Journal articles: 'Jharkhand'

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corbridge, Stuart. "The Ideology of Tribal Economy and Society: Politics in the Jharkhand, 1950–1980." Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 1 (February 1988): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009392.

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In this paper I want to explore the implications of the rise and fall of Jharkhandi ethnoregionalism from the point of view of tribal policy and tribal politics in Independent India. More especially I want to examine an ideology of tribal economy and society which informs most existing accounts of Jharkhandi politics and which makes the case for a specifically ‘tribal’ policy. The main propositions of this ideology are recounted in Section One of this paper. They are (1) that the concept of a tribe is given and uproblematical; (2) that the tribals of South Bihar are the original inhaitants of the Jharkhand, where they still predominate (see Figure I); and (3) that tribal politics and tribal policies are effective because individual tribes are themselves undifferentiated, united and geographically concentrated. (A corollary of this third proposition is that any decline in Jharkhandi ethnoregionalism since the mid-1960s must be due to factional disputes within the tribal leadership and/or to inter-tribal clashes, perhaps along denominational lines). These three propositions are examined in Sections Two, Three and Four of the paper, where they are measured against the recent historical experience of India's Jharkhand. The implications of any shortcomings in the ideology of tribal economy and society are taken up in the concluding section of the paper where comments are offered, too, on an alternative ‘model’ of tribal policy and politics in the Jharkhand.

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Jha, Kali Nath. "Jharkhand-Ethnic and Jharkhandi Identity A Post-movement Analysis." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 2, no. 2 (July 2002): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976343020020207.

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Sharma, Viveka Nand, and Arvind Hans. "Tourist Attraction Perception of Jharkhand Cuisine." International Journal of Circular Economy and Waste Management 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcewm.306215.

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Jharkhand cuisine has a 5000-year history that spans several cultures that are intertwined in such a way as to produce a wide range of cuisines. Jharkhand delicacies are known worldwide for their flavor, variety, and uniqueness. The origins of Jharkhand cuisine may be traced back to the state's past, since each region evolved its collection of dishes over time, combining a diverse range of spices, distinctive ingredients, and cooking techniques. The goal of this study is to see if foreign visitors to Jharkhand find Jharkhand cuisine appealing. According to the findings of the study, foreign tourists' impressions of Jharkhand food improved significantly once they tried it. Rich taste and flavor of food items, positive dining experience, value for money, menu diversity, visual appeal, sufficient portion sizes, use of fresh ingredients, and moderate price of food items were all variables that had positive higher perceptions. According to the statistics, Tourist’s regard Jharkhand cuisine as a tourist attraction.

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Sharma, Kiran. "Gender Dimensions of Poverty and Food Security: A Case Study of Palamu District of Jharkhand." Indian Journal of Public Administration 65, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556118822027.

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A wide regional and inter-district disparity exists in the state of Jharkhand. The rankings of its districts on indicators of development reveal that those located in the north-western parts of Jharkhand including Palamu and its north-eastern parts are less developed compared to the ones falling in the central and western parts of the state (Planning-cum-Finance Department, 2017, Jharkhand Economic Survey 2016–17, Ranchi: Government of Jharkhand). Jharkhand is one of the most poverty-stricken states of India with a sharp contrast between rural and urban poverty. Studies often show that the process of liberalisation and economic reforms in India has a mixed impact on a mineral rich state like Jharkhand. The well-known phenomenon of ‘resource curse’ is particularly observed in the case of Jharkhand where manufacturing sector growth is increasing but the state is lagging behind in terms of human development indicators. The political instability and unplanned exploitation of its mineral wealth without benefiting the tribal population clearly indicate that the state suffers from the deficit of governance and development. It is in this context that this article analyses the patterns of poverty and food security among tribals and other social groups in seven villages of Manatu block under Palamu district of Jharkhand from a gender perspective. The article also explores the factors influencing the dynamics of household food security in Palamu district through empirical findings. It examines how the poor rural/tribal communities cope with food insecurity through case studies. Finally, the article critically analyses the implementation of social policies in addressing food security problem of Jharkhand.

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Mishra, Sweta, Bankar Ajinkya Devidas, and Sanjeet Kumar. "A note on Yamazakia pusilla (Willd.) from Jamtara Forest Division, Jamtara, Jharkhand, India." Asian Plant Research Journal 11, no. 4 (July 10, 2023): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/aprj/2023/v11i4218.

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Yamazakia pusilla has been collected from Jamtara Forest Division, Jamtara, Jharkhand. Earlier, it was known as Lindernia pusilla. Very less studies and reports are available on it from Jharkhand state. In the initial observation and literature review, it appeared that it might be a new addition from the genus Lindernia to the floral wealth of Jharkhand state, but the e-flora of the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) has listed its synonyms. It is an unexplored plant of Jharkhand state and less idea about its identification, habitat, ecological significance and uses. Therefore, keeping this in mind, a taxonomic note, habitat and uses are presented here along with photographs for easy identification in the field. Plant is identified using flowers and published literature. The communication highlights the importance of exploration works for highlighting the unexplored species of Jharkhand state from Jamtara Forest Division, Jamtara.

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Yadav, Shraddha. "Variability and Changes in Rainfall Observed Across Jharkhand Region (India)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39087.

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Abstract: Rainfall variability has a substantial impact on water supplies, agricultural output, and, as a result, the economy. It examines the historical spatiotemporal variability and trend of rainfall on Jharkhand's annual and seasonal time series state over a 60-year period (1954–2013). The goal of this study was to find trends in long and short-term changes in rainfall amounts in the Jharkhand region at various spatial scales. With the help of the wavelet technique, we were able to determine the periodicity of rainfall over time and identify active and break days in the monsoon season. When the OLR positive anomaly increases, rainfall decreases (Break days), and when the OLR negative anomaly increases, rainfall increases (Active days). The Indian summer monsoon extreme is also strongly linked to the Equatorial Indian Ocean Oscillation (EQUINOO), which is based on surface zonal wind across the central equatorial Indian Ocean. Because the Bay of Bengal is next to Jharkhand, local disturbances or cyclonic events are also discovered and their impact on rainfall is investigated. Keywords: Rainfall, ENSO, Wavelet Transform, Active and Break days, Cyclone, Climate Change.

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Kumar, Dr Aditya. "AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHILD HEALTH STATUS OF JHARKHAND." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 09, no. 04 (2024): 1001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2024.v09i04.008.

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This study analyses child health status of Jharkhand. The phase of first six years of life is known as Early Childhood phase. Children are the future human capital of a state or country. This study focuses the status of child health in Jharkhand and compared to national averages. It does not seem possible to provide good health care facilities to the 40 million (approx) people of Jharkhand with this infrastructure. The status of NNMR, IMR and U5MR in urban areas of Jharkhand are better than the national average. The indicators related to child mortality in rural areas shown high value in comparison to national average but these are near to national averages.

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Pramanik, Arun Kumar, Sandip Kumar Das, and Abhik Chatterjee. "A Study on Groundwater Quality Based on Major Ion Chemistry of Jharkhand State in India: A Review." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 962–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370425.

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Groundwater is prime and major source of drinking water in our world. Groundwater in Jharkhand is also used for drinking, domestic, irrigation, mining and industrial etc. purposes. In Jharkhand some population are suffering from scarcity of pure drinking water and some population have partial facility with drinking water as groundwater of many area of Jharkhand are contaminated with fluoride, arsenic, heavy metals and iron etc. dangerous chemicals. This review paper focuses on current status of groundwater and contamination of different water quality parameters based on major ion chemistry in Jharkhand. The discussed water quality parameters in this study are water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride, arsenic, carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, nitrate and sulphate.

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Chattopadhyay, Sailesh. "New Record of Rapala iarbus (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Jharkhand, India." Environment and Ecology 41, no. 3 (July 2023): 1413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/vxev4901.

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Rapala iarbus (Fabricius) was sighted in the mixed plantation area of Birsa Agricultural University campus, Ranchi, Jharkhand and this Lycaenid butterfly species documents a new record from Jharkhand, India.

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Chaudhary, Dr Amar Kumar, and RInki Kumari. "The Role of NGOs in the Development of Women\'s Entrepreneurship in Jharkhand." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 3 (March 31, 2023): 650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49439.

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Abstract: Women are increasingly finding success in entrepreneurship as a means of achieving financial independence. Economic shifts and the loosening of social restrictions during the past two decades (during the post-liberalization era) have further prompted women to launch their own enterprises. The aim of the study is to pinpoint the factors that encourage female entrepreneurship in the state of Jharkhand, factors include push and pull factors. NGOs play a crucial role in advancing the cause of women entrepreneurs in Jharkhand by working with an autonomous society named JSLPS established by the Rural Development Department of Jharkhand. NGOs such as Udyogini have intervened in Khunti, Ranchi and Gumla districts, PARADAN has also encouraged female entrepreneurship in the field of sericulture in numerous Jharkhand districts, including Dumka and Godda. Jharkhand being a poor state face a number of important challenges, which is why women here are still lagging behind. These issues can be broadly categorised as Illiteracy, a male-dominated culture, lack of infrastructural facilities, inadequate amount of funds, and the perspective of society towards women being an entrepreneur.

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Prasad, Sachchidanand, Abhijit Mitra, Bhupesh Gopal Chintamani, Gitanjali Shrivastava, Kshitij Naikade, and Atmaram Shelke. "Decentralisation at the Grassroots: Status of Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas of Jharkhand." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2023-0023.

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The term decentralisation is now universally accepted. The quality of governance enhances through decentralisation. In the time of post-globalisation, it allows citizens to express their views regarding the process of developmental work in their area. This paper examines the status of grassroots-level implementation of Panchayats Extension (PESA) to Fifth Scheduled Areas of Jharkhand. The empirical study conducted shows that Jharkhand still requires to strengthen and promote the practice of decentralization, so that gram sabha enjoys the power envisaged under PESA Act, 1996. The historical deprivation of Jharkhand during the period when it was a part of United Bihar, is also responsible for the present state of development at the local level. After the inception of Jharkhand as a new state, it initially suffered from unstable governments and delays in the election process at the panchayats level. This did not allow tribal peoples to participate in decentralized governance. This paper suggests some policy implications which can improve the level of decentralized authority in the scheduled area of Jharkhand. Received: 7 October 2022 / Accepted: 28 December 2022 / Published: 5 January 2023

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Bhattacharya, Abhik. "The Jharkhand Andolan: A silencing of Muslim voice(s)." Contributions to Indian Sociology 56, no. 3 (October 2022): 272–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00699667221147075.

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The subaltern turn in historiography has changed the way we read history/histories. The omissions and silence(s) that happen at the stage of ‘fact creation’ provide us with a way of looking into how events become facts. Taking cues from the sociological and historical understanding of silencing, this article examines the process through which Muslim voices have been silenced in the historiography of Jharkhand’s statehood movement (the Jharkhand Andolan). While going through the mainstream accounts on this subject, what I encountered was a significant lack of discussion about the Muslim presence in the movement. This lack becomes visible in contrast to the accounts in the vernacular newspapers that recount how Muslims have been an integral part of the statehood struggle. Through personal interviews of Muslim Andolankaris (freedom fighters) conducted during my fieldwork along with the documents collected from their personal archives, I show how the subduing of Muslim voices was enabled by Jharkhand’s political parties and carried over to the common narration of the movement’s formation and history.

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Akhtar, Zubair. "Jharkhand and Organic Agriculture." Asian Journal of Agricultural and Horticultural Research 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajahr/2018/39822.

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Kumari, Laxmi, and Md Mojibur Rahman. "Munda Folktales of Jharkhand." Journal of English Language and Literature 14, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 1268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/jell.v14i2.1174.

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The present study aims at discourse analysis of Mundari Folktales of Jharkhand using sociocultural features. Discourse Analysis acts as an umbrella term for a rapidly growing field of research covering a wide range of different theoretical approaches and analytical emphases. It is assumed that different constructions of the world are represented in a number of ways. To understand different constructions, one needs to understand the factors that drive and shape the behavior of the people as individuals and collectively. The sociocultural discourse analysis focuses on the use of language as a social mode of thinking. The work of sociocultural theory is to explain how individual mental functioning is related to cultural, institutional, and historical context. This method will not only analyze words, sentences, expression, form and meaning but also analyze all kinds of social and cultural factors related to discourse. The intention behind the study is contribution to the repertoire of knowledge on Mundari folktales as an area which has remained unexplored over years. Despite being one of the major tribes of Jharkhand, these indigenous lives have not been a part of scholarly research yet. The tales are collected by different people and they are translated also but discourse study of the tales has not been dealt yet. Through the study of the tales one can learn their customs, culture, rituals, social activities and way of living. The emphases will be on analyzing people, their culture and society through the language used in the text.

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Singh, H. K. "Jharkhand movement in newspapers." Social Change 29, no. 3-4 (September 1999): 316–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908579902900420.

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Kikon, Dolly. "Jackfruit seeds from Jharkhand." Contributions to Indian Sociology 51, no. 3 (September 6, 2017): 313–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0069966717720575.

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This article examines how adivasis in Assam assert their sense of belonging to the land. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted along the foothills bordering Assam and Nagaland, I present the everyday lives of adivasi villagers in a militarised landscape and examine how adivasi belonging and identity are constructed in a political milieu where ideas of indigeneity and territoriality are deeply internalised. I look into how adivasi accounts highlight the weaving together of the histories of the tea plantations and social alliances with neighbours in the villages. I argue that these narratives are used to assert rights and claim an identity of belonging. Specifically focusing on adivasi accounts situated outside the tea plantations in Assam, this article seeks to contribute towards scholarship about everyday practices of belonging, memory and social relations in Northeast India and beyond.

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Robbins, Paul. "Jharkhand: Environment, Development, Ethnicity." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95, no. 4 (December 2005): 902–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00492_8.x.

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Chaudhary, Dr Amar Kumar, and Alka Divya Tigga. "Role of NGOs in the Upliftment of Tribals in Jharkhand." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 1408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53895.

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Abstract: This study investigates the pivotal role played by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in uplifting tribal communities in Jharkhand. Jharkhand is characterized by a substantial tribal population that has endured historical marginalization, socio-economic disparities, and limited access to fundamental amenities. Against this backdrop, NGOs have emerged as vital stakeholders, actively engaged in tackling the complex challenges confronting tribal communities and facilitating their holistic development. By conducting an extensive examination of relevant literature and case studies, this research illuminates the noteworthy influence of NGOs on the upliftment of tribes in Jharkhand. The study highlights the significance of local engagement, community empowerment, and comprehensive strategies, offering valuable insights to policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders who are dedicated to implementing development initiatives aimed at tribal communities. This study emphasizes the crucial role that NGOs play in tackling socio-economic disparities and enhancing the overall welfare of tribal communities in Jharkhand. The interventions carried out by these organizations have not only resulted in positive transformations in the lives of marginalized individuals but have also laid the foundation for sustainable and inclusive development in the region. Nevertheless, further research and collaboration are required to bolster the effectiveness and long-term impact of NGO initiatives in uplifting tribes in Jharkhand.

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Chatterjee, Silpi. "Data on periodontal health among elderly people in Bushland, Jharkhand, Magadha and Patna, India." Bioinformation 17, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630017053.

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It is of interest to report data on periodontal Health among elderly people in Bushland, Jharkhand, Magadha and Patna, India. The sample comprised of a 130 elderly people. The studies device comprised of a semi-structured survey with thirteen questions. Data shows that old people in Jharkhand suffered from advanced periodontal ailment (47.6%) with easy gingivitis (33.8%). Data also shows that grownups (88.2% grownup males, 64.5% girls in Jharkhand and 34.5% grownup males and 88.9% girls in Bihar) used toothpaste and toothbrush as their primary style for tooth cleansing. These data help in providing improved dental service to rural population in India.

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Husain, Akhlaq, and Wajid Hasan. "Review and Updating: Anurans (Amphibia) of Bihar and Jharkhand, India, with some new records from Jehanabad (Bihar) and their role as potential biological controllers." International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2021.211.

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Present review is meant to update and bring the scattered records of anuran species from Bihar and Jharkhand at one place. A total of 22 valid species (19 from Bihar and 15 from Jharkhand) have been recorded from the existing literature and present new records from Jehanabad (Bihar) are dealt herewith in detail (relevant synonyms, common names, diagnostic features, size, altitudinal records, distribution in Bihar (including new records from Jahanabad), Jharkhand, rest of India and elsewhere and conservation status of each species and their role as potential biological controllers). Variations found in some morphological characters of species studied by various workers from different locations have been recorded.

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Singh, Dr Umendra. "AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN JHARKHAND: AN OVERVIEW OF THE PERFORMANCE." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 05, no. 12 (2020): 4033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2020.v05i12.023.

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Agriculture sector is a key sector of the eighty percent rural population of Jharkhand. The average productivity of Jharkhand is lower than national and international average in terms of all four major crops of Rice, Wheat, Maize and pulses, except the productivity of Pulses in Jharkhand. The production of the ‘Agriculture, forestry and fishing sector’ includes 14.5 % of the Gross State Value Added (GSVA) of the state. The contribution of Agriculture+ Sector in states’ GSDP is increasing with an average of 16.02% during 2011-12 to 2017-18.Diversification of agricultural sector and promotion to sustainable agriculture are required to address the ongoing issues.

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Mishra, Priya. "A Study on the Status and Prospects of Tasar Sericulture Industry and its Impact on Tribal Lives in Jharkhand." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38250.

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Abstract: This paper reviews the status and prospects of the “Tasar Silk Industry” in the state of Jharkhand. Tasar Sericulture is practiced in the states of Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana and Bihar with Jharkhand being the leading producer with 80% of the tasar silk production employing around 1.5 lakh farmers in rearing, reeling and weaving activities, This is an agro-based, cottage industry practiced as “a way of life” by the various tribal inhabitants of this state like Santhals, Hos, Uraons, Kerwars and others. Tasar silk is not only known for its charm, texture and its natural golden color, but it also has a high ethical value. It is known as “Ahimsa Silk” as it does not kill the silkworm by boiling the cocoons while it is still inside it. The fibre is extracted only after the silkworm (Antherea Mylitta and Antherea Proyeli J) has left the cocoons. Tasar sericulture is being promoted widely through premier bodies like The Central Silk Board and its subsidiary i.e Central Tasar Research and Training Institute; Ranchi, which has undertaken research and development and training programs, since its establishment in 1964, thereby improving the silk production as well as empowering the lives of weak and marginalized tribes of Jharkhand. Growing demands from foreign countries, elucidate the promising future of the tasar silk industry in Jharkhand which in turn would uplift the living qualities of the rural people. Heavy investment in this industry now, would bring good returns in future, not just in terms of an improved economy, but also an improved society. This paper highlights the fact that apart from the huge potential to earn foreign exchange for the country, tasar culture has immense ethical values and truly carves for us a path towards sustainable development. Keywords: Tasar, sericulture, Jharkhand, tribal, Ahimsa Silk, Sustainable Development.

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Vidya Jha, Dr Amar Kumar Chaudhary,. "Generation Z's Perceptions and Attitudes towards Tourism and Hospitality a Career Option – A Preliminary Investigation of Residents of Jharkhand." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 2953–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1192.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the attitudes and perceptions of Generation Z of Jharkhand, India towards careers in the tourism industry. The study is exploratory and based on a quantitative approach. A total of 196 respondents have been selected by random sampling from all the districts of Bihar and Jharkhand for this study. Areas that students have concerns over include respondent's relationship with their managers, promotion opportunities, career paths, and the pay and conditions offered within the industry. The study also focuses about the awareness of Gen Z about the Indian Tourism Development Programs, Jharkhand Tourism and the various regulations implemented in tourism sector. The data was collected by with the help of Google forms. The analysis has been done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The research shows that the Gen Z is good tourists but they have their doubts on taking up career in tourism sector. Though, they are inclined in doing so if this sector is more digital savvy, have good career development opportunities and if the tourism sector in Jharkhand is improved.

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Ahmad, Firoz, Md Meraj Uddin, and Laxmi Goparaju. "An evaluation of vegetation health and the socioeconomic dimension of the vulnerability of Jharkhand state of India in climate change scenarios and their likely impact: a geospatial approach." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2018-0026.

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AbstractGeospatial evaluation of various datasets is extremely important because it gives a better comprehension of the past, present and future and can therefore be significantly utilized in effective decision making strategies. This study examined the relationships, using geospatial tools, between various diversified datasets such as land use/land cover (LULC), long term Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) based changes, long term forest fire points, poverty percentage, tribal percentage, forest fire hotspots, climate change vulnerability, agricultural vulnerability and future (2030) climate change anomalies (RCP-6) of Jharkhand state, India, for a better understanding and knowledge of its vegetation health, LULC, poverty, tribal population and future climate change impact. The long term NDVI (1982-2006) evaluation revealed negative change trends in seven northwest districts of Jharkhand state, these were: Hazaribag, Ramgarh, Palamu, Lohardaga, Chatra, Garhwa and Latehar. The forests as well as the agriculture of these districts have lost their greenness during this period. The forest fire frequency events were found to be more pronounced in the land use/land cover of “tropical lowland forests, broadleaved, evergreen, <1000 m” category, and were roughly twice the intensity of the “tropical mixed deciduous and dry deciduous forests” category. In the nine districts of Jharkhand it was found that 40 % of the population was living below the poverty line which is around twice the national average. The highest poverty districts, in percentage, were: Garwah (53.93), Palamu (49.24), Latehar (47.99) and Chatra (46.2). The southwest and south of Jharkhand state shows a tribal population density of more than 40%. The climate change vulnerability was found to be highest in the district of Saraikela followed by Pashchim Singhbhum, whereas agricultural vulnerability was found to be highest in the district of Pashchim Singhbhum followed by Saraikela, Garhwa, Simdega, Latehar, Palamu and Lohardaga. The temperature anomalies prediction for the year 2030 shows an increasing trend in temperature with values of 0.8°C to 1°C in the state of Jharkhand. The highest increases were observed in the districts of Pashchim Singhbhum, Simdega and Saraikela. Based on these evaluations we can conclude that a few of the districts of Jharkhand, such as Pashchim Singhbhum, Garhwa, Palamu and Latehar need to be prioritized for development on an urgent basis. The outcomes of this study would certainly guide the policymakers to prepare more robust plans when keeping in mind the future climate change impacts for the prioritization of various districts of Jharkhand which suffer from extreme poverty, diminished livelihood and insignificant agricultural productivity for the betterment of the people of Jharkhand based on their adaptive capacity.

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Oraon, Vikas, and Vidushi Topno. "Burden of Malaria in Dumka District of Jharkhand, India." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2022): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220189.

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Malaria is a major public health problem in India particularly in states having tribal population. Jharkhand state consisted 7% of total malaria cases in India. The objective of this analysis was to find out the burden of malaria in Dumka District, Jharkhand. Method –It was conducted in 10 Blocks of District Dumka, Jharkhand. Convenience sampling technique was used in this study. Data analysis was done from the line-list of District Vector Borne Disease Control Office, Dumka from the year 2016-2020. This was a cross-sectional study. Result – Gradual decline in number of malaria cases was observed during the study period. But a sharp decline in cases were seen in the year 2020 i.e. during Covid-19 pandemic. Male cases were more predominant. Majority of the affected population were tribal in origin. Maximum number of Malaria cases were observed in Blocks like Masalia, Gopikandar and Kathikund. Conclusion- Our analysis showed annual reduction of Malaria cases. Thus existing control programmes can further reduce Malaria burden in Dumka District. Consistent and vigilant surveillance is required. Keywords: Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, tribal malaria, Jharkhand, India.

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Ansu Kumar Ram and Vijay Prakash. "Unstable Income and Livelihood Problem of Farmers in the State of Jharkhand." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 8, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n03.018.

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The income of the farmers is unstable in India since it started. Which affect their livelihood inevitably in resulting their access to health education and employment savings going down day by day. Farmers of the Jharkhand state suffer from low income and unstable income due to low productivity causes of these issues are infertile, backward technology, and climate changes because Jharkhand is located in that kind of geographical area. Thus we see there are many issues for the farmer in Jharkhand in their income and livelihood. All of the above is which can be solved if the farmers adopt the ground-level effect. The ground-level effect is how the farmers will be involved in agriculture development. At the level of farmers the basic need of a farmer is funding to support their deficiency in production and unaffected livelihood these funds should be provided by banks and other financial institutions such as NABARD. This research paper is trying to discuss the issues of farmers in Jharkhand relating to their income and livelihood and suggest some remedies to resolve the issues. Because farmers are the backbone of the Indian economy we cannot ignore farmers.

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Valentine Sinduria and Vincentia Lugun. "Role of Vocational Education in Economic Empowerment of Adivasis of Jharkhand." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM) 2, no. 03 (March 21, 2024): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaem.2024.0065.

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The Adivasis are categorized as the Scheduled Tribes in the Constitution of India. Adivasis consist of 26% of the total population of State of Jharkhand. 78% of the total Adivasi population lives in the rural areas of the State. At least half of the rural population of the Adivasi lives below the poverty line. The Adivasis of Jharkhand are enslaved in the poverty trap. The per-capita income of the Adivasi community is very low. The majority of the Adivasi youth of the state are poorly equipped for employment in the labour market. Most of the Adivasi youth are neither adequately educated nor equipped with vocation skills. They are unable to succeed in finding productive employment which increases their per capita income and helps them to escape from the poverty trap. In this context the paper tries to study the roles of vocational education in the economic empowerment of the Adivasis of Jharkhand. Vocational education can equip the Adivasis with skills, especially the Adivasi youth, for self-employment and employment in labor market. It can trigger economic change and transformation in the Adivasi community in Jharkhand.

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Kumari, Jayanti, and Singh T. N. C.*. "Role of Vitex negundo L. as a Natural Repellent, a Powerful Discutient and a Fungicide of Rural Jharkhand, India." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 06 (May 31, 2015): 4659. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.06.0013.

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Vitex negundo L. is a shrub or a small tree growing throughout Jharkhand. It is grown on the boundaries of agriculture fields and houses in rural Jharkhand. The plant is an established source of drugs such as β-Sitosterol (Leaves and root) p-hydroxy benzoic and 5-hydroxylsophthalic acid (Leaves). It is widely used by the village folks as a repellent, a powerful discutient and fungicide.

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Yadav, Shraddha, Deepika Singh, and Manohar Lal. "Spatiotemporal variability of rainfall over Jharkhand (India)." Disaster Advances 15, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1504da034040.

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Changing rainfall has significant effect on water resources, agricultural output and hence economy. This study deals with the analysis of the historical spatiotemporal variability of rainfall the State of Jharkhand over a period of 60 years (1954–2013). The objective for the present analysis was to identify long and short-term change in the amount of rainfall in Jharkhand region at various spatial scales.

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Prasad, Sunil, and Dhanpal Singh Chauhan. "Appraising Forest-Based Livelihoods through Assessment of Major NTFPs: A Case Study from Jharkhand, India." International Journal of Economic Plants 7, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 053–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2020.0353.

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The state Jharkhand is one of the Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) rich states of the country because of diverse physiographic and climatic conditions. It is known for its mineral wealth, tribal population and forests. NTFPs play an important role in supporting rural livelihoods and food security in tribal Jharkhand. The present study was carried out in three distinct villages of Jharkhand to explore the range of livelihood contributions of NTFPs. The study was based on empirical fieldwork using both quantitative and qualitative data. A structured interview schedule was managed for the respondents. Comparing income sources, we found that most of the households collect NTFPs and earn a handsome amount of income from NTFPs ranges from 33% to 59%. We also prioritized potential NTFPs along with their basic value chain.

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Chandrasekhar, S. V. A., and Tapa Chatterjee. "Freshwater Cladocera of Dhanbad, Jharkhand." Records of the Zoological Survey of India 103, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2004): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v103/i3-4/2004/159342.

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Pandey, Dr Ranbir Kumar, Dr Amit Kumar, and Dr Dheeraj Kumar. "Incidence of Rhinosporidiosis in Jharkhand." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 16, no. 01 (January 2017): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-1601101618.

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Singh, R. P., and Jai Prakash. "Transformation of Agriculture in Jharkhand." Agro-Economist 4, no. 1 (2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2394-8159.2017.00009.3.

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Singh, Amar Kumar, Ramesh Sharan, Meera Jayaswal, and Shriti Chaudhary. "Status of tribals in Jharkhand." Social Change 29, no. 3-4 (September 1999): 59–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908579902900405.

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Jewitt, Sarah. "Political ecology of Jharkhand conflicts." Asia Pacific Viewpoint 49, no. 1 (April 2008): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2008.00361.x.

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Mohan, Anand. "Geology of Bihar and Jharkhand." Gondwana Research 6, no. 2 (April 2003): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70986-2.

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Kumar, Anjani, Amrendra Kumar, Sudeepa Kumari Jha, and Sumit Kumar Singh. "Appraisal of Cluster Front Line Demonstration on Rapeseed and Mustard in Biharand Jharkhand." Indian Journal of Extension Education 58, no. 1 (2022): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2022.58107.

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Performance of ten varieties of rapeseed and mustard were assessed through cluster frontline demonstration (CFLD) under different agro-climatic condition of Bihar and Jharkhandcontinuously for four years (2017-18 to 2020-21) by the KVKs of Bihar and Jharkhand.Among the agro-climatic zones of Bihar, highest yield was recorded in the demonstratedplot from zone III (B) i.e. South-West alluvial plain in case of variety RH 0749 (15.29 q/ha) and in Jharkhand state from zone I (Central and North astern plateau) with varietyNRCHB 101 (13.31 q/ha). Lowest technology index was observed for variety RajendraSufalam in all the zone (-4.96, 5.53, 7.18 and 22.92 % in zone I, III (B), III (A) & II) ofBihar and NRCHB 101 (23.15% in zone I) in Jharkhand. The range of extension gapwas1.38 to 4.37 and 1.13 to 4.86 q/ha under the agro-climatic zone of Bihar and Jharkhand,respectively. Pooled data shows that in Bihar, maximum net return (Rs. 46986 /ha) wasobtained in variety Rajendra Sufalam in agro-climatic zone III A of Bihar with benefit costratio 3.85:1 whereas under agro-climatic condition of Jharkhand maximum net return (Rs.39598 /ha) was recoded from variety NRCHB 101 with benefit cost ratio 2.80:1

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Topno, Vidushi, and Vikas Oraon. "Assessment of Kala-Azar in Dumka District of Jharkhand, India." International Journal of Research and Review 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220136.

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Kala-azar is a vector-borne disease and a serious public health problem in India. Highly affected states in India are Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. In 2010, 14.87% cases were contributed from Jharkhand. The study was done to know the trend of disease in five year duration (2016-2020) in Dumka District, Jharkhand. Method – This was a cross-sectional study. It was executed in 10 Blocks of District Dumka Jharkhand. Convenience sampling technique was used in this study. Data analysis was done from the line-list of District Vector Borne Disease Control Office, Dumka. Result – During the 5 year study period there was annual reduction in the trend of visceral leishmaniasis. Male cases were more predominant. Age group >21 years were maximum affected. VL had affected all the 10 Blocks. PKDL cases were seen maximum in Blocks like Ramgarh, Dumka Sada, Kathikund and Gopikander. Conclusion- Annual reduction of incidence of Kala-azar reveals that the current Kala-azar elimination strategy is highly effective and elimination of disease from endemic blocks is possible. Further improvement in treatment, elimination strategies and accessibility of primary health care services in endemic rural areas can gear up to get over last-mile obstacles. Keywords: Visceral Leishmaniasis, Indoor Residual Spraying, Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis, Kala-azar.

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Kumar, Anjani, Amrendra Kumar, Pushpa Kumari, and Sujeet Kumar. "Impact Assessment of CFLD Pulses on Pigeonpea Productivity and Profitability in Farmer’s Field." INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXTENSION EDUCATION 59, no. 2 (2023): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2023.59208.

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Front line demonstration is the most appropriate method to transfer improved technology in farmer’s field. The study was conducted by ICAR-ATARI, Patna (Bihar and Jharkhand) on pigeon pea during crop season from 2019-2021. Study was conducted in 5520 number of demonstrations, altogether covering 1708.80 ha land area during the three years. Among the different varieties assessed it was observed that cv. NDA-1 and IPA-203 were outperformed in Bihar and Jharkhand respectively. The findings with respect to technology gap, extension gap and technology index of different cultivars grown were varying from 0.121 to 1.49 t/ha; 0.309 to 0.673 t/ha and 6.72 per cent to 49 per cent, respectively in Bihar and Jharkhand. The overall demonstration yield varied between 1.04 to 1.78 t/ ha which is 22.55 per cent to 71.68 per cent more than the farmer’s practices prevailing. Improved technology used under demonstration plot promoted higher yield than the local check with respect to highest net return from demonstration plot was Rs. 70365/ha and Rs. 47037.50/ha and the B:C ratio ranged from 1.33 to 2.82 and 1.02 to 2.43 in Bihar and Jharkhand respectively. Productivity and profitability can be enhanced by appropriate use of critical inputs and newer technological intervention.

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Saboo, Shalini. "Value Addition to Minor Forest Produce: Gateway to Economic Empowerment of Jharkhand Tribals." Indian Journal of Public Administration 65, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556118809573.

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In all, about a billion people rely on forests for their food, fuel and income. In India alone, forests account for over a fifth of the country’s total geographical area. Of this, Jharkhand consists of 23,605 sq. km, that is, 29.61 per cent. Here, eight out of ten tribals live in and around forests. About 60 per cent of these tribals are dependent on forests. Despite this, it is a matter of extreme paradox that nothing is being done in the state to utilise forests and its minor produce though things are being done to strengthen the horticulture mission catering to only 17 per cent of cultivable land. This article brings out the facts how ‘value addition’ to minor forest produce (MFP) can not only generate income opportunity for tribals of Jharkhand but can also add to the state’s revenue in a huge way. Till date, MFP and its significance on ‘value addition’ have not even been flagged as an economic issue in Jharkhand. For instance, products made after ‘value addition’ done to an MFP like tendu leaves is generating a heavy revenue to the state. If the same is done to other MFPs such as lac and karanj, it can transform the economic condition of forest dwellers in the state. Figures reveal that value addition done to horticulture, globally, is around 70 per cent but what has been done in India forms a mere 5 per cent. To cater to this small portion, the Ministry of Food Processing Industries has been constituted at the Centre but for forest produce none exists. In Jharkhand too, Mega Food Parks are being developed and only recently, foundation for an agriculture university has been laid at Barhi. This research suggests that the state needs a forest-centric research institute. Why cannot we have a Jharkhand Forest University on the lines of Birsa Agriculture University? Thereafter, the article talks about how amendments need to be made in archaic forest laws making community forest rights more significant. It also shows how panchayats have a significant role to play in the protection of forests. Above all, the study depicts the way out as to how Jharkhand can be the epitome of forest-centric research in the country.

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Harshwardhan, Rahul, and V. K. Tripathy. "Urbanisation and Growth of Slum Population in Jharkhand: A Spatial Analysis." Space and Culture, India 3, no. 1 (June 18, 2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v3i1.134.

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The objective of this paper is to examine the relation between the pace of urbanisation and growth of slum population in Jharkhand. This paper also attempts to analyse the trends and patterns of growth of slum population at the district level in Jharkhand. In terms of urbanisation process of India, slums have become an integral part of urban scenario. In India, rapid growth of slums is the result of rural-urban migration of the rural poor to the cities/towns in search of employment in the last two decades. In the absence of any affordable housing, there has been growth of slums in the urban areas of the country. In India, out of a total population of 1.21 billion, 31.30% population resides in the urban areas, but 21.68% (61.8 million) of the total urban population live in the slums. Slums are considered as a major problem within the urban areas, particularly in relation to the issues of transportation, population growth, health and safety. The developing states or regions of India are more prone to this problem due to the lack of infrastructural development and heavy urban population pressure. Like other states of India, Jharkhand too is facing the problem of slums. After its separation from Bihar in 2000, the rate of urbanisation and the rate of growth of slums had gone high. The study reveals that in 2001, there were only 11 urban centers consisting of slum population but in 2011, it reached to 31. The slum population registers 23.68% growth while the urban population growth stands at 32%. This paper is primarily based on secondary data collected from different governmental agencies, particularly the Census data of population to analyse the spatial distribution of slum population in the districts of Jharkhand. This study explores the changing urbanisation scenario in Jharkhand and the growth of slums with respect to it.

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Bhaskar, Prem, and Madhulika Kaushik. "Women’s Leadership Trends in Tribal Enterprises-A Study in Cooperatives Based Tribal Enterprises in Jharkhand, India." International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 3, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.01.03.

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This paper attempts to analyse the status of women entrepreneurship initiatives through cooperatives in Jharkhand, India and highlights the impact on tribal women empowerment, and their leadership competencies on this economic contribution. Bargaining for women leadership positions in all spheres of Asian societies has emerged as an important concern in quest of equity, whereas tribal women’s development has mostly remained limited to their participation in various programmes run by the government as well as non-government agencies. Recognition of women leaders from a tribal community in the 21st century is still a distant dream. Yet economic empowerment and group activities in the tribal regions of Jharkhand have revealed the potential and are seen as instrumental in transforming leadership capabilities of tribal women leaders in the tribal geography of Jharkhand. The paper shares the outcomes of the author’s study based on case studies in the region, secondary data and, literature review, related to the trends in tribal women’s leadership. The study reveals that women from tribal communities of Jharkhand have traditionally been disempowered socially and treated as less capable to lead and mostly refrained from societal leadership positions. It is also revealed that with facilitation and support, they demonstrate excellent leadership competencies to manage successful collective enterprises. The study also raises prominent questions of assessing the impact and influence of such empowerment and collective entrepreneurship on socioeconomic aspects.

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Narayan, Ritushree, and Puja Mishra. "Pattern Recognition of Jharkhand Tribal Language." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd10854.

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PATHANIA, PRAKASH C., PATHOUR R. SHASHANK, and KYU-TEK PARK. "Two new species records of Lecithoceridae (Gelechioidea: Lepidoptera) from India." Zootaxa 4920, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4920.4.9.

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The Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the Dalma Hills about 10 km north of the city of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India, is topographically and climatically unique. It encompasses a forested area of over 195 km2 east of the Singhbhum and Saraikela-kharsawan districts of Jharkhand, extending from Chandil about 40 km eastward, running nearly parallel to the National Highway-33 at an altitude of about 280 m. The forests of the sanctuary are "dry peninsular sal" and "northern dry mixed deciduous forest".

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Ahmad, Tauseef, Saurabh Kumar Gupta, Suraj Kumar Singh, Gowhar Meraj, Pankaj Kumar, and Shruti Kanga. "Unveiling Nature’s Resilience: Exploring Vegetation Dynamics during the COVID-19 Era in Jharkhand, India, with the Google Earth Engine." Climate 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2023): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli11090187.

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The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges to global health and economic stability. Intriguingly, the necessary lockdown measures, while disruptive to human society, inadvertently led to environmental rejuvenation, particularly noticeable in decreased air pollution and improved vegetation health. This study investigates the lockdown’s impact on vegetation health in Jharkhand, India, employing the Google Earth Engine for cloud-based data analysis. MODIS-NDVI data were analyzed using spatio-temporal NDVI analyses and time-series models. These analyses revealed a notable increase in maximum vegetation greenery of 19% from April 2019 to 2020, with subsequent increases of 13% and 3% observed in March and May of the same year, respectively. A longer-term analysis from 2000 to 2020 displayed an overall 16.7% rise in vegetation greenness. While the maximum value remained relatively constant, it demonstrated a slight increment during the dry season. The Landsat data Mann–Kendall trend test reinforced these findings, displaying a significant shift from a negative NDVI trend (1984–2019) to a positive 17.7% trend (1984–2021) in Jharkhand’s north-west region. The precipitation (using NASA power and Merra2 data) and NDVI correlation were also studied during the pre- and lockdown periods. Maximum precipitation (350–400 mm) was observed in June, while July typically experienced around 300 mm precipitation, covering nearly 85% of Jharkhand. Interestingly, August 2020 saw up to 550 mm precipitation, primarily in Jharkhand’s southern region, compared to 400 mm in the same month in 2019. Peak changes in NDVI value during this period ranged between 0.6–0.76 and 0.76–1, observed throughout the state. Although the decrease in air pollution led to improved vegetation health, these benefits began to diminish post-lockdown. This observation underscores the need for immediate attention and intervention from scientists and researchers. Understanding lockdown-induced environmental changes and their impact on vegetation health can facilitate the development of proactive environmental management strategies, paving the way towards a sustainable and resilient future.

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Ranjan, Vinay. "Preliminary studies on flora and vegetation of Parasnath Wildlife Sanctuary, Giridih, Jharkhand." Indian Journal of Forestry 30, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2007-253wfm.

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Parasnath Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Giridih District of Jharkhand State. The Sanctuary covers an area of about 48 km2 with many irregularly shaped rocky peaks (4480ft) the Parasnath hill in the Jharkhand State. After the notification of Parasnath hill as a Wildlife Sanctuary, a comprehensive flora of the Sanctuary was felt essential for sustainable utilization and effective conservation measures. The extensive plant collections during 2003-2006 revealed 538 species under 346 genera belonging to 98 families as floristic composition of Parasnath Wildlife Sanctuary.

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Narain, Smiti, Vidya Sagar, Anupama Thankamma, and Anindya Mitra. "Impact of patient provider support agency on private sector engagement in Tuberculosis care in Eastern India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 9 (August 29, 2023): 3352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20232703.

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Background: India is the country with the world’s largest burden of tuberculosis, with a large proportion of patients seeking care from the private healthcare sector, which is fragmented and unregulated. There are significant gaps across the patient care cascade in the private sector on account of underreporting, diagnostic delays, irrational and non-standardized regimens, and catastrophic health expenditures to patients. Considering the gaps, Jharkhand state of India had implemented patient provider support agency scheme under National TB elimination programme to improve private sector engagement, operational since 27 September 2019. PPSA is giving end-to-end NTEP TB service packages to patients seeking care in the private sector. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study using secondary data attained from the Nikshay web portal for Jharkhand and analyzed using Excel. Results: After the introduction of PPSA, the proportion of private sector notifications in Jharkhand increased from 22.9 percent in 2019 to 33.5 percent in 2020. The Private sector notification rate in the state showed an increase from 34 per lakh population to 39 per lakh population. Conclusions: Private sector engagement through PPSA has improved TB notification in Jharkhand. PPSA could sustain the provision of TB care in the private sector even during the COVID-19 pandemic. The access to quality data on patients seeking TB care in the private sector in the Nikshay web portal has improved since the implementation of the scheme resulting in better patient support and program monitoring.

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Kumar, Kaushal. "Studies on some Herbal composition based on Ethnomedicinal plants in Jharkhand." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2015-76ax97.

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There are extensive surveys have been carried out in the region of Jharkhand towards exploration of ethnomedicinal plants of Jharkhand. In the present communication an exploration on composition of plant ingredients utilized for preparation of herbal recipes for the treatment of various diseases and disorders have been described. The availability of particular herbs in one area and sometimes not available in another areas, however the combination of ingredients is presented for further research works on ethnopharamcological observation and further scientific validation to understand the potential of formulations in primary healthcare.

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Chaudhary, Dr Amar Kumar, and Alka Divya Tigga. "Primary Education among Tribals of Jharkhand Need to be Strengthen." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 3 (March 31, 2023): 2313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49745.

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Abstract: Tribal has substantial share to total population of Jharkhand. Tribals literacy rate is far below than other sections of society in Jharkhand. Sympathy or empathy, they need to be educated. The Govt. should give special package and special attention for their inclusive growth. Sustainable inclusive growth can be achieved only through education & specially the primary education among the tribal students to set their steps to-gather with the society, strengthen of primary education is sie que non for upliftment of tribals who are deprived from centuries

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Mishra, Shailendra Kumar. "Book Review: The Bedia of Jharkhand." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 13, no. 2 (July 2013): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x1301300224.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Jharkhand'

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