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Journal articles on the topic 'Jíbaro (Puerto Rican identity)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 22 February 2023

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1

Ortiz Díaz, Alberto. "Pathologizing the Jíbaro: Mental and Social Health in Puerto Rico's Oso Blanco (1930s to 1950s)." Americas 77, no. 3 (July 2020): 409–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2020.39.

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ABSTRACTThe jíbaro—the emblematic figure of Puerto Rico—has long been at the center of the archipelago's political and professional discussions. Building on the work of scholars who have traced the jíbaro's history, this article complicates the tension between the politically nationalistic definition of humble jíbaros working in the countryside and scientific observations of jíbaros within the confines of the criminal-legal system. By the mid twentieth century, mainstream understandings of jíbaros were increasingly fashioned by psychiatry, social science, and social work, all of which connected jíbaros to other rural identities. These projections of the jíbaro powerfully materialized in Puerto Rico's premier biosocial laboratory, the Insular Penitentiary at Río Piedras (popularly known as Oso Blanco). An analysis of the work of penitentiary psychiatrists and social health professionals with prison inmates reveals a more complex, troubling image of redeemable Puerto Rican men with rural roots and sensibilities than the idyllic representations of jíbaros circulating at the time suggest. Oso Blanco health practitioners pathologized the jíbaro to identify and mend his perceived psychosocial shortcomings, and to diminish any defiance he harbored. In so doing, they reinforced the notion that jíbaros were racialized living artifacts central to colonial-populist designs and constituency-building.

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del Moral, Solsiree. "Rescuing the Jíbaro: Renewing the Puerto Rican Patria through School Reform." Caribbean Studies 41, no. 2 (2013): 91–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/crb.2013.0034.

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3

Barragán, Maite. "The Wake’s Challenge to the Exposición de Puerto Rico." Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/lavc.2023.5.1.65.

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This essay analyzes how the presence of Francisco Oller’s monumental painting, The Wake, challenged the narrative of progress set forth in the Exposición de Puerto Rico de 1893 (Fair of Puerto Rico). The fair celebrated four hundred years of Spanish rule over Puerto Rico and emphasized the cultural and economic advancements achieved throughout that time. As a contrast to the many displays of the island’s bounty, The Wake offered a vision of jíbaros (Puerto Rican peasants) celebrating a baquiné, an Afro-Caribbean tradition honoring a deceased child. The painting brought attention to the poverty and marginalization of the peasantry as well as their persistent practice of nonnormative rituals. Oller, like many of the other social-reform-minded intellectuals of Puerto Rico, focused on the jíbaro class in order to critique their lifestyles but also to propel social transformation that could improve peasants’ quality of life. My study intervenes in the scholarly literature of Oller and the politics of the fair to show how The Wake visually asserted the prejudices and deterministic preconceptions about these peasants that characterized the views of late-nineteenth century sociologists. More importantly, however, careful observation of the painting reveals subtle inaccuracies such as the scarcity of food and drink in the scene, errors that conflict with the conclusions intellectuals of the time were drawing about the peasantry. These ambiguous compositional choices disclose an unbridgeable gap between the critique The Wake offered and the fair’s objectives, but they are also central to the painting’s relevance in Puerto Rican culture today.

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4

Pedro, Teresa Anta San, and Juan Flores. "Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity." Hispania 77, no. 4 (December 1994): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/345719.

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5

Kerkhof, Erna. "The myth of the dumb Puerto Rican : circular migration and language struggle in Puerto Rico." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 75, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2001): 257–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002553.

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Focuses on the character with which the link between language and identity has become invested in Puerto Rico, against the backdrop of migration and education. Author describes the efforts on the part of some of today's politicians and cultural elites to inculcate a 'historical myth' that revolves around the detrimental effect that contact with the English language is assumed to have on the mastery of Spanish, and on 'Puerto Rican identity'. She concludes with an estimate of the general effect of the language struggle on Puerto Rican identity.

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6

Torres, Lourdes. "Queering Puerto Rican Women’s Narratives." Meridians 19, S1 (December 1, 2020): 279–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15366936-8566001.

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Abstract While in the last decades there has been a proliferation of writings by Latina lesbians who theorize issues of intersectionality, missing still are the voices and analyses of Puerto Rican lesbians who articulate the specificity of Puerto Rican sexual, racial, national, and class dynamics. It is within this context that the author examines Memoir of a Visionary (2002) by Antonia Pantoja and The Noise of Infinite Longing (2004) by Luisita López Torregrosa; the article considers how these recent memoirs engage with intersecting issues in the lives of Puerto Rican women and suggest how shame implicitly conditions the articulation of Puerto Rican identity.

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ÁLVAREZ, ALBA ARIAS. "Sociophonetic Study of the Backed /r/ in the Puerto Rican Diaspora in Holyoke, Massachusetts." Bulletin of Hispanic Studies: Volume 99, Issue 9 99, no. 9 (October 1, 2022): 815–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2022.49.

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This article follows the variationist framework and the theoretical claims of scholars studying the sociolinguistics of globalization to analyse the use of the Puerto Rican Spanish backed /r/ in Puerto Rico and Holyoke (Massachusetts, USA). An examination of various (socio)linguistic factors enables analysis of potential backed /r/ variation and any discernible differences in its production in both settings under study. Results imply that the Puerto Rican community in Holyoke maintains its language as a means to strengthen its Puerto Rican identity.

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8

Masuka, Ruth. "Bodegas, Baseball & Ballads: The Democratization of Puerto Rican Identity." Caribbean Quilt 6, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/cq.v6i2.35974.

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Evident within many diasporic communities is a group consciousness and organization that operates in non-institutional spaces outside the realms of government agencies. The case of Puerto Ricans is no different and beyond collective organization, islanders in the diaspora went further in redefining the very criteria of Puerto Rican identity. This paper focuses on the migrant communities located in New York and the ways in which informal activities and non-institutional venues served as community centres. Food traditions, sporting competitions, and poetic practices all acted as cultural bases. Such activities fostered a democratic and participatory formation of Puerto Rican identity and played a critical role in the socio- economic development of migrants. These spaces also provided room for the complex nuances of Puertoricanness that were overlooked or purposely excluded from dominant ideologies by both the American and Puerto Rican government. Looking at bodegas, athletic clubs, and the Nuyorican Poets Cafe, we can observe the vital role of spaces outside the state’s control in facilitating an egalitarian and communal process of identity-making.

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9

Martínez-Novoa, Lorraine M., and Nancy N. Hodges. "Identity and apparel consumption among Puerto Rican consumers." Fashion, Style & Popular Culture 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/fspc.3.1.87_1.

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10

Guzzardo, Mariana T., Wallis E. Adams, Irina L. G. Todorova, and Luis M. Falcón. "Resonating Sentiments on Puerto Rican Identity Through Poetry." Qualitative Inquiry 22, no. 5 (January 10, 2016): 428–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800415622485.

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11

McCoy, Floyd (Floyd W. ). "Black Puerto Rican Identity and Religious Experience (review)." Catholic Historical Review 93, no. 3 (2007): 730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2007.0285.

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Fayer, Joan M., Alma Simounet Geigel, and Joseph M. Ferri. "Puerto Rican Identity: Themes that Unite and Divide." Journal of American Culture 8, no. 4 (December 1985): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.1985.0804_83.x.

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13

Rubóczki, Babett. "Cultural and Natural Roots of Puerto Rican Mestizaje in Rosario Ferré’s The House on the Lagoon." Eger Journal of English Studies 20 (2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33035/egerjes.2020.20.35.

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The paper explores the conversational orchestration of family anecdotes as a dominant experimental narrative strategy underlying Puerto Rican author Rosario Ferré’s historical novel, The House on the Lagoon. The study reads Ferré’s narrative through Mikhail Bakhtin’s philosophy of the dialogic nature of language to highlight the interplay between environmental and cultural images of hybridity. The close reading of this representative piece of US Caribbean literature elucidates how Ferré utilizes the dialogic form to contest the Puerto Rican cultural and national politics that tend to suppress and silence the nonwhite (black and indigenous) components of Puerto Rican identity.

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Morales, Katherine. ""I ALWAYS KNEW IT... DIGO, QUIZÁS NO ERA PERFECT": TRANSNATIONAL ACTS OF IDENTITY IN THE SPEECH OF A RETURNEE MIGRANT." Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada 58, no. 1 (April 2019): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/010318138654296464981.

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ABSTRACT The following paper addresses the topic of transnationalism in U.S. territory Puerto Rico. As a previous Spanish colony and current U.S. territory, Puerto Rico provides rich ground for the study of fluid identities. While transnationalist literature has typically focused on describing contexts of crossed "borders" or cultures in a geo-political sense (cf. KRAMSCH and WHITESIDE, 2008; LI AND ZHU, 2013), Puerto Ricans have often been excluded from transnationalist discourses of Latin American communities due to their unique status as U.S. citizens. Through this article I aim to provide an ideological account of the complex voices and identities that make up the language practices of the Puerto Rican transnational. I adopt Jorge Duany's (2003) argument for Puerto Rican transnationalism on the basis of a shared sense of "cultural nationalism" as evidenced in the cultural and linguistic practices of a Puerto Rican returnee migrant. This migrant's linguistic practices and identity constructions are observed in relation to Michael Silverstein's (2003) socioindexicality. Coupling this frame with an ethnographic methodology allows the dynamic ways in which a transnational identity is constructed to become apparent, in real-time and in illuminated detail

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Capielo Rosario, Cristalis, Hector Y. Adames, Nayeli Y. Chavez-Dueñas, and Roberto Renteria. "Acculturation Profiles of Central Florida Puerto Ricans: Examining the Influence of Skin Color, Perceived Ethnic-Racial Discrimination, and Neighborhood Ethnic-Racial Composition." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, no. 4 (March 21, 2019): 556–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119835979.

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Evaluating sociocultural factors that may influence acculturation strategies rather than assuming homogeneity among different Latinx ethnic groups is important. A latent profile analysis with covariates was used to identify acculturation profiles in a sample of first-generation Central Florida Puerto Ricans ( N = 381) along bidimensional behavioral, values, and ethnic identity indicators. We examined whether three contextual covariates including (a) perceived ethnic-racial discrimination, (b) percentage of White Americans, and (c) percentage of Puerto Ricans residing in each participants’ zip code could help derive latent profile membership. Participants were categorized into three profiles. The first profile exhibited the highest levels of White American ethnic identity and high levels of Puerto Rican and White American cultural behaviors. The second profile described individuals with the lowest adherence to White American behaviors and ethnic identity. It also exhibited high attachment to Puerto Rican cultural values. The third profile exhibited high levels of Puerto Rican and White American cultural values and moderate levels of White American cultural behaviors and ethnic identity. An examination of covariates revealed that only perceived ethnic-racial discrimination had an influence on profile identification and membership, with likelihood of belonging to Profile 2 decreasing, and likelihood of belonging to Profile 1 increasing as perceived ethnic-racial discrimination increased. Perceived ethnic-racial discrimination did not influence the likelihood of Profile 3 membership. Results highlight the importance of contextualizing acculturation.

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Hromi-Fiedler, Amber, Angela Bermúdez-Millán, Sofia Segura-Pérez, and Rafael Pérez-Escamilla. "Nutrient and food intakes differ among Latina subgroups during pregnancy." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 2 (June 23, 2011): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001100108x.

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AbstractObjectiveTo document nutrient and food group serving intakes from food sources among Latina subgroups living in the same geographical area.DesignA cross-sectional study. Nutrient and food group serving intakes were assessed by means of a 24 h recall administered immediately after a prenatal survey.SettingHartford, CT, USA.SubjectsA total of 233 low-income pregnant Latinas. For analyses, Latinas were classified into two groups on the basis of self-reported ethnic identity: Puerto Ricans and non-Puerto Rican Latinas.ResultsPuerto Rican Latinas were more likely than non-Puerto Rican Latinas to be more acculturated and to consume foods (i.e. processed meat, cheese, soft drinks) and higher levels of nutrients (i.e. fat, SFA, MUFA, trans fatty acids) that have been implicated in the development of chronic diseases. By contrast, non-Puerto Rican Latinas were more likely to consume foods (i.e. fruits, dark green/yellow vegetables, tomatoes, non-starchy vegetables) and higher levels of nutrients (i.e. fibre, vegetable protein, folate, β-carotene) that promote health when compared with Puerto Rican Latinas.ConclusionsFindings suggest that acculturation may play a role in dietary intake. Clinicians and dietitians need to be aware of these differences to encourage healthy eating patterns among more acculturated pregnant Latina clients.

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17

Nieto, Sonia. "Symposium: Fact and Fiction: Stories of Puerto Ricans in U.S. Schools." Harvard Educational Review 68, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 133–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.68.2.d5466822h645t087.

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Puerto Rican communities have been a reality in many northeastern urban centers for over a century. Schools and classrooms have felt their presence through the Puerto Rican children attending school. The education of Puerto Ricans in U.S. schools has been documented for about seventy years, but in spite of numerous commissions, research reports, and other studies, this history is largely unknown to teachers and the general public. In addition to the research literature, a growing number of fictional accounts in English are providing another fertile avenue for understanding the challenges that Puerto Ricans have faced, and continue to face, in U.S. schools. In this article, Sonia Nieto combines the research on Puerto Rican students in U.S. schools with the power of the growing body of fiction written by Puerto Ricans. In this weaving of "fact" with "fiction," Nieto hopes to provide a more comprehensive and more human portrait of Puerto Rican students. Based on her reading of the literature in both educational research and fiction, Nieto suggests four interrelated and contrasting themes that have emerged from the long history of stories told about Puerto Ricans in U.S. schools: colonialism/resistance, cultural deficit/cultural acceptance, assimilation/identity, and marginalization/belonging. Nieto's analysis of these four themes then leads her to a discussion of the issue of care as the missing ingredient in the education of Puerto Ricans in the United States.

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Martinez, Francia. "Politics, Language, and Cultural Identity: DetroitRicans and Puertoricanness in Detroit." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 9, no. 4 (September 28, 2022): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/1260.

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Due to a surge in racism and anti-immigrant sentiment that intensified during Trump’s campaign and presidency, some Americans have reacted to people speaking Spanish in public with hostility as well as verbal and even physical aggression over the last few years in the United States. A particular group of victims of language and identity discrimination has been Puerto Ricans, who are, ironically, American citizens. Drawing on historical perspectives, language and identity attitudes, the politicization of language, and linguistic racism approaches, the present study administered a language and identity questionnaire to 103 Puerto Ricans in Detroit, Michigan (DetroitRicans). Despite the rise of linguistic racism in the United States, 90.3% of respondents said that being able to speak Spanish was necessary to validate their Puertoricanness. In addition, 89% of this study’s participants agreed that not teaching Spanish to children was denying them their Puerto Rican culture and identity. DetroitRicans also identified Spanish as their mother tongue, their roots, and their homeland, whereas they identified English as the language of work, school, and economic advancement. The findings agree with the language and identity perceptions of Puerto Ricans living on the Island and in Central Florida; they diverge from the traditional perspectives of Boricuas in New York, North Philadelphia, and Chicago, who do not generally consider Spanish a vital part of their Puerto Rican identity.

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Comas-Diaz, Lillian. "Feminist Therapy with Mainland Puerto Rican Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 4 (December 1987): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00918.x.

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This article discusses the use of feminist therapy with mainland Puerto Rican women. Sociocultural factors such as the experience of cross-cultural translocation, the process of transculturation, and the colonial background of Puerto Rico with its deleterious effects are examined. Special emphasis is given to Puerto Rican sex roles, the paradoxical condition of power and powerlessness, and Puertorriqueñas' complex sense of identity. These issues are illustrated with a clinical population, and as such, may represent an extreme position within the range of reactions to these sociocultural variables. Clinical vignettes present the use of feminist therapy with this client population. Feminism—with its emphasis on empowerment, adaptation and flexibility in role relationships, promotion of competence, and commitment to social change—is particularly relevant for Puerto Rican women. However, in order for feminist therapy to be effective with this population, it must be embedded in a sociocultural context.

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Stark, David M. "Rescued from their Invisibility: The Afro-Puerto Ricans of Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century San Mateo de Cangrejos, Puerto Rico." Americas 63, no. 4 (April 2007): 551–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2007.0091.

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The black “root” has been systematically “uprooted” from the main “trunk” of the Puerto Rican nation.Jorge DuanyScholars who study Puerto Rico's past have struggled with the question of how to define the island’s national identity. Is the essence of Puerto Rican identity rooted in Spain, does it have its origins in Africa, in the legacy of the native Tainos, or is it a product of two or all three of these? This polemical question has yet to be resolved and remains a subject of much debate. The island's black past is often overlooked, and what has been written tends to focus on the enslaved labor force and its ties to the nineteenth-century plantation economy. Few works are specifically devoted to the study of the island's seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Afro-Puerto Rican population. Recent scholarship has begun to address this oversight. For example, the efforts of fugitive slaves and free black West Indian migrants making their way to Puerto Rico have been well documented. Yet, little is known about the number or identity of these runaways. How many slaves made their way to freedom in Puerto Rico, who were they, and where did they come from? Perhaps more importantly, what about their new lives on the island? How were they able to create a sense of belonging, both as individuals and as part of a community within the island's existing population and society? What follows strives to answer these questions by taking a closer look first at the number and identity of these fugitives, and second at how new arrivals were assimilated into their new surroundings through marriage and family formation while their integration was facilitated by participation in the local economy. Through their religious and civic activity Afro-Puerto Ricans were able to create a niche for themselves in San Juan and eventually a community of their own in Cangrejos. In doing so, they helped shape the island's national identity.

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Merino, Eloy E., and Camilla Stevens. "Family and Identity in Contemporary Cuban and Puerto Rican Drama." Hispania 88, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20063198.

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Duany, Jorge. "Imagining the Puerto Rican Nation: Recent Works on Cultural Identity." Latin American Research Review 31, no. 3 (1996): 248–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100018227.

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Ivette Chiclana Miranda. "Black Puerto Rican Identity and Religious Experience (review)." Caribbean Studies 37, no. 1 (2009): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/crb.0.0102.

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Versényi, Adam, and Camilla Stevens. "Family and Identity in Contemporary Cuban and Puerto Rican Drama." Chasqui 34, no. 2 (2005): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29742001.

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Torres, Nicole. "Newark’s 1974 Puerto Rican Riots Through Oral Histories." New Jersey Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 4, no. 2 (July 20, 2018): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v4i2.130.

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This article includes contents of recorded oral histories from Sigfredo Carrion, William Sanchez, Gustav Heninburg, and Raul Davila recounting the events that took place in Branch Brook Park in 1974; events also known as the Puerto Rican Riots. These events were witnessed by members of the Puerto Rican community living in the city at the time, as well as respected members of the city council and leaders of social activist groups. These oral histories were carefully read and analyzed in order to construct a brief and comprehensive retelling of those events for those unfamiliar with the subject. Much of the evidence used was found in the New Jersey Hispanic Research and In-formation Center located at the Newark Public Library. This article also examines the frustrations and concerns facing the Puerto Rican community as told by those who experienced them firsthand, and explains the breaking point that led the community to finally come together and de-mand their voices be heard. The results of this uprising led to the creation of local organizations, such as La Casa de Don Pedro, and the construction of a more visible Puerto Rican identity with-in the city.

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Denis-Rosario, Milagros. "The Silence of the Black Militia:Socio-Historical Analysis of the British Attack to Puerto Rico of 1797." Memorias 14 (April 29, 2022): 48–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/memor.14.653.2.

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Using the theory of silencing developed by Haitian anthropologist Michel-Rolph Trouillot this essay analyses the British attack to the island of Puerto Rico in 1797. It argues that Puerto Rican historiography neglected and silenced the pivotal role of Black Puerto Ricans in this historical event. This historical reflection also proposes a new way to revise the hegemonic historical discourse, which contributes in the marginalization of Black Puerto Ricans from the construction of the island‟s national identity.

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Schneider, Cathy. "Framing Puerto Rican Identity: Political Opportunity Structures and Neighborhood Organizing in New York City." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 2, no. 2 (September 1, 1997): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.2.2.p6u4657jh0303087.

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This article examines three decades of Puerto Rican social movement organizing in three New York City neighborhoods. It begins with a look at Puerto Rican nationalist movements in the late sixties and early seventies, moves to the housing movements in the mid-seventies to early eighties and concludes with the AIDS activist movements from the mid-eighties through the nineties. It argues that mobilizing frames and trajectories of these neighborhood movements were determined by differences in the local political opportunity structure, in particular (1) the distribution of political power among competing ethnic groups, (2) the opportunity to form political coalitions, and (3) the divergent trajectories and frames of previous movements. These different frames shaped the way organizers responded to new issues, influencing in particular activists' selection of targets, alliance partners, tactics, and discourse.

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Castillo-Montoya, Milagros, and María Torres-Guzmán. "Thriving in Our Identity and in the Academy: Latina Epistemology as a Core Resource." Harvard Educational Review 82, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 540–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.82.4.k483005r768821n5.

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In this article, Milagros Castillo-Montoya and María Torres-Guzmán, two intergenerational Puerto Rican female scholars, use testimonios as a method for sharing funds of knowledge that may support and encourage emerging scholars’ efforts to critique, create, and expand on current educational theories, methods, and pedagogies. They draw on Chicana feminist epistemology to analyze their six-month charlas, informal conversations. They view their own Puerto Rican experiences from this lens and, in an effort to develop a Latina Epistemology Framework, expand the existing framework through a new dimension they refer to as lucha. They also put forth a model of research that furthers the use of testimonios as a mode of inquiry and as a process that may lead to mentorship in the academy for first-generation scholars.

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DuBord, Elise. "La mancha del plátano." Spanish in Context 4, no. 2 (December 6, 2007): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.4.2.06dub.

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The present work seeks to identify sources of the persistent link between the Spanish language and national identity in Puerto Rico. By examining mass media discourse in the 1940s as a turbulent period of language policy conflict between Puerto Rico and the U.S. federal government, I suggest that the federal imposition of language policy without the consent or approval of local politicians or educators was influential in the construction of national identity that included language as a major defining factor. Local elites reacted to the colonial hegemony by defining Puerto Rican identity in opposition to American identity. The construction of identity in the 1940s is characterized by a cultural conception of nation that redefined national symbols, such as language, in social rather than political terms in order to avoid disturbing the existing colonial hegemony.

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Gates, Stephanie. "Danza and the Signifying Process in Rosario Ferré’s Maldito amor." Latin American Literary Review 46, no. 92 (November 12, 2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26824/lalr.122.

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Rosario Ferré’s 1986 novella Maldito amor takes its name from a famous Puerto Rican danza written toward the end of the 19th century by composer Juan Morel Campos, who had both African and Spanish heritage. This article explores the tradition of the danza, the significance of Ferré’s use and mirroring of Morel Campos’s danza in the narrative, as well as the signifying process she explores and manipulates in an effort to question official versions of Puerto Rican history. By using the composer’s danza as a subtext for the structure and themes of the novel, Maldito amor creates another set of signifiers for how we consider this traditional piece of music. The title of the novel also demonstrates the ambivalent attitudes that Puerto Ricans often have toward the ruling elite on the island itself: the bourgeoisie function as both hegemonic power but are also oppressed under that of the United States. By re-writing history via the “Maldito amor” danza, the novella recognizes the constant chain of signifiers that constitutes reality, and adds a new and subversive one to include in the chain of discourse surrounding Puerto Rican history and identity.

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Vargas, Zaragosa, and Juan Flores. "From Bomba to Hip-Hop: Puerto Rican Culture and Latino Identity." Journal of American History 89, no. 1 (June 2002): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700923.

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Febles, Jorge, and John Dimitri Perivolaris. "Puerto Rican Cultural Identity and the Works of Luis Rafael Sanchez." Hispania 85, no. 2 (May 2002): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4141073.

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Rodriguez-Cortes, Carmen. "Social Practices of Ethnic Identity: A Puerto Rican Psycho-Cultural Event." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 4 (November 1990): 380–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07399863900124003.

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Guerra, Lillian. "Taíno Revival: Critical Perspectives on Puerto Rican Identity and Cultural Politics." Hispanic American Historical Review 84, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-84-2-349.

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Diaz-Royo, Antonio T., Jose E. Cruz, Andres Torres, Jose E. Velazquez, and Lillian Guerra. "Identity and Power: Puerto Rican Politics and the Challenge of Ethnicity." Journal of American History 86, no. 2 (September 1999): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2567196.

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Hernandez, Deborah Pacini, and Juan Flores. "From Bomba to Hip Hop: Puerto Rican Culture and Latino Identity." Ethnomusicology 46, no. 2 (2002): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/852787.

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Reyes, Migdalia. "Review: Divided Borders: Essays all Puerto Rican Identity by Juan Flores." Explorations in Ethnic Studies ESS-14, no. 1 (August 1, 1994): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ess.1994.14.1.26.

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Morales, Betsy, and Eileen K. Blau. "Identity issues in building an ESL community: The Puerto Rican experience." New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 2009, no. 121 (December 2009): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ace.324.

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Sanchez, Delida. "Racial Identity Attitudes and Ego Identity Statuses in Dominican and Puerto Rican College Students." Journal of College Student Development 54, no. 5 (2013): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/csd.2013.0077.

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González-Rivera, Melvin. "Language Attitudes Towards Spanish and English in Puerto Rico." Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 47, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): e47006. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v47i2.47006.

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This article analyzes language attitudes towards Spanish and English in Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory since 1898, and seek to answer the following three questions: are Spanish and English conflicting elements in the Puerto Rican society? Is Spanish a symbol of identity for Puerto Ricans? Does bilingualism represent a threat to the ethno-sociolinguistic existence of Puerto Ricans? By examining an online questionnaire on language attitudes completed by participants living in Puerto Rico, I argue that for Puerto Ricans bilingualism is becoming more prevalent and many of them are increasingly accepting both languages, Spanish and English, without questioning or denying the fact that Spanish is their mother tongue.

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Ramadan-Santiago, Omar. "Constructing Spiritual Blackness." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 95, no. 1-2 (March 9, 2021): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-bja10004.

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Abstract In this article, I address how my interlocutors, members of the Rastafari community in Puerto Rico, claim that they identify with Blackness and Africanness in a manner different from other Black-identifying Puerto Ricans. Their identification process presents a spiritual and global construction of Blackness that does not fit within the typical narratives often used to discuss Black identity in Puerto Rico. I argue that their performance of a spiritually Black identity creates a different understanding of Blackness in Puerto Rico, one that is not nation-based but rather worldwide. This construction of Blackness and Black identity allows my interlocutors to create an imagined community of Blackness and African descent that extends past Puerto Rico’s borders toward the greater Caribbean region and African continent. In the first section, I discuss how Blackness is understood and emplaced in Puerto Rico and why this construction is considered too limiting by my interlocutors. I then address their own construction of Blackness, what I refer to as “spiritual Blackness,” and how they believe it diverges from Afro-Boricua/Black Puerto Rican identity. In the final section, I direct focus to how Africa is centralized in the construction of spiritual Blackness.

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Powell, Derrek. "Yo soy de p fkn r." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 11, no. 2 (October 17, 2022): 7–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.11.2.6411.

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Based in a sociophonetic analysis of lyrics performed by eight male Reggaeton artists of Puerto Rican origin, this study combines raciolinguistic and variationist frameworks to examine the frequency of occurrence and underlying linguistic, musicological, and poetic factors conditioning the distribution of the lateral variant of syllable- and word-final alveolar tap /ɾ/. Given that this trait is regarded as a distinctive characteristic of Puerto Rican Spanish capable of indexing in-group membership alongside positive assessments of Puerto Rican national identity, the study explores the implementation of this feature in popular performances of Puerto Ricanness in the context of global Latin Urban Music (Delgado Díaz et al. 2021, Medina Rivera 1997, Valentín Márquez 2015).The results show that lateralization is more frequently used by contemporary reggaetoneros like Bad Bunny and Ozuna, whose professional careers began in an era in which Reggaeton enjoyed global accessibility, contrasted to the pioneering artists of the genre such as Daddy Yankee and Nicky Jam, who use the variant significantly less frequently. Additionally, the results suggest that, while the most recent tracks performed by newer artists exhibit the highest rates of occurrence, the inverse is true for artists whose careers began in the early 2000s before the global consumption of Reggaeton, who are documented as decreasing use of [l] in what is interpreted as an attempt to distinguish their works from younger performers. This work contributes to the growing literature regarding the linguistic construction of performative identities permeating the popular music industry, offering insight into the racialization of [l] as a distinct Puerto Rican feature relative to expressions of ethnonational pride

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Garcia, Ivis. "Symbolism, Collective Identity, and Community Development." Societies 8, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc8030081.

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A focal point of this article is symbols (e.g., flags) and how low-income communities use them to construct ownership over spaces that would have otherwise been inaccessible to them. This conception of contested ownership through symbolism helps us to elaborate the main point of this article: how low-income communities continuously battle gentrification through symbols. The following article employs interviews and a theoretical framework on symbols and collective ethnic identity to understand how they operate in the appropriation of space by applying a case study of Humboldt Park, Chicago, and the Puerto Rican community.

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Flores-Gonzalez, Nilda. "Puerto Rican High Achievers: An Example of Ethnic and Academic Identity Compatibility." Anthropology Education Quarterly 30, no. 3 (September 1999): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aeq.1999.30.3.343.

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Fiddian-Green, Alice, Aline C. Gubrium, and Jeffery C. Peterson. "Puerto Rican Latina Youth Coming Out to Talk About Sexuality and Identity." Health Communication 32, no. 9 (August 26, 2016): 1093–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2016.1214215.

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Duany, Jorge. "Colonial Migrants: Recent Work on Puerto Ricans on and off the Island." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2005): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002509.

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[First paragraph]Colonial Subjects: Puerto Ricans in a Global Perspective. Ramón Grosfoguel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. xi + 268 pp. (Paper US $ 21.95)Boricuas in Gotham: Puerto Ricans in the Making of Modern New York City. Gabriel Haslip-Viera, Angelo Falcón & Félix Matos Rodríguez (eds.). Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004. viii + 240 pp. (PaperUS $ 24.95)Recent studies of Puerto Ricans have revisited their colonial status, national identity, and transnational migration from various standpoints, including postcolonial, transnational, postmodern, queer, and cultural studies.1 Most scholars in the social sciences and the humanities no longer question whether Puerto Rico is a colony of the United States. What is often discussed, sometimes angrily, is the exact nature of U.S. colonialism, the extent to which the Island has acquired certain “postcolonial” traits such as linguistic and cultural autonomy, and the possibility of waging an effective decolonization process. The issue of national identity in Puerto Rico is still contested as intensely as ever. What is new about current scholarly discussions is that many intellectuals, especially those who align themselves with postmodernism, are highly critical of nationalist discourses. Other debates focus on the appropriate approach to population movements between the Island and the U.S. mainland. For example, some outside observers insist that, technically speaking, the Puerto Rican exodus should be considered an internal, not international, migration, while others, including myself, refer to such a massive dispersal of people as transnational or diasporic. Much of this1. D uany 2002; Pabón 2002; Martínez-San Miguel 2003; Ramos-Zayas 2003; Rivera 2003; Negrón-Muntaner 2004; Pérez 2004. controversy centers on whether the geopolitical “border” between the Island and the mainland is equivalent to a national “frontier” in the experiences of Puerto Rican migrants.

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Duany, Jorge. "Colonial Migrants: Recent Work on Puerto Ricans on and off the Island." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2008): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002509.

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[First paragraph]Colonial Subjects: Puerto Ricans in a Global Perspective. Ramón Grosfoguel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. xi + 268 pp. (Paper US $ 21.95)Boricuas in Gotham: Puerto Ricans in the Making of Modern New York City. Gabriel Haslip-Viera, Angelo Falcón & Félix Matos Rodríguez (eds.). Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004. viii + 240 pp. (PaperUS $ 24.95)Recent studies of Puerto Ricans have revisited their colonial status, national identity, and transnational migration from various standpoints, including postcolonial, transnational, postmodern, queer, and cultural studies.1 Most scholars in the social sciences and the humanities no longer question whether Puerto Rico is a colony of the United States. What is often discussed, sometimes angrily, is the exact nature of U.S. colonialism, the extent to which the Island has acquired certain “postcolonial” traits such as linguistic and cultural autonomy, and the possibility of waging an effective decolonization process. The issue of national identity in Puerto Rico is still contested as intensely as ever. What is new about current scholarly discussions is that many intellectuals, especially those who align themselves with postmodernism, are highly critical of nationalist discourses. Other debates focus on the appropriate approach to population movements between the Island and the U.S. mainland. For example, some outside observers insist that, technically speaking, the Puerto Rican exodus should be considered an internal, not international, migration, while others, including myself, refer to such a massive dispersal of people as transnational or diasporic. Much of this1. D uany 2002; Pabón 2002; Martínez-San Miguel 2003; Ramos-Zayas 2003; Rivera 2003; Negrón-Muntaner 2004; Pérez 2004. controversy centers on whether the geopolitical “border” between the Island and the mainland is equivalent to a national “frontier” in the experiences of Puerto Rican migrants.

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Song, Byeongsun. "Puerto Rican national identity in 21th century and the meaning of the transvestism." Estudios Hispánicos 82 (March 31, 2017): 135–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21811/eh.82.135.

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Díaz‐Stevens, Ana María. "ETHNORELIGIOUS IDENTITY AS LOCUS FOR DIALOGUE BETWEEN PUERTO RICAN CATHOLICS AND AMERICAN JEWS." Religious Education 91, no. 4 (September 1996): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0034408960910405.

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McGreevey, R. "Puerto Rican Citizen: History and Political Identity in Twentieth-Century New York City." Journal of American History 98, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jar123.

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