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Wilson, George, and Krysia Mossakowski. "FEAR OF JOB LOSS." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6, no. 2 (2009): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x09990221.
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AbstractSociologists have not attempted to explain the causes of higher levels of perceived job insecurity among racial/ethnic minorities than those of Whites in privileged occupations. This study examines two possible explanations for this finding among White, African American, and Latino professionals and managers. The first emphasizes the discrimination-induced, structural marginality experienced by minorities in the workplace (the marginalized-worker perspective), and the second emphasizes learned dispositions—i.e., fatalism and mistrust—that are brought to the workplace (the dispositional perspective). Using data from the General Social Survey (GSS) and ordered probit regression analyses for both men and women, our findings provide greater support for the marginalized-worker perspective. Results reveal African Americans and Latino men and women have a greater fear of job loss than their White counterparts, regardless of their human capital credentials (e.g., education, work experience) and job/labor market advantages (e.g., job authority, job autonomy, unionized status, favorable market sector). Along these lines, these traditional, stratification-based predictors provide greater insulation from perceived job insecurity for Whites than racial/ethnic minorities. Less support is found for the dispositional perspective: one disposition—fatalism—is associated with greater fear of job loss for African American men and women compared to Whites.
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Cohen, Régis, Rosa Benvenga, Marinos Fysekidis, Yasmina Bendacha, and Jean Marc Catheline. "Social isolation but not deprivation involved in employment status after bariatric surgery." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): e0256952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256952.
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An increase in employment rate was observed among individuals who underwent bariatric surgery. This study assessed the relationship between employment rate and weight loss, deprivation, and Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System (BAROS) scores after bariatric surgery in a deprived area. This retrospective study evaluated the employment rate at a mean period of 2.3±0.1 years after bariatric surgery among 133 individuals. The Evaluation of Deprivation and Inequalities in Health Examination Centers (EPICES score), satisfaction scale, and BAROS (self-esteem, physical activity, social life, work conditions, and sexual activity) questionnaires were used. The mean age of the participants was 45 (range: 19–67) years. Approximately 88% were women. The initial mean body mass index (BMI) was 42.7 kg/m2, and about 88% of the participants underwent sleeve gastrectomy. The mean decrease in BMI was 12 ± 0.5 kg/m2. The mean EPICES score (N<30), BAROS, and satisfaction scale (range: 1–5) scores were 31.9±18, 1.3±1.1, and 4.27±1.19, respectively. After surgery, 19 participants obtained a job. However, three were unemployed. Based on a multivariate analysis, employed and unemployed participants (77 vs 52) before surgery had a lower initial BMI and better BAROS and satisfaction scale scores. After surgery, there was no difference between participants who obtained a new job and those still did not have a job in terms of questionnaire responses. Obtaining a new job was not associated with BMI, sex, or age differences. However, there was a positive correlation between social life score and weight loss. Bariatric surgery increased an individual’s chance of finding a job independently of deprivation status. Participants with a pre-operative job had a better perception of satisfaction and BAROS scores. Moreover, social isolation was correlated with unsuccessful weight loss.
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Hergenrather, Kenneth C., Robert J. Zeglin, Maureen McGuire-Kuletz, and Scott D. Rhodes. "Employment as a Social Determinant of Health: A Review of Longitudinal Studies Exploring the Relationship Between Employment Status and Mental Health." Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education 29, no. 3 (2015): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2168-6653.29.3.261.
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Purpose: To explore employment as a social determinant of health through examining the relationship between employment status and mental health.Method: The authors conducted a systematic review of 48 longitudinal studies conducted in Australia, Canada, Croatia, Germany, Ireland, Israel, the Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom, and United States to explore the causal relationship between employment status and mental health.Results: Five common trajectories were identified as employment, unemployment, job loss, reemployment, and retired. Employment and reemployment were associated with better mental health (e.g., lower psychological distress, lower depression, lower anxiety), whereas unemployment and job loss were correlated with poorer mental health (e.g., higher depression, higher psychological distress).Conclusion: To enhance employment outcomes, service providers must acknowledge the relationship between employment status and mental health. The trajectories of employment and reemployment should be further explored by category (e.g., temporary, adequacy, income, skill level, hours, status). Additional research is needed to further elucidate the relationship between employment status and mental health.
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Hergenrather, Kenneth C., Robert J. Zeglin, Maureen McGuire-Kuletz, and Scott D. Rhodes. "Employment as a Social Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies Exploring the Relationship Between Employment Status and Physical Health." Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education 29, no. 1 (2015): 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2168-6653.29.1.2.
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Purpose:To explore employment as a social determinant of health through examining the relationship between employment status and physical health.Method:The authors explored the causal relationship between employment status and physical health through conducting a systematic review of 22 longitudinal studies conducted in Finland, France, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States.Results:Five common trajectories were identified as employment, unemployment, job loss, reemployment, and retired. Unemployment and job loss were associated with poorer physical health. Employment and reemployment were associated with better physical health.Conclusion:To enhance employment outcomes, it is important for service providers to acknowledge the interaction between the client’s physical health and employment status, and assess client physical functioning. Additional research is necessary to further elucidate this interaction.
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Thompson, Mindi N., Jason J. Dahling, Mun Yuk Chin, and Robert C. Melloy. "Integrating Job Loss, Unemployment, and Reemployment With Social Cognitive Career Theory." Journal of Career Assessment 25, no. 1 (August 19, 2016): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072716657534.
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Job loss and recovery remain critical challenges in the United States and Europe in the wake of the Great Recession. However, the experience of unemployment is poorly integrated in theories of vocational psychology. In this article, we explore how job loss and recovery can be understood through the lens of social cognitive career theory’s career self-management (SCCT-CSM) model. We apply the SCCT-CSM model to understand the critical importance of person-cognitive variables, individual differences, and contextual affordances to the experiences of job loss and job recovery. Implications for future research, including research with particular groups of unemployed persons, are discussed. Overall, our analysis indicates that the SCCT-CSM model is a fruitful perspective for organizing future scholarship related to job loss and recovery.
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Coile, Courtney C., and Phillip B. Levine. "Recessions, Retirement, and Social Security." American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.23.
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This paper examines how labor market fluctuations around the time of retirement affect the labor force status and Social Security receipt of individuals ages 55 to 69 and the income of retirees in their 70s, using data from the March Current Population Survey, Census, and American Community Surveys. We find that workers are more likely to leave the labor force, to collect Social Security earlier, and to have lower Social Security income when they face a recession near retirement. The impact is greatest for the less-educated, who are more susceptible to job loss and rely more heavily on Social Security.
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Sewdas, Ranu, Allard J. van der Beek, Cecile R. L. Boot, Stefania D’Angelo, Holly E. Syddall, Keith T. Palmer, and Karen Walker-Bone. "Poor health, physical workload and occupational social class as determinants of health-related job loss: results from a prospective cohort study in the UK." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e026423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026423.
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ObjectivesThe aims of the present study were to assess the association and interactions of physical workload and poor health with health-related job loss (HRJL) among older workers, and the association and interactions of occupational social class and poor health with HRJL.MethodsData were used from an existing prospective cohort study, Health and Employment after Fifty, where employed or self-employed workers aged 50–64 years (n=4909) were followed-up between 2014 and 2016. Associations between potential determinants (self-perceived health status, physical workload and occupational social class) and 2-year HRJL were examined by Cox regression analyses. To study whether physical workload or occupational social class moderates the influence of poor health on HRJL, additive and multiplicative interactions were calculated.ResultsOlder workers with poor self-perceived health status had increased risk of HRJL during the 2-year follow-up period (men: HR 2.57 (95%CI: 1.68 to 3.92); women: HR 3.26 (95%CI: 2.33 to 4.55)). Furthermore, men with high physical workload were at increased risk for HRJL (HR 1.63 (95%CI: 1.09 to 2.43)). No significant interactions (p<0.05) were identified between poor health and high physical workload, nor between poor health and lower occupational social class.ConclusionOur study indicates that older workers in poor health, and older workers with a physically demanding job, are at increased risk of HRJL. Having a physically demanding job or working in routine/manual occupations does not moderate the association between poor health and HRJL.
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BACCINI, LEONARDO, and STEPHEN WEYMOUTH. "Gone For Good: Deindustrialization, White Voter Backlash, and US Presidential Voting." American Political Science Review 115, no. 2 (March 16, 2021): 550–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055421000022.
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Globalization and automation have contributed to deindustrialization and the loss of millions of manufacturing jobs, yielding important electoral implications across advanced democracies. Coupling insights from economic voting and social identity theory, we consider how different groups in society may construe manufacturing job losses in contrasting ways. We argue that deindustrialization threatens dominant group status, leading some white voters in affected localities to favor candidates they believe will address economic distress and defend racial hierarchy. Examining three US presidential elections, we find white voters were more likely to vote for Republican challengers where manufacturing layoffs were high, whereas Black voters in hard-hit localities were more likely to vote for Democrats. In survey data, white respondents, in contrast to people of color, associated local manufacturing job losses with obstacles to individual upward mobility and with broader American economic decline. Group-based identities help explain divergent political reactions to common economic shocks.
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Mabhala and Yohannes. "Being at the Bottom Rung of the Ladder in an Unequal Society: A Qualitative Analysis of Stories of People without a Home." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 21, 2019): 4620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234620.
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Background: Homelessness is rising in the United Kingdom, despite investment in measures to eradicate it made by the government and charity organisations. Aim: The aim is to examine the stories of homeless people in order to document their perceptions of their social status, the reasons that led to their homelessness, and propose a conceptual explanation. Method: We conducted 26 semi-structured interviews in three centres for homeless people in Cheshire, North West of England. Results: Three categories—education, employment, and health—emerged from the data and provided a theoretical explanation for the reasons that led to their homelessness. These are vital not only for the successful negotiation of one’s way out of homelessness, but also for achieving other social goods, including social connections, social mobility, and engaging in positive social relationships. Conclusion: Participants catalogued the adverse childhood experiences, which they believe limited their capacity to meaningfully engage with the social institution for social goods, such as education, social services, and institutions of employment. Since not all people who have misfortunes of poor education, poor health, and loss of job end up being homeless, we contend that a combination of these with multiple adverse childhood experiences may have weakened their resilience to traumatic life changes, such as loss of job and poor health.
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Musich, Shirley, Dan Hook, Stephanie Baaner, and Dee W. Edington. "The Association of Two Productivity Measures with Health Risks and Medical Conditions in an Australian Employee Population." American Journal of Health Promotion 20, no. 5 (May 2006): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-20.5.353.
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Purpose. To investigate the impact of health on job performance using two measures of productivity loss: (1) a self-reported measure of health-related presenteeism and (2) an objective measure of absenteeism. Design. A cross-sectional survey using a Health Risk Appraisal (HRA) to evaluate self-reported presenteeism and the prevalence of 12 health risks and eight medical conditions. Setting and Subjects. Employees (n = 224) of a private insurance provider in Australia. Measures. A Health Risk Appraisal (HRA) questionnaire was used to evaluate self-reported presenteeism on different aspects of job demands and to assess the prevalence of 12 health risks and eight medical conditions. Illness absent hours were obtained from company administrative records. Results. Increased presenteeism was significantly associated with high stress, life dissatisfaction, and back pain, while increased illness absenteeism was significantly associated with overweight, poor perception of health, and diabetes. Excess presenteeism associated with excess health risks (productivity loss among those with medium- or high-risk status compared to those with low-risk status) was independently calculated at 19.0% for presenteeism and 12.8% for illness absenteeism. Conclusions. This study demonstrates an association between health metrics and self-reported work impairment (presenteeism) and measured absenteeism. The study provides a first indication of the potential benefits of health promotion programming to Australian employees in improving health and to the corporation in minimizing health-related productivity loss.
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Borghouts – van de Pas, Irmgard, Mark Bosmans, and Charissa Freese. "Unemployment prevention: The role of Human Resource Management in job-to-job transitions in the event of redundancy." European Journal of Social Security 23, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262721995209.
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In downsizing organisations, redundant workers suffer from insecurities about work and income. Social security provides income security to the unemployed in the event of job loss. The role played by employers in unemployment prevention for redundant workers, and the effects on unemployment spells and transitions on the labour market, are neglected in both the social policy and HRM literatures. This article addresses the following question: Which factors play a role in the decision to offer job-to-job support and in determining its effect? This article provides the context for the theoretical assumptions regarding why employers initiate job-to-job measures for redundant employees and distinguishes the different types of measures based on a literature review. Secondly, this article contributes to empirical knowledge in the field of unemployment prevention among employers and the effects of job-to-job activities facilitated by employers on redundant workers’ unemployment spells. A two-wave study was conducted on a sample of 2,258 Dutch redundant workers. The study shows that age, breadwinner status and gender are important predictors of unemployment duration after involuntary dismissal. The findings show that investing in the human capital of redundant workers by providing training and education and individual coaching, for example, are associated with a reduced unemployment spell. In our model, in which we controlled for other variables, we found that when one received training, education or individual coaching shortly before or after the dismissal, one was unemployed for an average of almost three months less.
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LINDNER, STEPHAN. "From Working to Applying: Employment Transitions of Applicants for Disability Insurance in the United States." Journal of Social Policy 42, no. 2 (January 7, 2013): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279412000955.
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AbstractPolicies that reduce applications for disability insurance by improving employment prospects of people at risk of applying could be an effective way to control the costs of such programmes. Yet little is known about whether potential applicants would respond to such policies. This paper uses administrative records merged with the Survey of Income and Programme Participation to document employment transitions preceding applications for Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) in the US. Most future applicants report a health shock shortly before they stop working, but they typically remain out of work for some months before they apply for DI. Classifying episodes of non-employment by beginning events reveals that spell length, job search, Unemployment Insurance participation and DI application processing time differ notably by reason of job loss. These findings suggest that applicants generally do not apply immediately after job loss and that those not directly affected by an illness or injury tend to consider other options before applying for benefits. Social policies aimed at increasing re-employment opportunities for such individuals could therefore be effective in reducing application rates.
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Arce, Ruya, Dora Valencia, Sadia Ghani, Marcos Delgadillo, Purnima Madhivanan, Karl Krupp, John Ruiz, et al. "200 COVID-19 Pandemic Sleep Changes Related to Social and Financial Impacts at the US-Mexico Border." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A80—A81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.199.
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Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major impacts to social and financial status for many people, including those living in the vulnerable US-Mexico border region. This study examined relationships between changes in sleep and perceived impacts to social and financial stability due to the pandemic. Methods Participants were 155 individuals who completed the Nogales Cardiometabolic Health and Sleep (NOCHES) and were contacted about completing a COVID sub-study (95% Hispanic/Latino). Participants were asked if the COVID-19 pandemic was causing them to feel more socially isolated, negatively impacting their finances, causing increased worry about finances, affecting their primary job, causing a job loss, and impacting their belief life will one day return to normal. In addition, they were asked to report the degree to which they experienced pandemic-related changes to sleep, including a regularity, overall improvement/worsening, initial and middle-of-the-night insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and napping. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomics, and mental health (PHQ4). Results Those who kept a more regular schedule had lower odds of endorsing isolation (OR=0.32,p<0.0005) and higher odds of believing things will return to normal (OR=1.67,p=0.041). Those whose sleep improved also had lower odds of feeling isolated (OR=0.40,p=0.005). Those with worsened sleep had increased odds of feeling isolated (OR=2.14,p=0.023), experiencing a financial impact (OR=1.85,p=0.016) and increased financial worry (OR=1.71,p=0.033), and lower odds of believing things will return to normal (OR=0.53,p=0.012). More initial insomnia was associated with isolation (OR=3.62,p=0.001), financial impact, (OR=1.89,p=0.015), financial worry (OR=1.87,p=0.016) and job impact (OR=1.95,p=0.010). More middle-of-the-night insomnia was associated with financial worry (OR=1.82,p=0.016) and job impact (OR=1.93,p=0.009). More sleepiness was associated with job loss (OR=1.84,p=0.043). More napping was associated with financial impact (OR=1.89,p=0.017) and worry (OR=1.88,p=0.017), impact to job (OR=1.89,p=0.016) or lost job (OR=1.81,p=0.041), and decreased likelihood of believing things will return to normal (OR=0.45,p=0.003). Conclusion Pandemic-related stress was linked with sleep disturbances. Worse sleep was indicative of increased social isolation, greater financial fears, more job-related impacts and less of a general sense that things would return to normal. Support (if any) Supported by T32HL007249, R01MD011600, R01DA051321
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Fullin, Giovanna. "Unemployment trap or high job turnover? Ethnic penalties and labour market transitions in Italy." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 52, no. 4 (July 28, 2011): 284–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715211412111.
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This article aims at analysing the trajectories of immigrants in the Italian labour market, focusing on yearly transitions from unemployment to employment and vice versa. Regression models show that, controlling for age, educational attainment and region, immigrant workers lose their jobs more often than natives but, once being unemployed they have more probabilities of finding a job than natives. As the probabilities of both transitions can be affected by characteristics of the initial status as well, the two transitions have been analysed separately. For the risk of losing a job, the segregation of immigrants in the secondary labour market seems to be the main reason of their penalization, but also the main reason of their advantage in job seeking, since their unemployment spells are shorter than those of natives, although at the cost of accepting worse working conditions. Analyses are based on the yearly transition matrices of Italian Labour Force Surveys, from 2005 to 2008.
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Athanasou, James A. "A Report on the Return-to-Work Rates Following Compensatable Accident or Injury." International Journal of Disability Management 3, no. 2 (September 1, 2008): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jdmr.3.2.54.
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AbstractThis study examined return-to-work in a sample of 468 compensatable injury cases. These included amputees, brain damage, hearing loss, mental disorders, musculoskeletal problems, nervous system, paraplegia, sight loss and miscellaneous conditions. Around 35% returned to work. It was substantially higher for work-related injuries compared to motor vehicle accidents or general insurance claims. Those who underwent surgery or were admitted to hospital had higher return-to-work rates than those never attending hospital. Psychiatric adjustment factors were a major influence on low rates of return-to-work. Other social and demographic factors were considered (gender, age, city vs. rural location, whether a spinal injury was involved, family status, years of schooling, qualifications, job status at time of accident, occupation). Eight out of 17 possible factors were more statistically significantly related than the remainder to whether someone was working but the substantive limitations of even relevant pre- or post-accident indicators are outlined.
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Marmet, Simon, Matthias Wicki, Gerhard Gmel, Céline Gachoud, Jean-Bernard Daeppen, Nicolas Bertholet, and Joseph Studer. "The psychological impact of the COVID-19 crisis is higher among young Swiss men with a lower socioeconomic status: Evidence from a cohort study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): e0255050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255050.
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Aims The present study aimed to investigate whether the psychological impact of the COVID-19 crisis varied with regards to young Swiss men’s pre-crisis level of education and socioeconomic status and to changes in their work situation due to it. Methods A cohort of 2345 young Swiss men (from 21 out of 26 Swiss cantons; mean age = 29) completed survey-based assessments shortly before (April 2019 to February 2020) and early on during the COVID-19 crisis (May to June 2020). Outcomes measured were psychological outcomes before and during the COVID-19 crisis (depression, perceived stress and sleep quality), and the fear, isolation and psychological trauma induced by it. We investigated associations between these outcomes and their predictors: pre-crisis socioeconomic status (relative financial status, difficulty paying bills, level of education), changes in work situation during the crisis (job loss, partial unemployment, working from home, change in workload) and working in contact with potentially infected people, both inside and outside the healthcare sector. For outcomes measured before and during the crisis, the analyses were adjusted for their pre-crisis levels. Results About 21% of participants changed their employment status (job loss, partial unemployment or lost money if self-employed) and more than 40% worked predominantly from home during the COVID-19 crisis. Participants with a lower relative socioeconomic status already before the crisis experienced a higher psychological impact due to the COVID-19 crisis, compared to participants with an average socioeconomic status (major depression (b = 0.12 [0.03, 0.22]), perceived stress (b = 0.15 [0.05, 0.25]), psychological trauma (b = 0.15 [0.04, 0.26]), fear (b = 0.20 [0.10, 0.30]) and isolation (b = 0.19 [0.08, 0.29])). A higher impact was also felt by participants who lost their job due to the COVID-19 crisis, the partially unemployed, those with an increased workload or those who worked mainly from home (e.g. depression b = 0.25 [0.16, 0.34] for those working 90%+ at home, compared to those not working at home). Conclusions Even in a country like Switzerland, with relatively high social security benefits and universal healthcare, the COVID-19 crisis had a considerable psychological impact, especially among those with a lower socioeconomic status and those who experienced deteriorations in their work situation due to the COVID-19 crisis. Supporting these populations during the crisis may help to prevent an amplification of inequalities in mental health and social status. Such support could help to lower the overall impact of the crisis on the mental well-being of Switzerland’s population.
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Subedi, Rajendra Prasad, and Mark Warren Rosenberg. "“I am from nowhere”: identity and self-perceived health status of skilled immigrants employed in low-skilled service sector jobs." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-09-2015-0035.
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Purpose The foreign-born skilled immigrant population is growing rapidly in Canada but finding a job that utilizes immigrants’ skills, knowledge and experience is challenging for them. The purpose of this paper is to understand the self-perceived health and social status of skilled immigrants who were working in low-skilled jobs in the service sector in Ottawa, Canada. Design/methodology/approach In this qualitative study, semi-structured interviews with 19 high-skilled immigrants working as taxi drivers and convenience store workers in the city of Ottawa, Canada were analysed using a grounded theory approach. Findings Five major themes emerged from the data: high expectations but low achievements; credential devaluation, deskilling and wasted skills; discrimination and loss of identity; lifestyle change and poor health behaviour; and poor mental and physical health status. Social implications The study demonstrates the knowledge between what skilled immigrants expect when they arrive in Canada and the reality of finding meaningful employment in a country where international credentials are less likely to be recognized. The study therefore contributes to immigration policy reform which would reduce barriers to meaningful employment among immigrants reducing the impacts on health resulting from employment in low-skilled jobs. Originality/value This study provides unique insights into the experience and perceptions of skilled immigrants working in low-skilled jobs. It also sheds light on the “healthy worker effect” hypothesis which is a highly discussed and debated issue in the occupational health literature.
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Parikh, Victoria N., Tricia Clement, and Russell D. Fernald. "Physiological consequences of social descent: studies in Astatotilapia burtoni." Journal of Endocrinology 190, no. 1 (July 2006): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06755.
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In many species, social interactions regulate reproductive capacity, although the exact mechanisms of such regulation are unclear. Since social stress is often related to reproductive regulation, we measured the physiological signatures of change in reproductive state as they relate to short-term stress and the stress hormone cortisol. We used an African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni, with two distinct, reversible male phenotypes: dominant (territorial, T) males that are larger, more brightly colored, more aggressive, and reproductively competent and non-dominant males (non-territorial, NT) that are smaller, camouflage colored, and have regressed gonads. Male status, and hence reproductive competence, depends on social experience in this system. Specifically, if a T male is placed among larger male fish, it quickly becomes NT in behavior and coloration, but complete regression of its reproductive axis takes ca. 3 weeks (White et al. 2002). Reproduction in all vertebrates is controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in which the key signaling molecule from the brain to the pituitary is GnRH1. Here, we subjected T males to territory loss, a social manipulation which results in status descent. We measured the effects of this status change in levels of circulating cortisol and testosterone as well as mRNA levels of GnRH1 and GnRH receptor-1 (GnRH-R1) in the brain and pituitary, respectively. Following short-term social suppression (4 h), no change was observed in plasma cortisol level, GnRH1 mRNA expression, GnRH-R1 mRNA expression, or plasma testosterone level. However, following a somewhat longer social suppression (24 h), cortisol and GnRH1 mRNA levels were significantly increased, and testosterone levels were significantly decreased. These results suggest that in the short run, deposed T males essentially mount a neural ‘defense’ against loss of status.
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Moorefield, Bryan. "Challenging Employer Control within the H-2A and H-2B Visa Programs." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 684, no. 1 (July 2019): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219856854.
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Migrants holding H-2A and H-2B visas—contracted labor migrants—predominate in the new migration system that has emerged between Mexico and the United States. These migrants have been growing numerically in an era when net Mexico-U.S. migration has fallen to zero and undocumented migration is negative. These migrants are committed to contracts that require them to work for one employer, at a specified job, in a particular place, for a set duration of time, or risk loss of legal status and deportation. When visas were scarce, as they have been historically, this effectively gave employers monopoly over their contracted workers. This article describes the current system, particularly with respect to the U.S. labor market and the geography of both Mexico and the United States. With more employers now seeking H-2A and H-2B workers, the current moment may provide migrant workers with greater leverage to challenge the dominance of labor contractors and employers by moving among firms, industries, markets, and states from one contract to the next.
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Kuka, Elira. "Quantifying the Benefits of Social Insurance: Unemployment Insurance and Health." Review of Economics and Statistics 102, no. 3 (June 2020): 490–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00865.
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While the unemployment insurance (UI) program is one of the largest safety net programs in the United States, research on its benefits is limited. This paper exploits plausibly exogenous changes in state UI laws to empirically estimate whether UI generosity mitigates any of the previously documented negative health effects of job loss. The results show that higher UI generosity increases health insurance coverage and utilization, with stronger effects during periods of high unemployment rates. During such periods, higher UI generosity also leads to improved self-reported health. Finally, I find no effects on risky behaviors or health conditions.
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Frech, Adrianne, Ginny Natale, Don Hayes, and Dmitry Tumin. "Marital Status and Return to Work After Living Kidney Donation." Progress in Transplantation 28, no. 3 (June 7, 2018): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526924818781560.
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Purpose: Living kidney donation is safe and effective, but patients in need of a transplant continue to outnumber donors. Disincentives to living donation include lost income, risk of job loss, perioperative complications, and unreimbursed medical expenses. Methods: This study uses US registry and follow-up data on living kidney donors from 2013 to 2015 to identify social predictors of return to work across gender following living kidney donation. Results: Using logistic regression, we find that predictors of return to work following living kidney donation differ for women and men. Among women, age, education, smoking status, and procedure type are associated with return to work. Among men, education, procedure type, and hospital readmission within 6 weeks postdonation are associated with return to work. Notably, single and divorced men are less likely to return to work compared to married men (odds ratio [OR] for single men 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-0.69, P < .001; OR for divorced men 0.51, 95% CI, 0.34-0.75, P = .006). Marital status is not associated with return to work for women. Single and divorced men’s greater odds of not returning to work are robust to controls for relevant pre- and postdonation characteristics. Conclusions: Single and divorced men’s lack of social support may present an obstacle to work resumption following living kidney donation.
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Bezhenar, V. F., L. A. Ivanova, N. A. Tatarova, and M. Yu Korshunov. "Risk factors for perinatal loss - reality or fiction?" Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction 15, no. 4 (September 9, 2021): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2021.185.
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Aim: to identify factors predisposing to perinatal losses, assessment of which is available at the first (only) visit of pregnant woman in antenatal clinic.Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 964 women who performed delivery in 2009-2019 in 15 obstetric facilities was carried out. The patients were divided into 2 groups: the main group included 457 women with perinatal losses (stillbirth - 328 children, and 129 children with early neonatal death); the control group consisted of 507 women, whose children survived 7 days during postnatal period. We analyzed parameters routinely determined by an obstetrician-gynecologist at the first visit of woman during within ongoing pregnancy (regardless of gestation age), namely, social status, anamnesis, data of initial examination.Results. The following significant differences were revealed in pregnant women from the main group: a younger age of pregnancy; no registered marriage and permanent job as well as primary and secondary education; smoking, alcohol and drug use; concurrent diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders, blood contact infections, obesity; older menarche age and younger sexual debut age; medical history contains infectious genital pathology, more often pregnancies and childbirths, two or more abortions before repeated childbirth, premature births.Conclusion. Thus, the anamnestic indicators noted above can be used to create prognostic statistical systems and models to determine high risk of perinatal losses of any nature.
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TAKADA, AKEMI, RYOTA NAKAMURA, MASAKAZU FURUKAWA, YOSHIMITSU TAKAHASHI, SHUZO NISHIMURA, and SHINJI KOSUGI. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEIGHT LOSS AND TIME AND RISK PREFERENCE PARAMETERS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL." Journal of Biosocial Science 43, no. 4 (January 12, 2011): 481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932010000696.
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SummaryThis study aimed to assess the effectiveness of intervention (specifically, intervention by telephone and mails, known as ‘tele-care’) relative to self-help as a weight-loss method. The question of whether there is a correlation between changes in two preference parameters – time discounting (i.e. impatience) and risk aversion – and the level of commitment was examined. The study, spanning a period of 24 weeks in 2006–2007, comprised 118 participants, each of whom was randomly assigned to either the tele-care or the self-help group. A public-health nurse provided support through telephone and mail communications to the tele-care group, aiming to reduce their calorie intake and increase exercise via this intervention. There was a significant decrease in the body weight of the participants of the tele-care group from the baseline; however, there were no significant differences in the weight loss, median time discounting or risk aversion between the two groups. The subsequent analysis for weight loss with changes in time and risk parameters revealed a significant difference in the weight loss in the time-discounting–loss and risk-aversion–gain groups. From the results of the multiple regression analysis, the time discounting was noted to be associated with age, initial BMI and marital status among men, and risk aversion was associated with age and job status among women. There is a possibility that a decrease in time discounting and increase in risk aversion might correlate with the weight loss or effectiveness of commitment in this trial. This study suggests that time discounting and risk aversion may be useful in anti-obesity efforts, since they are accurate criteria of behavioural patterns associated with weight problems.
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Mucci, Nicola, Veronica Traversini, Gabriele Giorgi, Eleonora Tommasi, Simone De Sio, and Giulio Arcangeli. "Migrant Workers and Psychological Health: A Systematic Review." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010120.
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Migrant workers show an increase in the incidence of serious, psychotic, anxiety, and post-traumatic disorders due to a series of socio-environmental variables, such as loss of social status, discrimination, and separations from the family. The purpose is to elaborate a systematic review and highlight the prevailing psychological pathologies of these workers and categories most at risk. Our research included articles published from 2009 to 2019 on the major databases (Pub Med, Cochrane Library, and Scopus) using a combination of some keywords. The online search indicated 1.228 references. Using inclusion and exclusion criteria, we analyzed 127 articles, in particular 12 reviews and 115 original articles. Principal emerging disorders from the research are depressive syndrome (poor concentration at work, feeling down, or anger and somatization), anxiety, alcohol or substance abuse, and poor sleep quality. This causes low life conditions, which is also due to marginalization from the social context and strenuous work; in fact, migrant workers may suffer verbal or physical abuse, and they are often employed in dangerous, unhealthy jobs. It is therefore essential to increase the role of occupational medicine and promote wellbeing for this vulnerable job category.
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Hauff, Edvard, and Per Vaglum. "Integration of Vietnamese Refugees into the Norwegian Labor Market: The Impact of War Trauma." International Migration Review 27, no. 2 (June 1993): 388–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700206.
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One hundred forty-five Vietnamese boat refugees were interviewed on arrival and after three years in Norway. The integration into the labor market was poor and the rate of unemployment was relatively high (16%). Eighty-two (63%) were members of the labor force, the rest being students (n=41) or housewives (n=6). Both loss of social status in Vietnam in 1975 and experiences of war trauma were independently related to labor force participation, when age, sex and mental health were controlled for. The risk of unemployment was increased among men and among refugees with low formal education and with no accompanying spouse. The results indicate that war trauma may have an impact on career choice and integration into the labor market which is independent of mental health. Future immigration policies should probably improve the refugees’ opportunities to establish intraethnic social networks to facilitate job finding and entrepreneurship.
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Malin, Nigel. "Developing an analytical framework for understanding the emergence of de‑professionalisation in health, social care and education sectors." Social Work and Social Sciences Review 19, no. 1 (October 18, 2017): 66–162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v19i1.1082.
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This article aims to develop an analytical framework for understanding the context in which a process of de-professionalisation exists within an employment culture dominated by capitalism, globalisation and inequality. It specifically focuses upon experiences arising in health, social care and education sectors typifying that found within the British Welfare State during late modernity. Different theoretical definitions are presented to introduce an argument for a multi-dimensional approach. For example de-professionalisation may cover the removal from professional control, influence, manipulation or a destabilisation of a conventional mode of professionalisation and professional ties. Alternatively it may embody causation to appear unprofessional; or to discredit or deprive of professional status; also privately may be experienced as a weakening of status, respect or tendency away from a position of strength or equal status and be associated with measures for lessening the need for specialist knowledge and expertise. This analysis is based on a review of recent policy and practice evidence to support the notion that de-professionalisation may be defined through a lens of ‘cuts to services’ and job insecurity. It includes a case study covering the strike by NHS junior doctors which it is argued has had an impact on the image of ‘doctors as professionals’, resulting in a potential loss of public trust. De-professionalisation may be defined by financial cuts to staff training and through critiquing models of current training; or by a lowering of morale, a demoralisation or pervasive denigration of the workforce. Lastly this process may be considered as an outcome of low productivity in the workplace where a rise in low-skilled jobs becomes blamed for static wages. Increases in productivity come about as a result of deploying better raw materials, better trained or educated labour or better machines. Ordinary workers seem to have enjoyed few of the benefits of economic growth. Keywords: ideological roots of de-professionalisation; neo-liberalism, Taylorism/Post-Fordism; health, social care and education providers; service cutbacks; reductions in training; workforce morale and productivity
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Riviere, Lyndon A., Athena Kendall-Robbins, Dennis McGurk, Carl A. Castro, and Charles W. Hoge. "Coming home may hurt: risk factors for mental ill health in US reservists after deployment in Iraq." British Journal of Psychiatry 198, no. 2 (February 2011): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.084863.
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BackgroundLittle research has been conducted on the factors that may explain the higher rates of mental health problems in United States National Guard soldiers who have deployed to the Iraq War.AimsTo examine whether financial hardship, job loss, employer support and the effect of deployment absence on co-workers were associated with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).MethodCross-sectional data were obtained from 4034 National Guard soldiers at two time points. All measures were assessed by self-report.ResultsThe four factors were associated with depression and PTSD, with variability based on outcome and time point. For example, job loss increased the odds of meeting criteria for depression at 3 and 12 months and for PTSD at 12 months; the negative effect of deployment absence on co-workers increased the likelihood of meeting criteria for PTSD, but not depression, at both time points.ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate that National Guard soldiers have unique post-deployment social and material concerns that impair their mental health.
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Singh, Gopal K., Hyunjung Lee, and Romuladus E. Azuine. "Growing Job-Related Income Losses, Increasing Social Inequalities, and Physical and Mental Health Impact During the COVID-19 Pandemic, United States, April – December 2020." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 5, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.347.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to substantial socioeconomic disruptions and increases in mental health problems in the United States (US) and globally. Whether social inequalities in job losses and resultant physical and mental health problems have worsened over the course of the pandemic are not well studied. Using temporal, nationally representative data, this study examines racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequalities in job-related income losses and their associated health impact among US adults aged 18-64 years during the pandemic. Methods: Using April, August, and December 2020 rounds of the US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey (N = 56,788 for April; 83,244 for August; and 52,150 for December), social determinants of job-related income losses and associated impacts on self-assessed fair/poor health and depression were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results: In December, more than 108 million or 55.5% of US adults reported that they or someone in their household experienced a loss of employment income since March 13, 2020. An additional 68 million or 34.6% of adults reported expecting this economic hardship in the next four weeks due to the pandemic. Blacks/African Americans, Hispanics, other/multiple-race groups, low-income, and low-education adults, and renters were significantly more likely to experience job-related income losses. Controlling for covariates, those reporting job-related income losses had 51% higher odds of experiencing fair/poor health and 106% higher odds of experiencing serious depression than those with no income losses in December 2020. The prevalence of fair/poor health varied from 11.6% for Asians with no job/income losses to 28.8% for Hispanics and 32.3% for Blacks with job/income losses. The prevalence of serious depression varied from 6.5% for Asians with no income losses to 21.6% for Non-Hispanic Whites and 21.8% for Blacks with job/income losses. Conclusion and Implications for Translation: Job-related income losses and prevalence of poor health, and serious depression increased markedly during the pandemic. More than half of all ethnic-minority and socially disadvantaged adults reported job-related income losses due to the coronavirus pandemic, with 20-45% of them experiencing poor health or serious depression. Copyright © 2021 Singh, et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.
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Franz, Barbara. "Bosnian Refugee Women in (Re)settlement: Gender Relations and Social Mobility." Feminist Review 73, no. 1 (April 2003): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400077.
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Bosnian refugee women adapted more quickly than their male partners to their host environments in Vienna and New York City because of their self-understanding and their traditional roles and social positions in the former Yugoslavia. Refugee women's integration into host societies has to be understood through their specific historical experiences. Bosnian women in exile today continue to be influenced by traditional role models that were prevalent in the former Yugoslavia's 20th-century patriarchal society. Family, rather than self-fulfillment through wage labor and emancipation, is the center of life for Bosnian women. In their new environment, Bosnian refugee women are pushed into the labor market and work in low-skill and low-paying jobs. Their participation in the labor market, however, is not increasing their emancipation in part because they maintain their traditional understanding of zena (women) in the patriarchal culture. While Bosnian women's participation in low-skill labor appeared to be individual families’ decisions more in New York City than in Vienna, in the latter almost all Bosnian refugee women in my sample began to work in the black labor market because of restrictive employment policies. In contrast to men, women were relatively nonselective and willing to take any available job. Men, it seems, did not adapt as quickly as women to restrictions in the labor market and their loss of social status in both host societies. Despite their efforts, middle-class families in New York City and Vienna experienced substantial downward mobility in their new settings. Women's economic and social downward mobility in (re)settlement, however, did not significantly change the self-understanding of Bosnian women. Their families’ future and advancements socially and economically, rather than the women's own independence and emancipation remained the most important aspect of their being.
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Ionescu, Maria Claudia, and Andreea Stan. "PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 10, no. 19 (July 31, 2021): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i19.014.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many lives and has a considerable social and economic impact. In response to this crisis, governments have implemented a series of protection measures: lockdown, social distancing, wearing a mask etc. Studies and statistics on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic indicate low levels of mental and physical well-being, depression, fear of uncertainty, increasing inequality due to job loss, increased stress due to financial matters, social isolation etc. The current study has two main objectives: to explore Psychology students’ perceptions on changes in their quality of life, by comparing two periods of time: before and during COVID-19 pandemic and to identify differences in students’ perceptions on changes in their quality of life, according to their COVID-19 disease status. We designed a questionnaire including different aspects of quality of life, based on WHO Quality of Life - Bref (WHOQOL- BREF) (2004). Results have indicated that the main changes are related to opportunities for leisure activities, ability to concentrate, ability to perform daily living activities, mobility, capacity for work, feeling safe, and having enough money.
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Drolet, Julie, Caroline McDonald-Harker, Nasreen Lalani, and Julia Tran. "Impacts of the 2013 Flood on Immigrant Children, Youth, and Families in Alberta, Canada." International Journal of Social Work 7, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijsw.v7i1.16872.
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The 2013 flood resulted in devastating impacts for immigrant children, youth, and families in Alberta, Canada. This article presents the findings of the Alberta Resilient Communities (ARC) Project, a collaborative research initiative that aimed to better understand the social, economic, health, cultural, spiritual, and personal factors that contribute to resiliency among children and youth. The study findings indicate that immigrant children and youth resilience is tied to four main themes: 1) Constructive parental responses; 2) Effective school support; 3) Active involvement in/with community; and 4) Connections between disasters and the environment. Community influencer participants revealed flood recovery challenges experienced by immigrant families that affected their settlement and integration at the community level. Major themes include: (1) Loss of documentation; (2) Provision of temporary housing and accommodation; and (3) Rethinking diversity in disaster management. The study findings demonstrate that immigrants faced significant socio-economic impacts, trauma, job loss, and housing instability as a result of the flood and its aftermath. Challenges such as limited social ties within and beyond the immigrant community, limited official language fluency, and immigration status contributed to their vulnerability. Immigrant children and youth with positive support from their immigrant parents were found to be more resilient, integrated, and engaged in the community. Recommendations for disaster and emergency management agencies to address diversity factors such as immigration status, language, age, and culture that shape long-term disaster recovery experience are provided. Schools, immigrant parents, and community connections were found to play a key role in fostering immigrant child and youth resilience post-disaster.
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Dubenko, S. E., and Tatyana V. Mazhaeva. "THE COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE THERAPEUTIC DIET." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 12 (March 27, 2019): 1176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-12-1176-1178.
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In order to evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic diet depending on background diet, eating behavior and occupational exposure, authors assessed food intake, nutritional adequacy of the daily food consumption in 2000 workers of similar social and economic background, working in similar conditions. Therapeutic diets No. 2 and No. 3 used at 6 metallurgical facilities were analyzed. The effectiveness of therapeutic diets developed by the authors was evaluated in workers of relevant occupations at two enterprise-based prevention and rehabilitation centers. The authors assessed the nutritional status and health of the workers with unbalanced background diet but on-the-job therapeutic diet and the workers who are on a balanced background diet and on-the-job therapeutic diet. The results show workers with unbalanced diet in terms of fat, carbohydrate, vitamin and trace element consumption as well as ill-conceived therapeutic diet to have impaired fat and carbohydrate metabolism, obesity of various degrees, premorbidities that exacerbate the effects of occupational exposure and increase the likelihood of occupational and work-related diseases. The comprehensive preventive approach, that involves reducing occupational exposure and improving the daily diet including the therapeutic diet, yields the most effective results. The use of therapeutic diets in workers maintaining a balanced background diet results in significant health gain compared to those who are treated in the same enterprise-based prevention and rehabilitation centers but whose background diet is unbalanced. They exhibit weight loss, lower arterial blood pressure, improved carbohydrate and fat metabolism, antioxidant status and functional indicators as well as reduced metal levels in biological media.
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Ash, Marcia J., Jannette Berkley-Patton, Kelsey Christensen, Regine Haardörfer, Melvin D. Livingston, Teesha Miller, and Briana Woods-Jaeger. "Predictors of medical mistrust among urban youth of color during the COVID-19 pandemic." Translational Behavioral Medicine 11, no. 8 (June 3, 2021): 1626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibab061.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted communities of color and highlighted longstanding racial health inequities. Communities of color also report higher rates of medical mistrust driven by histories of medical mistreatment and continued experiences of discrimination and systemic racism. Medical mistrust may exacerbate COVID-19 disparities. This study utilizes the Behavior Model for Vulnerable Populations to investigate predictors of medical mistrust during the COVID-19 pandemic among urban youth of color. Minority youth (N = 105) were recruited from community organizations in Kansas City, Missouri to complete an online survey between May and June 2020. Multiple linear regressions were performed to estimate the effect of personal characteristics, family and community resources, and COVID-19 need-based factors on medical mistrust. Results indicated that loneliness, financial insecurity (e.g., job loss, loss of income) due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and eligibility for free or reduced lunch predicted medical mistrust. Insurance status, neighborhood median household income, social support, and perceived COVID-19 risk were not significantly associated with medical mistrust. Future research and policies are necessary to address systemic factors that perpetuate medical mistrust among youth of color.
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Butt, Mahnoor Taheer, Iram Manzoor, Muhammad Ahmad, and Muhammad Abbas Shah. "Assessment of health status of traffic constables: An occupationally exposed group in Pakistan." Journal of Fatima Jinnah Medical University 14, no. 1 (March 14, 2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37018/veig5252.
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Background: Traffic constables are exposed to various occupational health hazards worldwide. This study is planned to assess occupational health hazards in traffic constables in Punjab, Pakistan.
Subjects and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in different cities of Punjab including Lahore, Gujranwala, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Sialkot and Islamabad from March till August 2018. A sample of 384 traffic personals were selected by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Retired traffic constables and those with work experience less than a year were excluded. A pretested questionnaire was used to conduct the interviews after taking informed consent. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 22 and presented in frequency tables and charts.
Results: Maximum number of constables belonged to 31-40 years of age group. Among them 98.7% were male, 25% were having education level above graduation. Results of physical health hazards showed that 53% of warden were smoker, 16.14% were known diabetics and 19.53% were found to be hypertensive. Other physical ailments included respiratory problems (23.4%), hearing impairment or loss (15.88%) and various eye ailments (13.28%). Additionally, 9.1% of participants had evidence of lead poisoning, 33.84% complaints of tightness in muscles and 13.72% of headache, whereas 35.7% had met an accident in the last year. Prevalence of stress and anxiety were 30% and 33.33%. Regarding social health issues 36.7% reported that they were unable to give family time and 42.48% felt lack of independence due to their occupation. Job satisfaction was reported by 50%.
Conclusion: The traffic constables in Punjab suffer from a large number of physical, mental and social health issues. Their perception about their occupational health hazards is low and needs improvement through imparting health education.
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Hanif, Muhammad, Muhammad Hanif, and Yunfei Shao. "Contemplating the Antecedents of a Sustainable Work Life in an Emerging Economy: Lessons from Early Retirees in the ICT Sector of Pakistan." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 4734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124734.
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Sustainable careers at present are characterized by elements of both planned and unplanned career transitions traversed over the entire life course. Planned career transitions involve voluntary departure from the routine career while unplanned career displacements come in the form of involuntary retirement decisions resulting from the job-cuts imposed by organizations. Involuntarily-displaced workers are challenged with threats, such as an unwelcoming job-market, depleted skillsets and potential obsolescence which results in limited employability. For developed nations, extant research has investigated to a reasonable extent this budding avenue of post-retirement career decision making and its dependency on various micro-level socioeconomic determinants. However, the same avenue is, as yet, unexplored for developing economies. In an endeavor to fill this gap, the present research is undertaken to study different post-retirement career trajectories chosen by middle-aged and elderly workers after a job loss from the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in Pakistan. We employ the technique of multinomial logistic regression on data obtained from 295 early displaced workers (M = 217, F = 78) to compare different retirement decisions in the light of various socioeconomic factors, such as age, gender and specific measures of human, social and financial capital and risk-taking ability. Age, gender and health status are observed to be major deterrents to sustainable career participation while technical qualification helps to sustain reemployment opportunities. Our research offers notable contributions to the realm of sustainable career development by identifying the factors which influence workers’ employability for sustainable workforce participation. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed followed by conclusions and research limitations.
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Rankin, Bruce H. "Economic Crises and the Social Structuring of Economic Hardship: The Impact of the 2001 Turkish Crisis." New Perspectives on Turkey 44 (2011): 11–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600005926.
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AbstractDrawing on a growing cross-national literature on the social impact of economic crises, this paper investigates the social structuring of economic hardship among urban households in Turkey following the 2001 economic crisis. My goal is to compare the Turkish crisis to other recent crises, particularly in Latin America and Asia, and to assess competing claims about the vulnerability of different social groups. Using data from the study entitled Turkish Family Life under Siege—a nationally representative sample of urban households of work-aged married couples—the results paint a picture of widespread social devastation as measured by key labor market outcomes: job loss, unemployment duration, earnings instability, and under-employment. The findings suggest that existing patterns of social inequality related to class and status—education, age, ethnicity, and occupation—were reinforced and exacerbated by the 2001 macro-economic crisis. In contrast to claims that the impact was skewed towards higher socio-economic groups, the brunt of the 2001 crisis was felt by disadvantaged social groups with few assets to buffer economic hardship. Economic hardship was higher among labor force participants who are younger, less educated, male, Kurdish-speakers, private-sector employees, and residents of non-central regions. I discuss the implications with respect to the previous research on economic crises, the role of Turkish contextual factors, and the need for social policy reform, particularly in the context of the current global economic crisis.
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STEIBER, NADIA, and MARTIN KOHLI. "You can't always get what you want: actual and preferred ages of retirement in Europe." Ageing and Society 37, no. 2 (October 7, 2015): 352–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x15001130.
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ABSTRACTUsing data from the European Social Survey fielded in 2010/11, this study presents new evidence on retirement preferences in Europe. It investigates retirees'preferred and actual ages of retirement, focusing on the retirement window 1995–2011. Moreover, it reports on the prevalence of mismatch in the form ofinvoluntary retirement(retiring earlier than preferred) andinvoluntary work(retiring later than preferred). The study identifies substantial shares of retirees who are affected by a mismatch between their preferred and actual ages of retirement. In the majority of the countries analysed, at least 30 per cent of retirees would have preferred to continue working past the age at which they retired, while in a number of countries sizeable shares of retirees report involuntary work. The risk factors for involuntary retirement include the experience of late-career job loss, unemployment, job exits for health reasons and, in the case of women, working in higher-status occupations. The risk factors for involuntary work include fatherhood and, in the case of women, part-time work. As a result of rising actual ages of retirement, the risk of involuntary retirement has decreased for more recent retirement cohorts, while due to pension reforms that have tightened eligibility rules for early retirement, men's risk of involuntary work has increased. However, involuntary retirement is still more prevalent than involuntary work.
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Wild, Pascal, Nicolas Bovio, and Irina Guseva Canu. "O7B.1 Modelling mortality by suicide among women at work in the swiss national cohort." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A62.2—A62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.167.
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ContextThe aim of this study was to describe the factors associated with mortality by suicide among women at work with a particular focus on work-related factors.Population and methodsThe study population was based on the data of the Swiss National Cohort (SNC) consisting in all Swiss residents recorded in the 1990 and/or the 2000 compulsory national censuses linked to emigration and mortality registers. Within the SNC we selected all working women aged between 18 and 65 at the official census dates.Following work-related variables were available in both censuses: Socio-economic status, weekly hours of work, the sector of activity according to the Swiss NOGA scheme and the job title coded according to ISCO. The date of beginning of follow-up was the date of the relevant census. The date of end of follow-up was the earliest of the 65th anniversary, dec 31 st 2014 (the end of mortality follow-up), the date of loss of follow-up or dec 4th 2010 if no declared work in the 2000 census. The risk of suicide was modelled using negative binomial regression incorporating the number of person-years as offset.ResultsThe cohort comprised 1,843,619 women and 2524 deaths by suicide corresponding to 24.9 million person-years. The most significant non-occupational predictors of suicide were age, civil status, period, nationality and geographical regions. Part-time work and long working hours were associated with increased suicide rates. Health and social activities had the highest suicide risks and education the lowest. Overall the job title according to ISCO-1d was not significant. However the rank of suicide risk among women followed approximately the skill levels associated with these codes. Of interest is however the high RR among professionals.ConclusionAfter accounting for the main non-occupational factors, the suicide risk varied significantly with some work-related factors that were specific for women.
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Lipsedge, Maurice, Angela B. Summerfield, G. Lazzari, and M. van Beeston. "Jobs and Computers." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 11, no. 3 (March 1987): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0140078900024469.
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This is a report on a project which offers long-term day hospital patients a training which will lead to paid employment on the open market. Lack of work compounds the low self-esteem of chronic psychiatric patients. They experience multiple disadvantages, including loss of status, purpose, personal identity, social contacts outside the family, and a time structure to the day. Many of these disadvantages are known to be experienced by unemployed people in the general population. In most surveys, a fifth of the unemployed report a deterioration in their mental health since being unemployed, with an increased frequency of deterioration proportional to length of time without work. Work enhances self-esteem by decreasing the degree of dependency and by allowing identification with non-patients and may influence perceived locus of control. Work provides social participation and is ‘a visible measure of normality’ for former patients.
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Carli, Linda L. "Women, Gender equality and COVID-19." Gender in Management: An International Journal 35, no. 7/8 (September 30, 2020): 647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-07-2020-0236.
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Purpose This paper aims to review the existing literature on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender and work roles to determine whether the pandemic has undermined the status, pay and advancement of women or has provided opportunities for reducing gender inequality. Design/methodology/approach The author reviewed the literature on the effects of COVID-19 and past pandemics on gender equality, focusing on job loss, the effects of being in essential occupations on health and well-being, the increased domestic responsibilities of women and men due to closure of schools and other social services and the effects of telecommuting on gender roles. Findings The pandemic has generally created challenges for women’s advancement. More women than men have lost their jobs; more women than men are in essential jobs that expose them to infection and psychological stress, and women have had more work disruption than men have had because of increases in childcare and other responsibilities. On the other hand, telecommuting has increased men’s amount of childcare, and this does have the potential to increase men’s childcare responsibilities in the long term, thereby reducing the gender gap in domestic responsibilities and increasing gender equality. Research limitations/implications The COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing and the research on the pandemic’s effects are new and ongoing. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first scholarly review of the literature on the potential effects of COVID-19 on the gender gap in pay and advancement.
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Rupp, Sophie, Cynthia Fair, Hannah Korycinski, and Maria Ferris. "“It’s What I Have, It’s Not Who I Am”: A Qualitative Study of Social Support in Education/Employment Settings and Transition Readiness of Young Adults with End-Stage Renal Disease." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 19, 2021): 6596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126596.
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This study investigated the role of social support in self-management within education/employment settings for young adults (YA) with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as well as barriers and facilitators to social support formation. Nineteen YA with ESRD (mean age 24 years, 10 males, 9 African American) recruited from a pediatric nephrology clinic in the Southeast United States completed in-person semi-structured interviews. The grounded theory was used to analyze transcribed interviews to identify emergent themes. Absences hindered participants’ school/work attendance and performance. Social support was necessary for illness management and success in academic/vocational settings. Facilitators to establishing support included self-awareness and view of disclosure as a way to access accommodations. Barriers included fear of judgment, job loss, and the belief that the condition was too personal to disclose. Educators and employers must acknowledge the needs of YA with ESRD to promote development and educational/vocational success. Fear of disclosure and poor disease self-management interferes with accessing social support. Communication skills and autonomy in patients’ medical and personal lives can promote success in education and employment settings.
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STATHAM, D. J., A. C. HEATH, P. A. F. MADDEN, K. K. BUCHOLZ, L. BIERUT, S. H. DINWIDDIE, W. S. SLUTSKE, M. P. DUNNE, and N. G. MARTIN. "Suicidal behaviour: an epidemiological and genetic study." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 4 (July 1998): 839–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798006916.
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Background. Psychiatric history, familial history of suicide attempts, and certain traumatic life events are important predictors of suicidal thoughts and behaviour. We examined the epidemiology and genetics of suicidality (i.e. reporting persistent suicidal thoughts or a plan or suicide attempt) in a large community-based sample of MZ and DZ twin pairs.Method. Diagnostic telephone interviews were conducted in 1992–3 with twins from an Australian twin panel first surveyed in 1980–82 (N=5995 respondents). Data were analysed using logistic regression models, taking into account twin pair zygosity and the history of suicidality in the respondent's co-twin.Results. Lifetime prevalence of suicidal thoughts and attempts was remarkably constant across birth cohorts 1930–1964, and across gender. Major psychiatric correlates were history of major depression, panic disorder, social phobia in women, alcohol dependence and childhood conduct problems. Traumatic events involving assault (childhood sexual abuse, rape or physical assault) or status-loss (job loss, loss of property or home, divorce), and the personality trait neuroticism, were also significantly associated with suicide measures. Prevalence of serious suicide attempts varied as a function of religious affiliation. After controlling for these variables, however, history of suicide attempts or persistent thoughts in the respondent's co-twin remained a powerful predictor in MZ pairs (odds ratio=3·9), but was not consistently predictive in DZ pairs. Overall, genetic factors accounted for approximately 45% of the variance in suicidal thoughts and behaviour (95% confidence interval 33–51%).Conclusions. Risk of persistent suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts is determined by a complex interplay of psychiatric history, neuroticism, traumatic life experiences, genetic vulnerability specific for suicidal behaviour and sociocultural risk or protective factors.
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Monaghan, David B. "Predictors of College Enrollment across the Life Course: Heterogeneity by Age and Gender." Education Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11070344.
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Undergraduate college-going is now undertaken well into adulthood, but knowledge about what leads individuals to enroll derives nearly entirely from the study of the “traditionally-aged”. I examine whether and how predictors of enrollment vary as individuals progress through the life-course using nationally representative data from the United States, following a cohort from ages 18–45. Measures of social background and academic preparation are only weakly predictive beyond age 24, while the effects of gender are largest after age 35. Marriage appears to be a barrier to enrollment among males and females, but only until age 25. Involuntary job loss spurs college-going most strongly among those aged 35 or older, and particularly among women. Among those over age 25, marital dissolution predicts enrollment positively among females but negatively among males.
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Upadhyay, Prakash. "Promoting Employment and Preserving Cultural Heritage: A Study of Handicraft Products Tourism in Pokhara, Nepal." Journal of Tourism & Adventure 3, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jota.v3i1.31354.
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Handicraft s form a fundamental part of tourist experience representing local traditions and indigenous population’s talents and skills, income and job opportunities. This paper aims at exploring the role of handicraft products in promoting employment as well as preserving the cultural heritage of Pokhara. The study result reveals that there is a significant level of correlation and dependency between handicraft products and tourist’s arrival, job creation and the increase in income and social status of artisans and handicrafts shopkeepers. As a unique experience for tourists, handicraft products have enriched national economy, identity and promoted cultural heritage, uniqueness and authenticity, and cultural commercialization. However, handicraft is notjust about commercialization of cultural arts or displaying and selling products, it is about allowing tourists to truly understand the skill and the craft at rear and realize handicraft s unique tradition, linking tourists to artisans to facilitate them understand and appreciate the art. Further it is about how culture is recognized through display of a new self-representation or ‘enterprising spirit’, but not with the total loss of primordial ‘pure culture’ albeit an authenticity of hybrid culture. Lack of effective advertisement and marketing, inequitable price, scarcity of raw materials, intrusion of foreign goods, ineffective government policies are the crucial tribulations of handicraft products tourism in Pokhara. State policy improvement, increase in supply of raw materials, creative production and marketing are the ways that can promote handicraft market. It is necessary recognizing the prominence of handicraft products tourism as a prodigious agent for preservation of traditional craft, methods of production and an effective means of socio cultural and economic empowerment, cultural renovation and national identity building.
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Berk, Hillary L. "Savvy Surrogates and Rock Star Parents: Compensation Provisions, Contracting Practices, and the Value of Womb Work." Law & Social Inquiry 45, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 398–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2019.57.
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Abstract:What is the value of surrogate labor and risks, and how is it negotiated by participants as they contract within an unsettled baby market? This article presents novel data on compensation, fee, and bodily autonomy provisions formalized in surrogacy contracts, and the experiences of actors embedded in exchange relations, as they emerge in a contested reproductive market. It combines content analysis of a sample of thirty surrogacy contracts with 115 semi-structured interviews conducted in twenty states across the United States of parties to these agreements, attorneys who draft them, counselors, and agencies that coordinate matches between intended parents and surrogates. It analyzes the value of services and medical risks, such as loss of a uterus, selective abortion, and “carrier incapacity,” as they are encoded into agreements within an ambiguous field. Surrogacy is presented as an interactive social process involving law, markets, medicine, and a variety of cultural norms surrounding gender, motherhood, and work. Contracts have actual and symbolic power, legitimating transactions despite moral anxieties. Compensation transforms pregnancy into a job while helping participants make sense of the market and their “womb work” given normative flux. Contracts are deployed by professionals without informed policies that could enhance power and reduce potential inequalities.
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E.D., Oruonye, and Ahmed Y.M. "An Appraisal of the Potential Impacts of Covid-19 on Tourism in Nigeria." Journal of Economics and Technology Research 1, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): p32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jetr.v1n1p32.
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The outbreak and spread of covid-19 disease has resulted in countries of the world placing travel restrictions and closure of their borders to movements to and from other countries. The tourism industry is one of the sectors that would be greatly affected. Data for the study was generated from desk review of secondary materials, online blogs and interview through social media chat. Findings of the study reveal that the outbreak and spread of covid-19 disease led to rapid shutdowns in cities and states across the country, which greatly affected the tourism industry. Industries in the tourism sector such as airlines, hotels, entertainment and hospitality industries are facing declining demand and patronage with travel crashes and cancellations expected to continue. The increased cancellations of hotels and travel bookings resulted in billions of dollars in revenue loss and hundreds of thousands of job loss in the country. The findings of the study reveal that covid-19 is already worsening the unemployment situations in the country, resulting in loss of substantial revenue to the government, increasing incidence of poverty among others. Based on the findings, the study recommends the need for diversification priorities to alternative sectors such as tourism and agriculture and compensation to business operators in the tourism and other critical sector.
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Rodríguez, Alicia Aurora, Óscar Martínez, Imanol Amayra, Juan Francisco López-Paz, Mohammad Al-Rashaida, Esther Lázaro, Patricia Caballero, et al. "Diseases Costs and Impact of the Caring Role on Informal Carers of Children with Neuromuscular Disease." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062991.
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This study aims to evaluate the costs of informal care for children with neuromuscular disease and evaluate how physical and psychological health is associated with socio-demographic variables. A cross sectional design was used with a convenience sample of 110 carers that participated in this study. Participants were recruited from Spanish hospitals and rare diseases organizations. Economic costs and sociodemographic aspects were assessed using the economic costs questionnaire and the sociodemographic questionnaire. Physical and psychological health was evaluated using the CarerQol-7D, PHQ-15, Barthel Index, Zarit Overload Scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Carers of children with neuromuscular disease spent a large percentage of their annual income in physical therapy, psychological care and speech therapy. Informal costs differed according to the degree of dependency of the child. These were higher in those caregivers whose child under their care presented low functional independence. The loss of work productivity was related to marital status, use of professional services and the child’s dependency. Finally, carers who were female, single or separated and without a job showed worse physical and psychological health. The results highlighted that carers have to face a number of high costs because of the non-existence of social protection and due to the child’s diagnosis.
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Dys, Sarah, Anna Steeves-Reece, and Paula Carder. "INSTABILITY OVER THE LIFE COURSE AND POVERTY IN OLDER ADULTHOOD: A MIXED-METHODS STUDY." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S252—S253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.946.
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Abstract Over half of older adults (age 65+) who rent their home are cost burdened, paying more than one-third of their income on rent (JCHS). Government programs are in short supply, and most who qualify for housing assistance will wait months or years to receive a voucher or unit. This mixed methods (QUANT to qual) study explored housing instability among older adults wait-listed for housing assistance. Analysis of surveys (n=268) and in-depth interviews (n=29) examined how financial instability influences participants’ perceived risk of future homelessness. Perceived financial instability is associated with perceived risk of homelessness (p<.001). Compared to those whose current perceived financial status was now much worse from when they applied for assistance, those who were stable had lower perceived risk of homelessness. Thematic analysis of interview data provided insights into patterns of life-long experiences with various forms of instability, which are reproduced over the life course and met with little societal response or restrictive eligibility criteria. Major events (e.g., relationship changes, job loss, injury/illness) contributed to financial instability and housing instability among participants. Interviews wove together current status with individual histories, while the survey provided a cross-sectional perspective. An iterative analytic approach allowed us to conceptualize the relationships between health, employment, relationships, financial instability, food insecurity, and perceived risk of homelessness. Overall, this project describes how older Americans experience poverty and provides further evidence for how social determinants of health throughout the life course result in differential access to material resources, including income, food, health care, and housing.
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Monippally, M. M. "The Kinder Cut: A Macro Communication Strategy for Delivering News of Job Termination." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 28, no. 3 (July 2003): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030303.
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A Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) ought to be good news for employees; it gives them the freedom to retire early with a substantial sum of money, tax free, as compensation. But, in many Indian companies, VRS is retrenchment through the backdoor. Employees identified as redundant or undesirable are pressured to leave. That they have been ‘selected’ for VRS can be devastating news for them especially when finding alternative jobs with similar remuneration and social status is difficult. This paper explores the communication strategies that employers can adopt to deliver well the bad news of job loss. Researchers have been studying the role of communication in softening the blow of job termination. Their discussions tend to be around micro communication strategies that depend largely on the verbal component of the complex communication process. This paper illustrates and recommends a macro communication strategy that would: actively deploy several mutually reinforcing non-verbal as well as verbal moves, especially a range of management actions that work down employee expectations help employees perceive as fair both the company's decision to downsize and the manner of downsizing. A review of several studies of perceived fairness prompts one to conclude that perception of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice helps people accept a variety of unpleasant experiences without anger. If they perceive procedural and interactional justice, they may even overlook low distributive justice. This paper identifies employee expectations that have to be met or worked down by organizations to facilitate the perception of fairness in their job termination. These include: absence of viable alternatives to downsizing adequacy of notice of termination objectivity and transparency in selecting employees to be terminated humaneness in the way the downsizees are treated. As culture and tradition largely determine the scope of some of these and similar expectations, this paper touches upon what Indian employees expect in the event of downsizing. This analysis is followed by a brief discussion of the way three Indian companies of different sizes – Pennar Industries Limited, Pennar Investor Services Private Limited, and Everest Limited – downsized. In the first two cases there was no litigation, violence or strike although the compensation paid was well below the employees' original demand. In the third case there was litigation although an attractive compensation was offered to employees opting for VRS. The first two used a macro communication strategy that conveyed convincingly to the survivors and downsizees alike that the decision to downsize was unavoidable the low compensation offered was fair under the given circumstances the company was treating the downsizees humanely. The third company relied largely on a micro communication strategy driven by logic and data; it did achieve its target of personnel reduction but failed to convince the employees of its fairness.
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Iorga, Magdalena, Camelia Soponaru, Răzvan-Vladimir Socolov, Alexandru Cărăuleanu, and Demetra-Gabriela Socolov. "How the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Period Influenced the Health Status and Determined Changes in Professional Practice among Obstetrics and Gynecology Doctors in Romania." Medicina 57, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57040325.
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Background and Objectives: The beginning of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic period has had a strong impact on patients’ life, but also on doctors. The main goal of this research is to identify the difficulties related to the professional activity and personal life of obstetrics and gynecology doctors. Material and Methods: In total, 94 physicians from a single university center answered to an online questionnaire. Socio-demographic, health, family, and job-related data were collected. Data were processed using SPSS (v.25). Results: 7.4% of the doctors were confirmed infected with SARS-Cov-2 during the first 6 months of the pandemic, and 48.94% treated infected patients. Due to the large number of patients, 10.64% of the doctors have had no days-off during the last 6 months, and 22.34% of them have had new medical problems that led them to see a specialist. Seventeen to nineteen percent mentioned an increasing number of working hours and shifts per month due to the pandemic period, more than 10% used pills to cope with work-stress, and 25% of them had sleep disorders along with appetite loss. Extra-protection rules and negative consequences of wearing special equipment were identified: thermal discomfort that caused decreasing resistance and concentration during the surgery (52%), reduced mobility and accuracy of surgical or medical gestures (40%), and intraoperative visibility (47%). Doctors who were working with confirmed pregnant women preferred caesarean section. Conclusions: Working under the stress of an infection with SARS-Cov-2 is causing a lot of pressure and determines changes in personal, familial, social, and professional life. Understanding the challenges that ob-gyn doctors are facing will help institutions to better provide support.