-term benefits, even for populations with near universal health insurance. (JEL H75, I12, I13, I18, I32, I38, J14)

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6

Williamson, Jeffrey G. "Review Essay on British Economic Growth, 1270–1870 by Stephen Broadberry, Bruce M. S. Campbell, Alexander Klein, Mark Overton, and Bas van Leeuwen." Journal of Economic Literature 54, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.54.2.514.

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British Economic Growth, 1270–1870 makes a big leap forward in our understanding of the long-run performance of what became the leading nineteenth-century economy and the workshop of the world. It does so by implementing a giant quantitative enterprise, one that will make it the standard data source for studying the evolution of the British economy for decades to come. (JEL C82, D31, E23, I31, I32, N13, N33)

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7

Ravallion, Martin. "Fighting Poverty One Experiment at a Time: A Review of Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo's Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty." Journal of Economic Literature 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.1.103.

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Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo offer a coherent vision for an economics of poverty and antipoverty policy. Their economics is grounded in an effort to understand the economic and psychological complexities in the lives of poor people, informed by social experiments and field observations. Their preferred policies entail small reforms at the margin, also informed by experiments—specifically randomized control trials. While the book provides some interesting insights, I question how far its approach will get us in fighting global poverty. (JEL I32, I38, O15, P36)

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8

Calsamiglia, Caterina, and Sabine Flamand. "A Review on Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy by Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght." Journal of Economic Literature 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 644–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181476.

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In order to clarify the potential impact of a basic income, we argue that any discussion on whether to adopt a basic income policy should be framed within the greater context of the transfer system as a whole. In particular, such discussion should consider separately the issues of (i) the desired income distribution to be achieved and (ii) the most efficient way of achieving it through a transfer system. Further, we stress the importance of the non-take-up phenomenon in current transfer systems and discuss the potential necessity of a basic income policy in the age of automation. (JEL D31, I32, I38)

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9

Duflo, Esther. "Women Empowerment and Economic Development." Journal of Economic Literature 50, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 1051–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.4.1051.

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Women empowerment and economic development are closely related: in one direction, development alone can play a major role in driving down inequality between men and women; in the other direction, empowering women may benefit development. Does this imply that pushing just one of these two levers would set a virtuous circle in motion? This paper reviews the literature on both sides of the empowerment—development nexus, and argues that the interrelationships are probably too weak to be self-sustaining, and that continuous policy commitment to equality for its own sake may be needed to bring about equality between men and women. (JEL I14, I24, I32, I38, J13, J16, O15)

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10

Parker, Susan W., and Petra E. Todd. "Conditional Cash Transfers: The Case of Progresa/Oportunidades." Journal of Economic Literature 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 866–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20151233.

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Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs innovate by conditioning transfers to poor families on investments in the human capital of children and other family members. The Mexican CCT program Progresa/Oportunidades began in 1997 and has served as a model for many of the now over sixty countries with CCTs around the world, in large part due to its initial evaluation with an experimental design and numerous follow-up studies. This article reviews the literature on the development, evaluation, and findings of Progresa/Oportunidades, summarizing what is known about program effects, taking into account corrections for multiple-hypothesis testing. ( JEL H23, I18, I28, I32, I38, O15)

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11

Amarante, Verónica, Marco Manacorda, Edward Miguel, and Andrea Vigorito. "Do Cash Transfers Improve Birth Outcomes? Evidence from Matched Vital Statistics, and Program and Social Security Data." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140344.

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There is limited empirical evidence on whether cash transfers to poor pregnant women improve children's birth outcomes and potentially help weaken the cycle of intergenerational poverty. Using a unique array of program and social security administrative micro-data matched to longitudinal vital statistics in Uruguay, we estimate that participation in a generous social assistance program led to a sizable reduction in the incidence of low birthweight. The effect is due to faster intrauterine growth rather than longer gestational length. Our findings are consistent with improved maternal nutrition during pregnancy being a key driver of improved birthweight. (JEL I14, I32, I38, J13, J16, O15)

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12

Edmonds, Eric V., and Norbert Schady. "Poverty Alleviation and Child Labor." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 100–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.4.4.100.

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Poor women with children in Ecuador were selected at random for a cash transfer that is less than 20 percent of median child labor earnings. Poor families with children in school at the time of the award use the transfer to postpone the child's entry into the labor force. Students in families induced to take up the transfer by the experiment reduce paid employment by 78 percent and unpaid economic activity inside their home by 32 percent. Time in unpaid household services increases, but overall time spent working declines. (JEL I32, I38, J13, J22, J82, O12)

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13

Ravallion, Martin. "Why Don't We See Poverty Convergence?" American Economic Review 102, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 504–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.1.504.

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Average living standards are converging among developing countries and faster growing economies see more progress against poverty. Yet we do not find poverty convergence; countries starting with higher poverty rates do not see higher proportionate rates of poverty reduction. The paper tries to explain why. Analysis of a new dataset suggests that, at given mean consumption, high initial poverty has an adverse effect on consumption growth and also makes growth less poverty-reducing. Thus, for many poor countries, the growth advantage of starting out with a low mean is lost due to a high incidence of poverty. JEL: D63, I31, I32, O15

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14

Crost, Benjamin, Joseph Felter, and Patrick Johnston. "Aid Under Fire: Development Projects and Civil Conflict." American Economic Review 104, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 1833–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.6.1833.

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We estimate the causal effect of a large development program on conflict in the Philippines through a regression discontinuity design that exploits an arbitrary poverty threshold used to assign eligibility for the program. We find that barely eligible municipalities experienced a large increase in conflict casualties compared to barely ineligible ones. This increase is mostly due to insurgent-initiated incidents in the early stages of program preparation. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that insurgents try to sabotage the program because its success would weaken their support in the population. (JEL D74, F35, I32, I38, O15, O17, O18, O19)

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15

Bernecker, Andreas, Pierre C. Boyer, and Christina Gathmann. "The Role of Electoral Incentives for Policy Innovation: Evidence from the US Welfare Reform." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 26–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190690.

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How do governors’ reelection motives affect policy experimentation? We develop a theoretical model of this situation, and then test the predictions in data on US state-level welfare reforms from 1978 to 2007. This period marked the most dramatic shift in social policy since the New Deal. Our findings indicate that governors with strong electoral support are less likely to experiment than governors with little support. Yet, governors who cannot be reelected actually experiment more than governors striving for reelection. These findings are robust to controlling for ideology, preferences for redistribution, the state legislature, and cross-state learning. (JEL D72, H75, I32, I38)

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16

Rosenzweig, Mark R. "Thinking Small: A Review of Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty by Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo." Journal of Economic Literature 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.1.115.

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In Poor Economics, Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo eschew grand theorizing about poverty reduction in favor of an approach in which intelligently designed and tested small interventions, based on a scientific understanding of the lives of the poor, marginally improve their welfare. In so doing, they describe the findings from the recent large literature describing the behavior and institutions of the poor and the consequences of policy and experimental interventions targeted to poverty populations. In this review, I assess whether “thinking small” with its associated policy regime of transfers, subsidies, and nudges, is both a practical and effective policy prescription for “fighting” poverty and whether the set of studies that have focused on populations that have not escaped poverty has improved our fundamental understanding of both the consequences and causes of poverty. (JEL I32, I38, O15)

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17

Meyer, Bruce D., and James X. Sullivan. "Changes in the Consumption, Income, and Well-Being of Single Mother Headed Families." American Economic Review 98, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 2221–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.2221.

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We investigate well-being changes for single mother headed families targeted by recent tax and welfare reforms. Measured income changes sharply differ from consumption changes. We examine disaggregated consumption, time use, and health insurance coverage. Increases in housing and transportation spending mostly account for the rise in consumption in the bottom quintiles. We find modest improvement in housing quality, but the evidence is less strong at the very bottom. The consumption of nonmarket time for those in the bottom half of the consumption distribution falls sharply, indicating a loss in utility for those families if nonmarket time is valued above $3 per hour. (JEL D12, I31, I32, J12, J16)

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18

Blattman, Christopher, Nathan Fiala, and Sebastian Martinez. "The Long-Term Impacts of Grants on Poverty: Nine-Year Evidence from Uganda’s Youth Opportunities Program." American Economic Review: Insights 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20190224.

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In 2008, Uganda gave $400 per person to thousands of young people to help them start skilled trades, work more, and raise incomes. Four years on, an experimental evaluation found grants raised work by 17 percent and earnings by 38 percent (Blattman, Fiala, Martinez 2014). After nine years, we find these gains have dissipated. Grantees’ investment leveled off; controls eventually increased their incomes through business and casual labor; and so both groups converged in employment, earnings, and consumption levels. We see little effect on mortality, fertility, or family health and education. However, grants had lasting impacts on durable asset stocks and skilled work. (JEL H53, I32, I38, O15, O22)

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19

Akee, Randall K. Q., William E. Copeland, Gordon Keeler, Adrian Angold, and E. Jane Costello. "Parents' Incomes and Children's Outcomes: A Quasi-Experiment Using Transfer Payments from Casino Profits." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 86–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.2.1.86.

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We examine the role an exogenous increase in household income, due to a government transfer unrelated to household characteristics, plays in children's long-run outcomes. Children in affected households have higher levels of education in their young adulthood and a lower incidence of criminality for minor offenses. Effects differ by initial household poverty status. An additional $4,000 per year for the poorest households increases educational attainment by one year at age 21, and reduces the chances of committing a minor crime by 22 percent for 16 and 17 year olds. Our evidence suggests improved parental quality is a likely mechanism for the change. (JEL D14, H23, I32, I38, J13)

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20

Dube, Arindrajit. "Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 268–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20170085.

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There is robust evidence that higher minimum wages increase family incomes at the bottom of the distribution. The long-run (3 or more years) minimum wage elasticity of the non-elderly poverty rate with respect to the minimum wage ranges between −0.220 and −0.459 across alternative specifications. The long-run minimum wage elasticities for the tenth and fifteenth unconditional quantiles of family income range between 0.152 and 0.430 depending on specification. A reduction in public assistance partly offsets these income gains, which are on average 66 percent as large when using an expanded income definition including tax credits and noncash transfers. (JEL D31, I32, I38, J31, J38)

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21

Meyer, Bruce D., and Nikolas Mittag. "Using Linked Survey and Administrative Data to Better Measure Income: Implications for Poverty, Program Effectiveness, and Holes in the Safety Net." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 176–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20170478.

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We examine the consequences of survey underreporting of transfer programs for prototypical analyses of low-income populations. We link administrative data for four transfer programs to the CPS to correct its severe understatement of transfer dollars received. Using survey data sharply understates the income of poor households, distorts our understanding of program targeting, and greatly understates the effects of anti-poverty programs. Using the combined data, the poverty-reducing effect of all programs together is nearly doubled. The effect of housing assistance is tripled. Correcting survey error often reduces the share of single mothers falling through the safety net by one-half or more. (JEL C83, I32, I38)

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22

Litschig, Stephan, and Kevin M. Morrison. "The Impact of Intergovernmental Transfers on Education Outcomes and Poverty Reduction." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 206–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.5.4.206.

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This paper provides regression discontinuity evidence on development impacts of intergovernmental transfers. Extra transfers in Brazil increased local government spending per capita by about 20 percent over a 4 year period with no evidence of crowding out own revenue or other revenue sources. Schooling per capita increased by about 7 percent and literacy rates by about 4 percentage points. In line with the effect on human capital, the poverty rate was reduced by about 4 percentage points. Somewhat noisier results also suggest that the reelection probability of local incumbent parties in the 1988 elections improved by about 10 percentage points. (JEL H72, H75, I21, I28, I32, I38, O15)

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23

Alix-Garcia, Jennifer M., Katharine R. E. Sims, and Patricia Yañez-Pagans. "Only One Tree from Each Seed? Environmental Effectiveness and Poverty Alleviation in Mexico’s Payments for Ecosystem Services Program." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130139.

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Environmental conditional cash transfers are popular but their impacts are not well understood. We evaluate land cover and wealth impacts of a federal program that pays landowners for protecting forest. Panel data for program beneficiaries and rejected applicants allow us to control for fixed differences and time trends affecting both groups. We find the program reduces the expected land cover loss by 40–51 percent and generates small but positive poverty alleviation. Environmental gains are higher where poverty is low while household gains are higher where deforestation risk is low, illustrating the difficulty of meeting multiple policy goals with one tool. (JEL I32, I38, O13, O15, Q23, Q28, Q56)

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24

Triyana, Margaret. "Do Health Care Providers Respond to Demand-Side Incentives? Evidence from Indonesia." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 255–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140048.

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This paper exploits the subdistrict randomization of Indonesia's household Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program to analyze how the program affects the local health care market. The CCT program is associated with increased use of midwives as the main delivery attendants. The program is also associated with a 10 percent increase in both the number of midwives and the delivery fees charged by midwives in treated communities. Program participants report receiving a higher quality of prenatal care. This is due, however, not to improvements in quality of care in the market, but to increased utilization among program participants. (JEL H51, I13, I18, I32, I38, O15)

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25

Markussen, Simen, and Knut Røed. "Leaving Poverty Behind? The Effects of Generous Income Support Paired with Activation." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 180–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140334.

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We evaluate a comprehensive activation program in Norway targeted at hard-to-employ social assistance claimants with reduced work capacity. The program offers a combination of tailored rehabilitation, training, and job practice, and a generous, stable, and non-means-tested benefit. Its primary aims are to mitigate poverty and subsequently promote self-supporting employment. Our evaluation strategy exploits a geographically staggered program introduction, and the causal effects are identified on the basis of changes in employment prospects that coincide with local program implementation in a way that correlates with the predicted probability of becoming a participant. We find that the program raised employment prospects considerably. (JEL H55, I32, I38, J24)

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26

Ramnath, Shanthi P., and Patricia K. Tong. "The Persistent Reduction in Poverty from Filing a Tax Return." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 9, no. 4 (November 1, 2017): 367–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150486.

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Low-income households not required to file often fail to receive benefits provided through the tax code. In 2008, the US government made people with at least $3,000 in earnings eligible for a stimulus payment if they filed a tax return. Using eligibility for this credit as an instrument for filing, we find with administrative data that filing reduces the probability of living in poverty in future years, which is a result of increases in EITC claiming, workforce attachment, and earnings. These results demonstrate that temporary incentives to participate in the tax system have persistent real effects on economic activity and poverty. (JEL H24, I32, I38)

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27

Johnson, Rucker C., and C. Kirabo Jackson. "Reducing Inequality through Dynamic Complementarity: Evidence from Head Start and Public School Spending." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 310–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180510.

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We compare the adult outcomes of cohorts who were differentially exposed to policy-induced changes in Head Start and K–12 spending, depending on place and year of birth. IV and sibling-difference estimates indicate that, for poor children, these policies both increased educational attainment and earnings, and reduced poverty and incarceration. The benefits of Head Start were larger when followed by access to better-funded schools, and increases in K–12 spending were more efficacious when preceded by Head Start exposure. The findings suggest dynamic complementarities, implying that early educational investments that are sustained may break the cycle of poverty. (JEL H52, H75, I21, I26, I28, I32, I38)

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28

Camacho, Adriana, and Emily Conover. "Manipulation of Social Program Eligibility." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.3.2.41.

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We document how manipulation of a targeting system for social welfare programs evolves over time. First, there was strategic behavior of some local politicians in the timing of the household interviews around local elections. Then, there was corrupt behavior with the sudden emergence of a sharp discontinuity in the score density, exactly at the eligibility threshold, which coincided with the release of the score algorithm to local officials. The discontinuity at the threshold is larger where mayoral elections are more competitive. While cultural forces are surely relevant for corruption, our results also highlight the importance of information and incentives. (JEL D72, I32, I38, O15, O17).

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29

Niehaus, Paul, Antonia Atanassova, Marianne Bertrand, and Sendhil Mullainathan. "Targeting with Agents." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 206–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.5.1.206.

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Targeting assistance to the poor is a central problem in development. We study the problem of designing a proxy means test when the implementing agent is corruptible. Conditioning on more poverty indicators may worsen targeting in this environment because of a novel tradeoff between statistical accuracy and enforceability. We then test necessary conditions for this tradeoff using data on Below Poverty Line card allocation in India. Less eligible households pay larger bribes and are less likely to obtain cards, but widespread rule violations yield a de facto allocation much less progressive than the de jure one. Enforceability appears to matter. (JEL D12, I32, I38, O12, O15)

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30

Alatas, Vivi, Abhijit Banerjee, Rema Hanna, Benjamin A. Olken, and Julia Tobias. "Targeting the Poor: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Indonesia." American Economic Review 102, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 1206–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.4.1206.

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This paper reports an experiment in 640 Indonesian villages on three approaches to target the poor: proxy means tests (PMT), where assets are used to predict consumption; community targeting, where villagers rank everyone from richest to poorest; and a hybrid. Defining poverty based on PPP$2 per capita consumption, community targeting and the hybrid perform somewhat worse in identifying the poor than PMT, though not by enough to significantly affect poverty outcomes for a typical program. Elite capture does not explain these results. Instead, communities appear to apply a different concept of poverty. Consistent with this finding, community targeting results in higher satisfaction. (JEL C93, I32, I38, O12, O15, O18, R23)

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31

Dunbar, Geoffrey R., Arthur Lewbel, and Krishna Pendakur. "Children's Resources in Collective Households: Identification, Estimation, and an Application to Child Poverty in Malawi." American Economic Review 103, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 438–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.1.438.

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The share of household resources devoted to children is hard to identify because consumption is measured at the household level and goods can be shared. Using semiparametric restrictions on individual preferences within a collective model, we identify how total household resources are divided up among household members by observing how each family member's expenditures on a single private good like clothing vary with income and family size. Using data from Malawi we show how resources devoted to wives and children vary by family size and structure, and we find that standard poverty indices understate the incidence of child poverty. (JEL I31, I32, J12, J13, O12, O15)

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32

Gertler, Paul J., Orie Shelef, Catherine D. Wolfram, and Alan Fuchs. "The Demand for Energy-Using Assets among the World's Rising Middle Classes." American Economic Review 106, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 1366–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20131455.

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We study household decisions to acquire energy-using assets in the presence of rising incomes. We develop a theoretical framework to characterize the effect of income growth on asset purchases when consumers face credit constraints. We use large and plausibly exogenous shocks to household income generated by the conditional-cash-transfer program in Mexico, Oportunidades, to show that asset acquisition is nonlinear, depends, as predicted in the presence of credit constraints, on the pace of income growth, and both effects are economically large among beneficiaries. Our results may help explain important worldwide trends in the relationship between energy use and income growth. (JEL D12, I32, I38, O12, O13, Q47)

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33

Maniquet, François, and Dirk Neumann. "Well-Being, Poverty, and Labor Income Taxation: Theory and Application to Europe and the United States." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 13, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 276–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20180269.

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In a model where agents differ in wages and preferences over labor time–consumption bundles, we study labor income tax schemes that alleviate poverty. To avoid conflict with individual well-being, we require redistribution to take place between agents on both sides of the poverty line provided they have the same labor time. This requirement is combined with efficiency and robustness properties. Maximizing the resulting social preferences under incentive compatibility constraints yields the following evaluation criterion: tax schemes should minimize the labor time required to reach the poverty line. We apply this criterion to European countries and the United States. (JEL H23, H24, I31, I32, J22)

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Baland, Jean-Marie, Guilhem Cassan, and Benoit Decerf. "“Too Young to Die”: Deprivation Measures Combining Poverty and Premature Mortality." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 13, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 226–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20200122.

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Most measures of deprivation concentrate on deprivation among the living population and, thus, ignore premature mortality. This omission leads to a severe bias in the evaluation of deprivation. We propose two different measures that combine information on poverty and premature mortality of a population. These measures are consistent and satisfy a number of desirable properties unmet by all other measures combining early mortality and poverty. Moreover, one measure is readily computable with available data and easily interpretable. We show that omitting premature mortality leads to an underestimation of total deprivation in 2015 of at least 36 percent at the world level. (JEL C43, I12, I32, N33, N34, O15)

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Allen, Robert C. "Absolute Poverty: When Necessity Displaces Desire." American Economic Review 107, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 3690–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20161080.

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A new basis for an international poverty measurement is proposed based on linear programming for specifying the least cost diet and explicit budgeting for nonfood spending. This approach is superior to the World Bank's $1-a-day line because it is (i) clearly related to survival and well being; (ii) comparable across time and space since the same nutritional requirements are used everywhere while nonfood spending is tailored to climate; (iii) adjusts consumption patterns to local prices; (iv) presents no index number problems since solutions are always in local prices; and (v) requires only readily available information. The new approach implies much more poverty than the World Bank's, especially in Asia. (JEL C61, I14, I31, I32, O15)

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Attanasio, Orazio, Britta Augsburg, Ralph De Haas, Emla Fitzsimons, and Heike Harmgart. "The Impacts of Microfinance: Evidence from Joint-Liability Lending in Mongolia." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 90–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20130489.

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We present evidence from a randomized field experiment in rural Mongolia to assess the poverty impacts of a joint-liability microcredit program targeted at women. We find a positive impact of access to group loans on female entrepreneurship and household food consumption but not on total working hours or income in the household. A simultaneously introduced individual-liability microcredit program delivers no significant poverty impacts. Additional results on informal transfers to families and friends suggest that joint liability may deter borrowers from using loans for noninvestment purposes with stronger impacts as a result. We find no difference in repayment rates between both types of microcredit. (JEL G21, I32, I38, J16, L26, O15, O16)

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Chen, Alice, Emily Oster, and Heidi Williams. "Why Is Infant Mortality Higher in the United States than in Europe?" American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 89–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20140224.

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The United States has higher infant mortality than peer countries. In this paper, we combine microdata from the United States with similar data from four European countries to investigate this US infant mortality disadvantage. The US disadvantage persists after adjusting for potential differential reporting of births near the threshold of viability. While the importance of birth weight varies across comparison countries, relative to all comparison countries the United States has similar neonatal (<1 month) mortality but higher postneonatal (1–12 months) mortality. We document similar patterns across census divisions within the United States. The postneonatal mortality disadvantage is driven by poor birth outcomes among lower socioeconomic status individuals. (JEL I12, I14, I32, J14)

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Galiani, Sebastian, Alvin Murphy, and Juan Pantano. "Estimating Neighborhood Choice Models: Lessons from a Housing Assistance Experiment." American Economic Review 105, no. 11 (November 1, 2015): 3385–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120737.

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We use data from a housing-assistance experiment to estimate a model of neighborhood choice. The experimental variation effectively randomizes the rents which households face and helps identify a key structural parameter. Access to two randomly selected treatment groups and a control group allows for out-of-sample validation of the model. We simulate the effects of changing the subsidy-use constraints implemented in the actual experiment. We find that restricting subsidies to even lower poverty neighborhoods would substantially reduce take-up and actually increase average exposure to poverty. Furthermore, adding restrictions based on neighborhood racial composition would not change average exposure to either race or poverty. (JEL I32, I38, R23, R38)

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Meckel, Katherine. "Is the Cure Worse than the Disease? Unintended Effects of Payment Reform in a Quantity-Based Transfer Program." American Economic Review 110, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 1821–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160164.

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Quantity vouchers are used in redistributive programs to shield participants from price variation and alter their consumption patterns. However, because participants are insensitive to prices, vendors of program goods are incentivized to price discriminate between program and non-program customers. I study these trade-offs in the context of a reform to reduce price discrimination in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), which provides a quantity voucher for nutritious foods to low-income mothers and children. The reform caused vendors to drop out, reducing program take-up. In addition, smaller vendors increased prices charged to non-WIC shoppers by 6.4 percent. (JEL H75, I18, I32, I38, J13, J16)

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40

Deaton, Angus. "Price Indexes, Inequality, and the Measurement of World Poverty." American Economic Review 100, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.1.5.

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I discuss the measurement of world poverty and inequality, with particular attention to the role of purchasing power parity (PPP) price indexes from the International Comparison Project. Global inequality increased with the latest revision of the ICP, and this reduced the global poverty line relative to the US dollar. The recent large increase of nearly half a billion poor people came from an inappropriate updating of the global poverty line, not from the ICP revisions. Even so, PPP comparisons between widely different countries rest on weak theoretical and empirical foundations. I argue for wider use of self-reports from international monitoring surveys, and for a global poverty line that is truly denominated in US dollars. (JEL C43, D31, I31, I32, F31)

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Bararuallo, Frans, and Fransiskus X. Lara Aba. "Influence Factors Determinants Absolute Poverty; Case Study in Indonesia." GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol.5(3) Jul-Sep 2017 5, no. 3 (June 10, 2017): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2017.5.3(9).

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Objective - This study aims to determine the effect of educational level, socio-cultural, development programs, and the degree of dependence on absolute poverty. Methodology/Technique - Variables taken is Level of education, Social-cultural conditions, The development program, The degree of dependence, Absolute poverty. Findings - The results showed that all the independent variables are positively correlated with the absolute poverty but not significant at all levels of education. It also looks at the effect of predictions, not all significant. Novelty - The study indicates that education can change the conditions of absolute poverty to relative poverty levels or structural poverty, let alone to pursue a better life. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: Poverty; Education; Socio-Cultural; Development; Dependence. JEL Classification: I30, I32.

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Alesina, Alberto, and Paola Giuliano. "Culture and Institutions." Journal of Economic Literature 53, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 898–944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.53.4.898.

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A growing body of empirical work measuring different types of cultural traits has shown that culture matters for a variety of economic outcomes. This paper focuses on one specific aspect of the relevance of culture: its relationship to institutions. We review work with a theoretical, empirical, and historical bent to assess the presence of a two-way causal effect between culture and institutions. ( JEL D02, D72, I32, J12, Z13)

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Kurosaki, Takashi. "Targeting the Vulnerable and the Choice of Vulnerability Measures: Review and Application to Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i2pp.87-103.

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In this paper, the concept of vulnerability of the poor’s welfare and its practical measures are scrutinised in order to derive implications for targeting poverty reduction policies toward vulnerable households. As illustration, various measures of vulnerability proposed in the literature are applied to a panel data-set collected from rural Pakistan. The empirical results show that different vulnerability rankings can be obtained depending on the choice of the measure. By utilising these measures, we can identify who and which region is more vulnerable to a particular type of risk. This kind of information is useful in targeting poverty reduction policies. Since the nature of vulnerability is diverse, it is advisable to use the whole vector of various vulnerability measures. JEL classification: I32, I38. Keywords: Vulnerability, Poverty, Risk, Consumption Smoothing, Pakistan.

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Orco Diaz, Alipio. "Gran minería y pobreza desde los pobres: Las Bambas, Apurimac." Pensamiento Crítico 25, no. 1 (August 18, 2020): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/pc.v25i1.16621.

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La investigación tuvo tres objetivos; el primero fue identificar las variables que inciden en la autopercepción de la pobreza de los pobladores del distrito de Challhuahuacho; luego analizar la relación de la población desplazada y su autopercepción de la pobreza; el tercer objetivo fue explorar la posible contribución del proyecto minero Las Bambas en el bienestar subjetivo de la población local. El diseño de la investigación fue no experimental y transversal, de tipo descriptivo correlacional. La población de estudio fueron los jefes de hogar, con una muestra de trescientos cincuenta, seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico simple. Para recoger la información se aplicó un cuestionario referido a información personal, del entorno y del nivel de satisfacción en diversos dominios de la vida. Los resultados obtenidos para el primer objetivo muestran que las variables: educación, desplazamiento, satisfacción con la salud, satisfacción con el trabajo, satisfacción con los ingresos familiares y satisfacción por mantener a los dependientes adecuadamente; inciden significativamente en la pobreza subjetiva de los pobladores de Challhuahuacho. Respecto al segundo objetivo se evidencia que existe una relación inversa significativa entre pobreza subjetiva y la condición de ser desplazado. Finalmente, según los resultados el proyecto minero Las Bambas contribuye poco al bienestar subjetivo. JEL: I31, I32, I38.

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45

Jamal, Haroon. "Assessing Poverty with Non-Income Deprivation Indicators: Pakistan, 2008-09." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 913–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.913-927.

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The approach to measure poverty in terms of financial deprivation has been widely criticised in the literature of welfare and wellbeing. It is argued that to understand the complex phenomenon of poverty or to evaluate household or individual wellbeing, a multidimensional exercise is imperative. This research quantifies the level of multidimensional poverty in Pakistan using household data of Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey. Multidimensional poverty in terms of the popular FGT (headcount, poverty gap, poverty severity) indices is estimated for the year 2009. Indicators of human poverty, poor housing and deprivation in household physical assets are included in estimating poverty in multi-dimensional context. For assessing the inter-temporal consistency in the methodology, poverty indices are also developed for the year 2005. JEL classification: I32, I31 Keywords: Poverty, Multidimensional, Categorical Principal Component Analysis, Poverty Indices, Pakistan

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Kotwal, Ashok, Bharat Ramaswami, and Wilima Wadhwa. "Economic Liberalization and Indian Economic Growth: What's the Evidence?" Journal of Economic Literature 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 1152–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.4.1152.

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India's growth and poverty performance over the last three decades has been a subject of great curiosity. Unlike the East Asian countries, India's growth spurt is not associated with exceptionally high domestic savings or foreign capital inflows or manufacturing exports. So what triggered the change in the growth trajectory? Did the market liberalization policies of the 1990s help? How have the initial conditions shaped the process? And how has the “Indian model” impinged on India's central problem of mass poverty? This paper surveys the literature and offers its own assessment of the drivers of change. (JEL I32, O13, O14, O15, O21, O47)

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Ghosh, Jayati. "A note on estimating income inequality across countries using PPP exchange rates." Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304618756263.

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The use of exchange rates based on Purchasing Power Parities to compare incomes across countries and over time has now become standard practice. But there are reasons to believe that this could lead to excessively inflated incomes for poorer countries and in some cases also inflate the extent of real changes over time. Estimates of gross domestic product growth in the Chinese and Indian economies in recent years provide examples of this. JEL Codes: I32, N35, P52

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Kurniawan, Deden Ferry, and Hera Susanti. "IMPACT OF CASH TRANSFER ON POVERTY." AFEBI Economic and Finance Review 3, no. 02 (June 19, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aefr.v3i02.203.

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<p><em>This research aims to generate empirical evidence on the impact of cash transfers on Poverty on households in Indonesia, using the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) panel data in 2007 and 2014, and the method of Difference-in-differences with propensity score matching. This study estimates the impact of relief and benefits that do not receive assistance on Poverty. Results are expected to find that the provision of assistance (cash transfers) has a significant impact on poverty in terms of beneficiaries and who does not receive assistance, or viewed from a total of two (beneficiaries and who are not receiving assistance). It is found that the provision of assistance to the people who were targeted as shown to improve the welfare of beneficiaries, but have not been able to exceed the group that did not receive aid.</em><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>JEL Classification: </em></strong><em>I31, I32, I38</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: </em><em>Cash transfer, Difference-in-differences, Poverty, Propensity Score Matching</em><em></em></p>

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Alexandi, Muhammad Findi, and Edi Victara Tinambunan. "POVERTY IN DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA (DIY): POLICIES AND EFFORTS TO SOLVE IT (DATA YEAR OF 2010-2016)." AFEBI Economic and Finance Review 4, no. 01 (September 12, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aefr.v4i01.213.

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<p><em>This research analyze some factors that influence of poverty level and some formulation policies to solve poverty in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY). By 2017 Province of DIY becomes the highest poverty rate in Java Island. The percentage of poor people in Province of DIY is also above the average percentage level of poverty in Indonesia. Therefore our research is conducted on what are the factors of affect poverty and what can be implemented to solve it. This research used panel data and calculated with Ms Excel and software of Eviews 9. The range period of this research from year of 2010 to 2016 with five districts/cities in Province of DIY. The result of the estimation in this research showed that economic growth has positively affect to poverty, while the health facilities, educational facilities and the number of labor agricultural sector have negatively affect to poverty level in Province of DIY.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>JEL Classification: </em></strong><em>I30, I32, I38</em></p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Economic Growth, Educational Facilities, Health Facilities, Labor Of Agricultural Sector, Poverty</em>

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Ahmadi, Abdulali, and Ali Moradi. "THE ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE AUTHORITY OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS: A CASE OF IRAN, THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF." American International Journal of Social Science Research 6, no. 2 (April 7, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v6i2.1063.

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The method employed in this study was a descriptive correlation in which two validated researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect data. The population involved 1770 university professors in the academic year 2019-2020. From the population, 240 were randomly selected. The data was analyzed using SPSS 21 and Amos 21. Pearson correlation was used to decide the relationship between variables, one-way ANOVA to compare means, Cronbach alpha to determine reliability, and factor analysis was to check the research model and substantiate construct validity. As a result, professor authority was found to have a significant negative correlation with relative deprivation. In addition, the academic status, age, and marital status of professors turned out to exert significant positive effects on their authorities. Furthermore, the chi-square minimum discrepancy value (CMIN) was equal to 523.414, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.049, the root mean square of the residuals (RMR) was equal to 0.090, the minimum discrepancy per degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) in the model was 1.562, the comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.925, and finally, the parsimonious comparative fit index (PCFI) equaled 0.820. Thus, the comparative and parsimonious indices calculated to evaluate the solidarity of the constructs demonstrated that the collected data can be considered as supporting the research validity. JEL Classification Codes: I21, I23, I31, I32.

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