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Journal articles on the topic 'Jet Nebulizer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Chang, Moon, Oh, et al. "Comparison of Salbutamol Delivery Efficiency for Jet versus Mesh Nebulizer Using Mice." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 4 (2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11040192.

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Recent reports using a breathing simulator system have suggested that mesh nebulizers provide more effective medication delivery than jet nebulizers. In this study, the performances of jet and mesh nebulizers were evaluated by comparing their aerosol drug delivery efficiencies in mice. We compared four home nebulizers: two jet nebulizers (PARI BOY SX with red and blue nozzles), a static mesh nebulizer (NE-U22), and a vibrating mesh nebulizer (NE-SM1). After mice were exposed to salbutamol aerosol, the levels of salbutamol in serum and lung were estimated by ELISA. The residual volume of salbutamol was the largest at 34.6% in PARI BOY SX, while the values for NE-U22 and NE-SM1 mesh nebulizers were each less than 1%. The salbutamol delivery efficiencies of NE-U22 and NE-SM1 were higher than that of PARI BOY SX, as the total delivered amounts of lung and serum were 39.9% and 141.7% as compared to PARI BOY SX, respectively. The delivery efficiency of the mesh nebulizer was better than that of the jet nebulizer. Although the jet nebulizer can generate smaller aerosol particles than the mesh nebulizer used in this study, the output rate of the jet nebulizer is low, resulting in lower salbutamol delivery efficiency. Therefore, clinical validation of the drug delivery efficiency according to nebulizer type is necessary to avoid overdose and reduced drug wastage.

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2

Chang, Kyung Hwa, Sang-Hyub Moon, Sun Kook Yoo, Bong Joo Park, and Ki Chang Nam. "Aerosol Delivery of Dornase Alfa Generated by Jet and Mesh Nebulizers." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 8 (2020): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12080721.

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Recent reports on mesh nebulizers suggest the possibility of stable nebulization of various therapeutic protein drugs. In this study, the in vitro performance and drug stability of jet and mesh nebulizers were examined for dornase alfa and compared with respect to their lung delivery efficiency in BALB/c mice. We compared four nebulizers: two jet nebulizers (PARI BOY SX with red and blue nozzles), a static mesh nebulizer (NE-U150), and a vibrating mesh nebulizer (NE-SM1). The enzymatic activity of dornase alfa was assessed using a kinetic fluorometric DNase activity assay. Both jet nebulizers had large residual volumes between 24% and 27%, while the volume of the NE-SM1 nebulizer was less than 2%. Evaluation of dornase alfa aerosols produced by the four nebulizers showed no overall loss of enzymatic activity or protein content and no increase in aggregation or degradation. The amount of dornase alfa delivered to the lungs was highest for the PARI BOY SX-red jet nebulizer. This result confirmed that aerosol droplet size is an important factor in determining the efficiency of dornase alfa delivery to the lungs. Further clinical studies and analysis are required before any conclusions can be drawn regarding the clinical safety and efficacy of these nebulizers.

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3

Murayama, Norihide, and Kikuno Murayama. "Comparison of the Clinical Efficacy of Salbutamol with Jet and Mesh Nebulizers in Asthmatic Children." Pulmonary Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1648652.

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Background. Ultrasonic, jet, and mesh nebulizers have all been used in the treatment for asthma. Mesh nebulizers reportedly offer the best inhalation efficiency. Methods. This study aimed to clarify the utility of the mesh nebulizer, compared to jet nebulizers, in the treatment of pediatric asthma patients. Participants included 88 children <6 years old who were receiving treatment for asthma at Murayama Pediatric Clinic. Heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation in arterial blood, and Mitsui symptom scores were compared before and after treatment with a mesh nebulizer (n=43) or jet nebulizer (n=45) using a salbutamol inhalation solution (0.2 ml for children ≧ 2 years old, n=51; 0.1 ml for children < 2 years old, n=37). Results. Other than required inhalation time, clinical findings did not differ between mesh and jet groups. In both groups, heart rate increased significantly in patients treated with 0.2 ml (1000 microg) of salbutamol. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance. The required inhalation time of the mesh nebulizer was superior to the jet nebulizer. Children ≧ 2 years with mild asthma attacks experienced a significantly increased heart rate in both groups. The dose of salbutamol (0.2 ml for ≧2 years) used for asthma attacks should be reconsidered in mild asthma.

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4

Ho, Sharon L., and Allan L. Coates. "Effect of Dead Volume on the Efficiency and the Cost to Deliver Medications in Cystic Fibrosis with Four Disposable Nebulizers." Canadian Respiratory Journal 6, no. 3 (1999): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/236068.

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OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the factors that affect nebulizer efficiency and to compare the relative cost effectiveness of nebulized medications used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF), delivered by four types of disposable jet nebulizers that are widely used in hospitals.DESIGN: The Hudson 1730 Updraft II, Baxter Misty-Neb, Marquest Whisper Jet (WJ), and Marquest Acorn II were evaluated in terms of respirable aerosol output (particles 5 µm or less), nebulizer dead (residual) volume (VD), and time for complete nebulization using saline, salbutamol and tobramycin at flows of 6 and 8 L/min. The respirable fraction (RF) was determined by laser diffraction, and drug output was calculated from the initial volume and concentration of the drug in the nebulizer minus the product of final drug concentration and the VDfollowing nebulization.COST ANALYSIS: The expected pulmonary deposition (DE) was estimated, and incorporated with the material and labour costs to determine the cost effectiveness of each type of nebulizer.RESULTS: With a DEgreater than two times that of the WJ at a cost of 2.4 times less, the Updraft II proved most efficient and cost effective of all the nebulizers evaluated in this study.CONCLUSIONS: The cost effectiveness of each nebulizer was determined by its efficiency, which in turn was predominantly related to its VDand RF at each flow. The efficiencies of these four devices were different and could not have been predicted from specifications provided by the respective manufacturers.

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5

Misik, Ondrej, Milan Maly, Ondrej Cejpek, and Frantisek Lizal. "Characterization of Aerosol Nebulized by Aerogen Solo Mesh Nebulizer." MATEC Web of Conferences 328 (2020): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032801006.

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Nebulizers are commonly used devices for inhalation treatment of various disorders. There are three main categories of medical nebulization technology: jet nebulizers, ultrasound nebulizer, and mesh nebulizer. The mesh nebulizers seem to be very promising since this technology should be able to produce aerosol with precisely determined particle size and is easy to use as well [1]. Aerosol generated from the mesh nebulizer Aerogen Solo was measured in this work. Particle size distribution with a mass median of aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was determined by two different methods.

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6

Santosa, Agus, and Endiyono Endiyono. "Respiration Status of Asthma Patients Who Get Nebulisation Using Jet Nebulizer Compared to Nebulizer Using Oxygen." Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia 38, no. 4 (2019): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36497/jri.v38i4.19.

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Background: Some of regional hospitals still provide oxygen gas for nebulizer to therapies in astma patiens. The study was aimed to observe the effectiveness of jet nebulizer vs oxygen as a driving gas for nebulizer on respiratory parameters of asthma patients which is breath pattern, respiration rate (RR), breath sound, oxygen saturation (SpO2), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF}. Method: The research was an experimental with a combination design, pre-post test with control group and post test only with control group in RSUD dr. R. Goeteng Taroenadibrata Purbalingga consisted of 60 respondents selected by proportional stratified random sampling. Data analysis used was independent t-test and fisher’r exact test. Result: There was no difference in the respiratory pattern variables between jet nebulizer and oxygen as a driving gas nebulizers (p> 0.05). The jet nebulizer was better in reducing RR in asthma patients than the oxygen as a driving gas nebulizer (p

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7

Menon, Mala, Isha Naik, Gopal Singh Rajawat, Mangal Nagarsenker, and Korukonda Krishnaprasad. "NEBULIZED GLYCOPYRRONIUM AND FORMOTEROL, BUDESONIDE AEROSOL AERODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT WITH VIBRATING MESH AND COMPRESSOR AIR NEBULIZER: ANDERSON CASCADE IMPACTOR STUDY." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 6 (2019): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i6.3465.

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Vibrating mesh nebulizers (VMN) demonstrate improved efficiency for delivery of inhaled aerosol solutions or suspensions as compared to compressor devices. The added advantages of compactness, portability and functioning as noise-free device makes them of incremental value in Home or Ambulatory settings while managing Severe Obstructive airway disease or delivery of maintenance medications in these cases. This further circumvents the need for multiple devices thereby further improving patient compliance and convenience while delivering acute or maintenance formulations including Glycopyrronium (GLY) and Formoterol (FRM)/Budesonide(BUD) nebulizing solution formulations. To further assess the clinical role and feasibility of FRM-BUD formulation delivery kinetics with or without GLY nebulizing solution through VMN and jet nebulizers for In- & outpatient settings, 2 comparative in-vitro lung deposition studies were carried out utilizing Anderson Cascade impactor at 30 L/min; deposited drug concentrations in different stages were suitably collected and estimated by HPLC. Post-hoc analyses with p<0.05 was considered statistically significant for intergroup differences on FRM/BUD and GLY delivered through VMN or Compressor devices. The calculated mean fine particle dose for FRM & BUD delivered by VMN or jet nebulizer showed no statistical difference. However the mean fine particle fraction for BUD delivered by VMN was significantly better compared to jet nebulizer than that for FRM. The Residual volume at 10 mins was significantly higher with jet nebulizer. The optimal APSD for GLY nebulizing solution admixture with FRM/BUD suspension delivered through VMN and Jet nebulizer offers a clinically relevant strategy for High risk COPD cases in Acute or Home settings.

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8

Zaytsev, A. A., M. A. Kharitonov, V. A. Chernetsov, and E. V. Kryukov. "Current possibilities for nebulizer therapy." Medical Council, no. 15 (December 8, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-15-106-111.

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This article discusses the main aspects of the nebulizer therapy used to treat respiratory diseases. The basic principle of operation of all types of nebulizers is based on the generation of aerosol containing particles comprising an active substance. Currently, there are three types of nebulizers: jet, or compressor (which uses the energy of a gas jet), ultrasonic (which uses oscillation energy of the piezoelectric element) and membrane (Mesh nebulizers). The jet nebulizers are the most common, because they have affordable cost, are easy to use, however, using this type of nebulizers is accompanied by quite large losses of the drug (more than 50%), and they are quite noisy due to the compressor. Among the advantages of ultrasonic nebulizers are virtually silent operation, fast aerosol production and shorter inhalation times compared to compressor devices, small size and weight, and operation from the batteries. However, one of the most important disadvantages of ultrasonic nebulizers is the limited range of drugs that can be used for inhalation, which significantly limits their use in pulmonological practice. In particular, they are not suitable for inhalation of suspensions (glucocorticosteroids) due to the impossibility of homogeneous nebulization, in addition, part of the GCS molecules are destroyed by ultrasound. In recent years, the greatest prospects have been associated with the use of a new generation of nebulizers created using the so-called Vibrating Mesh Technology. Membrane nebulizers have a number of advantages compared to the compressor and ultrasonic devices. Among them are a small residual volume, noiseless operation, high mobility due to the small size, weight and ability to operate using battery.

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9

Belotserkovskaya, Yu G. "Рossibilities of clinical application of modern nebulizers". Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, № 17 (22 листопада 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2020-17-50-55.

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The simplicity of converting medicinal solutions and suspensions into aerosols using mechanical and thermal energy, convenient delivery to the airways allows nebulizers to take a worthy place in the treatment of hospitalized and outpatient patients. Different types of nebulizers are available for use in the home and in medical settings (jet, ultrasound, membrane), and researches show that the performance and characteristics of the aerosol vary between different devices and manufacturers. Jet nebulizers are still the most used devices that do not require coordination of inhale and delivery of aerosol to the respiratory tract. To reduce the consumption of medicinal aerosol and optimize the air flow, virtual valve technology (V.V.T.) is being improved, and breath-actuated nebulizers are being created. The advantage of nebulizer therapy is the ability to apply large doses of medications, use substances that exist only in inhaled form. The choice falls on the nebulizer in cases where the patient can not use other delivery devices, for example, if the patient is unable to coordinate the inhalation and intake of the drug into the respiratory tract, with a severe exacerbation of obstructive disease, in the presence of motor disorders. The optimal delivery device for children of any age, including newborns, is a nebulizer. The most common indication for nebulizer therapy is the delivery of bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as the treatment of upper respiratory tract diseases, in particular croup in children. An important place is given to nebulizers when it is necessary to prescribe certain mucolytics and antibiotics. In the treatment of emergency conditions, inhalation administration of drugs may be required, including situations when the patient is on mechanical ventilation or has a tracheostomy installed. The significance of nebulizers in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is being studied. The possibilities of endobronchial delivery of heparin, insulin, and monoclonal antibodies are evaluated.

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10

Hofstetter, E., H. Ehlich, B. Muellinger, and G. Scheuch. "Lung deposition of aerosolized anticancer drugs with a novel inhalation system: AKITA." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (2006): 12037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.12037.

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12037 Background: Inhalation of anticancer drugs might be a helpful route of delivery in cancer therapy, particularly for lung tumors and metastasis in the lungs. In this experimental setup 12 different drugs (including antineoplastic drugs and immunotherapeutics) were nebulized with two different jet nebulizer systems. Aerosol particle size (MMD) and mass output were characterized. Methods: MMD was measured using a laser diffraction system (Sympatec, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany). Mass output measurements were performed after CEN Standard using a Flow/volume simulator with radiolabelled (99m Tc) solution/suspension. The amount of radioactivity on the filters was detected with a scintillation counter. For aerosolization two nebulizer systems were used: Pari LC Plus with Pari compressor (PARI) and Pari LC Star with AKITA compressor (AKITA). To determine lung deposition a lung deposition model (International Commission of Radiological Protection, ICRP66, 1994) was used, taking into account: mass output, particle size and breathing pattern of patients. The AKITA guides the patient with a positive pressure through the inhalation maneuver, it is breath activated and delivers the medication only during inspiration. The PARI nebulizes continuously and the patient inhales with different individual breathing pattern. Results: MMD with PARI was found to be 4.2 ± 0.4 μm compared to 3.40 ± 0.3 μm for AKITA. After filling 2.5 ml into the nebulizers we found 1.4 ml residual volume with PARI and 1.0 ml for AKITA. The output rate was 0.15 ± 0.02 ml/min for PARI and 0.29 ± 0.03 ml/min for AKITA. Lung deposition relative to the emitted dose was determined to be 28 ± 10% for PARI and 85 ± 4% for AKITA. This is because the AKITA nebulizes only during inspiration and guides the patient through the inhalation maneuver, where as the PARI is running continuously and patients inhale with different breathing pattern. The result is that from 2.5 ml filled into the nebulizer, on average 0.3 ml will be deposited in the lungs with the PARI and 1.3 ml with the AKITA. To deposit 1 ml in the lungs with AKITA it will take 7 min, with PARI about 24 min. Conclusions: By use of modern inhalation devices with controlled inhalation lung deposition for cancer therapy can be optimized. [Table: see text]

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11

Allen, Martin, and Stephen Langford. "Variability in Jet Nebulizer Output." Chest 103, no. 6 (1993): 1922–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.103.6.1922b.

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12

Adorni, Greta, Gerrit Seifert, Francesca Buttini, et al. "Aerosolization Performance of Jet Nebulizers and Biopharmaceutical Aspects." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 8 (2019): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11080406.

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In this work, 13 jet nebulizers, some of which in different configurations, were investigated in order to identify the biopharmaceutical constraints related to the quality attributes of the medicinal products, which affect their safety, efficiency, compliance, and effectiveness. The aerosolization parameters, including the aerosol output, aerosol output rate, mass median aerodynamic diameter, and fine particle fraction, were determined according to the European Standard EN 13544-1, using sodium fluoride as a reference formulation. A comparison between the aerosol output nebulization time and the fine particle fraction displayed a correlation between the aerosol quality and the nebulization rate. Indeed, the quality of the nebulization significantly increased when the rate of aerosol emission was reduced. Moreover, the performance of the nebulizers was analyzed in terms of respirable delivered dose and respirable dose delivery rate, which characterize nebulization as the rate and amount of respirable product that could be deposited into the lungs. Depending on which of these two latter parameters was used, the nebulizers showed different performances. The differences, in terms of the rate and amount of delivered aerosol, could provide relevant information for the appropriate choice of nebulizer as a function of drug product, therapy, and patient characteristics.

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13

Thomas, S. H. L., M. J. O'Doherty, C. J. Page, and T. O. Nunan. "Variability in the measurement of nebulized aerosol deposition in man." Clinical Science 81, no. 6 (1991): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0810767.

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1. This study was performed to determine the variability of two different scintigraphic methods of measuring pulmonary aerosol deposition, and to examine nebulizer particle size and drug output as potential sources of this variability. 2. A radioaerosol was produced from a 3 ml solution of 99mTc-labelled colloidal human serum albumin (0.05 mg, 37 MBq) using a standard jet nebulizer and air compressor. This was inhaled on three separate occasions by nine healthy male subjects. On one of these occasions, a further inhalation was performed to assess immediate repeatability using increased 99mTc activity (92 MBq). 3. Intrapulmonary aerosol deposition was measured with a γ-camera and was corrected for tissue attenuation and geometric distribution by using two different methods. 4. Estimated mean pulmonary deposition was 4.3% of the nebulizer dose using a lung phantom correction method, and 6.1% using a tissue attenuation method. For these two methods respectively variability between subjects (coefficient of variation) was 54 and 47%. For both methods, within-subject variability (coefficient of variation) was 37% between occasions and 23% within occasions. 5. The particle-size output of several nebulizers was highly reproducible (coefficient of variation < 4%), but the nebulizer mass and radionuclide output of two nebulizers was more variable (coefficient of variation 5–19%), and appeared to be an important contributor to the variability in pulmonary aerosol deposition. 6. The data presented here for pulmonary deposition, used with appropriate power statistics formulae, can be used to estimate the sample sizes required for comparative studies of lung aerosol deposition.

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Groth, S., J. Mortensen, P. Lange, S. Vest, N. Rossing, and D. Swift. "Effect of change in particle number on pulmonary clearance of aerosolized 99mTc-DTPA." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 6 (1989): 2750–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2750.

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Pulmonary clearance (PCl) of inhaled aerosolized 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) across the alveolocapillary membrane is diffusion limited. Therefore, if the mixing of the 99mTc-DTPA in the aqueous hypophase underlying surfactant is slow or incomplete or if there were no hypophase, an increase in the alveolar surface area occupied by 99mTc-DTPA particles would increase the absorption rate. The aim of this study was to examine whether there is an effect on PCl of changing the number of inhaled particles. The change in particle number was accomplished by a setup of four parallel jet nebulizers feeding a central delivery chamber of 400 cm3. We performed two kinds of experiments in eight healthy nonsmokers between 28 and 52 yr of age. In the first experiment, 99mTc-DTPA in saline was nebulized in one nebulizer, while saline was nebulized in the other three. In the second experiment the number of inhaled particles containing 99mTc-DTPA was increased by a factor of four by nebulizing 99mTc-DTPA in saline in all four nebulizers simultaneously. Increasing the number of inhaled 99mTc-DTPA particles caused an increase in PCl of 24.2% (P less than 0.01). We conclude that there is a slight but significant effect of changing the number of DTPA particles on PCl and that this is probably due to an uneven mixing of the 99mTc-DTPA in the aqueous hypophase underlying the surfactant lining and the alveoli.

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15

Bridges, P. A., and K. M. G. Taylor. "The delivery of liposomes from jet nebulizer." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 50, S9 (1998): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02358.x.

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16

Ochowiak, M., A. Kasperkowiak, M. Doligalski, et al. "The thermostated medical jet nebulizer: Aerosol characteristics." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 567 (August 2019): 118475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118475.

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17

Pitance, Laurent, Laurent Vecellio, Teresinha Leal, Gregory Reychler, Herve Reychler, and Giuseppe Liistro. "Delivery Efficacy of a Vibrating Mesh Nebulizer and a Jet Nebulizer under Different Configurations." Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 23, no. 6 (2010): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2010.0816.

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18

Grodofsky, M. P., D. Jakobowski, N. Scarpa, R. W. Wilmott, and S. D. Douglas. "1773 EVALUATION OF A HIGH FREQUENCY JET NEBULIZER." Pediatric Research 19, no. 4 (1985): 406A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198504000-01791.

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19

Hofford, James M. "The Metered-Dose Inhaler Supersedes the Jet Nebulizer." Chest 103, no. 1 (1993): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.103.1.327b.

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20

Latthe, Sanjay S., P. Sudhagar, C. Ravidhas, et al. "Self-cleaning and superhydrophobic CuO coating by jet-nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique." CrystEngComm 17, no. 13 (2015): 2624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ce00177c.

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The pocket-sized nebulizer equipped jet-spray coating of a monoclinic CuO crystallite surface showed excellent superhydrophobic self-cleaning properties owing to its compact crystallite texture and high surface roughness.

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21

Wendl, I. A., J. A. Menking, R. Färber, et al. "Optimized method for black carbon analysis in ice and snow using the Single Particle Soot Photometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 8 (2014): 2667–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2667-2014.

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Abstract. In this study we attempt to optimize the method for measuring black carbon (BC) in snow and ice using a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). Beside the previously applied ultrasonic (CETAC) and Collison-type nebulizers we introduce a jet (Apex Q) nebulizer to aerosolize the aqueous sample for SP2 analysis. Both CETAC and Apex Q require small sample volumes (a few milliliters) which makes them suitable for ice core analysis. The Apex Q shows the least size-dependent nebulizing efficiency in the BC particle diameter range of 100–1000 nm. The CETAC has the advantage that air and liquid flows can be monitored continuously. All nebulizer-types require a calibration with BC standards for the determination of the BC mass concentration in unknown aqueous samples. We found Aquadag to be a suitable material for preparing calibration standards. Further, we studied the influence of different treatments for fresh discrete snow and ice samples as well as the effect of storage. The results show that samples are best kept frozen until analysis. Once melted, they should be sonicated for 25 min, immediately analyzed while being stirred and not be refrozen.

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Wendl, I. A., J. A. Menking, R. Färber, et al. "Optimized method for black carbon analysis in ice and snow using the Single Particle Soot Photometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 3 (2014): 3075–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-3075-2014.

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Abstract. In this study we attempt to optimize the method for measuring black carbon (BC) in snow and ice using a single particle soot photometer (SP2). Beside the previously applied ultrasonic (CETAC) and Collison-type nebulizers we introduce a jet (APEX-Q) nebulizer to aerosolize the aqueous sample for SP2 analysis. Both CETAC and APEX-Q require small sample volumes (few milliliters) which makes them suitable for ice core analysis. The APEX-Q shows the least size-dependent nebulizing efficiency in the BC particle diameter range of 100–1000 nm. The CETAC has the advantage that air and liquid flows can be monitored continuously. All nebulizer-types require a calibration with BC standards for the determination of the BC mass concentration in unknown aqueous samples. We found Aquadag to be a suitable material for preparing calibration standards. Further, we studied the influence of different treatments for fresh discrete snow and ice samples as well as the effect of storage. The results show that samples are best kept frozen until analysis. Once melted, they should be sonicated for 25 min, immediately analyzed while being stirred and not be refrozen.

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Fok, T. F., K. Lam, P. C. Ng, et al. "Delivery of salbutamol to nonventilated preterm infants by metereddose inhaler, jet nebulizer, and ultrasonic nebulizer." European Respiratory Journal 12, no. 1 (1998): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.98.12010159.

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Le Brun, Paul P. H., Alexander A. T. M. M. Vinks, Daan J. Touw, et al. "Can Tobramycin Inhalation Be Improved With a Jet Nebulizer?" Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 21, no. 6 (1999): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007691-199912000-00007.

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Pitance, L., G. Reychler, T. Leal, et al. "Aerosol Delivery to the Lung Is More Efficient Using an Extension with a Standard Jet Nebulizer than an Open-Vent Jet Nebulizer." Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 26, no. 4 (2013): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2012.0994.

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SOYER, Özge, Melike KAHVECİ, Betül BÜYÜKTİRYAKİ, et al. "Mesh nebulizer is as effective as jet nebulizer in clinical practice of acute asthma in children." TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 49, no. 4 (2019): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/sag-1812-133.

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Blais, Christianne M., Donald W. Cockcroft, Justine Veilleux, et al. "Methacholine Challenge: Comparison of Airway Responsiveness Produced by a Vibrating Mesh Nebulizer Versus a Jet Nebulizer." Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 31, no. 2 (2018): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2017.1392.

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Dunne, Robert B., and Sandra Shortt. "Comparison of bronchodilator administration with vibrating mesh nebulizer and standard jet nebulizer in the emergency department." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 36, no. 4 (2018): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.10.067.

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Carrigy, Nicholas B., Rachel Y. Chang, Sharon S. Y. Leung, et al. "Anti-Tuberculosis Bacteriophage D29 Delivery with a Vibrating Mesh Nebulizer, Jet Nebulizer, and Soft Mist Inhaler." Pharmaceutical Research 34, no. 10 (2017): 2084–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-017-2213-4.

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First, Melvin W., Janet Macher, Robert Gussman, David Stuart, and Terence Webb. "Nebulizer Characteristics for Certification Tests of Biosafety Cabinets with Bacteria and Simulants." Journal of the American Biological Safety Association 3, no. 1 (1998): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109135059800300109.

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NSF International Standard 49–1992, that covers certification of biological safety cabinets, makes “special note” that a “stainless steel 6-jet Collison refluxing nebulizer will deliver the [required] bacterial spore aerosol” when certain stated conditions are met and “need not be retested for performance before use” (Appendix-C, page C1) (1). The basis on which this nebulizer was vetted was presented at the XXV Biological Safety Conference (Boston, MA, 1984) but never published in the open literature. In view of the importance of this device for the procedures used to certify the performance of biological safety cabinets, the authors are of the opinion that the test protocols and test data on which the selection was based should be made a matter of record. Collison nozzle studies were conducted to determine (a) whether all 6 Collison nozzles manufactured by BGI give the same spore output when operated at 140 kPa (20 psig) with an equal number spore suspension in the flask (b) whether spore delivery by the 6-jet Collison nozzle equals or exceeds the minimum number specified by NSF 49 when charged with the recommended spore suspension (c) whether performance of Collison nozzles with a bacterial spore aerolsol can be predicted accurately with a monodisperse 1.1 μm polystyrene latex spherical simulant, and (d) the optimum nebulizer flask geometry.

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O'Connell, O. J., C. O'Farrell, M. J. Harrison, J. A. Eustace, M. T. Henry, and B. J. Plant. "Nebulized Hypertonic Saline Via Positive Expiratory Pressure Versus Via Jet Nebulizer in Patients With Severe Cystic Fibrosis." Respiratory Care 56, no. 6 (2011): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.00866.

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Dhand, Rajiv. "Reproducible Dosing With a Jet Nebulizer During Invasive Mechanical Ventilation." Respiratory Care 65, no. 8 (2020): 1223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.08279.

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LEBRUN, P. "56. High dose aerosolation of tobramycin with a jet nebulizer." Netherlands Journal of Medicine 54 (June 1999): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-2977(99)90108-0.

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34

Skaria, Shibu, and Gerald C. Smaldone. "Omron NE U22: Comparison Between Vibrating Mesh and Jet Nebulizer." Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 23, no. 3 (2010): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2010.0817.

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Jörres, Rudolf, Dennis Nowak, Klaus Rabe, and Helgo Magnussen. "Variability in Aerosol Output of the DeVilbiss 646 Jet Nebulizer." Chest 102, no. 5 (1992): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.102.5.1636-b.

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Fang, Tien-Pei, Hui-Ling Lin, Shu-Hua Chiu, et al. "Aerosol Delivery Using Jet Nebulizer and Vibrating Mesh Nebulizer During High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation: An In Vitro Comparison." Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 29, no. 5 (2016): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2015.1265.

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Liu, Ching-Yi, Hsin-Kuo Ko, James Fink, et al. "Size Distribution of Colistin Delivery by Different Type Nebulizers and Concentrations During Mechanical Ventilation." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 9 (2019): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11090459.

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Although aerosol delivery through mechanical ventilators has been used to administer various medications, little is known of administration with colistin. This in vitro evaluation aimed to evaluate size distribution of colistin delivery by different types of nebulizers and concentrations during mechanical ventilation. Colistin methanesulfonate (colistin) for injection was dissolved in 6 mL of distilled water to produce a low concentration (L; 156 mg) and a high concentration (H; 312 mg). A dose volume of 6 mL was placed in a vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN) and a jet nebulizer (JN). The inhaled mass (mean ± SD) of the VMN-L (53.80 ± 14.79 mg) was greater than both the JN-L (19.82 ± 3.34 mg, P = 0.001) and JN-H (31.72 ± 4.48 mg, P = 0.017). The nebulization time of the VMN-L (42.35 ± 2.30 min) was two times longer than the JN-L (21.12 ± 0.8 min) or JN-H (21.65 ± 0.42 min; P < 0.001). The mass median aerodynamic distal to the endotracheal tube was within a similar range at 2.03 to 2.26 μm (P = 0.434), independent of neb or formulation concentration. In conclusion, the VMN-L yields greater inhaled mass than the JN with either concentration. Therefore, a standard nominal dose of colistin results in a higher delivered dose during mechanical ventilation with a VMN compared with a JN and may be considered the preferred device. If JN must be used, multiple doses of low concentration colistin may compensate for poor delivery performance.

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Soundararajan, S. P., M. Murugan, K. Mohanraj, Babu Balraj, and Tamiloli Devendhiran. "Growth and characterization of spray pyrolysis via deposited Copper oxide thin film." Nanoscale Reports 1, no. 2 (2018): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/nr1822.

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In this work the copper oxide thin films have been coated using Jet nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique. The prepared CuO thin films were characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques, in order to study its crystalline nature, particle size and the band gap respectively.

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Pimsa, Pongput, Theerasuk Kawamatawong, Kittiphon Nagviroj, et al. "Aggregated n-of-1 randomized controlled trial of nebulized fentanyl or nebulized furosemide in palliative care patients with refractory breathlessness." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (2020): e24138-e24138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e24138.

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e24138 Background: Advance cancer patients frequently have breathlessness and worsening by refractory to conventional therapies, which need adjunctive therapy. Nebulized Fentanyl and nebulized furosemide have been identified as a novel symptoms approach. Individual patients with the same breathlessness conditions may respond differently to similar treatments, thus no standard adjunctive treatments. N-of -1 study is a within-patient randomized, double-blind, and crossover trials in 1 patient. This study aims to comparing the efficacy in relief breathlessness. Methods: N-of-1 study which enrolled patients at Ramathibodi hospital who have breathlessness with mMRC scored ≥ 3 from 1st Jan 2019 to 31st Jan 2020. Study was done as 1 cycle of 3-days of treatment that nebulized fentanyl or furosemide or sterile water (SW). Fentanyl 50 mcg or Furosemide 40 mg or SW that all diluted in SW to be in 6 ml. Jet nebulizer increased delivery of aerosol to lungs that all administered for 4 minutes. Main outcome measured breathlessness intensity Borg scale: 0-10, peripheral capillary O2 saturation, Visual cough score, satisfactions, and adverse events (AEs) that collected at baseline, 15, 30 and 60 minutes post treatment. Type of medication that patients preferred. Results: 19 patients were enrolled; 68.4% were ECOG status 4. All patient previously treated with systemic opioids with dose 29.8±20.9 mg/day. Majority were diagnosed with lung metastatic cancer. Baseline of mean Borg scale were not significant in all groups. All 3 medications significantly reduced Borg scale over time; Fentanyl -2.84 ± 0.17(95% CI -3.19 to -2.49); p = 0.0001, Furosemide -3.05±0.22 (95% CI -3.49 to -2.61); p = 0.0001, and SW -2.52±0.21 (95% CI -2.95 to -2.10); p = 0.0001. No significantly different in reduction of breathlessness, AEs and change in visual cough score in all medications. Most of AEs were mild grade. Majority of patients’ preference was furosemide (42.0%). Conclusions: Adjunctive treatment nebulizer drugs with fentanyl, furosemide and sterile water significantly improve breathlessness symptoms. No significant different in efficacy, adverse events in nebulized fentanyl, furosemide and sterile water. N-of-1 trials may provide a rational and effective method to best choose drugs for individuals with breathlessness.

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Galindo-Filho, Valdecir Castor, Luciana Alcoforado, Catarina Rattes, et al. "A mesh nebulizer is more effective than jet nebulizer to nebulize bronchodilators during non-invasive ventilation of subjects with COPD: A randomized controlled trial with radiolabeled aerosols." Respiratory Medicine 153 (July 2019): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2019.05.016.

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Hollie, Michael C., Randolph A. Malone, Roberta M. Skufca, and Harold S. Nelson. "Extreme Variability in Aerosol Output of the DeVilbiss 646 Jet Nebulizer*." Chest 100, no. 5 (1991): 1339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.100.5.1339.

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42

Ferron, G. A. "Evaporation of a freshly produced salt aerosol from a jet nebulizer." Journal of Aerosol Science 26 (September 1995): S779—S780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(95)97297-r.

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43

Mukund, Bal. "Acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma in children-is jet nebulizer superior?" Journal of Pediatric Critical Care 8, no. 4 (2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpcc.jpcc_47_21.

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44

Conley, J., H. Yang, T. Wilson, et al. "Aerosol delivery of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin: aerosol characterization and efficacy against Francisella tularensis infection in mice." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41, no. 6 (1997): 1288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.41.6.1288.

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The aerosol delivery of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin by using 12 commercially available jet nebulizers was evaluated in this study. Aerosol particles containing liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin generated by the nebulizers were analyzed with a laser aerodynamic particle sizer. Mean mass aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) and geometric standard deviations (GSDs) were determined, and the drug contents of the sampling filters from each run onto which aerosolized liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin had been deposited were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The aerosol particles of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin generated by these nebulizers ranged from 1.94 to 3.5 microm, with GSDs ranging from 1.51 to 1.84 microm. The drug contents of the sampling filters exposed for 1 min to aerosolized liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin range from 12.7 to 40.5 microg/ml (0.06 to 0.2 mg/filter). By using the nebulizer selected on the basis of most desirable MMADs, particle counts, and drug deposition, aerosolized liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin was used for the treatment of mice infected with 10 times the 50% lethal dose of Francisella tularensis. All mice treated with aerosolized liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin survived the infection, while all ciprofloxacin-treated or untreated control mice succumbed to the infection (P < 0.001). These results suggest that aerosol delivery of liposome-encapsulated ciprofloxacin to the lower respiratory tract is feasible and that it may provide an effective therapy for the treatment of respiratory tract infections.

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Fok, Tai-Fai, Mazen Al-Essa, Shelley Monkman, et al. "Pulmonary Deposition of Salbutamol Aerosol Delivered by Metered Dose Inhaler, Jet Nebulizer, and Ultrasonic Nebulizer in Mechanically Ventilated Rabbits." Pediatric Research 42, no. 5 (1997): 721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199711000-00027.

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46

ElHansy, Muhammad H. E., Marina E. Boules, Assem Fouad Mohamed El Essawy, et al. "Inhaled salbutamol dose delivered by jet nebulizer, vibrating mesh nebulizer and metered dose inhaler with spacer during invasive mechanical ventilation." Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 45 (August 2017): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2017.06.004.

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47

Štěpán, Martin, Martin Semerád, Viktor Kanický, and Vítězslav Otruba. "Preliminary Investigations of High-Frequency Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet for Atomic Emission Spectrometry." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 66, no. 9 (2001): 1348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20011348.

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The 27.12- and 13.56-MHz plasma-jet discharges are generated in argon at atmospheric pressure. The plasma originates inside the nozzle of the bored metal power electrode and outflows against the counter-electrode. The discharge has a column shape with the diameter about 0.7-1.5 mm and the length 5-30 mm. The 27.12 MHz/100 W and 13.56 MHz/1 500 W generators are operated at a power of 100 and 200 W, respectively. Stable discharges are obtained within the range from 0.3 to 0.9 dm3 min-1 Ar. The 27.12 MHz/100 W discharge is capable of accepting dry aerosol while the wet aerosol extinguishes this plasma. On the contrary, wet aerosol can be introduced into the 13.56 MHz/200 W plasma. The vibrational temperature of 3 000 K has been determined based on the intensity of the molecular band of the N2 2nd positive system (365-383 nm) in the 27.12 MHz discharge. Intensity vs concentration dependences have been measured with Li 670.784, Na 588.995, Na 589.592, K 766.491 and Rb 780.023 nm lines. Limits of detection in the 27.12 MHz/100 W discharge coupled to an ultrasonic nebulizer with desolvation are 0.1 Li, 30 Na, 10 K and 3 ng cm-3 Rb. Limits of detection in the 13.56 MHz/200 W discharge connected to a pneumatic concentric Meinhard nebulizer is 8 ng cm-3 Li.

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Hui, David S., Benny K. Chow, Leo C. Y. Chu, et al. "Exhaled Air and Aerosolized Droplet Dispersion During Application of a Jet Nebulizer." Chest 135, no. 3 (2009): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.08-1998.

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LEBRUN, P. "58. Improvement of tobramycin inhalation with a jet nebulizer: A pharmacokinetic analysis." Netherlands Journal of Medicine 54 (June 1999): S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-2977(99)90110-9.

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ROTHE, M. "235. Ultrasonic vs. jet nebulizer for inhalative tobramycin-therapy of cystic fibrosis." Netherlands Journal of Medicine 54 (June 1999): S83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-2977(99)90287-5.

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