Journal articles: 'Jews, russia (federation)'

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Chan, Paula. "Documents Accuse: The Post-Soviet Memory Politics of Genocide." Journal of Illiberalism Studies 1, no. 2 (2021): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53483/vdiu3631.

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Since the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the Holocaust and other charges of genocide have emerged as flashpoints in memory wars between the Russian Federation and the Baltic states. This article examines the Russian government’s revival of the longstanding Soviet practice of publishing archival documents focused on Baltic participation in Nazi atrocities against Jews and other victims. It argues that state officials and historians in Russia and the Baltic countries continue to shape their usable pasts in response to one another. The Russian focus on Baltic collaboration with Hitler’s regime has fueled defensive rhetoric in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania that has diminished and denied the role that local perpetrators played in the wartime persecution of Jews. Russia, in turn, has reacted to charges of a Nazi-Stalinist “Double Genocide” in the Baltic region by launching a campaign for international recognition of genocide against the “Soviet people”—Soviet Jews among them. To date, Western political scientists and policymakers have focused on Russia as propagating illiberal movement through disinformation. This study demonstrates how the publication of wartime archival documents contributes to illiberal memory politics both at home and among Russia’s detractors in the Baltic region.

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Nagornova, Elena Semenovna. "National Autonomies of the Peoples of Central Asia in the Volga Region: The History of Creation and Problems of Development." Ethnic Culture 4, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-102803.

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For centuries, many peoples have lived in the Volga region, preserving their cultural traditions and languages. The ten numerous peoples of the region are Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Mordovians, Maris, Ukrainians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Azerbaijanis. Ethnic diversity is continued by the Udmurts, Kalmyks, Komi-Permyaks, Jews, Germans, Tajiks, Uzbeks, etc. The purpose of the article is to systematize the history of the formation of public associations of Tajiks, Uzbeks and Kazakhs in the Volga region. Materials from the media were used as sources: federal laws of the Russian Federation on autonomies, information from the official websites of organizations and scientific research on the relationship of peoples. Based on the method of document analysis, it was revealed that in a multinational region, the formation of the unity of peoples is a fundamental task of the authorities. At the same time, it must be admitted that this process is rather complicated and requires the joint efforts of the state and society. To achieve this goal, the state develops legal documents and targeted programs that contribute to the formation of the principles of mutual respect and harmony in society. For example, «Strategy of the state national policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025», «National security strategy of the Russian Federation (2021). It is concluded that it is necessary to continue the work on the development of public associations in order to further strengthen the national unity of Russia, in particular the Volga region. At present, when society often opposes «us» and «them», such organizations are vital.

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Nazarova, Evgenia. "Terminological Situation with the Name of the Language of the Mountain Jews." Judaic-Slavic Journal, no. 2 (4) (2020): 60–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3364.2020.2.06.

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The article analyzes the difficult terminological situation with the name of the language of the Mountain Jews. In the article, the author gives different versions of the names of the language, existing in parallel, but in different areas. On the one hand, this is the ethnic name of the language - Juhuri, which is associated with the ethnonym Juhurho and is used by its speakers, the Mountain Jews, in their intra-ethnic communication. On the other hand, there is a second name of the same language – the Tat lan- guage and its modifications like Jewish-Tatian language (Judeo-Tat) etc. This name is currently used in scientific literature, in the state administrative “Nomenclature of the Languages of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”, in the name of such phenomena of the verbal culture of the Mountain-Jewish people as literature and theater. The author states that the presence of two or more disparate and in no way related names of one language brings confusion into the self-identification of Mountain Jews, complicates the study of its ethnogenesis, interferes with the normal statistical records of native speakers and creates many other difficulties. And because of it the author calls for unifying the name of the language of the Mountain Jews at the legislative level. Such unification will help in rejecting the use wrong term “The Tat language”, which is currently used as official one, and which is treated as erroneous and unacceptable by the Mountain Jews themself. Instead of that name, the author proposes to introduce into the administrative nomenclature the ethnic name of the language of the Mountain Jews Juhuri, thereby giving it an official status. As a result of such a replacement, the language of Mountain Jews will get their own relevant official name, which until now their language did not have for a number of specific historical reasons mentioned in the article. And this, the author believes, will fundamentally change the difficult long-term terminological situation with the name of the native language of the Mountain Jews for the better and bring it into a natural and harmonious state, similar to how it is noted in the vast majority of the peoples of Russia and the world: one people of Juhurho - one correlation it is the name of the native language of Juhuri.

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Lisitsyna, T., Z. Alekberova, G. Davidova, T. Reshetnyak, and E. Nasonov. "AB1286 BEHCET’S DISEASE IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION: ETHNICITY RELATED CLINICAL FEATURES." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 1750.2–1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.1737.

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Backgroundclinical manifestations of Behcet’s Disease (BD) determine the prognosis and differ in patients of different ethnicity.Objectivesto describe the ethnicity related clinical features of Russian Federation’s cohort of BD patient’s.MethodsThis single center cohort study was carried out at the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia from 1990 to 2021. 560 of BD patients (351 men (62,7%) and 209 (37,3%) women) were consecutively enrolled in the study. All the patients met the ICBD criteria (2014). The activity of the disease was determined using a Behcet’s Disease Current Activity Form (BDCAF). Clinical features of the BD were compared according to the patient’s ethnicities.ResultsThe majority of patients were natives of the North and South Caucasus (370 (66,0%)) and ethnic Russians (121 (21,6%)), 48 (8,57%) - natives of Central Asia, 12 (2,14%) – Ukrainians/ Moldovans, 6 (1,07%) – Yakuts/ Evenks and 3 (0,53%) - Jews. Mean age of Caucasus and Russians patients did not differ; the Russian were significantly older than Central Asia patients. Patients of different ethnicities did not differ in the BDCAF score. The most frequent clinical manifestations were oral aphthosis and skin involvements for all groups. Joints involvement occurred with a similar frequency in all groups. Genital ulcers were significantly more common in Russians and Caucasus compared to Central Asia patients. Ocular and vascular involvement was more typical for the Central Asia and the Caucasus natives. Gastrointestinal and neurological manifestations were more common for Russians. HLA-B51 positivity was less frequent in the Russians (Table 1).Table 1.BD manifestations in the Russian Federation depending on ethnicityCharacteristics,North and South Caucasus, n=370Russians, n=121Central Asia, n=48pМ±SD; n (%)123Mean age, yrs32,7±9,7434,5±11,029,9±9,15P2-3=0,012Mean age at disease onset, yrs22,5±9,7422,8±11,518,5±8,98p1-3=0,011p2-3=0,027BDCAF, point7,27±2,346,90±1,856,93±1,98n/sOral aphthosis360 (97,3%)117 (96,7%)46 (95,8%)n/sGenital ulcers263 (71,0%)88 (72,7%)26 (54,2%)Р1-3=0,015; Р2-3=0,017Skin involvement324 (87,6%)101 (83,5%)40 (83,3%)n/sPositive99 (26,7%)45 (37,2%)16 (33,3%)p1-2=0,020pathergy testOcular involvement232 (62,7%)58 (47,9%)34 (70,8%)p1-2=0,003, p2-3=0,005Gastrointestinal involvement59 (15,9%)33 (27,3%)7 (14,6%)p1-2=0,005Neurological involvement44 (11,9%)21 (17,3%)3 (6,3%)Р2-3=0,046Vascular involvement72 (19,5%)18 (14,8%)10 (20,8%)n/sJoints involvement246 (66,5%)83 (68,6%)27 (56,2%)n/sHLA-B5(51) positivity179 from 251 (71,3%)28 from 79 (35,4%)20 from 36 (55,5%)P1-2<0,001,P1-3=0,044, P2-3=0,034ConclusionBehcet’s disease is most often detected in natives of the North and South Caucasus, Russians and natives of Central Asia in the Russian Federation’s cohort. Differences in the frequency of various clinical manifestations depending on the ethnicity of patients were revealed.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

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Shapovalov, Mikhail S. "Zionist Eliyahu Munchik and His Letter on Jewish Emigration to Palestine (1917)." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2023): 447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-2-447-457.

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The article considers historical sources—a letter from Zionist E. Munchik addressed to P.N. Milyukov written on March 30, 1917 regarding emigration of Jews to Palestine and his memorandum on Russia's policy in the Middle East. The article provides a meaningful analysis of these documents. Documents are being introduced into scientific use for the first time. The article is to characterize and publish documentary sources found in the archival fond of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia P.N. Milyukov (March-May 1917) in the State Archives of the Russian Federation, devoted to the issue of Jewish emigration to Palestine. The correctness of hypotheses about special role of microhistorical plots in objective assessment of key historical events has been verified using traditional methods of historical science: comparative-historical, chronological, problem-chronological, retrospective, and perspective. The biographical approach has helped to recreate the biography of the documents’ author and context of their creation, taking into account notions existing in Russian and foreign historiography. The letter and memorandum of Zionist E. Munchik have made it possible to clarify and correct the existing ideas on the role of Russia in solving the Jewish question and creating a Jewish home in Palestine in 1917. The document is of interest as it assesses all main directions of Russian policy in the Middle East through the prism of the Zionist movement interests: the question of the straits, the status of the Holy places of Jerusalem. A separate place in Munchik's memorandum is given to the Caspian project—creation of a water canal from the Caspian to the Red Sea. In his letter to Milyukov, Munchik argued supporting the Zionist movement drawing on stereotypes of Jewish capital and powerful trade influence that Russia could use, which were widespread among the population and elite. The article concludes that E. Munchik did not invite Russia to Palestine or offer the Provisional Government to use Zionists to strengthen its influence in the Holy Land. On the contrary, Munchik offered to trade Russian assistance in Jewish emigration to Palestine for support for any other project of Russian interest at an international conference. The published archival source will be of interest to both Russian and foreign scholars specializing in the history of Zionism and Jewish national movement. It represents another important element of the puzzle of the Russian view of Palestine in the system of international relations at the turn of the 20th century.

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Yashin, V. B. "STATE OF THE SPHERE OF INTERFAITH RELATIONS IN OMSK (BASED ON THE RESULTS OF SOCIOLOGICAL MONITORING)." KAZAN SOCIALLY-HUMANITARIAN BULLETIN 11, no. 6 (December 2020): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24153/2079-5912-2020-11-6-117-121.

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The strengthening of the role of religion in post-Soviet Russian society, the growing dynamism and instability of processes in the religious sphere led to the inclusion of the religious situation in the range of priority areas of modern religious studies. Of particular relevance is the systematic study of the dynamics of the religious situation in large cities, which are characterized by a complex multi-confessional composition of the population and an accelerated pace of social life. These include the West Siberian city. Omsk: from the very beginning of its history (XVIII century), representatives of different faiths – Orthodox, Muslims, Lutherans, Catholics, Jews, etc. - lived together in it. In the post-Soviet period, there was an increase in the heterogeneity of the composi- tion of citizens on religious grounds. As a result, according to official data From the Department of the Ministry of justice of the Russian Federation for the Omsk region, as of January 2020, only 110 registered religious organizations (excluding religious groups) operate in Omsk, representing 23 confessional areas. Under these conditions, both the scientific and practical significance of monitoring the ethnoconfessional situation in Omsk, which is carried out on an institutional basis, is obvious – in particular, it is provided for in the Plan of main measures to ensure interaction with national-cultural and religious associations operating on the territory of Omsk for 2018 – 2020, approved by the decree of the Omsk city Administration of December 29, 2017. No. 1426-p. The article analyzes the main results of a sociological study conducted as part of the monitoring of the ethnoconfessional situation in Omsk in 2020, commissioned by the city Administration by the Center for humanitarian, socio – economic and political research-2 (GEPICenter-2). It is concluded that at present, traditional positive stability and harmony are preserved in the sphere of inter-confessional relations in Omsk. At the same time, attention is drawn to the growing negative attitude in the public opinion of Omsk residents towards new religious movements and non-traditional confessions in Russia.

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Vladimirsky, Irena, and Mariia V. Krotova. ""Pious Jew" Yakov Frizer and the Status of Jews in Siberia in the Early 20th Century." RUDN Journal of Russian History 19, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 824–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-4-824-837.

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The present article analyses some documents concerning the legal and social status of Yakov D. Frizer (1869-1932), who was a Jew, a resident of Irkutsk, a merchant of the First Guild and one of the biggest gold miners of East Siberia. The story of his life in East Siberia describes religious tolerance along with manifestations of nationalism and antisemitism. On the threshold of the 20th century, Siberia was a colorful mosaic of numerous religious groups and confessions existing in the Russian Empire. Jewish communities of Siberia were characterized by openness and heterogeneity. In contras-distinction to the Jews from the Pale of Settlement, Jews of Siberia were successfully integrated into Siberian society. Being a son of a criminal exile, Yakov Frizer in a course of time became one of the biggest Siberian entrepreneurs. Diaries from Frizers private archive sometimes pointed out to the cases of religious and ethnic disaffection, thereby demonstrating the complexity and versatility of interfaith relations in East Siberia. Using the definition of Pierre Bourdieu, several generations of Siberian Jews succeeded to build a symbolic capital that became a part of their social status, ensured their social respect, and business connections built on mutual trust, making Jews as useful society members. East Siberia in general was tolerant to questions of religious faith. The so-called Jewish question in East Siberia did not have the same sharpness as it had in Western provinces of the Russian Empire. The Jewish question in Siberia was rather an echo of anti-Semitic stereotypes that traditionally have deep roots in the Russian society, and common people consciousness. The article is based on unpublished sources and diaries from Frizers private archive, as well as on archival sources from the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Russian Federation.

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Kharlamova, Anastasia, and Alexander Novik. "Jews in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation." Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore 80 (December 2020): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/fejf2020.80.kharlamova_novik.

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The aim of this essay is to present a comprehensive review of the collective monograph Evrei (The Jews), published in 2018 in the series Narody i kul’tury (Peoples and Culture). The authors give an overview of the modern developments in Jewish studies to acquaint the reader with the background of the reviewed monograph. Every chapter of the monograph is analyzed in detail, taking into account the most recently gathered ethnographic materials, such as the data recorded by Alexander Novik in Priazovye and Crimea in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and the newest publications on the subject, such as a paper by Evgeniya Khazdan on Jewish traditional culture, published in 2018.

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Shlapentokh, Vladimir. "Putin as a flexible politician. Does he imitate Stalin?" Communist and Post-Communist Studies 41, no. 2 (April 24, 2008): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2008.03.003.

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The article is about Putin's ‘Jewish anomaly’. Against all expectations, Putin during his tenure as president of the Russian Federation showed in various ways his concern about the life of Jews in his country.

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Samosiuk, I., V. Orzheshkovsky, W. Zukow, and A. Sikorska. "To the history of hydrothermotherapy: pages of history." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 1, no. 1 (March 3, 2011): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2011.01.01.001.

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In 1921 in London, was created by the International Society of Medical Hydrology, which included scientificsocieties of scientists from over 40 countries, in 1928 they were joined by scientists of the Soviet Union. In 1937 wasorganized by the International Federation of the health resort, which in 1947, renamed the "International Federation ofHydrotherapy and Climatology (FITEC). In 1999, Congress in Yalta, it was called "The World Federation ofHydrotherapy and Climatotherapy (FEMTEC). FEMTEC is the most representative association of Spa and healthorganizations in the world. FEMTEC composed of national Spa and health resorts associations and federations, as wellas central state organizations dealing with Spa problems from many countries and continents. FEMTEC functions underthe aegis of the World Health Organization and submits every three years report on its activities. The principal functionsof the Federation are following: representing world thermalism matters and promote them internationally before statesand public organization; international business-like co-operation in health resorts' sector; study, research and experienceexchanges in the sphere of Spa treatments; popularization of Spa and health resorts of the FEMTEC member-countriesin different countries of the world. With a view of organizing fruitful activities of FEMTEC there function 4 permanentcommissions: medical, economic, technical and social. FEMTEC members actively participate in international scientificsymposia, exhibitions, conferences; there are held annual General Assembly, Executive Board and ExecutiveCommittee meetings. Every year FEMTEC organizes Scientific Congress along with a competition of scientific works,marks of the best thermalists etc. The Federation maintains close contacts with European Spas Association (ESPA),World Tourism Organization (WTO) and other international organizations. The Board of FEMTEC includes thefollowing member: Prof. Nikolay Storozhenko - (Russia) President of FEMTEC from 1998, President National SpaAssociation D.M., Honored Physician (http://www.naturmed.unimi.it/femtec.html). In 1996 he joined the Federation ofRussia, which was timed to the International Congress "The resort medicine, science and practice", held in May 1996 inSt. Petersburg. In 1998 the Federation adopted the Ukrainian Association of Physiotherapists and health resort. One ofthe main problems is FEMTEC: cooperation of scientific institutions, exchange of information in the study oftechnological and scientific problems associated with water-and climate-through scientific committees, convening theannual congresses, conferences, symposia, seminars, publications, etc.

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Shlyapnikov, V. N. "Gender Differences in the State of Volitional Regulation among Various Ethnic Groups of the Russian Federation and the CIS." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 13, no. 2 (2020): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2020130210.

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The hypothesis about the relationship between masculinity of national culture and the severity of gender differences in the state of volitional regulation among its representatives is tested. Men and women were compared among representatives of masculine (Kabardin, Ossetian, Armenians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Tajiks) and feminine (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Komi, Mari, Koreans, Tuvans, Jews) ethnic groups. In total, 1453 people aged 18 to 30 years participated in the study. To diagnose the state of volitional regulation of the respondents, the following methods were used: “Action-control scale” by Yu. Kuhl, “Questionnaire for revealing the expression of self-control in the emotional sphere, activity and behavior”, self-appraisals of volitional qualities. It is shown that in masculine cultures, men and women significantly differ in terms of the “Action-control scale”, the severity of emotional, behavioral and social self-control, as well as self-assessments of volitional qualities, while in feminine cultures there are practically no differences. Men demonstrate qualities associated with the implementation of intentions in action, and women demonstrate qualities associated with the organization of their activities in accordance with the requirements of society.

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Filat, Vasile. "Stundists from Chisinau: Unknown Pages of History." Dialogica. Revistă de studii culturale și literatură, no. 3 (November 2023): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.59295/dia.2023.3.13.

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On the basis of documents from various archives of the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the press (documents) of the time, the author of the study examined the issue of the activity of Stundists in Chisinau. The first people who shared the evangelical faith were identified (Nikita Şarohovici, Ivan Solovei and others), cases of the spread of the Bible were exposed, Iosif Rabinovici’s activity at the “New Israel” house of prayer was briefly presented. The study demonstrated that not only Jews came to the divine services of the new Jewish community, but all those who wanted to hear and know the Word of God. The author of the article demonstrates the policy of the authorities towards the Stundists: they were monitored, convinced to renounce their faith and finally – exiled to peripheral regions of the Tsarist Empire.

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Leach, Colin Wayne, Anca Minescu, Edwin Poppe, and Louk Hagendoorn. "Generality and specificity in stereotypes of out-group power and benevolence: Views of Chechens and Jews in the Russian federation." European Journal of Social Psychology 38, no. 7 (December 2008): 1165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.577.

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Belyaev, Nikolay Dmitrievich, Vladimir Valintinovich Lebedev, Anastasy Valerjevna Mishina, Igor Sergeevich Nudner, Konstantin Konstantinovich Semenov, and Dmitry Igorevich Schemelinin. "Experimental Study of Tsunami-Type Waves Impact on Soil near Foundation of Offshore Gravitational-Type Platforms." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.306.

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The need to study the problem of seabed local scour near offshore platforms has arisen in Russian Federation in connection with the activation of oil and gas production from fields located in coastal areas of seas (in accordance with the Energy Strategy for the period up to 2030, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on November 13, 2009, No1715-p). Operation of offshore platforms is characterized by a number of features: shallow water areas; severe storm conditions; large transverse dimensions of structures that cause waves diffraction; the variety of used structure forms; the way of platform mounting on the seabed. During platform operation in the shallow waters, its basement soil is under an intense impact of sea waves, currents, as well as jets from engine of coming and berthing ships. The structure disturbs the natural wave flow. Near the platform, flow velocity increases, there are vortexes breakaway from platform corner edges. Scour holes appear and progress near platform foundation. Their location and measure depend on the parameters of external impacts, on the water depth, on the shape and dimensions of the foundation block.

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Ісіченко, Архиєпископ Ігор. "Hybrid war on stage of Kyiv Mohyla Academy (1736—1737)." Слово і Час, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2020.01.86-101.

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During the 1736/1737 academic year, Mytrofan Dovhalevskyi taught a course in poetics at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. According to the rules of the time, he prepared two school dramas, the texts of which survived — for Christmas and Easter. Five interludes were set for each drama. In the 3rd interlude to the Christmas drama and the 5th interlude to the Easter drama, the plot is based on the confrontation of Liakh (Pole) and Zhyd (Jew), oppressing Belarusian and Ukrainian peasants, with Cossack. Moskal (Moscovite) is a powerful ally of the Cossack. The propaganda sense of both interludes is revealed in the context of political conflicts of that era. During 1733—1735 Stanisław Leszczyński, a former ally of Hetman Ivan Mazepa, led the war for the royal throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Most Ukrainian lands were then part of the Commonwealth. The Russian empire introduced troops into the territory of the Commonwealth and put on the throne Stanisław Leszczyński’s rival August III. Ukrainian citizens of the Commonwealth were prompted by Russians to revolt against Polish authorities. The Haidamaky movement emerged which Russia promised to support. The Cossacks of Zaporizhzhia in 1734 betrayed Hetman Pylyp Orlyk and came under the jurisdiction of the Russian empress. The interludes to the Mytrofan Dovhalevskyi’s dramas form the ideological basis for Russian aggression and future division of the Commonwealth. They impose on the spectators the idea of oppressing Ukrainians and Belarusians by Poles, complementing it with anti-Semitic nuances. Cossacks are encouraged to engage in aggression, interpreted as a liberation mission. These trends, identified still in the Baroque literature, were used in 2014 by the Russian Federation for motivating its incursion into Ukraine. The modern terminology defines such trends with the concept of ‘hybrid war’.

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Klimuk, Vladimir. "Innovative tactics of industrial business in terms of economy digitalization: Case of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation." Economics, Management and Sustainability 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/jems.2019.4-1.6.

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Feletto, Eleonora, Evgeny V. Kovalevskiy, Sara J. Schonfeld, Monika Moissonnier, Ann Olsson, Sergey V. Kashanskiy, Evgenia Ostroumova, Igor V. Bukhtiyarov, Joachim Schüz, and Hans Kromhout. "Developing a company-specific job exposure matrix for the Asbest Chrysotile Cohort Study." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 79, no. 5 (October 8, 2021): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2021-107438.

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ObjectivesExposure assessment for retrospective industrial cohorts are often hampered by limited availability of historical measurements. This study describes the development of company-specific job-exposure matrices (JEMs) based on measurements collected over five decades for a cohort study of 35 837 workers (Asbest Chrysotile Cohort Study) in the Russian Federation to estimate their cumulative exposure to chrysotile containing dust and fibres.MethodsAlmost 100 000 recorded stationary dust measurements were available from 1951-2001 (factories) and 1964–2001 (mine). Linear mixed models were used to extrapolate for years where measurements were not available or missing. Fibre concentrations were estimated using conversion factors based on side-by-side comparisons. Dust and fibre JEMs were developed and exposures were allocated by linking them to individual workers’ detailed occupational histories.ResultsThe cohort covered a total of 515 355 employment-years from 1930 to 2010. Of these individuals, 15% worked in jobs not considered professionally exposed to chrysotile. The median cumulative dust exposure was 26 mg/m3 years for the entire cohort and 37.2 mg/m3 years for those professionally exposed. Median cumulative fibre exposure was 16.4 fibre/cm3 years for the entire cohort and 23.4 fibre/cm3 years for those professionally exposed. Cumulative exposure was highly dependent on birth cohort and gender. Of those professionally exposed, women had higher cumulative exposures than men as they were more often employed in factories with higher exposure concentrations rather than in the mine.ConclusionsUnique company-specific JEMs were derived using a rich measurement database that overlapped with most employment-years of cohort members and will enable estimation of quantitative exposure–response.

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Kromhout, Hans, Eleonora Feletto, Monika Moissonnier, Sara J. Schonfeld, Ann Olsson, Evgeny V. Kovalevskiy, Igor V. Bukhtiyarov, Sergey V. Kashanskiy, and Joachim Schüz. "O1C.5 Assessment and assignment of exposure to asbestos for an industrial cohort of chrysotile miners and processors." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A8.1—A8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.21.

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IntroductionHistorical dust concentrations are available for an occupational cohort study of workers active for 12 months or more between 1975 and 2010 in a chrysotile mine and processing factories in Asbest, Russian Federation. Their occupational histories were ascertained back to as early as the 1930s. A cohort specific job-exposure matrix (JEM) to estimate exposure to asbestos dust and fibre was elaborated.MethodsAlmost 1 00 000 recorded dust concentrations were used to develop an asbestos dust JEM and previously derived conversion factors were applied to estimate an asbestos fibre JEM. Where dust concentrations were not available, linear mixed models were used to impute missing data. Both JEMs were applied to the occupational histories of over 30 000 individual workers (over 35% female workers) based on job title and year worked.ResultsAssigned exposures varied over time with higher levels in the earlier years of activity. Approximately 97% of 2 00 000 person-years in the factories and 89% of 3 15 000 person-years in the mine had exposure assigned based on actual measurements. The median cumulative dust exposure for the exposed cohort was almost 50 mg/m3-years, with women slightly lower than men. The median cumulative fibre exposure for was 37 fibres/cm3-years for both men and women.Discussion and conclusionA key strength of this study is the availability of high-quality measurement data covering workers’ occupational histories. The dust and fibre JEMs enable estimation of annual profession-specific exposure levels that will form the basis of quantitative exposure estimates in the study and consequently quantitative exposure-response analyses.

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Fedorov, E. S., S. O. Salugina, A. N. Shapovalenko, E. Yu Zakharova, E. A. Kamenets, S. G. Radenska-Lopovok, I. P. Nikishina, and V. G. Matkava. "BLAU SYNDROME OR MONOGENOUS SARCOIDOSIS WITH EARLY ONSET: RUSSIAN COHORT OF PATIENTS." Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky 100, no. 5 (October 11, 2021): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.24110/0031-403x-2021-100-5-99-109.

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Blau syndrome (BS) is a rare monogenic granulomatous autoinflammatory disease (a variant of genetically determined sarcoidosis) caused by a mutation of the NOD2/CARD15 gene, transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner and manifested by a triad of signs: dermatitis, granulomatous arthritis with pronounced exudative component and involvement of periarticular tissues, uveitis. Objective of the study: to present the variants of the clinical picture and the type of pathogenic variants (mutations) in patients with a rare monogenic granulomatous autoinflammatory disease – BS – in the Russian Federation, the clinical picture of which can mimic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Materials and methods of research: the observational study included patients with BS who were observed in the children's department of the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology from 2014 to 2021, the diagnosis of which was confirmed by the detection of a pathogenic mutation in the NOD2/CARD15 gene. Results: the study included 8 children: 6 boys and 2 girls. Ethnic Russians were 5 patients, 1 Jew, 1 of mixed origin (peoples of Dagestan/Russians), 1 Tatar female. The age of onset of the disease is from the first days of life to 2,5 years. Skin lesions were observed in 6 (75%) patients. Atypical arthritis (boggy arthritis) was observed in all patients, in all cases the wrist, ankle and knee joints were involved in the pathological process. Uveitis developed after all other manifestations and was detected in 6 (75%) patients. At the onset, 5 patients had anterior uveitis, 2 of them with subsequent involvement of the posterior segment; in 1 child, the first ophthalmic manifestation was posterior uveitis. In 5 patients, there was no increase in acute phase markers (ESR, C-reactive protein). 5 (62,5%) patients had variant p.R334Q (c.1001G>A), 2 (25%) had variant p.R334W (c.1001G>A), 1 patient had variant p.M513T (c.1538T>C) of the NOD2/CARD15 gene. Conclusions: BS can be encountered in the practice of a pediatric rheumatologist in Russia and requires differentiation from polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Identification of the pathogenic variant of the NOD2/CARD15 gene plays a decisive role in the diagnosis.

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Bezgin, Vladimir B., and Kuzma A. Yakimov. "Socio-demographic portrait of political prisoners of the “revolutionary turning point” generation at the beginning of XX century." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2022): 1235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-4-1235-1247.

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Study is devoted to analysis of social and demographic features of generation of the revolutionary turning point, which took an active part in the events of all-Russian revolutionary movement at the beginning of XXth century. The actuality of work is determined by necessity of study image of the left radical part of young peoples borned in 1890s. The biggest part of domestic and foreign researchers studying the similar issues take their attention on representatives of some parties or national groups, while the study of revolutionary movement through the "generational" section is resting poorly explored. According to author`s viewpoint using of generational approach will give possibility possible to deeply penetrate into the studying era, to understand the internal world and reasons of radicalization of moods of revolutionary turning point generation, which is the purpose of this study. The main source for writing the article was the biographical directory of the All-Union Society of Political Prisoners and Exiles, composed from personal profiles. The biographical data of participants in revolutionary movement formed basis for creation database table which gave possibility to analyze their main sociographic features. In order of study motivations for joining revolutionary organizations and reasons for radicalization of moods of young peoples, were studied the memories and autobiographies of political prisoners, preserved in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). In context of specific aim of study the authors were guided in the same time by historical-comparative, retrospective, and quantitative methods. In result of analysis of the personalized electronic database, the authors made some conclusions. Firstly it was distincted the heterogeneous national composition of the revolutionaries in which largest share was represented by Jews. Secondly it was shown that largest part of studied group joined in revolutionary movement at the age of 15-17 and in this context it wasn`t surprising that the high point of their revolutionary activity felt on years of the first Russian revolution. Thirdly, the analysis of the structure of class origin indicates about predominance of people from the petty-bourgeois class, while the children from peasant families felt under the influence of revolutionary ideas, as a rule, already in the cities. The educative level of young revolutionaries was low, but their radicalism non-rarely served as reason for expulsion from educational institution. Big part of young people was spontaneously involved to revolutionary movement, thus expressing their dissatisfaction by existing regime.

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Kildibaeva, Svetlana R., Maxim V. Stolpovsky, and Elina E. Suyargulova. "ABOUT THE FEATURES OF SURROUNDING WATER INVOLVEMENT IN THE JET FOR THE PROBLEM ON MAN-MADE OIL SPILLS." Oil and Gas Business, no. 2 (May 19, 2023): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2023-2-19-35.

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Every year, the scale of oil development in the Russian Federation is growing. A third of the hydrocarbons produced are in the offshore zone. In Russia, offshore oil production takes place in the Okhotsk, Baltic, Caspian and Pechora Seas. Oil production in a pipeline is a technologically complex process, thereby increasing the relevance of creating safe processes for the production, transportation and processing of petroleum products.If safety precautions are neglected, annual diagnostic and repair work is ignored, factors may arise that provoke the occurrence of man-made accidents leading to natural disasters. The consequences of accidental oil spills lead to the destruction of flora and fauna in the environment. For the complete elimination of an oil spill, considerable economic, technological and time resources are required.An offshore oil spill results in the formation of submerged jets that spread hydrocarbons into the surrounding fluid. Predicting the behavior of this submerged jet, it is possible to accelerate the process of oil spill response.The paper considers the problem of formation of a damaged source of oil products. This source could be formed as a result of oil pipeline damage. According to the condition of the problem, this source is located at the bottom of the reservoir and has the following thermophysical characteristics: oil volume flow, temperature, density, etc. The problem considers the characteristics of the medium, which are characterized by a small depth of the oil pipeline, so the formation of hydrate is not taken into account.To solve the problem, the integral Lagrangian control volumes method (ILCVM) is used. According to this method, the submerged jet is considered as a sequence of cylindrical control volumes, which have their own characteristics, such as radius, height, density, liquid content ratio, temperature, velocity, etc. Depending on the movement of the control volume, the above parameters are recalculated. This submerged jet is also affected by the characteristics of the environment: liquid temperature, water salinity, and the presence of an undercurrent.As a result of using ILCVM, a mathematical model that contains the equations of conservation of momentum, mass and energy was built For the accuracy of the model, the parameter of the involvement of the surrounding fluid in the jet is considered in detail. Based on the mathematical model, calculations were carried out for various formats of water entrainment in the jet for cases of oil spills. Graphs were constructed to identify the dependencies of the thermophysical characteristics.

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Исаев, Р. З. "Cultural organizations of the mountain Jews of the USA and their activities (based on the materials of the diaspora newspaper “New Frontier”)." Historical bulletin 7, no. 3 (May 6, 2024): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.58224/2658-5685-2024-7-3-59-67.

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статья изучает процесс культурной институционализации диаспоры горских евреев США на примере общины Нью-Йорка. Важное место в статье занимает как образование этих организаций, институций, так и деятельность этих организаций по популяризации горско-еврейской, и в общем кавказской, культуры. Сюда входят разного рода мероприятия, праздники, фестивали, «Дни общины», которые активно поддерживаются и финансируются местными властями, в данном случае администрацией г. Нью-Йорк. Основным источником информации для статьи послужила периодическая печать диаспоры, а именно – русскоязычная газета «Новый рубеж», выпускаемая в Нью-Йорке. Эта газета служит своего рода «летописью» диаспоры горских евреев, где дается вся информация не только о культурной деятельности общины, но освещаются вообще все направления деятельности. Диаспора горских евреев США была создана и начала организовываться на основе двух больших волн эмиграции: первая волна эмиграции в 1970-е гг., вторая волна – 1990-2000-е гг. Община была создана из выходцев с территории Советского Союза, а после дезинтеграции СССР – в основном с территории Российской Федерации, в частности из Республики Дагестан, и Азербайджанской республики. Часто культурная институционализации диаспор горских евреев по всему миру бывает тесно связана с религиозной. Община всегда ставит своей первостепенной и важнейшей задачей открытие синагоги, и именно с нее начинается и культурная деятельность. За неимением финансовых и материальных возможностей, именно синагога изначально играет роль культурного центра. Впоследствии, при ней открывается первый культурный центр, и только с течением времени, путем дальнейшей консолидации людских и материальных ресурсов диаспоры, открываются и другие институты, и учреждения. Ключевые слова: дезинтеграция, диаспора, горские евреи, эмиграция, синагога the article studies the process of cultural institutionalization of the US Mountain Jews diaspora on the example of the New York Community. An important place in the article is occupied by the activities of these organizations to popularize the Mountain-Jewish, and in general Caucasian, culture. This includes various events, holidays, festivals, "Community Days", which are actively supported and funded by local authorities, in this case, the administration of New York City. The Diaspora of Mountain Jews in the United States was created and began to organize on the basis of two large waves of emigration: the first wave of emigration in the 1970s, the second wave in the 1990s-2000s. The community was created from immigrants from the territory of the Soviet Union, and after the disintegration of the USSR - mainly from the territory of the Russian Federation, in particular from the Republic of Dagestan, and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Often the cultural institutionalization of Mountain Jewish diasporas around the world is closely connected with the religious one. The community always sets as its paramount and most important task the opening of a synagogue, and it is from this that cultural activities begin. In the absence of financial and material resources, it was the synagogue that initially played the role of a cultural center. Subsequently, the first cultural center opens under it, and only with the passage of time, through further consolidation of the human and material resources of the diaspora, other institutions and institutions open.

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Vlasov, Konstantin Sergeevich. "Planning the activities of operational fire departments based on indicators of water consumption for extinguishing fires." Technology of technosphere safety, no. 101 (2023): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2023.3.101.114-126.

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Introduction. Throughout the entire time a person uses fire in everyday life and at work, water continues to be the main extinguishing agent. Because it is the most accessible and universal resource. At the current level of technological development, it is still impossible to completely replace water with another more effective and affordable means. At the same time, with the growth of the technological level in the social and industrial spheres, the complexity of fires increases, for extinguishing which means of the appropriate level, including water, are required. The tasks of the research are to develop a universal calculation method for determining the water consumption for extinguishing each fire separately according to information from the Federal Database on Fires registered in the Russian Federation. Methods. Big Data technologies based on the methods of mathematical statistics of the Panda and NumPy software modules of the high-level programming language Python 3 are applied. Scientific significance. The documents regulating the activities of fire and rescue units currently apply a universal approach that is uniform for everyone, regardless of socio-economic, climatic and other conditions of activity. Using the example of water consumption standards for external fire extinguishing, the article offers a scientific analysis of the prerequisites for the development of a differentiated approach, taking into account existing developments in regional studies, climatology and other scientific disciplines Results and discussion. The fire registration cards contain information that allows you to determine the types and number of devices for supplying fire extinguishing agents to the fire hearth (fire nozzles). The reference literature provides tactical characteristics of fire nozzles. In addition, the physico-chemical foundations of the development and extinguishing of fires are known, namely the effect of water jets on the fire zone. Previously published scientific articles provide a sufficient number of descriptions of methods for determining water consumption for extinguishing fires. Generalization of the accumulated experience allows us to derive a calculation formula for determining water consumption by fire and rescue units for extinguishing fires. Conclusions. The analysis of the results of the effectiveness of the functioning of the fire and rescue battalion and fire and rescue units can be carried out on the basis of calculation methods. As one of the main methods, it is proposed to use the calculation of the water consumption indicator for fire extinguishing. Keywords: water consumption; operational activities; time of employment; mobile fire and rescue equipment; fire extinguishing agent supply devices; fire nozzle.

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Tsygankov, Alexander S. "History of Philosophy. 2018, Vol. 23, No. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Theory and Methodology of History of Philosophy Rodion V. Savinov. Philosophy of Antiquity in Scholasticism This article examines the forms of understanding ancient philosophy in medieval and post-medieval scholasticism. Using the comparative method the author identifies the main approaches to the philosophical heritage of Antiquity, and to the problem of reviving the doctrines of the past. The Patristics (Epiphanius of Cyprus, Filastrius of Brixia, Lactantius, Augustine) saw the ancient cosmological doctrines as heresies. The early Middle Ages (e.g., Isidore of Seville) assimilated the content of these heresiographic treatises, which became the main source of information about ancient philosophy. Scholasticism of the 13th–14th cent. remained cautious to ancient philosophy and distinguished, on the one hand, the doctrinal content discussed in the framework of the exegetic problems at universities (Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, etc.), and, on the other hand, information on ancient philosophers integrated into chronological models of medieval chronicles (Peter Comestor, Vincent de Beauvais, Walter Burleigh). Finally, the post-medieval scholasticism (Pedro Fonseca, Conimbricenses, Th. Stanley, and others) raised the questions of the «history of ideas», thereby laying the foundation of the history of philosophy in its modern sense. Keywords: history of philosophy, Patristic, Scholasticism, reflection, critic DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-5-17 World Philosophy: the Past and the Present Mariya A. Solopova. The Chronology of Democritus and the Fall of Troy The article considers the chronology of Democritus of Abdera. In the times of Classical Antiquity, three different birth dates for Democritus were known: c. 495 BC (according to Diodorus of Sicily), c. 470 BC (according to Thrasyllus), and c. 460 BC (according to Apollodorus of Athens). These dates must be coordinated with the most valuable doxographic evidence, according to which Democritus 1) "was a young man during Anaxagoras’s old age" and that 2) the Lesser World-System (Diakosmos) was compiled 730 years after the Fall of Troy. The article considers the argument in favor of the most authoritative datings belonging to Apollodorus and Thrasyllus, and draws special attention to the meaning of the dating of Democritus’ work by himself from the year of the Fall of Troy. The question arises, what prompted Democritus to talk about the date of the Fall of Troy and how he could calculate it. The article expresses the opinion that Democritus indicated the date of the Fall of Troy not with the aim of proposing its own date, different from others, but in order to date the Lesser World-System in the spirit of intellectual achievements of his time, in which, perhaps, the history of the development of mankind from the primitive state to the emergence of civilization was discussed. The article discusses how to explain the number 730 and argues that it can be the result of combinations of numbers 20 (the number of generations that lived from the Fall of Troy to Democritus), 35 – one of the constants used for calculations of generations in genealogical research, and 30. The last figure perhaps indicates the age of Democritus himself, when he wrote the Lesser Diakosmos: 30 years old. Keywords: Ancient Greek philosophy, Democritus, Anaxagoras, Greek chronography, doxographers, Apollodorus, Thrasyllus, capture of Troy, ancient genealogies, the length of a generation DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-18-31 Bembya L. Mitruyev. “Yogācārabhumi-Śāstra” as a Historical and Philosophical Source The article deals with “Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra” – a treatise on the Buddhist Yogācāra school. Concerning the authorship of this text, the Indian and Chinese traditions diverge: in the first, the treatise is attributed to Asanga, and in the second tradition to Maitreya. Most of the modern scholars consider it to be a compilation of many texts, and not the work of one author. Being an important monument for both the Yogacara tradition and Mahayana Buddhism in general, Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra is an object of scientific interest for the researchers all around the world. The text of the treatise consists of five parts, which are divided into chapters. The contents of the treatise sheds light on many concepts of Yogācāra, such as ālayavijñāna, trisvabhāva, kliṣṭamanas, etc. Having briefly considered the textological problems: authorship, dating, translation, commenting and genre of the text, the author suggests the reconstruction of the content of the entire monument, made on the basis of his own translation from the Tibetan and Sanskrit. This allows him to single out from the whole variety of topics those topics, the study of which will increase knowledge about the history of the formation of the basic philosophical concepts of Yogācāra and thereby allow a deeper understanding of the historical and philosophical process in Buddhism and in other philosophical movements of India. Keywords: Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra, Asaṅga, Māhāyana, Vijñānavāda, Yogācāra, Abhidharma, ālayavijñāna citta, bhūmi, mind, consciousness, meditation DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-32-43 Tatiana G. Korneeva. Knowledge in Nāșir Khusraw’s Philosophy The article deals with the concept of “knowledge” in the philosophy of Nāșir Khusraw. The author analyzes the formation of the theory of knowledge in the Arab-Muslim philosophy. At the early stages of the formation of the Arab-Muslim philosophy the discussion of the question of cognition was conducted in the framework of ethical and religious disputes. Later followers of the Falsafa introduced the legacy of ancient philosophers into scientific circulation and began to discuss the problems of cognition in a philosophical way. Nāșir Khusraw, an Ismaili philosopher of the 11th century, expanded the scope of knowledge and revised the goals and objectives of the process of cognition. He put knowledge in the foundation of the world order, made it the cause and ultimate goal of the creation of the world. In his philosophy knowledge is the link between the different levels of the universe. The article analyzes the Nāșir Khusraw’s views on the role of knowledge in various fields – metaphysics, cosmogony, ethics and eschatology. Keywords: knowledge, cognition, Ismailism, Nāșir Khusraw, Neoplatonism, Arab-Muslim philosophy, kalām, falsafa DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-44-55 Vera Pozzi. Problems of Ontology and Criticism of the Kantian Formalism in Irodion Vetrinskii’s “Institutiones Metaphysicae” (Part II) This paper is a follow-up of the paper «Irodion Vetrinskii’s “Institutiones Metaphysicae” and the St. Petersburg Theological Academy» (Part I). The issue and the role of “ontology” in Vetrinskii’s textbook is analyzed in detail, as well as the author’s critique of Kantian “formalism”: in this connection, the paper provides a description of Vetrinskii’s discussion about Kantian theory of the a priori forms of sensible intuition and understanding. To sum up, Vetrinskii was well acquainted not only with Kantian works – and he was able to fully evaluate their innovative significance – but also with late Scholastic textbooks of the German area. Moreover, he relied on the latters to build up an eclectic defense of traditional Metaphysics, avoiding at the same time to refuse Kantian perspective in the sake of mere reaffirming a “traditional” perspective. Keywords: Philosophizing at Russian Theological Academies, Russian Enlightenment, Russian early Kantianism, St. Petersburg Theological Academy, history of Russian philosophy, history of metaphysics, G.I. Wenzel, I. Ya. Vetrinskii DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-56-67 Alexey E. Savin. Criticism of Judaism in Hegel's Early “Theological” Writings The aim of the article is to reveal the nature of criticism of Judaism by the “young” Hegel and underlying intuitions. The investigation is based on the phenomenological approach. It seeks to explicate the horizon of early Hegel's thinking. The revolutionary role of early Hegel’s ideas reactivation in the history of philosophy is revealed. The article demonstrates the fundamental importance of criticism of Judaism for the development of Hegel's thought. The sources of Hegelian thematization and problematization of Judaism – his Protestant theological background within the framework of supranaturalism and the then discussion about human rights and political emancipation of Jews – are discovered. Hegel's interpretation of the history of the Jewish people and the origin of Judaism from the destruction of trust in nature, the fundamental mood of distrust and fear of the world, leading to the development of alienation, is revealed. The falsity of the widespread thesis about early Hegel’s anti-Semitism is demonstrated. The reasons for the transition of early Hegel from “theology” to philosophy are revealed. Keywords: Hegel, Judaism, history, criticism, anti-Semitism, trust, nature, alienation, tyranny, philosophy DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-68-80 Evgeniya A. Dolgova. Philosophy at the Institute of Red Professors (1921–1938): Institutional Forms, Methods of Teaching, Students, Lecturers The article explores the history of the Institute of the Red Professors in philosophy (1921–1938). Referring to the unpublished documents in the State Archives of the Russian Federation and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author explores its financial and infrastructure support, information sphere, characterizes students and teachers. The article illustrates the practical experience of the functioning of philosophy within the framework of one of the extraordinary “revolutionary” projects on the renewal of the scientific and pedagogical sphere, reflects a vivid and ambiguous picture of the work of the educational institution in the 1920s and 1930s and corrects some of historiographical judgments (about the politically and socially homogeneous composition of the Institute of Red Professors, the specifics of state support of its work, privileges and the social status of the “red professors”). Keywords: Institute of the Red Professors in Philosophy, Philosophical Department, soviet education, teachers, students, teaching methods DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-81-94 Vladimir V. Starovoitov. K. Horney about the Consequences of Neurotic Development and the Ways of Its Overcoming This article investigates the views of Karen Horney on psychoanalysis and neurotic development of personality in her last two books: “Our Inner Conflicts” (1945) and “Neurosis and Human Grows” (1950), and also in her two articles “On Feeling Abused” (1951) and “The Paucity of Inner Experiences” (1952), written in the last two years of her life and summarizing her views on clinical and theoretical problems in her work with neurotics. If in her first book “The Neurotic Personality of Our Time” (1937) neurosis was a result of disturbed interpersonal relations, caused by conditions of culture, then the concept of the idealized Self open the gates to the intrapsychic life. Keywords: Neo-Freudianism, psychoanalysis, neurotic development of personality, real Self, idealized image of Self DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-95-102 Publications and Translations Victoria G. Lysenko. Dignāga on the Definition of Perception in the Vādaviddhi of Vasubandhu. A Historical and Philosophical Reconstruction of Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti (1.13-16) The paper investigates a fragment from Dignāga’s magnum opus Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti (“Body of tools for reliable knowledge with a commentary”, 1, 13-16) where Dignāga challenges Vasubandhu’s definition of perception in the Vādaviddhi (“Rules of the dispute”). The definition from the Vādaviddhi is being compared in the paper with Vasubandhu’s ideas of perception in Abhidharmakośabhāṣya (“Encyclopedia of Abhidharma with the commentary”), and with Dignāga’s own definition of valid perception in the first part of his Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti as well as in his Ālambanaparīkśavṛtti (“Investigation of the Object with the commentary”). The author puts forward the hypothesis that Dignāga criticizes the definition of perception in Vādaviddhi for the reason that it does not correspond to the teachings of Vasubandhu in his Abhidharmakośabhāṣya, to which he, Dignāga, referred earlier in his magnum opus. This helps Dignāga to justify his statement that Vasubandhu himself considered Vādaviddhi as not containing the essence of his teaching (asāra). In addition, the article reconstructs the logical sequence in Dignāga’s exegesis: he criticizes the Vādaviddhi definition from the representational standpoint of Sautrāntika school, by showing that it does not fulfill the function prescribed by Indian logic to definition, that of distinguishing perception from the classes of heterogeneous and homogeneous phenomena. Having proved the impossibility of moving further according to the “realistic logic” based on recognizing the existence of an external object, Dignāga interprets the Vādaviddhi’s definition in terms of linguistic philosophy, according to which the language refers not to external objects and not to the unique and private sensory experience (svalakṣaṇa-qualia), but to the general characteristics (sāmānya-lakṣaṇa), which are mental constructs (kalpanā). Keywords: Buddhism, linguistic philosophy, perception, theory of definition, consciousness, Vaibhashika, Sautrantika, Yogacara, Vasubandhu, Dignaga DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-103-117 Elizaveta A. Miroshnichenko. Talks about Lev N. Tolstoy: Reception of the Writer's Views in the Public Thought of Russia at the End of the 19th Century (Dedicated to the 190th Anniversary of the Great Russian Writer and Thinker) This article includes previously unpublished letters of Russian social thinkers such as N.N. Strakhov, E.M. Feoktistov, D.N. Tsertelev. These letters provide critical assessment of Lev N. Tolstoy’s teachings. The preface to publication includes the history of reception of Tolstoy’s moral and aesthetic philosophy by his contemporaries, as well as influence of his theory on the beliefs of Russian idealist philosopher D.N. Tsertelev. The author offers a rational reconstruction of the dialogue between two generations of thinkers representative of the 19th century – Lev N. Tolstoy and N.N. Strakhov, on the one hand, and D.N. Tsertelev, on the other. The main thesis of the paper: the “old” and the “new” generations of the 19th-century thinkers retained mutual interest and continuity in setting the problems and objectives of philosophy, despite the numerous worldview contradictions. Keywords: Russian philosophy of the nineteenth century, L.N. Tolstoy, N.N. Strakhov, D.N. Tsertelev, epistolary heritage, ethics, aesthetics DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-118-130 Reviews Nataliya A. Tatarenko. History of Philosophy in a Format of Lecture Notes (on Hegel G.W.F. Vorlesungen zur Ästhetik. Vorlesungsmitschrift Adolf Heimann (1828/1829). Hrsg. von A.P. Olivier und A. Gethmann-Siefert. München: Wilhelm Fink, 2017. XXXI + 254 S.) Released last year, the book “G.W.F. Hegel. Vorlesungen zur Ästhetik. Vorlesungsmitschrift Adolf Heimann (1828/1829)” in German is a publication of one of the student's manuskript of Hegel's lectures on aesthetics. Adolf Heimann was a student of Hegel in 1828/29. These notes open for us imaginary doors into the audience of the Berlin University, where Hegel read his fourth and final course on the philosophy of art. A distinctive feature of this course is a new structure of lectures in comparison with three previous courses. This three-part division was took by H.G. Hotho as the basis for the edited by him text “Lectures on Aesthetics”, included in the first collection of Hegel’s works. The content of that publication was mainly based on the lectures of 1823 and 1826. There are a number of differences between the analyzed published manuskript and the students' records of 1820/21, 1823 and 1826, as well as between the manuskript and the editorial version of H.G. Hotho. These features show that Hegel throughout all four series of Berlin lectures on the philosophy of art actively developed and revised the structure and content of aesthetics. But unfortunately this evidence of the permanent development was not taken into account by the first editor of Hegel's lectures on aesthetics. Keywords: G.W.F. Hegel, H.G. Hotho, philosophy of art, aesthetics, forms of art, idea of beauty, ideal DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-131-138 Alexander S. Tsygankov. On the Way to the Revival of Metaphysics: S.L. Frank and E. Coreth Readers are invited to review the monograph of the modern German researcher Oksana Nazarova “The problem of the renaissance and new foundation of metaphysics through the example of Christian philosophical tradition. Russian religious philosophy (Simon L. Frank) and German neosholastics (Emerich Coreth)”, which was published in 2017 in Munich. In the paper, the author offers a comparative analysis of the projects of a new, “post-dogmatic” metaphysics, which were developed in the philosophy of Frank and Coreth. This study addresses the problems of the cognitive-theoretical and ontological foundation of the renaissance of metaphysics, the methodological tools of the new metaphysics, as well as its anthropological component. O. Nazarova's book is based on the comparative analysis of Frank's religious philosophy and Coreth's neo-cholastic philosophy from the beginning to the end. This makes the study unique in its own way. Since earlier in the German reception of the heritage of Russian thinker, the comparison of Frank's philosophy with the Catholic theology of the 20th century was realized only fragmentarily and did not act as a fundamental one. Along with a deep and meaningful analysis of the metaphysical projects of both thinkers, this makes O. Nazarova's book relevant to anyone who is interested in the philosophical dialogue of Russia and Western Europe and is engaged in the work of Frank and Coreth. Keywords: the renaissance of metaphysics, post-Kantian philosophy, Christian philosophy, S.L. Frank, E. Coreth DOI: 10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-139-147." History of Philosophy 23, no. 2 (October 2018): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2074-5869-2018-23-2-139-147.

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Khalidova, Olga. "THE JEWS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION MODERNIZATION: FORMS OF INCORPORATION AND PRESERVATION OF NATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS IDENTITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF DAGESTAN)." Vestnik Majkopskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tehnologiceskogo Universiteta 4 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2078-1024-2021-13-4-52-58.

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The education sector is one of the priority areas in the Russian modernization at the present stage of development. In the conditions of multinational Russia, the question of its national component becomes especially urgent. Taking into account the understanding of the development of an acceptable state policy and the impossibility of neglecting the historical experience of previous eras, in particular the experience of the Russian Empire, the article attempts to consider issues related to the functioning of national schools in the context of the policy of Russification of the periphery using the example of one of the ethnic groups - the Jewish population. The article is devoted to the analysis of the creation of a system of national schools through the introduction of the Russian language in the conditions of the functioning of an extensive network of educational institutions of a religious type in the conditions of overdue modernization in the empire. Dagestan has been chosen as a geographic area for the research as a region where the Mountain Jews historically lived. The chronological framework of the study focuses on the period of the turn of the XIX - early XX centuries, which is explained by attempts to monopolize the Russian educational system and the introduction of restrictive measures in relation to the ethno-confessional school. Such a study, as an experience of the state policy of the Russian Empire on the organization of education for various ethnic groups, makes it possible to identify the positive and negative aspects in the process under consideration, which will allow to avoid the repetition of similar mistakes in the new Russia in the future. Official documentary materials stored in the funds of the central and local archives of the Russian Federation, memoirs, materials from periodicals have been used in the research.

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Spitsin, Vladislav, Darko Vukovic, Sergey Anokhin, and Lubov Spitsina. "Company performance and optimal capital structure: evidence of transition economy (Russia)." Journal of Economic Studies ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (May 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-09-2019-0444.

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PurposeThe paper analyzes the effects of the capital structure on company performance (return on assets). The analysis is conducted in a large sample of high-tech manufacturing and service companies in the transition economy (Russian Federation). In addition to the aggregated analysis, separate investigations are conducted to scrutinize the impact of company age, size and location factors (the effects of agglomerations). This research postulates the existence and variability of the optimal capital structure and its dependence on economic crisis.Design/methodology/approachWe utilized a large sample that includes 1,826 enterprises over the period from 2013 to 2017. The estimation was performed using the panel-corrected standard error estimation technique (Prais–Winsten regression) to account for the panel nature and distributional properties of our data. The existence of the optimal capital structure was assessed based on a curvilinear (quadratic) function.FindingsThe results are consistent with the Static Trade-off Theory and show that this theory is applicable to countries with transition economy. They demonstrate that effective management of the capital structure can increase return on assets by 16–22%. The optimal share of borrowed capital is higher for small businesses compared to larger ones and for enterprises located in agglomerations compared to those located in other regions. A greater increase in profitability can be achieved by larger firm companies compared to smaller ones. High share of borrowed capital leads to negative profitability, i.e. to losses by enterprises. No significant differences in profitability growth were identified between young and mature enterprises. The optimal share of borrowed capital that maximizes return on assets is in the range of 0–21%.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the SPARK policies, our access to the data has been limited to a five-year window, which imposed certain limitations on the choice of econometric methods we could have employed and somewhat limited our ability to contrast the effect of the crisis period with the period of stability. In this sense, although our results pertaining to the effect of the crisis could be treated as conservative, future research should consider extending the panel to include more years into consideration.Practical implicationsWe identified significant differences between optimal capital structures and actual capital structures for high-tech enterprises. The contribution of this study is that the calculations were made for a country with a transition economy under crisis conditions. Countries with transition economies and developing countries tend to be characterized by a high level of interest rates on loans and a high proportion of borrowed capital in total assets. This poses difficulties for companies relying on borrowed capital to finance their operations. At the same time, our results demonstrate that in transition economies, enterprises in high-tech industries do have an optimal capital structure that allows maximizing firm performance. That is, Static Trade-off Theory is applicable to transition economies characterized by high interest rates on loans.Originality/valueThe novelty of this study lies in the detailed analysis of high-tech industries in Russian Federation. This analysis makes use of sophisticated econometric techniques for the first time in this context.

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RAMET, SABRINA P., and ALEKSANDER ZDRAVKOVSKI. "Serbia and the War in Ukraine." Insight Turkey, August 26, 2022, 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25253/99.2022243.5.

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The war in Ukraine has created a situation in which the Republic of Serbia may see an opportunity to take up some unfinished business; for this purpose, Serbia has recently been purchasing armaments from Russia and China and has sought also to purchase 12 fighter jets from France. The Serbian government does not recognize the sovereignty of Kosovo and regards the land controlled by Prishtina as rightfully Serbian, while the Republika Srpska (the Serb part of Bosnia-Herzegovina) has sought for years to secede from union with the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and to unite with Serbia. The weapons may figure as a way to pressure and intimidate the Albanians of Kosovo to return to the negotiating table and to present the Bosnian government in Sarajevo with a fait accompli.

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Kabir, Nahid. "Depiction of Muslims in Selected Australian Media." M/C Journal 9, no. 4 (September 1, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2642.

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Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties. —John Milton (1608-1674) Introduction The publication of 12 cartoons depicting images of Prophet Mohammed [Peace Be Upon Him] first in Denmark’s Jyllands-Posten on 30 September 2005, and later reprinted in European media and two New Zealand newspapers, sparked protests around the Muslim world. The Australian newspapers – with the exception of The Courier-Mail, which published one cartoon – refrained from reprinting the cartoons, acknowledging that depictions of the Prophet are regarded as “blasphemous by Muslims”. How is this apparent act of restraint to be assessed? Edward Said, in his book Covering Islam has acknowledged that there have been many Muslim provocations and troubling incidents by Islamic countries such as Iran, Libya, Sudan, and others in the 1980s. However, he contends that the use of the label “Islam” by non-Muslim commentators, either to explain or indiscriminately condemn “Islam”, ends up becoming a form of attack, which in turn provokes more hostility (xv-xvi). This article examines how two Australian newspapers – The Australian and The West Australian – handled the debate on the Prophet Muhammad cartoons and considers whether in the name of “free speech” it ended in “a form of attack” on Australian Muslims. It also considers the media’s treatment of Muslim Australians’ “free speech” on previous occasions. This article is drawn from the oral testimonies of Muslims of diverse ethnic background. Since 1998, as part of PhD and post-doctoral research on Muslims in Australia, the author conducted 130 face-to-face, in-depth, taped interviews of Muslims, aged 18-90, both male and female. While speaking about their settlement experience, several interviewees made unsolicited remarks about Western/Australian media, all of them making the point that Muslims were being demonised. Australian Muslims Many of Australia’s 281,578 Muslims — 1.5 per cent of the total population (Australian Bureau of Statistics) — believe that as a result of media bias, they are vilified in society as “terrorists”, and discriminated in the workplace (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission; Dreher 13; Kabir 266-277). The ABS figures support their claim of discrimination in the workplace; in 1996 the unemployment rate for Muslim Australians was 25 per cent, compared to 9 per cent for the national total. In 2001, it was reduced to 18.5 per cent, compared to 6.8 per cent for the national total, but the ratio of underprivileged positions in the labour market remained almost three times higher than for the wider community. Instead of reflecting on Muslims’ labour market issues or highlighting the social issues confronting Muslims since 9/11, some Australian media, in the name of “free speech”, reinforce negative perceptions of Muslims through images, cartoons and headlines. In 2004, one Muslim informant offered their perceptions of Australian media: I think the Australian media are quite prejudiced, and they only do show one side of the story, which is quite pro-Bush, pro-Howard, pro-war. Probably the least prejudiced media would be ABC or SBS, but the most pro-Jewish, pro-America, would be Channel Seven, Channel Nine, Channel Ten. They only ever show things from one side of the story. This article considers the validity of the Muslim interviewee’s perception that Australian media representation is one-sided. On 26 October 2005, under the headline: “Draw a Cartoon about Mohammed and You Must Die”, The Australian warned its readers: ISLAM is no laughing matter. Danish newspaper, Jyllands-Posten, is being protected by security guards and several cartoonists have gone into hiding after the newspaper published a series of 12 cartoons about the prophet Mohammed. According to Islam, it is blasphemous to make images of the prophet. Muslim fundamentalists have threatened to bomb the paper’s offices and kill the cartoonists (17). Militant Muslims The most provocative cartoons appearing in the Danish media are probably those showing a Muhammad-like figure wearing a turban shaped as a bomb with a burning fuse coming out of it, or a queue of smoking suicide bombers on a cloud with an Islamic cleric saying, “Stop stop we have run out of virgins”. Another showed a blindfolded Muslim man with two veiled Muslim women standing behind him. These messages appeared to be concerned with Islam’s repression of women (Jyllands-Posten), and possibly with the American channel CBS airing an interview in August 2001 of a Palestinian Hamas activist, Muhammad Abu Wardeh, who recruited terrorists for suicide bombings in Israel. Abu Wardeh was quoted as saying: “I described to him [the suicide bomber] how God would compensate the martyr for sacrificing his life for his land. If you become a martyr, God will give you 70 virgins, 70 wives and everlasting happiness” (The Guardian). Perhaps to serve their goals, the militants have re-interpreted the verses of the Holy Quran (Sura 44:51-54; 55:56) where it is said that Muslims who perform good deeds will be blessed by the huris or “pure being” (Ali 1290-1291; 1404). However, since 9/11, it is also clear that the Muslim militant groups such as the Al-Qaeda have become the “new enemy” of the West. They have used religion to justify the terrorist acts and suicide bombings that have impacted on Western interests in New York, Washington, Bali, Madrid amongst other places. But it should be noted that there are Muslim critics, such as Pakistani-born writer, Irshad Manji, Bangladeshi-born writer Taslima Nasreen and Somalian-born Dutch parliamentarian Ayaan Hirsi Ali, who have been constant critics of Muslim men’s oppression of women and have urged reformation. However, their extremist fellow believers threatened them with a death sentence for their “free speech” (Chadwick). The non-Muslim Dutch film director, Theo van Gogh, also a critic of Islam and a supporter of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, advocated a reduction in immigration into Holland, especially by Muslims. Both van Gogh and Hirsi Ali – who co-scripted and co-produced the film Submission – received death threats from Muslim extremists because the film exhibited the verses of the Quran across the chest, stomach and thighs of an almost naked girl, and featured four women in see-through robes showing their breasts, with texts from the Quran daubed on their bodies, talking about the abuse they had suffered under Islam (Anon 25). Whereas there may be some justification for the claim made in the film, that some Muslim men interpret the Quran to oppress women (Doogue and Kirkwood 220), the writing of the Quranic verses on almost-naked women is surely offensive to all Muslims because the Quran teaches Muslim women to dress modestly (Sura 24: 30-31; Ali 873). On 4 November 2004, The West Australian reported that the Dutch director Theo van Gogh was murdered by a 26-year-old Dutch-Moroccan Muslim on 2 November 2004 (27). Hirsi Ali, the co-producer of the film was forced to go into hiding after van Gogh’s murder. In the face of a growing clamour from both the Dutch Muslims and the secular communities to silence her, Ayaan Hirsi Ali resigned from the Dutch Parliament in May 2006 and decided to re-settle in Washington (Jardine 2006). It should be noted that militant Muslims form a tiny but forceful minority of the 1.4 billion Muslims worldwide. The Muslim majority are moderate and peaceful (Doogue and Kirkwood 79-80). Some Muslim scholars argue that there is specific instruction in the Quran for people to apply their knowledge and arrive at whatever interpretation is of greatest benefit to the community. It may be that stricter practitioners would not agree with the moderate interpretation of the Quran and vice versa (Doogue and Kirkwood 232). Therefore, when the Western media makes a mockery of the Muslim religion or their Prophet in the name of “free speech”, or generalises all Muslims for the acts of a few through headlines or cartoons, it impacts on the Muslims residing in the West. Prophet Muhammad’s Cartoons With the above-mentioned publication of Prophet Muhammad’s cartoons in Denmark, Islamic critics charged that the cartoons were a deliberate provocation and insult to their religion, designed to incite hatred and polarise people of different faiths. In February 2006, regrettably, violent reactions took place in the Middle East, Europe and in Asia. Danish embassies were attacked and, in some instances, were set on fire. The demonstrators chanted, “With our blood and souls we defend you, O Prophet of God!”. Some replaced the Danish flag with a green one printed with the first pillar of Islam (Kalima): “There is no god but God and Mohammed is the messenger of God”. Some considered the cartoons “an unforgivable insult” that merited punishment by death (The Age). A debate on “free speech” soon emerged in newspapers throughout the world. On 7 February 2006 the editorial in The West Australian, “World Has Had Enough of Muslim Fanatics”, stated that the newspaper would not publish cartoons of Mohammad that have drawn protests from Muslims around the world. The newspaper acknowledged that depictions of the prophet are regarded as “blasphemous by Muslims” (18). However, the editorial was juxtaposed with another article “Can Liberty Survive a Clash of Cultures?”, with an image of bearded men wearing Muslim head coverings, holding Arabic placards and chanting slogans, implying the violent nature of Islam. And in the letters page of this newspaper, published on the same day, appeared the following headlines (20): Another Excuse for Muslims to Threaten Us Islam Attacked Cartoon Rage: Greatest Threat to World Peace We’re Living in Dangerous Times Why Treat Embassies with Contempt? Muslim Religion Is Not So Soft Civilised World Is Threatened The West Australian is a state-based newspaper that tends to side with the conservative Liberal party, and is designed to appeal to the “man in the street”. The West Australian did not republish the Prophet Muhammad cartoon, but for 8 days from 7 to 15 February 2006 the letters to the editor and opinion columns consistently criticised Islam and upheld “superior” Western secular values. During this period, the newspaper did publish a few letters that condemned the Danish cartoonist, including the author’s letter, which also condemned the Muslims’ attack on the embassies. But the overall message was that Western secular values were superior to Islamic values. In other words, the newspaper adopted a jingoistic posture and asserted the cultural superiority of mainstream Australians. The Danish cartoons also sparked a debate on “free speech” in Australia’s leading newspaper, The Australian, which is a national newspaper that also tends to reflect the values of the ruling national government – also the conservative Liberal party. And it followed a similar pattern of debate as The West Australian. On 14 February 2006, The Australian (13) published a reader’s criticism of The Australian for not republishing the cartoons. The author questioned whether the Muslims deserved any tolerance because their Holy Book teaches intolerance. The Koran [Quran] (22:19) says: Garments of fire have been prepared for the unbelievers. Scalding water shall be poured upon their heads, melting their skins and that which is in their bellies. Perhaps this reader did not find the three cartoons published in The Australian a few days earlier to be ‘offensive’ to the Australian Muslims. In the first, on 6 February 2006, the cartoonist Bill Leak showed that his head was chopped off by some masked people (8), implying that Muslim militants, such as the Hamas, would commit such a brutal act. The Palestinian Hamas group often appear in masks before the media. In this context, it is important to note that Israel is an ally of Australia and the United States, whereas the Hamas is Israel’s enemy whose political ideology goes against Israel’s national interest. On 25 January 2006, the Hamas won a landslide victory in the Palestine elections but Israel refused to recognise this government because Hamas has not abandoned its militant ideology (Page 13). The cartoon, therefore, probably means that the cartoonist or perhaps The Australian has taken sides on behalf of Australia’s ally Israel. In the second cartoon, on 7 February 2006, Bill Leak sketched an Arab raising his sword over a school boy who was drawing in a classroom. The caption read, “One more line and I’ll chop your hand off!” (12). And in the third, on 10 February 2006, Bill Leak sketched Mr Mohammed’s shadow holding a sword with the caption: “The unacceptable face of fanaticism”. A reporter asked: “And so, Mr Mohammed, what do you have to say about the current crisis?” to which Mr Mohammed replied, “I refuse to be drawn on the subject” (16). The cartoonist also thought that the Danish cartoons should have been republished in the Australian newspapers (Insight). Cartoons are supposed to reflect the theme of the day. Therefore, Bill Leak’s cartoons were certainly topical. But his cartoons reveal that his or The Australian’s “freedom of expression” has been one-sided, all depicting Islam as representing violence. For example, after the Bali bombing on 21 November 2002, Leak sketched two fully veiled women, one carrying explosives under her veil and asking the other, “Does my bomb look big in this”? The cartoonist’s immediate response to criticism of the cartoon in a television programme was, “inevitably, when you look at a cartoon such as that one, the first thing you’ve got to do is remember that as a daily editorial cartoonist, you’re commenting first and foremost on the events of the day. They’re very ephemeral things”. He added, “It was…drawn about three years ago after a spate of suicide bombing attacks in Israel” (Insight). Earlier events also suggested that that The Australian resolutely supports Australia’s ally, Israel. On 13-14 November 2004 Bill Leak caricatured the recently deceased Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat in The Weekend Australian (18). In the cartoon, God appeared to be displeased with him and would not allow him to enter paradise. Arafat was shown with explosives strapped to his body and threatening God by saying, “A cloud to myself or the whole place goes up….”. On the other hand, on 6 January 2006 the same cartoonist sympathetically portrayed ailing Israeli leader Ariel Sharon as a decent man wearing a black suit, with God willing to accept him (10); and the next day Sharon was portrayed as “a Man of Peace” (12). Politics and Religion Thus, the anecdotal evidence so far reveals that in the name of “freedom of expression”, or “free speech” The West Australian and The Australian newspapers have taken sides – either glorifying their “superior” Western culture or taking sides on behalf of its allies. On the other hand, these print media would not tolerate the “free speech” of a Muslim leader who spoke against their ally or another religious group. From the 1980s until recently, some print media, particularly The Australian, have been critical of the Egyptian-born Muslim spiritual leader Imam Taj el din al-Hilali for his “free speech”. In 1988 the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils bestowed the title of Mufti to Imam al- Hilali, and al-Hilali was elevated to a position of national religious leadership. Al-Hilali became a controversial figure after 1988 when he gave a speech to the Muslim students at Sydney University and accused Jews of trying to control the world through “sex, then sexual perversion, then the promotion of espionage, treason and economic hoarding” (Hewett 7). The Imam started being identified as a “Muslim chief” in the news headlines once he directly criticised American foreign policy during the 1990-91 Gulf crisis. The Imam interpreted US intervention in Kuwait as a “political dictatorship” that was exploiting the Gulf crisis because it was seen as a threat to its oil supply (Hewett 7). After the Bali bombings in 2002, the Howard government distributed information on terrorism through the “Alert and Alarmed” kit as part of its campaign of public awareness. The first casualty of the “Be alert, but not alarmed” campaign was the Imam al-Hilali. On 6 January 2003, police saw a tube of plastic protruding from a passenger door window and suspected that al-Hilali might have been carrying a gun when they pulled him over for traffic infringements. Sheikh al-Hilali was charged with resisting arrest and assaulting police (Morris 1, 4). On 8 January 2003 The Australian reminded its readers “Arrest Adds to Mufti’s Mystery” (9). The same issue of The Australian portrayed the Sheikh being stripped of his clothes by two policemen. The letter page also contained some unsympathetic opinions under the headline: “Mufti Deserved No Special Treatment” (10). In January 2004, al-Hilali was again brought under the spotlight. The Australian media alleged that al-Hilali praised the suicide bombers at a Mosque in Lebanon and said that the destruction of the World Trade Center was “God’s work against oppressors” (Guillatt 24). Without further investigation, The Australian again reported his alleged inflammatory comments. Under the headline, “Muslim Leader’s Jihad Call”, it condemned al-Hilali and accused him of strongly endorsing “terrorist groups Hezbollah and Hamas, during his visit to Lebanon”. Federal Labor Member of Parliament Michael Danby said, “Hilali’s presence in Australia is a mistake. He and his associates must give authorities an assurance he will not assist future homicide attacks” (Chulov 1, 5). Later investigations by Sydney’s Good Weekend Magazine and SBS Television found that al-Hilali’s speech had been mistranslated (Guillatt 24). However, the selected print media that had been very critical of the Sheikh did not highlight the mistranslation. On the other hand, the Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal George Pell has been critical of Islam and is also opposed to Australia’s involvement in the Iraq war in 2003, but the print media appeared to ignore his “free speech” (Dateline). In November 2004, Dr Pell said that secular liberal democracy was empty and selfish, and Islam was emerging as an alternative world view that attracted the alienated (Zwartz 3). In May 2006, Dr Pell said that he tried to reconcile claims that Islam was a faith of peace with those that suggested the Quran legitimised the killings of non-Muslims but: In my own reading of the Koran [Quran], I began to note down invocations to violence. There are so many of them, however, that I abandoned this exercise after 50 or 60 or 70 pages (Morris). Muslim leaders regarded Dr Pell’s anti-Islam statement as “inflammatory” (Morris). However, both the newspapers, The Australian and The West Australian remained uncritical of Dr Pell’s “free speech” against Islam. Conclusion Edward Said believed that media images are informed by official definitions of Islam that serve the interests of government and business. The success of the images is not in their accuracy but in the power of the people who produce them, the triumph of which is hardly challenged. “Labels have survived many experiences and have been capable of adapting to new events, information and realities” (9). In this paper the author accepts that, in the Australian context, militant Muslims are the “enemy of the West”. However, they are also the enemy of most moderate Australian Muslims. When some selected media take sides on behalf of the hegemony, or Australia’s “allies”, and offend moderate Australian Muslims, the media’s claim of “free speech” or “freedom of expression” remains highly questionable. Muslim interviewees in this study have noted a systemic bias in some Australian media, but they are not alone in detecting this bias (see the “Abu Who?” segment of Media Watch on ABC TV, 31 July 2006). To address this concern, Australian Muslim leaders need to play an active role in monitoring the media. This might take the form of a watchdog body within the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils. If the media bias is found to be persistent, the AFIC might then recommend legislative intervention or application of existing anti-discrimination policies; alternatively, AFIC could seek sanctions from within the Australian journalistic community. One way or another this practice should be stopped. References Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Holy Quran: Text, Translation and Commentary. New Revised Ed. Maryland, USA: Amana Corporation, 1989. Anonymous. “Dutch Courage in Aftermath of Film-Maker’s Slaying.” The Weekend Australian 6-7 Nov. 2004. Chadwick, Alex. “The Caged Virgin: A Call for Change in Islam.” 4 June 2006 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5382547>. Chulov, Martin. “Muslim Leader’s Jihad Call.” The Australian 19 Feb. 2004. Dateline. “Cardinal George Pell Interview.” SBS TV 6 April 2005. 7 June 2006 http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/>. Dreher, Tanya. “Targeted”, Experiences of Racism in NSW after September 11, 2001. Sydney: University of Technology, 2005. Doogue, Geraldine, and Peter Kirkwood. Tomorrow’s Islam: Understanding Age-Old Beliefs and a Modern World. Sydney: ABC Books, 2005. Insight. “Culture Clash.” SBS TV 7 March 2006. 11 June 2006 http://news.sbs.com.au/insight/archive.php>. Guillatt, Richard. “Moderate or Menace.” Sydney Morning Herald Good Weekend 21 Aug. 2004. Hewett, Tony. “Australia Exploiting Crisis: Muslim Chief.” Sydney Morning Herald 27 Nov. 1990. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Ismaa – Listen: National Consultations on Eliminating Prejudice against Arab and Muslim Australians. Sydney: Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 2004. Jyllands-Posten. 24 Jan. 2006. http://www.di2.nu/files/Muhammad_Cartoons_Jyllands_Posten.html>. Jardine, Lisa. “Liberalism under Pressure.” BBC News 5 June 2006. 12 June 2006 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5042418.stm>. Kabir, Nahid. Muslims in Australia: Immigration, Race Relations and Cultural History. London: Kegan Paul, 2005. Media Watch. “Abu Who?” ABC Television 31 July 2006. http://abc.net.au/mediawatch/>. Morris, Linda. “Imam Facing Charges after Row with Police.” Sydney Morning Herald 7 Jan. 2003. Morris, Linda. “Pell Challenges Islam – O Ye, of Little Tolerant Faith.” Sydney Morning Herald 5 May 2006. Page, Jeremy. “Russia May Sell Arms to Hamas.” The Australian 18 Feb. 2006. Said, Edward. Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World. London: Vintage, 1981, 1997. Submission. “Film Clip from Short Submission.” Submission. 11 June 2006. http://www.ifilm.com/ifilmdetail/2655656?htv=12> The Age. “Embassies Torched over Cartoons.” 5 Feb. 2006. http://www.theage.com.au>. The Guardian. “Virgins? What Virgins?” 12 Jan. 2002. 4 June 2006 http://www.guardian.co.uk/>. Zwartz, Barney. “Islam Could Be New Communism, Pell Tells US Audience.” Sydney Morning Herald 12 Nov. 2004. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Kabir, Nahid. "Depiction of Muslims in Selected Australian Media: Free Speech or Taking Sides." M/C Journal 9.4 (2006). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0609/1-kabir.php>. APA Style Kabir, N. (Sep. 2006) "Depiction of Muslims in Selected Australian Media: Free Speech or Taking Sides," M/C Journal, 9(4). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0609/1-kabir.php>.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Jews, russia (federation)'

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