Relevant bibliographies by topics / Jews, lithuania

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Jews, lithuania'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Jews, lithuania"

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Leganovic, Julijana. "Vilnius Question and Kaunas Jewish Community in the Interwar Years." Tirosh. Jewish, Slavic & Oriental Studies 18 (2018): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3380.2018.18.3.4.

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One of the most prominent and at the same time the most complicated storylines of Lithuanian history between two world wars — the conflict between Lithuania and Poland for Vilnius. It is important to note that dramatic events occurred in Vilnius and around it, which essentially determined the democratic relations between Lithuania and Poland in the interwar period, influenced not only Lithuanians and Poles, but also national minorities living there for many centuries, first of all — the most numerous and influential Jewish communities. Geopolitical changes, the loss of historical capital and proclamation of Provisional capital affect the new search of coexistence of Vilnius and Kaunas Jewish communities with the dominant nation and directly affects cultural, political development. This paper attempts to present how the Vilnius question influenced the positions and choices of the Kaunas Jewish community in interwar years. Kaunas Jews have survived the crisis of identity in a provisional capital. In this period, Kaunas Jews began to create a new system — the alternative “Jerusalem of Lithuania”. Furthermore, Kaunas Jews joined the Vilnius liberation campaign in 1930s together with Lithuanians.
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Šermukšnytė, Rūta. "Žydų gelbėjimas Lietuvoje Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais: lietuviško muziejinio naratyvo kūrimo praktikos." Lietuvos istorijos studijos 52 (December 21, 2023): 108–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lis.2023.52.6.

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Lithuanian historiography shows that the topic of rescuing the Jews in Lithuania during World War II (WWII) is intertwined into different narrative schemes: the pre-Holocaust story of the rescue of Jewish refugees at the beginning of WWII and the topic of the Holocaust in Lithuania. The question is: what narrative schemes of the rescue of the Jews are used in Lithuanian museums, what does the museum want to communicate to the public on the topic of the rescue of the Jews, by what means does the museum create a historical narrative, what historical cultural events promote the emergence of themes of the rescue of the Jews in one or another Lithuanian museum? The analysis of four cases (Vilna Gaon Museum of Jewish History, ‘Sugihara House’ in Kaunas, The Ninth Fort of Kaunas, ‘Lost Shtetl’ museum under construction in Šeduva) is used to answer these questions. It revealed that the aim of the topic of rescuing the Jews is to present the most objective, all-encompassing image of this past and to perform several important functions with the help of it. This is the education of Lithuanian and foreign visitors (the museum as a space of knowledge), honoring, remembering and thanking the Jewish saviors (the museum as a memorial space), refuting stereotypes related to the rescue of Jews (the museum as a space of demythification).
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Barbasiewicz, Olga. "Konsul Sugihara Chiune a polscy Żydzi w Kownie w okresie 1939–1940." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 36 (February 18, 2022): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.010.

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Consul Sugihara Chiune and the Polish Jews in Kaunas, Lithuania in 1939–1940The main subject of this article is the life and career of Sugihara Chiune, viewed in the context of the fate of European Jews during their stay in the Lithuanian capital, Kaunas, while they were escaping from Nazi-occupied Europe in 1939 and 1940. The author investigates how the Japanese consul helped them obtain visas and thus saved their lives. She also deals with his private and professional life, including the turns of his diplomatic career in pre-war Lithuania, and his views on crucial issues involving his activities connected with saving the Polish Jews – even at the risk of his own life and the life of his family. Sugihara continued to issue transit visas even after he was forbidden to do so by his superiors from the Japanese Foreign Ministry. Thus the war influenced his later life as a diplomat, not always in a beneficial way. However, today Consul Sugihara is considered a hero and is commemorated in many ways, both in his native Japan and in Lithuania.
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Balkus, Mindaugas. "The Cards of Internal Passports of the Population of Kaunas City of the 1920–1940s as a Source of Genealogy and Local History." Bibliotheca Lituana 6 (December 20, 2019): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/bibllita.2018.vi.4.

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This article analyzes the cards of internal passports issued in Kaunas city in 1920–1940 and the sociodemographic data of the population (nationality, confession, place of birth, work activity, etc.) provided in them. Their significance for the researches of genealogy and local history is discussed. It was found that in 1920–1940, 89 620 people received internal passports in Kaunas, including 58.76% Lithuanians, 30.27% Jews, 3.16% Poles, 3.12% Germans, 2.74% Russians, 0.33% Belarusians; 59.13% of the persons who received internal passports in Kaunas were Catholics, 28.9% – Jews, 5.44% – Evangelical Lutherans and Evangelical Reformats, 3.14% – Orthodox, 0.96% – Old Believers. These results are in many cases close to the data of the 1923 general census of the Lithuanian population; 35.22% of the residents of Kaunas were born in this city, 11.4% – in Kaunas County, 6.86% – in then-Soviet Union’s territory, while the rest – in the different regions of Lithuania and abroad. According to the character of the working activity (occupation), Lithuanians were significantly dominant among the officials (90.94%), being farmers (88.05%), servants (82.84%), or workers (75.85%), while Jews were predominant among traders (83.2%).
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Glăvan, Oana–Raluca, and Lucia Andrievschi- Bartkiene. "Multiculturalism versus Nationalism and the role of ethnic minorities in the public life of Lithuania." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2012): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v4i2_5.

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Lithuania became a European Union member in 2004 and it is intensively preparing nowadays to take over the EU’s presidency in the second half of 2013. As today EU’s agenda is oriented with priority to tackle the economic crisis, the survival of EURO zone and euro-scepticism, Lithuania’s foreign policy is focused, among others, on further development of the area of freedom and security, promoting further enlargement and development of relations with Eastern countries. In this respect, Lithuania is keen to share its integration experience with candidate and potentially candidate countries and to make the further enlargement of the E. U. in the Western Balkans countries a successful story similar to the 2004 enlargement campaign, with Croatia joining the EU on 1st of July 2013 during Lithuanian presidency and planning to have an impact on the finalization of negotiations with other candidate countries. Since joining the EU, Lithuania has experienced difficulties arising from its role as a destination, source and transit country for legal and irregular international migration. As Lithuania is one of the Member States that have external borders with non-candidate countries (Byelorussia and Russia – Kaliningrad oblast), it is as well concerned about security issues, migration and integration of minorities in the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy. Minorities account for 16% of the population of Lithuania, out of which Poles-6.1 %, Russians and Byelorussians-6% and Ukrainians-0.6 %. Other minorities such as Jews, Germans, Tartars, Latvians, Roma, Armenians etc. account together for 0.7 % of the total population. Lithuanians generally have a positive relationship with their national minorities and the integration of former may be regarded as somewhat advanced, but discrimination cannot be excluded, especially on the labour market. The juridical situation of these minorities and the issues concerning them is the focus of this article.
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Meilus, Elmantas. "The Jews of Lithuania During the Muscovite Occupation (1655–1660)." Lithuanian Historical Studies 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2009): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01401005.

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This article deals with the situation of the Jews in 1654 at the beginning of the Muscovite invasion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is maintained that that was the main reason to the disasters that befell the Jewry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The extant sources (mainly relating to Vilnius) show that in the occupied western lands of the GDL the attitude of the Russian authorities towards the Jews was more relaxed than in the eastern lands inhabited by the Orthodox. Seeking to win the favour of the population of the occupied territory, the Russians tried the Jews and the Christians by the same laws at least in areas where their jurisdiction was introduced. That could mean that Muscovy had no definite programme concerning the Jews at least in the western part of the GDL, inhabited mainly by the Catholics. Meanwhile, the Jews, despite the hostile attitude of the local population – that was attested by the plea of Vilnius authorities to the tsar to evict the Jews from the city – managed to find a way of coexistence both with the locals and the authorities of the occupiers. The sources show that even after the tsar’s indication to remove the Jews they continued to reside in the city.
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Richter, Klaus. "Kišinev or Linkuva? Rumors and threats against Jews in Lithuania in 1903." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 3, no. 1 (August 15, 2011): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v3i1_6.

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Over Easter 1903, a large-scale anti-Jewish riot in Kišinev, capital of the Russian governorate of Bessarabia, left dozens of Jews dead and hundreds injured, thus leading to a massive wave of emigration. A product of social discontent and anti-Semitic agitation, the riots of Kišinev became notoriously famous as the onset of a wave of pogroms of hitherto unprecedented brutality, which only subsided after the end of the Russian Revolution of 1905/06. This article analyzes the incidents by emphasizing cultural transfers between Kišinev and Lithuania, using the histoire croisée approach in order to provide for the different ethnic, social and political backgrounds and motivations of the actors. It also compares the disturbances in the rural north of Lithuania and in the Bessarabian industrial city of Kišinev in order to contextualize anti-Jewish violence in Lithuania on the larger scale of the Russian pogroms. When Lithuanian Jews were sometimes threatened to be killed “as in Kišinev” and at other times to be treated “as in Linkuva”, the significance of analyzing cultural transfer while keeping the regional context in mind becomes apparent.
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Feldman, Dmitry. "«…Let them be under Our Majesty highest rule»: Documents on Taking the Oath and Entry into the Russian Citizenship of Grodno Jews in 1656." Judaic-Slavic Journal, no. 1 (2) (2019): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3364.2019.1.4.1.

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The article is based on the documents of the Razryadny Department (Razryadny prikaz) from the Russian State Archives of Ancient Acts dealing with the problem of taking the oath to Tsar and Grand Duke Alexey Mikhailovich and entry into the Russian citizenship of Grodno Jews (the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) during the Russian-Polish War 1654–1667.As the documents demonstrate,taking the oath to the Russian monarch by Lithuanian Jews and, accordingly, their entry into the Russian citizenship did not involve their conversion to Christianity.
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Vaičiūnas, Gintaras. "Sovietų Sąjungos penktoji kolona Anykščių krašte tarpukario Lietuvoje." Genocidas ir rezistencija 2, no. 52 (January 23, 2023): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.61903/gr.2022.203.

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The communist underground movement which emerged in the provinces of Lithuania during the years of independence used to be involved in anti-state subversive activities in favour of the foreign state, the USSR, already before the occupation, thus laying down the foundations of a collaborative system. The Lithuanian Communist Party was a strictly centralised organisation consisting of LCP groups, districts, regions, and units which were governed by the Central Committee of the LCP through instructors appointed by this institution of the LCP. In Anykščiai and in the adjacent Kavarskas parish the first communist groups were created by members of the Communist Party of the whole of Russia (VKP (b)); Edvardas Makštys, former secretary of the revolutionary committee of the Švenčionys district, a teacher, and Alfonsas Karosas, former commissar of the RA division and a pharmacist. The communist underground movement founded by the Lithuanian bolsheviks was expanding, and new underground communist groups started to appear both in the parish centres of Anykščiai and Kavarskas and in the villages of these parishes. Communists from Anykščiai and Kavarskas were active in cooperation, and for some time they belonged to the same LCP Anykščiai volost. The communist movement in the LCP Anykščiai-Kavarskas volost (from 1934 onwards) was small and very scarce archival data suggest that during the years of independence in Anykščiai there were only three Lithuanian and one Russian communist, all the others were Jews. In Kavarskas, only Jews were members of communist organisations. The situation in Anykščiai and Kavarskas was quite the opposite: members of Communist and Komsomol groups operating in the villages of Anykščiai and Kavarskas volosts were exclusively Lithuanians, as there were almost no Jews living in rural areas. In terms of the total number of members and supporters of communist organisations in Anykščiai (in the towns and villages) during the years of independence, the number of communists, members of the Komsomol and the international organisation for the support of the revolutionary struggle (in Russian – MOPR) was fewer than 80 persons, which was less than 1 per cent (0.58) of the population in the volost (in September 1939, a total population of the volost was 13,741 person). All in all, in 1940 there were 18 communists and about 30 members of the Komsomol and the MOPR in Anykščiai volost, and the same number (about 30) of their supporters (mostly acting as sureties for the detained communists). In 1936, 37 members of communist organisations lived in Anykščiai (some of them were serving prison sentences at the time), 33 of whom were Jews, which constituted 2.34 per cent of the Jewish community in Anykščiai (according to the data from September 1939, there were 1,405 Jews living in Anykščiai). The Lithuanian security police successfully controlled the activities of the communists, and the latter did not constitute a major source of concern for the state. Due to the low number of communists and the hostility of the majority of the population towards them, they had no means and no way of changing the government, either by election (the LCP was banned in Lithuania) or by force. The situation changed radically after the occupation of Lithuania by the Soviet Russia, when the former fifth column – members of communist organisations and their supporters, together with the representatives of the occupiers, took over almost all the most important government posts and workplaces, and set about destroying everything connected with the independent state of Lithuania and its autonomy.
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Jazavita, S. "ILLUSION AND REALITY OF STATEHOOD: THE SEARCH FOR PARALLELS BETWEEN THE LITHUANIAN ACTIVIST FRONT AND THE ORGANISATION OF UKRAINIAN NATIONALISTST." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 132 (2017): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2017.132.1.16.

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he present article analyses the relationship between the Lithuanian Activist Front and the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and their activity parallels in order to reach the Lithuanian and the Ukrainian independence in 1941. The research focuses on the attempts of the OUN and the LAF leaders to project the future Lithuanian and Ukrainian states in the 'New Europe' headed by Germany. Reaching for counterbalance against the USSR and the Communist ideology, the LAF and the OUN organizations aimed at taking into consideration the military and political power of Germany, while Škirpa, the leader of the LAF, coordinated his activities with the OUN leaders, Stetsko, Yaryi, and Bandera. Fanatical chiefs of the Third Reich manipulated with the Lithuanians and Ukrainians' feelings of revenge against the Bolsheviks and the will to feel Europeans; however, they involved a part of Lithuanians and Ukrainians to the massacre of Jews rather than allowed to contribute to Wehrmacht fight against the USSR. Important lesson here that Lithuania and Ukraine did not obtain any independence but just became a part of the Third Reich, which controlled the so called 'New Europe' at the time.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Jews, lithuania"

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Pilnik, Shay A. "A literary movement for the vanished world of Lithuanian Jewry : the work of the Yiddish writer Chaim Grade." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98573.

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This thesis offers new perspectives on the Yiddish poet and novelist Chaim Grade, examining his reflections on the world of historic Lithuanian Jewry from the outset of his career through his post-Holocaust novels. Chapter one explores the gap between the historical reality of interwar Vilna and its literary representation in his novel Di agune and questions the widely accepted view of this work as a credible historical source.
Chapter two deals with Grade's depiction of his experience as a student in a Novaredok Musar yeshiva, contrasting the depiction of this yeshiva in the poem Musernikes (1938) and the novel Tsemakh atlas (1967). The writer's shift from a fierce condemnation of the Novaredok Yeshiva to a more moderate and affectionate view as a post-Holocaust writer is explained as the older Grade's attempt to reconcile his art and identity as a modern Jew with the religious world he had forsaken.
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Puišytė, Rūta. "Holocaust in Jurbarkas the mass extermination of Jews of Jurbarkas in the provinces of Lithuania during the German Nazi occupation." [S.l.] Alpert, 1998. http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/yurburg/bathesis.html.

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Books on the topic "Jews, lithuania"

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Ran, Leyzer. Vilna, Jerusalem of Lithuania. Oxford: Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies, 1987.

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A, Juodokas, Šiušaitė Zuzana, and Trumpienė Angelina, eds. Lithuania. [Lithuania]: Lituanus Publishers, 1994.

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Gustaitis, Rolandas. Jews of the Kaisiadorys region of Lithuania. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2010.

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Alperavičius, Simonas. Jewish community of Lithuania. 2nd ed. Vilnius: Jewish Community of Lithuania, 2001.

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MacQueen, Michael. Lithuania and the Jews: The Holocaust chapter : symposium presentations. Washington, D.C: Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2005.

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Voren, Robert van. Undigested past: The Holocaust in Lithuania. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2011.

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Sklarew, Myra. The witness trees: Lithuania. New York: Cornwall Books, 2000.

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Greenbaum, Masha. The Jews of Lithuania: A history of a remarkable community, 1316-1945. Jerusalem: Gefen, 1995.

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Agranovskiĭ, G. Oni zdesʹ zhili...: Zametki o evreĭskom nasledii Vilʹni︠u︡sa. Vilnius: Versus Aureus, 2014.

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Latvytė-Gustaitienė, Neringa. Educating for life ORT in Lithuania. Vilnius: Vilna Gaon Jewish Museum, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Jews, lithuania"

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Polonsky, Antony. "Jews in Lithuania between the Two World Wars." In Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History, 253–73. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0008.

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This chapter addresses the position of Jews in Lithuania between the two world wars. Although the history of inter-war Lithuania reveals many political failures, it is clear that, even during the authoritarian period, civil society continued to develop. Illiteracy was largely eradicated and impressive advances were made in social and intellectual life. In addition, land reform created a prosperous farming community whose products made up the bulk of the country's exports. The first years of Lithuanian independence were marked by a far-reaching experiment in Jewish autonomy. The experiment attracted wide attention across the Jewish world and was taken as a model by some Jewish politicians in Poland. Jewish autonomy also seemed to be in the interests of Lithuanians. The bulk of the Lithuanian lands remained largely agricultural until the First World War. Relations between Jews, who were the principal intermediaries between the town and manor and the countryside, and the mainly peasant Lithuanians took the form of a hostile symbiosis. This relationship was largely peaceful, and anti-Jewish violence was rare, although, as elsewhere, the relationship was marked by mutual contempt.
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"Concluding Remarks: Jews in Lithuania or Lithuanian Jews?" In The History of Jews in Lithuania, 470–76. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/9783657705757_032.

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Goldstein, Jonathan. "Lithuania Honours a Holocaust Rescuer." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 14, 249–56. Liverpool University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774693.003.0016.

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This chapter discusses Jan Zwartendijk (1896–1976). Zwartendijk was a Dutch businessman and a non-Jew who helped thousands of stranded Jews in the Lithuanian capital city of Kaunas in the summer of 1940. The Polish Jews who had fled to Lithuania precisely to escape Soviet rule felt especially vulnerable and desperate during the annexation process. By July, virtually all consulates in Kaunas were in the process of closing. Panic set in among the Jewish refugees. At this point, Jan Zwartendijk, voluntarily and at great personal risk, took on a role which quickly evolved into the rescue of Jews. The chapter explores his accomplishments and considers why Lithuania only chose to recognize him for his courage 59 years after the event.
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Stampfer, Shaul. "Introduction." In Lithuanian Yeshivas of the Nineteenth Century, 1–12. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774792.003.0002.

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This introductory chapter describes the unique aspects of the yeshivas of nineteenth-century Lithuania. These yeshivas represented a major attempt on the part of traditional Jewry to cope with the challenges of modernity. The Jews of nineteenth-century Lithuania thus defined had several distinguishing characteristics. In religious terms, most were traditional, in the sense that they had withstood the innovations of hasidism; in fact, the strength of the opposition to that movement in Lithuania was such that they came collectively to be known as mitnagedim (opponents) — that is, opponents of hasidism. Economically, they were mostly poorer than Jews in other major areas of Jewish settlement, such as Poland or Bukovina, and lived in more crowded conditions. Until 1764, they benefited from self-government under the Va'ad Medinat Lita (Council of the Land of Lithuania). By the beginning of the eighteenth century this body had ceased to function, but the distinction between the Jews of Lithuania and those of the neighbouring regions continued to exist — not least because the Lithuanian Jews spoke a distinctive dialect of Yiddish. These and other factors ensured that they continued to maintain a separate identity among the Jews of eastern Europe until the First World War.
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Polonsky, Antony. "The Polish–Lithuanian Background." In Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History, 3–39. Liverpool University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0002.

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This chapter discusses the emergence and rapid expansion of the Jewish community of Poland–Lithuania. By the middle of the seventeenth century, the Jewish community of Poland–Lithuania was the largest in the world, the result of the establishment of a new geography of the Jewish world that had started at the end of the thirteenth century. This was primarily a consequence of the worsening situation of the Jews in the countries of western and central Europe. At the same time, new opportunities opened up for Jews in the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The situation of Jews in pre-modern Poland–Lithuania had a paradoxical character. On the one hand, they were the representatives of a despised minority whose religious beliefs were regarded not only as false, but as harmful to the society around them. On the other hand, they occupied a position in Polish–Lithuanian society that was recognized by law and that gave them a certain amount of economic leverage and security.
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Brinkmann, Tobias. "Early Jewish Migration from Lithuania." In Between Borders, 12–30. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197655658.003.0002.

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Abstract In 1868–1869, in the wake of a hunger crisis, hundreds of Lithuanian Jews crossed Russia’s western border seeking help from small Jewish communities in East Prussia. Overwhelmed by claims for support, Prussian Jews turned to a newly founded Jewish aid association, the Paris-based Alliance Israélite Universelle. The 1868–1869 crisis marks a turning point: for the first time Jewish community leaders in Central and Western Europe realized that Jewish migration would become a major challenge because the Russian Empire offered no viable economic prospects for a strongly growing population. A key question was where Russian Jews could settle. The memoir of a young Lithuanian Jew who left his home village in 1875 for East Prussia illustrates the wide gulf separating perceptions of established Jews in the West from the actual expectations of Jews on the move.
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Rosman, Moshe. "Jewish Perceptions of Persecution and Powerlessness in the Commonwealth." In Categorically Jewish, Distinctly Polish, 129–39. Liverpool University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764852.003.0007.

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This chapter explores Jewish security in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In assessing the likelihood that the Polish kings might have driven the Jews out of Poland–Lithuania in the seventeenth century, Israel Halpern concluded that, despite factors favouring expulsion, the Jews had been safe. Their wealth, economic role, and political influence secured their position. This theme has been taken up over the last two generations by historians living in North America, Israel, and Europe. Writers intimately familiar with the strength and achievements of Jewish communities in pluralist societies have tended to emphasise the fundamental security and the real economic and political power that the Jews possessed in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Teller, Adam. "The Second Wave of Wars." In Rescue the Surviving Souls, 62–75. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161747.003.0005.

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This chapter investigates how the events of the second round of wars caused further waves of Jewish refugees, this time not just within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth but across Europe and Asia. On one level, it could be said that Poland–Lithuania successfully weathered the storm that began with Khmelnytsky in 1648 and ended in the Peace of Andrusów some nineteen years later. However, the price it had paid for the years of war was incredibly high, so getting the country back on its feet was a very complex operation. Poland–Lithuania's Jews, too, had suffered huge losses during the wars, not the least of which was the number of Jews who had been uprooted from their homes and forced to start new lives elsewhere, often in difficult—not to say traumatic—conditions. Beyond that, many of the refugees displaced by this second wave of wars left the Commonwealth never to come back. The chapter then details the experience of these people. It looks first at the refugees in the parts of Lithuania under Russian occupation, then at those in the westerly regions where the Swedish and Polish armies fought it out in the second half of the 1650s.
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"Government Policy Towards the Jews." In The History of Jews in Lithuania, 259–84. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/9783657705757_017.

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"Jews in Soviet Lithuania 1940–1941." In The History of Jews in Lithuania, 383–94. Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/9783657705757_027.

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