Journal articles: 'Jirapa'

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Domo, Nuoh R., Culbert Nuolabong, Kofi M. Nyarko, Ernest Kenu, Phoebe Balagumyetime, Godfrey Konnyebal, Charles L. Noora, Kofi D. Ameme, Fred Wurapa, and Edwin Afari. "Uncommon mixed outbreak of pneumococcal and meningococcal meningitis in Jirapa District, Upper West Region, Ghana, 2016." Ghana Medical Journal 51, no. 4 (February 7, 2018): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v51i4.2.

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Objective: The Jirapa District in Ghana falls within the African meningitis belt where over 500 million people are at risk of epidemic meningitis. The district suffered an outbreak of Neisseria meningitides, W (NMW) in 2012 and a mixed outbreak of Streptococcus pneumonia and NMW in early 2016. We investigated the outbreak to identify the source, causative agents, and magnitude and assess health facility preparedness and propose control measures.Design and Setting: We conducted a descriptive study in all sub-districts of Jirapa, between 28th February to10th April 2016. We reviewed records at health facilities, assessed health facility preparedness, searched for cases, traced contacts of case to administer chemoprophylaxis and collect CSF for laboratory analysis. Data were entered in Microsoft excel cleaned, and exported to stata-13 for analysis by person place and time.Results: A total 233 meningitis cases were reported with mean age of 22.4years and standard deviation 21.6. Males were (57%), females (43%) and 60.8% were less than 19 years. Attack rate of meningitis was 214/100,000 with case fatality rate (CFR) of 12.4% (29/233). Causative agents were NMW (69.5%) and streptococcus pneumonia (27.1%), mainly serotype STN1 and H. influenza (3.4%). The index case had travel history to dollar power, close to Tain District which is the epicentre for the 2016 meningitis outbreak in Ghana.Conclusion: The Jirapa district experienced a mixed outbreak of streptococcal and meningococcal meningitis in early 2016, facilitated by migration. Active surveillance and mass vaccination with multivalent vaccines is required to protect the population.Funding: Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (GFELTP)Keywords: Meningitis, outbreak, surveillance, Jirapa, CSF

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Saapiire, Ferguson, Godfrey Namillah, Vincent Tanye, and Abdulai Abubakari. "The Insurgence of Tramadol Abuse among the Most Active Population in Jirapa Municipality: A Study to Assess the Magnitude of the Abuse and Its Contributory Factors." Psychiatry Journal 2021 (February 5, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3026983.

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Background. Tramadol has gained popularity among the drugs of the most active population especially the respondents in Ghana abuse especially farmers who nicknamed as “farm and buy cow.” It has recently become a public health concern, and stakeholders are worried about tramadol abuse and its implications on health in the Upper West Region. The study sought to measure the prevalence of tramadol/related substance abuse and the associated factors. Methods. A community-based analytic cross-sectional study involving 420 respondents was conducted. The participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Semistructured questionnaire was used to generate the data. Results. About 77.6% of the respondents abuse tramadol while 83.9% of the participants take at least one other related substance or drug. Participants with history of any substance abuse were 5 times more likely to abuse tramadol [ AOR = 5.15 ; 95% CI (1.501-17.656); p = 0.009 ], compared to respondents with no history of any substance abuse. Respondents who take tramadol to enhance sex were 4 times more likely to abuse tramadol [ AOR = 3.776 ; 95% CI (1.352-10.545); p = 0.011 ]. Formal sector employment was protective against tramadol abuse [ AOR = 0.100 ; 95% CI (0.017-0.595); p = 0.011 ] compared to self-employment and the unemployed. In addition, use of nonopioid prescription drugs for posttraumatic/pain management reduced the risk of tramadol abuse [ AOR = 0.237 ; 95% CI (0088-0.640); p = 0.004 ] compared to the posttraumatic/pain management dependence on prescription of only opioid like tramadol. Conclusion. An infantile municipality like Jirapa is challenged with high level of tramadol and related substance which has serious repercussion on the health system in the Jirapa district. It is important that measures are taken by the stakeholders to stop tramadol and related substance and mitigate the impact of drug abuse in the district.

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Nkegbe, Paul Kwame, Naasegnibe Kuunibe, Samuel Sekyi, and Goodness Aye. "Poverty and malaria morbidity in the Jirapa District of Ghana: A count regression approach." Cogent Economics & Finance 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 1293472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2017.1293472.

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Dalinpuo, Eric, and Theophile Bindeoue Nasse. "Social Protection and Children Vunerability in Ghana: An Evidence from the Wa and Jirapa Municipalities." International Journal of Social Sciences Perspectives 6, no. 2 (2020): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33094/7.2017.2020.62.88.99.

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Dongzagla, Alfred, Sarah Jewitt, and Sarah O'Hara. "Seasonality in faecal contamination of drinking water sources in the Jirapa and Kassena-Nankana Municipalities of Ghana." Science of The Total Environment 752 (January 2021): 141846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141846.

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Dongzagla, Alfred, Sarah Jewitt, and Sarah O'Hara. "Assessment of fluoride concentrations in drinking water sources in the Jirapa and Kassena-Nankana Municipalities of Ghana." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 9 (October 2019): 100272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100272.

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Dalinpuo, Eric, and Théophile Bindeouè Nassè. "SOCIAL PROTECTION AND CHILDREN VUNERABILITY IN AFRICA: AN EVIDENCE FROM THE WA AND JIRAPA MUNICIPALITIES IN GHANA." International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research 2, no. 1 (June 21, 2020): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v2i1.108.

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Though Ghana has made impressive strides in terms of economic growth, poverty reduction and democratic governance, there remains a substantial percentage of the population that still lives in poverty and are vulnerable to a range of economic, social, lifecycle and environmental shocks and risks. Therefore, Ghana rolled out a number of social protection interventions under the National Social Protection Strategy (NSPS) to mitigate the impact of extreme poor and vulnerabilities in society, especially among vulnerable children.The main objective of the study was to examine social protection and children vulnerability in Ghana by employing both qualitative and quantitative methods in achieving the objectives of the study in the Jirapa and Wa Municipalities of the Upper West Region of Ghana. Secondary literature and primary data were combined.The methods for data collection were questionnaire and interviews to generate information from government departments and institutions providing social protectionist services.Results suggest that there is increasing levels of vulnerability and orphanhood in children in the region. However, SP has some improvement in bene?ciaries household food consumption, income levels, saving levels, access to healthcare, and school attendance. However, there are institutional challenges that affect the implementation of the SP programme.The study concludes that SP programme contributed to poverty reduction as it enhanced bene?ciaries’ living conditions. It is therefore recommended that the Department of Social Welfare (DSW) be strengthened to properly target the real vulnerable children and households in their registration.

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Ghanney, Robert Andrews, and Jeremiah Nuobalee. "Exploring Head Teachers’ Instructional Supervisory Role: The Case of Public Junior High Schools in Jirapa Municipality of Ghana." American Journal of Education and Learning 6, no. 1 (September 2, 2021): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/804.6.1.64.75.

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The study explored Head teachers’ instructional supervisory role among public Junior High Schools in the Jirapa Municipality of the Upper West Region of Ghana. It adopted psychological and system theory of supervision propounded by Planturrroot (2006) and Bertalanffy (2015) respectively. The mixed method sequential approach was followed in the conduct of the study where both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analysed. A sample size of 200 respondents made up of 40 head teachers, 80 teachers and 80 pupils were used for the quantitative data, whilst 10 head teachers were selected for the qualitative data. The Statistical Product for Service Solutions (SPSS) version 23 was used to analyse the quantitative data while thematic approach was used for the qualitative data. The findings of the study revealed in-frequent orientation for newly engaged teachers. It further showed lower ratings in the provision of in-service training, time tabling design and setting of performance target for pupils and teachers. It was recommended that the Ministry of Education and Ghana Education Service (GES) should regularly organize workshops, seminars and in-service trainings on supervisory roles of head teachers and assistant head teachers to equip them with the needed knowledge and skills in the municipality. Lastly, Heads of schools and other supervisors should re-design schools` time tables to suit the use of instructional time in the lesson of teachers to enhance their monitoring.

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Okyere, Gabriel Asare, Paul Awinbil Alalbil, Henry Ping-Naah, and Yakubu Tifere. "Determinants of Survival in Adult HIV Clients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Lawra and Jirapa Districts of Upper West Region, Ghana." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 14, no. 3 (December 16, 2013): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957413500531.

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Sam, K. O., V. A. Botchway, N. Karbo, G. O. Essegbey, D. K. Nutsukpo, and R. B. Zougmoré. "Evaluating the utilisation of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) technologies and practices among smallholder farmers in The Lawra, Jirapa and Nandom districts of Ghana." Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science 55, no. 2 (December 24, 2020): 122–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjas.v55i2.10.

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Climate change is posing threat to agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa including Ghana. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is proposed to solve climate change impacts on agriculture. Smallholder farmers are adopting various strategies to be resilient to climate change effects. Empirical research is required to evaluate CSA utilisation in Ghana. Lawra, Jirapa and Nandom districts in the climate-risk areas of Guinea Savannah agro-ecological zone were chosen and Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) tools were used. Farm budget analysis and market price methods were employed; key financial decision-making tools were net returns, profit margins and benefit-cost ratio. Soft systems content analysis, frequencies, means, ranking and data aggregation were employed to generate results. CSA use in the study districts was smallholder driven and male dominated. CSA was mainly used for staples including cereals and legumes and small ruminants under livestock. Crop-livestock integration and crop rotation were the common CSA practices with the highest costs (GH¢6,370.00) and highest revenues (GH¢9,460.00) respectively. Utilisation of CSA in the districts is beneficial and investments are profitable and financially viable. All actors and stakeholders must join forces to promote CSA in the districts. Rigorous promotional campaigns, capacity building and funding at all levels are crucial for CSA adoption in Ghana.

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Palacios Quirós, Esteban, Ana Eugenia Jiménez Rocha, and Tania Pivovarova. "Primer reporte de parásitos gastrointestinales en Jirafas (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) de cautiverio, Guanacaste, Costa Rica." Revista Ciencias Veterinarias 36, no. 1 (June 11, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/rcv.36-1.3.

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La jirafa (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), es una especie de ungulado poligástrico, originario del continente africano cuyas poblaciones en cautiverio han aumentado de manera exponencial. Las enfermedades parasitarias se catalogan como una de las principales causas de mortalidad en esta especie. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las especies y géneros de parásitos gastrointestinales (PGI) en jirafas de cautiverio en Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Se analizó en total 37 muestras de heces de 10 jirafas procedentes de un centro turístico. Las cuales se recolectaron de enero a mayo del 2017 en cuatro muestreos, excepto a una de ellas, nacida durante el estudio. El muestreo se realizó al momento de la defecación. Las heces fueron transportadas en frío a una temperatura de ≈4 oC, y remitidas al Laboratorio de Parasitología de la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional. Las muestras fueron procesadas por técnicas coprológicas (Sheather, y sedimentación) para determinar la presencia de huevos de nematodos, trematodos y cestodos; inmunológicas (FasTest® Crypto-Giardia Strip), para detectar parásitos zoonóticos como Cryptosporidium parvum y Giardia duodenalis; McMaster para determinar la carga parasitaria (huevos por gramos de heces= HPG) del grupo Strongylida y el coprocultivo para determinar el porcentaje de larvas infectantes (L3). El 100 % de las jirafas analizadas fueron positivas a PGI, teniendo toda la población parásitos del grupo Strongylida. Las L3 identificadas correspondieron a 100 % Haemonchus spp., 10 % Cooperia spp. y 20 % Strongyloides papillosus. No se encontraron PGI zoonóticos. El rango de HPG fluctuó de < 50 a 625. El porcentaje de larvas infectantes del grupo Strongylida identificadas por coprocultivo fue 100 % (10/10) de Haemonchus spp. y 10 % (1/10) de Cooperia spp. Únicamente una jirafa tuvo infección mixta por Haemonchus y Cooperia. Este estudio representa el primer reporte de la presencia de PGI en jirafas de Costa Rica, y es el primero que identifica Cooperia spp. y Strongyloides papillosus en el nivel mundial.

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Domapielle, Maximillian Kolbe, Constance Awinpoka Akurugu, and Emmanuel Kanchebe Derbile. "Vertical equity in access to health insurance services: An exploration of perceptions and enrolment in the Jirapa Municipality, north-western Ghana." Journal of Planning and Land Management 2, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36005/jplm.v2i1.28.

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Given concerns about the spiralling cost of health services in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), this study draws on a framework for assessing poverty and access to health services to ascertain progress towards achieving vertical equity in the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in a rural setting in northern Ghana. Rural-urban disparities in financial access to NHIS services are seldom explored in equity-related studies although there is a knowledge gap of progress and challenges of implementing the scheme’s vertical equity objectives to inform social health protection planning and implementation. A qualitative approach was used to collect and analyse the data. Specifically, in-depth interviews and observation were deployed to explore participants’ lived experiences, the relationship between location, livelihoods and ability to pay for health insurance services. The article found that flat rate contributions for populations in the informal sector of the economy and lack of flexibility and adaptability of timing premium collections to the needs of rural residents make the cost of membership disproportionately higher for them, and this situation contradicts the vertical equity objectives of the NHIS. The study concludes that the current payment regimes serve as important deterrence to poor rural residents enrolling in the scheme. Based on this, we advocate strict adherence and implementation of the scheme’s vertical equity measures through the adoption of the Ghana National Household Register (GNHR) as a tool for ensuring that contributions are based on income, and collection is well-timed

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Domapielle, Maximillian Kolbe, Constance Awinpoka Akurugu, and Anna Mdee. "Horizontal Inequity in Healthcare Delivery: A Qualitative Analysis of Perceptions of Locality and Costs of Access in the Jirapa Municipality, North‐western Ghana." Journal of International Development 32, no. 8 (July 18, 2020): 1308–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3504.

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Avornyo, F. K., S. T. Partey, R. B. Zougmore, S. Asare, A. A. Agbolosu, N. M. Akufo, N. A. Sowah, and S. P. Konlan. "In vivo digestibility of six selected fodder species by goats in northern Ghana." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 2 (July 13, 2019): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01989-w.

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Abstract An in vivo digestibility trial was conducted to evaluate the digestibility of six forages. These were selected indigenous browse species and groundnut haulms in Lawra and Jirapa Districts of the Upper West Region of Ghana. Groundnut haulms served as a control due to its known good digestibility in small ruminants. Thirty West African Dwarf (WAD) young castrated billy goats with a mean age of 8 months were used. The average live body weight was 8.9 ± 0.1 kg. The animals were randomly assigned to the six treatments and replicated five times in a completely randomized design. They were confined in metabolism cages. The adaptation period was 3 weeks after which data was taken for 10 days. The treatments were the leaves and tiny twigs of T1 Annona senegalensis, T2 Ficus gnaphalocarpa, T3 Pericopsis laxiflora, T4 Pterocarpus erinaceus, T5 Afzelia africana, and T6 (control) Arachis hypogaea. Feed intake, faecal matter and urine output were measured. The results indicated that dry matter (DM) contents of the feedstuffs were less than 50% but crude protein (CP) contents were higher than the minimum required for sustaining ruminants. Neutral and acid detergent fibre contents were high, and F. gnaphalocarpa, in particular, contained a higher level of phosphorus (P). The amounts of feed intakes were typical of most fodder species with the exception of P. laxiflora and P. erinaceus, which were lower (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility values were also typical of most fodder species but the digestibility of A. africana fibre appeared to be lower. Nitrogen retention was positive for all test species with the exception of P. laxiflora, which was negative. Mortality was recorded in animals on P. laxiflora, and the rate was high. Pericopsis laxiflora leaves, even though morphologically similar to the leaves of P. erinaceus, were not a suitable fodder. Ficus gnaphalocarpa appeared to be the overall best fodder species in terms of nutrient uptake.

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Tetteh, Bright K. D., Isaac G. K. Ansah, Samuel A. Donkoh, Mark Appiah-Twumasi, Franklin K. Avornyo, Mohammed T. Shaibu, Samuel Partey, et al. "Perceptions of weather variability and climate change on goat producers’ choice of coping and adaptation strategies: evidence from climate-smart and non-climate-smart villages in the Jirapa and Lawra districts." Climate and Development 12, no. 7 (September 26, 2019): 614–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2019.1664975.

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Giménez-Candela, Teresa. "Marius, la jirafa." Derecho Animal. Forum of Animal Law Studies 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/da.279.

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Mahmood, Amna, Shaukat Ullah, and Shughla Ashfaq. "The Evolution of Jirga System: A Conflict Resolution Mechanism in FATA." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/2.1.3.

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This study aims to evaluate the mechanism of conflict resolution through the Jirga system in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. Conflict is a common issue in every society, but the resolving bodies exist in every society which are working according to their socio-cultural set-up. The Jirga system is a conflict resolution body in semi-governed tribal areas of Pakistan in the absence of formal legal and justice system. This study highlights the evolution or historical background and concept of the Jirga system as well as the kinds of Jirga system. The study further evaluates the procedures of the Jirga system that how a Jirga proceeds and resolves a conflict between the two parties. The Jirga proceeds according to the nature of a conflict. A formal justice system on the pattern of settled districts are not in practice in FATA. Therefore, there is a strong urge that the institution of Jirga must be an effective substitute.

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Peris-Delcampo, David, and Enrique Cantón. "Intervención psicológica para el aumento motivacional hacia la actividad física y la pérdida de peso." Revista Costarricense de Psicología 39, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22544/rcps.v39i02.03.

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Se presenta un estudio de caso con una joven de 22 años (estudiante y entrenadora de baloncesto) que quería motivarse para perder peso y desarrollar hábitos saludables (buena alimentación y ejercicio físico regular). Se utilizó el modelo “La Jirafa de Cantón” como base de la intervención que consta de cuatro partes bien diferenciadas que son: la “cabeza” o meta; el “cuello” o las expectativas x valor; el “cuerpo” o la autoestima, autoeficacia y autoconcepto; y las “patas” de la base que se refieren a las cuatro vías de obtención de información (experiencia directa, experiencia indirecta, persuasión verbal y síntomas psicofisiológicos). El análisis de datos tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos se realizó mediante triangulación metodológica, midiendo en la participante las partes del modelo de la Jirafa de Cantón de manera cualitativa, y cuantitativamente el bienestar psicológico y la autoeficacia. Los resultados muestran una mejora de las variables motivacionales relacionadas con las partes del modelo, en consonancia con la mejora de las puntuaciones cuantitativas de bienestar psicológico y autoeficacia. También se observó un aumento y mantenimiento de hábitos saludables de nutrición, actividad física y pensamientos adecuados. Estos resultados están en la línea de los obtenidos en estudios anteriores similares.

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Ali, Muhammad Umair. "Gender Identity and the Issues of Acceptance in Pakistani Community." Global Sociological Review V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2020(v-i).02.

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irga is a unique traditional justice system, the word “JIRGA” in Shina (local language) means Arbitration in English. Its employees a process of dispute settlement with the intervention of notables of the society followed by the free consent of the disputing parties. This study was carried out to study the structure and functioning of Jirga system. Researcher adopted the purposive sampling technique and collects the data from 36 respondents; area of the study was Haramosh Gilgit-Baltistan. Study focus the Jirga system and its implications; researcher designed the questioner to investigate the validity and accountability of Jirga system. Study defines the merits and demerits of Jirga system.

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Hussain Ahmadzai, Mohammad. "The Process of Jirga and Maraka (common negotiation) amongst the Pashtun Tribes." Addaiyan Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36099/ajahss.2.1.4.

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Of the many traditions of the Pashtun tribes, one of them is thepractices of Jirga and Maraka. After a crime has occurred, if the victimchooses the path of peace instead of taking revenge, they have choseneither Jirga or Maraka. The Pashtun Jirga has a regular flow andprogresses at various stages. The Pashtun Jirga is created by taking bothparties of the dispute and having them take part in a mediation meeting inorder to begin the process of inquiry. After the investigation, the Jirgacouncil makes a decision based on the tribal law and once decided, sharesthe decision with the members of the Jirga. If it was acceptable for thecouncil, they then announce the decision to both sides of the dispute in thepresence of tribal elders, Mullah Imam and the youth. If agreed,conciliation will be made and the appropriate compensation will be givento the victimized party. If the decision is not accepted, they will be invitedfor the second and third stages of the discussions. The third attempt isfinal and must be the conclusion of the Jirga.

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Hilwan, Iwan, and Aldi Perdana Wiraatmadja. "Penyebaran Jenis Jirak (Symplocos fasciculata Zoll.) di Resort Kawah Ratu Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak, Jawa Barat." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.12.1.23-29.

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Jirak (Symplocos fasciculata Zoll.) is one of the native species in the Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, especially in the Kawah Ratu resort. This plant can be used as a natural coloring agent, in addition to plant parts such as leaves can also be eaten and used as medicine. Because of the benefits of jirak, this plant is considered important to be cultivated. This study aims to analyze the density and distribution pattern of jirak (Symplocos fasciculata Zoll.) at Kawah Ratu Resort, Gunung Halimun Salak National Park. Data collection was carried out in two blocks located at the Kawah Ratu Resort of Mount Halimun Salak National Park, namely the Leles block and the Pamengpeuk block using the single plot method. The results showed that jirak distribution pattern in the two observation blocks was grouped. Keywords: Distribution, Jirak, Kawah Ratu Resort, Symplocos fasciculata Zoll., Gunung Halimun Salak National Park

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Mahmood, Tahir, Sajjad Ali Khan, and Shahab Sarwar. "Integrated Justice in Pakistan: From Legal Pluralism to Normative Convergence." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 16, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 805–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/16.4.805-820(2018).

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Legal pluralism, throughout most of developing countries, has been extant since the onset of colonial era. Manifested in a variety of forms, legal pluralism is inherently characterized by both promises as well as limitations. In Pakistan, legal pluralism is epitomized by the prevalence and functioning of parallel systems of justice such as formal courts and Alternate Dispute Resolution Mechanism (ADRM), such as “Jirga. Poor coordination and tenuous enforcement mechanisms, however, render the formal justice system in Pakistan one of poorest performers in terms of judicial efficacy world-wide. This article seeks to explore the possibility of a convergence between traditional and modern models of dispute resolution, i.e. Jirga and court system and the resultant efficacy thereof through devising a conceptual framework. The framework reveals that both formal courts and Jirga demonstrate marked discrepancies concerning their efficacy with respect to the provision of justice and dispute resolution. Findings from the field, however, evince that Jirga stand out to be a relatively more effective mechanism of dispute resolution than formal courts. The conceptual framework, however, implies that by converging both systems it is possible to cope with the limitations of each of the two systems such that while courts could provide legal legitimacy to the Jirga by improving its decency and accountability through regulations, Jirga could enhance the legitimacy of courts by improving its accessibility and transparency through feedback mechanisms. The article concludes by way of arguing that instead of parting ways with each other, both courts and jirga shall seek to go hand in hand in order avoid delays in the provision of justice.

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Bibi, Hamida, and Surat Khan. "The Perils of Jirga and the Miserable Plight of Women." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v3i2.41.

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This study was conducted to critique and asses the institution of Jirga and its practice of Swara. The data was collected through vis-à-vis semi-structured interviews from the Jirgees and Swaras, the two most proximate stakeholders of the institution of Jirga. For the analysis of data, the tool of Thematic Analysis, developed by Braun and Clarke (2015), was used. The findings of the study show that Jirga — besides being unconstitutional — is involved in multifarious inhumane practices and its members are mostly uneducated. Its decisions are completely void of the canon international law and human rights. Jirga is involved in the felonious practice of Swara. Swaras — women atoned by Jirga in reprisal for an offence — are living wretched lives facing multifarious forms of violence, discrimination, humiliation and other forms of inhumane behaviors. Besides, they are suffering from depression, inferiority complexes, suicidal attempts, malnutrition, verbal abuse, etc. The findings also imply that illiteracy, passivity and condonement of the judiciary and law enforcing agencies, and the higher rate of crimes in the area are the factors contributing to the practice of Swara. In the light of the findings, the researcher recommends that the practice of reprisal reiterated by Jirga should be completely extirpated. Education should be disseminated and the government and law enforcing agencies should work in proximity to mitigate the rate of crimes in the area. The government should frame inclusive economic policies in order to promote peace and prosperity in the area.

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Gupitasari, Tressa Pratywi, Zozy Aneloi Noli, and Suwirmen Suwirmen. "Roots Induction and Growth of Shoot Cutting of Jirak (Eurya acuminata DC.) by Adding Some Growth Regulator Solutions in Various Planting Medium." Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2019.v06.i02.p19.

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The research about roots induction and growth of shoot cutting of Jirak (Eurya acuminata DC.) by adding some growth regulator solutions in various planting medium, was conducted from May until August 2017 in Greenhouse and Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Andalas University. The aims of the research to find out effect of providing growth regulator solution with different types, used of planting medium and interaction of both factors the best to roots induction and growth Jirak (E. acuminata DC.) by cutting. The research used Complete Randomized Design (CRD) factorial with two factors and three replications. Factors A were growth regulator solution (a0: control, a1: IBA 100 ppm, a2: NAA 100 ppm, a3: IAA 100 ppm) and factors B were various planting medium (b0: garden soil, b1: sand, b2: charcoal husk). The research result were adding some growth regulator solutions and various planting medium significanly affected roots induction and growth of jirak and there is interaction on the high of plant. The treatment of 100 ppm IAA and treatment using sand medium obtain the highest result in increasing roots induction and growth of shoot cutting of Jirak.

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Kurnia, Fabiola D. "Women Speak: A Writing-Subject's Perspective on Toeti Hera Ty's Calon Arang and Cok Sawitrl's Janda dari Jirah." ATAVISME 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2008): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v11i1.323.39-48.

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Makalah ini mengkaji tcntang perspektif subjek kepenulisan dari dua penulis perempuan: Turi Heraty dan Cok Sawitri tentang bagaimana posisi subjek yang berkuasa memberdayakan dirinya sendiri dari konstruksi subordinat, 'the other' (liyan) pada kasus pembelaan diri seorang pcrempuan pendeta. yang dikenal sebagai Calon Arang atau janda dari Jirah, untuk mcnciptakan kebudayaaan. Heraty berbicara atas nama seorang janda tua Jirah, Calon Arang, sebagai perempuan korban masyarakat patriarkal. Sebagai korban, janda tua ini diperkenalkan sebagai simbol kejahatan dalam dikotomi kejahatan dan kebaikan. Akan tetapi, Herati memanfaatkan malapetaka dan target dari kejahatan Calon Arang untuk menghadirkan perspektif subjek kepenulisannya: kemarahan perempuan. Heraty, juga dalam kemarahannya. bcrbicara atas nama perempuan yang menjadi objek yang tcrsubjektifikasi, sebagai subordinasi kekuasaaan laki. Sawitri berbicara atas nama janda yang perkasa. janda dari Jirah. sebagai perempuan pendeta yang tak tertandingi otoritas kekuasaan laki-laki. Sebagai pendeta, janda terscbut diperkenalkan sebagai simbol lbu yang Agung. ternpat bcrlindung dan bernaung. Disini, Sawitri memanfaatkan ajaran-ajaran dari kredo si Janda untuk menunjukkan pcrspektif subjck kcpcnulisannya: superioritas pcrcmpuan. Sawitri, dalam kckagumannya, berbicara atas nama pcrcrnpuan yang menjadi subjek yang terobjektifikasi, sebagai 'the other'- sebagaimana juga laki-laki, untuk menciptakan harmoni. Baik Heraty maupun Sawitri berbicara atas nama pembungkaman Calon Arang dan Janda dari Jirah, Heraty dengan cara membebaskan pcrempuan dari esensi biologis dan mengasihani diri mereka sendiri, sedangkan Sawitri dari kemungkinan-kemungkinan filosofis dan keyakinan keagamaan mereka. Dua penulis perempuan ini telah menciptakan usaha yang luar biasa untuk berbicara dengan menggunakan perspektif-perspektif mereka terhadap pembungkaman Calon Arang dan Janda dari Jirah dalam posisi objek yang "tersubjcktifikasi" dan subjek yang "terobjektifikasi".

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Fontani, Giuliano, Silvia Migliorini, Leda Lodi, Enrico De Martino, Nektarios Solidakis, and Fausto Corradeschi. "Internal–External Motor Imagery and Skilled Motor Actions." Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2012-0001.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the movement-related brain macropotentials (MRBMs) recorded during the execution of two tests of motor imagery: kinaesthetic (internal) and visual (external). Recordings were compared with those obtained performing a GO/NOGO motor test. The GO test required pressure of three keys of a modified keyboard in sequence when a figure appeared in the computer screen. On NOGO trials no button had to be pressed. Motor imagery tests were an internal or kinaesthetic imagination test (IN MI) on which participants imagined performing the pressure of keyboard buttons, avoiding any real movement, and an external or visual imagination test (EX MI) on which subjects were asked to imagine seeing their finger press the buttons. With the completion of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire, the participants were assigned into two groups: high (11) and low (10) capacity of imagination. The results showed an increase in the amplitude of the MRBMs wave occurring in the prestimulus period of imagination, with respect to real motor action. In the poststimulus period, the amplitude and duration of the waves recorded during motor action were higher than those recorded during the motor imagery tests. The comparison between EX and IN MI showed a lower latency and a higher amplitude of the brain waves recorded during internal motor imagery with respect to those observed during EX MI. The experimental data confirm that real motor activity is related to higher amplitude MRBMs than motor imagery. The profile of the waves recorded during internal imagery seems to be related to a higher brain involvement compared to those recorded during external visual imagery; it suggest that the kinaesthetic process of imagination is more efficient in information processing and motor skill acquisition.

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O, Jenny, and Craig R. Hall. "A Qualitative Analysis of Athletes’ Voluntary Image Speed Use." Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 8, no. 1 (January 18, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2012-0004.

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Gregg, Melanie, and Leisha Strachan. "Examining Developmental Differences in Imagery Use with Youth Soccer Players." Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2014-0008.

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AbstractEmerging research on youth sport participants has revealed that young athletes use sport-related mental imagery for a variety of purposes such as acquiring sport-specific skills. The present study aimed to replicate previous research regarding developmental differences in imagery use, confirm the utility of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire-Children’s Version (SIQ-C), and clarify the relationship of gender to imagery use in youth sport. Youth soccer players (

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Catenacci, Kelley L., Brandonn S. Harris, Jody L. Langdon, Melinda K. Scott, and Daniel R. Czech. "Using a MG-M Imagery Intervention to Enhance the Sport Competence of Young Special Olympics Athletes." Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2015-0002.

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AbstractOpportunities for athletes with an intellectual disability (ID) to participate in sport are limited by physical and psychosocial barriers. Sport psychology interventions may be able to address these barriers, namely the lack of sport competence that athletes with an ID experience. This study sought to enhance sport competence among athletes with an ID using personalized motivational general-mastery (MG-M) imagery scripts. The six-week study assessed the imagery use, imagery ability, and sport competence of five Special Olympians (M

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Sazhenov, Nickolay. "LOYA JIRGA IN THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL INSTITUTE OF MODERN AFGHANISTAN." Eastern Analytics, no. 2 (2020): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2020-02-111-121.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of Loya Jirga’s role and place in the political system of modern Afghanistan. General information about Jirgas in Afghanistan is provided because this institution replicates similar traditional tribal bodies on the national level. The author describes four possible types of Jirga in terms of participants and territorial coverage. Special attention is given to the analysis of constitutional rules which determine the powers of the Loya Jirga and its status in the political system of post-Taliban Afghanistan. Moreover, the author provides a brief characteristic of all the Loya Jirgas which have been organized since the overthrow of the Taliban regime. The article shows that in modern Afghanistan none of the convened Loya Jirgas have complied with the relevant constitutional rules. According to the Constitution of Afghanistan, the Loya Jirga must include “presidents of the provincial as well as district assemblies”. But this provision cannot be respected due to some difficulties in the conduct of elections in provinces and districts. That is why four Loya Jirgas, convened after the adoption of the Constitution in 2004, were called “consultative” or “traditional”. The issue of Loya Jirga’s legitimacy is also remaining relevant now. Apparently, Loya Jirga’s status in the political system of Afghanistan will remain the same in the short term. In conclusion, the author proposes two options for modern Afghanistan, when the Loya Jirga may be convened. The first one touches upon the issue of adoption of a hypothetical peace agreement with the Taliban and the second variant implies the convening of the Pashtun tribes jirga in the region of Afghan-Pakistani border to discuss vital issues.

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Alam, Fakhre, Shakeel Ahmad, and Abida Bano. "Jirga and Dispensation of Social Welfare Services: A Case Study of Mohmand Tribal District, Pakistan." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 4, no. 1 (December 8, 2020): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/4.1.20.

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This paper examines Jirga's role in providing social welfare to marginalized (poor and orphans) and persons with disabilities in Tribal Districts of Pakistan. In Pakistan's tribal districts, due to lack of written laws and deficiencies in formal social welfare structure, Jirga has also got a contour of informal welfare institutions for rendering services to society's downtrodden poor, orphans, and persons with disabilities. This research uses a case study approach and engages qualitative methods for data collection and data analysis. A total of 23 qualitative in-depth individual interviews and focused group discussions are used, while data is analysed thematically. The study investigates "whether Jirga provides social protection to the poor, orphans, and persons with disabilities in selected case study." The findings reveal that due to absence of efficient and responsive formal social welfare system, vulnerable segments of tribal districts mostly depend on Jirga's indigenous welfare practices for their social protection. Jirga is cost-effective, sympathetic, inclusive, and cares for the needs of vulnerable segments in the selected case. However, Jirga's benevolent role and its efficiency have been somewhat affected by colonial legacies, militancy, etc. The welfare being provided to poor, orphans, and persons with disabilities by Jirga has also been significantly reduced.

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Kamran, Muhammad, Sarfraz Khan, and Ikram Badshah. "JIRGA AFTER MILITANCY: TRADITIONAL SOCIAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN DARA ADAM KHEL FR KOHAT, PAKISTAN." Global Political Review V, no. I (March 30, 2020): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2020(v-i).15.

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The current research was conducted in Dara Adam Khel, Pakistan to explore the structure and procedure of the informal social justice system- commonly known as Jirga. The war on terror made it imperious for tribal Pakhtuns to bring back their chaotic lives on the right track to achieve economic prosperity and peace in the region. Pakhtuns residing in Pakistan have been suffering from this tempestuous situation since decades. Terrorism has brought the social structure to standstill. Due to the war on terror, the Jirga system has experienced a serious setback. The Jirga system has served the Pakhtun society as a complete code of conduct in maintaining peace and harmony. The data was collected through Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews and In-Depth Interviews. Majority of the respondents were aged between 45 to 70 years and they were selected through purposive sampling technique.

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Safaryan, R. G. "R-D Systems and branching Jirina processes." Ukrainian Mathematical Journal 43, no. 2 (February 1991): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01060497.

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Saikal, Amin. "Afghanistan after the Loya Jirga." Survival 44, no. 3 (September 2002): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396330212331343412.

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Kato, Hisatoyo. "On the Second Year as a JIRA's Leader." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 66, no. 9 (2010): 1253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.66.1253.

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Jirsa, Milan. "Role of biliary proteins and non-protein factors in kinetics of cholesterol crystallisation and gallstone growth." Frontiers in Bioscience 6, no. 1 (2001): e154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/jirsa.

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Johnson, Thomas H., and Ronald J. Barnhart. "An Examination of Afghanistan’s 2018 Wolesi Jirga Elections: Chaos, Confusion and Fraud." Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 7, no. 1 (April 2020): 57–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347797020906635.

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This article’s primarily focus concerns Afghanistan’s ‘democratic’ electoral processes and procedures. Fraud and other critical aspects of the 2018 election for the Wolesi Jirga, Afghanistan’s lower house of parliament, are systematically assessed and official election data and results are examined in depth. As witnessed in earlier Wolesi Jirga elections, this legislative election was duplicitous and unrepresentative. By definition, a democratic legislature serves as the voice of a country’s population. Assessing the voting results in Kabul, the largest and most important province, can summarise the problems of the election. The leading ‘vote getter’ in the Kabul Province got a mere 2.0 per cent of the vote—11,158 out of 666,478 votes cast. Twenty-six of the elected Wolesi Jirga legislators received less than 1 per cent of the vote. Only 23.5 per cent of Kabuli voters voted for a winning candidate. Overall, this article paints a bleak picture of the state of democracy in Afghanistan. The already restricted Afghan environment is further hindered by operational mismanagement by the Independent Election Commission (IEC) throughout the electoral process. The single non-transferable voting (SNTV) system again proved to be a disaster resulting in the vast majority of Afghans voting for losing candidates and winning candidates receiving few votes.

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Singh, Rai. "Emergency Loya Jirga Shapes Afghanistan's Future." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 58, no. 2 (April 2002): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492840205800210.

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Davies, Peter, Mohamed S. Ghidaoui, and Wim Uijttewaal. "In memory of Gerhard H. Jirka." Journal of Hydro-environment Research 4, no. 2 (July 2010): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2010.04.014.

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Adriani, Alberto, Gianrico Filacchione, Tatiana Di Iorio, Diego Turrini, Raffaella Noschese, Andrea Cicchetti, Davide Grassi, et al. "JIRAM, the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper." Space Science Reviews 213, no. 1-4 (October 1, 2014): 393–446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0094-y.

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Noschese, R., A. Cicchetti, R. Sordini, M. Cartacci, A. Mura, S. Brooks, M. Lastri, et al. "Juno/JIRAM: Planning and commanding activities." Advances in Space Research 65, no. 1 (January 2020): 598–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2019.09.052.

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Makmur, Makmur. "Ragam Hias dan Inskripsi Makam di Situs Dea Daeng Lita Kabupaten Bulukumba." KALPATARU 26, no. 1 (September 25, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kpt.v26i1.88.

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Ragam hias makam di Nusantara memperlihatkan percampuran, kaligrafi yang dibawah Islam dengan unsur budaya lokal pada pemberian gunungan (meru) dan ragam hias floralistik di makam. Penelitian ini, bertujuan mengungkap kebudayaan Islam pada masa lampau melalui ragam hias dan inskripsi makam. Agar dapat memberikan gambaran, bagaimana kebudayaan dan ajaran Islam terintegrasi dan menyatu kedalam budaya lokal masyarakat. Dalam pencapaiannya digunakan teknik observasi dan analisis dari segi keanekaragaman bentuk, fungsi serta makna ragam hias dan inskripsi. Di kompleks Makam Dea Daeng Lita memperlihatkan paduan jirat gunungan yang terbentuk dari ragam hias sulur-sulur dengan nisan menhir serta inskripsi lafadz zikir dan ketahuidan sebagai refleksi ajaran tasawuf mengambarkan harmonisasi ajaran Islam dengan kebudayaan lokal dalam membentuk peradaban di Kabupaten Bulukumba.Kata kunci : Ragam hias, inskripsi, jirat, nisan.

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Serrano, Francisco J. "¿Qué es una jirafa? Educación, investigación, cuidado de los animales y entretenimiento en los zoológicos." Euphyía - Revista de Filosofía 11, no. 20 (January 15, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33064/20euph1361.

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Los zoológicos justifican su existencia en cuatro tareas fundamentales: la educación del público; la investigación hecha sobre la conducta y las condiciones que garantizan la salud de los animales en cautiverio; el cuidado de los animales, tanto los que están a su cargo como, desde una perspectiva más amplia, de los que están en peligro de extinción; y el entretenimiento del público. En este trabajo examino brevemente estas tareas y concluyo que sólo la de entretener al público es realizada con éxito y, muchas veces, a costa de las otras. Es necesario también reconocer que los zoológicos operan hoy en día en condiciones de grave deterioro ambiental, lo que hace pensar que podrían renovar su compromiso con el cuidado y conservación de los animales. Argumento que esta labor enfrenta fuertes dificultades porque desconocemos qué es un animal en cautiverio.

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Osumanu, Issaka Kanton, Emmanuel Ankamah Zumayelleh, and Enoch Akwasi Kosoe. "Sustainability of community-managed small town and rural water systems in northern Ghana: lessons from Upper West Region." Community Development Journal, May 24, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsab015.

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Abstract This study assessed sustainability of small town and rural water services in northern Ghana using lessons from Jirapa Municipality. A case study design, deploying mixed methods, was employed. Data were obtained from household questionnaires administration and in-depth interviews with community leaders and institutional stakeholders in the water sector. The results revealed that, though access to potable water has increased since the introduction of community-management of water services in Jirapa Municipality, there are still difficulties in terms of adequate water supply. Sustainability challenges revealed by the study are managerial and technical, including ineffective water-management committees, inadequate operations and maintenance capacity, inadequate funds to maintain facilities and lack of continuing support. The study concludes that the apparently improved access to potable water in the Municipality may be short-lived. To improve and sustain water services, water-management committees should be established and trained in administration, operations, maintenance and tariff setting. Also, innovative ways, such as establishing a ‘water-management fund’, should be used to provide continuing support to communities.

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Broni, Francis, Ernest Akyereko, John Ojo, Christopher Tamal, Gideon Oteng, Marlon Mensah, Donne Ameme, et al. "Upsurge in meningitis cases in Jirapa district, Upper West Region � 2017." Pan African Medical Journal Conference Proceedings 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.cp.2017.3.101.209.

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Gyimah, C., M. Okrah, and JKB Nelson. "Enhancing decentralization through functional sub-district structures: the case of Jirapa/Lambussie district." Ghana Journal of Development Studies 5, no. 2 (December 12, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjds.v5i2.35075.

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Angsongna, Alexander, and Samuel Akinbo. "Dàgáárè (Central)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association, December 14, 2020, 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100320000225.

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Dàgáárè /dàgááɹɪ̀/ (ISO 639-3) is a Mabia language (Bodomo 1997) of Niger-Congo family. It is spoken by about 1.5 million The map in Figure 1 shows the areas, in northwestern Ghana and southern Burkina Faso, where Dàgáárè is spoken predominantly. There are four broad dialects of Dàgáárè. These include Northern Dàgáárè [dàgàɹà], spoken in Lawra /lóɹáː/, Nandom /nàndɔ̀ː/ and Burkina Faso; Southern Dàgáárè /wáːlɪ́/, spoken around Kaleo /kàlèó/ and in Wa /wá/; Western Dàgáárè /bɪ̀ɹɪ̀fɔ̀/ spoken in Lassie /lààsɪ̀ɛ́/, Tuna /tʊ́ːnà/ and along the western side of the Black Volta river in Burkina Faso. The other dialect is Central Dàgáárè. These broad dialects are further divided into sub-dialects, as there are internal variations in these dialect groups (Bodomo 2000). This paper’s primary focus is on Central Dàgáárè, which comprises the varieties spoken in and around Jirapa /ʤɪ̀ɹɛ́bǎː/, Han /hɛ̌ŋ/, Ullo /úlò/, Daffiama /dàfɪ̀ɛ́mɛ́/, Nadowli /nàdòlí/, Charikpong /tʃɛ̀ɹɪ̀kpóŋ/, Sombo /sʊ̀mbɔ́/ and Duong /dùóŋ/.

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"Challenges and Prospects of Women Participation in Local Governance - Evidence from Jirapa District, Upper West Region, Ghana." Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7176/rhss/9-2-04.

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Beni, Alphonsus, Romanus Dinye, Alex Yao Segbafia, Prince Osei-Wusu Adjei, and Lawrence Guodaar. "Analyzing the Impact of Formal Education on Poverty Reduction among Rural Households in Northern Ghana: Evidence from the Jirapa District, Ghana." International Journal of Innovative Research and Development 7, no. 7 (July 31, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2018/v7/i7/jul18070.

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Naa Gandau, Barnabas B., Benjamin D. Nuertey, Nana Ayegua Hagan Seneadza, Dominic Akaateba, Emmanuel Azusong, Judith Y. Yirifere, Herta B. Kankpeyeng, and Edem M. A. Tette. "Maternal perceptions about caesarean section deliveries and their role in reducing perinatal and neonatal mortality in the Upper West Region of Ghana; a cross-sectional study." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 19, no. 1 (October 11, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2536-8.

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Abstract Background Maternal perceptions about caesarean section contribute to delayed presentation of women for emergency obstetric care. This increases the risks of perinatal and neonatal mortality and slows down the reductions needed to achieve the sustainable development goal (SDG) target of reducing neonatal mortality and ending new-born deaths. The aim of the study is to determine maternal perceptions about caesarean section deliveries and their role in reducing neonatal mortality at a regional and a district hospital in the Upper West Region of Ghana. Methods This descriptive study was carried out at two hospitals in the Upper West Region, the most rural region in Ghana, between 15th January and 29th June, 2018. Maternal perceptions were examined among antenatal care attendants at the Upper West Regional Hospital (UWRH) and St Joseph’s Hospital Jirapa (SJH), a district hospital, using questionnaires administered by trained nurses. Results Altogether, 416 completed questionnaires were obtained, comprising 206 from expectant women attending the UWRH and 210 from SJH. Although the majority of women in this study preferred spontaneous vaginal delivery (87.4%, n = 348) to caesarean section, most of the respondents (n = 281, 73%) indicated their willingness to have a caesarean section if necessary. The main reason for not wanting a CS was the long recovery time (51.8%, n = 148). Almost half of women interviewed, representing 45.1% (180) did not know or feel that CS can promote child survival and about a fifth, 21.6% (85) believed that CS can have adverse effects on child survival. Factors associated with poor perception of CS included, no formal education, age less than 19 years and no employment. Conclusion Majority of women in this study had a positive attitude towards the uptake of CS if it becomes necessary. Lack of formal education, age less than 19 years and unemployment are associated with poor maternal perception of CS. Education to improve the perception of CS as a promoter of child survival is necessary and to discourage perceptions that it causes adverse perinatal or neonatal outcome particularly in at risk populations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Jirapa'

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