Academic literature on the topic 'Jobs translated'
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Journal articles on the topic "Jobs translated"
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Grossman, Evelyne. "Structuralism and Metaphysics(Translated by Julie Rose)." Journal of Beckett Studies 21, no. 1 (2012): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2012.0035.
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Clément, Bruno. "Neighbour, in Other Words…(Translated by Julie Rose)." Journal of Beckett Studies 21, no. 1 (2012): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2012.0031.
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Janvier, Ludovic. "The Place of Withdrawal of Whiteness of Echo(Translated by Martin Mégevand)." Journal of Beckett Studies 21, no. 1 (2012): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2012.0030.
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Roberts, Trask. "Samuel Beckett's Disruptive Translations of ‘je voudrais que mon amour meure’." Journal of Beckett Studies 28, no. 2 (2019): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2019.0266.
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Self-translators are often granted freedoms in their translations unimaginable for standard translators. Whereas a standard translation usually prizes sameness (or invisibility as Lawrence Venuti argues), the self-translator may instead highlight difference or disruption. A burgeoning subfield of criticism has outlined the ways in which one of the most famous of these self-translators, Samuel Beckett, makes use of his role as translator to further the reach of his work beyond the constraints of a monolingual text. Whereas most of this criticism has taken aim at Beckett's prose and theater, this essay asks what can be gleaned about Beckett's translation style from his early poetry. Here I focus on Beckett's four-line, untitled poem which begins ‘je voudrais que mon amour meure’ (‘I would like my love to die’). Originally published in 1948 in the bilingual journal Transition Forty-eight, this poem would go on to be edited, translated, reedited, and retranslated over the course of nearly thirty years. The various iterations and translations of the poem are not always harmonious and instead force the reader to consider more deeply the themes of the poem and to question the role of translation. I read the poem in light of Beckett's 1934 essay ‘Recent Irish Poetry’ as well as consider it in response to W.B. Yeats' 1899 poem ‘He Wishes His Beloved Were Dead’. By situating the poem in this context, I argue that this poem is a manifestation of Beckett's argument in the essay that poetry must take into account the division between poet and object. His short poem demonstrates this division as well as that between original and translation and thus allows us a window onto his translation project at large. Considering Beckett's poetic translation permits us to consider how a complementarity of intention towards language does not necessarily entail complementary translations.
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Serry, Hervé. "A Publishing Decision under Constraint: Samuel Beckett and Le Seuil Publishers in 1947 (Translated by Helena Scott)." Journal of Beckett Studies 21, no. 1 (2012): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2012.0034.
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Fitria, Tira Nur. "Gender Bias in Translation Using Google Translate: Problems and Solution." Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature 15, no. 2 (2021): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lc.v15i2.28641.
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This study discusses gender bias in terms of language especially from Indonesian into English translation by using Google Translate. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The result shows that most likely every language has gender-biased sides, including English because the type of society in the reality of life is more represented by men and women. In Google translate, the unequal differences between men and women translated into google translate causes the system to be considered biased and sexist towards gender. Whereas in fact, nowadays all genders can have various activities and jobs. Indonesian is also a gender-neutral language. When google translates to change into English, the sentence becomes gendered. The Indonesian language in this case seems to have been saved from being sexist because it does not associate a particular profession or activity with any gender. Unlike English, which adjusts personal pronouns based on gender. Google Translate is not always accurate, especially when translating from English to other languages. That is where Google Translate tends to go astray. The problem is that many languages have gender-based words, whereas English does not. But some words, like profession or occupation, can be masculine or feminine depending on the subject of the sentence, by assigning gender to certain adjectives and words that describe them. Equality in gender and race has been very difficult to achieve in machine technology situations because these systems are trained on existing content, and are not demographically representative. Google decided to make changes. It is important to adapt and build technology that can better serve humans. What may seem like small changes to everyday life are big steps towards gender equality. The way people speak their respective languages is one of the strongest ways of gender discrimination.
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SCHWITTER, ROLF. "The jobs puzzle: Taking on the challenge via controlled natural language processing." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 13, no. 4-5 (2013): 487–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068413000306.
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AbstractIn this paper we take on Stuart C. Shapiro's challenge of solving the Jobs Puzzle automatically and do this via controlled natural language processing. Instead of encoding the puzzle in a formal language that might be difficult to use and understand, we employ a controlled natural language as a high-level specification language that adheres closely to the original notation of the puzzle and allows us to reconstruct the puzzle in a machine-processable way and add missing and implicit information to the problem description. We show how the resulting specification can be translated into an answer set program and be processed by a state-of-the-art answer set solver to find the solutions to the puzzle.
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Sardin, Pascale. "Barbara Bray and Samuel Beckett as ‘Translaborators’: The Beckett – Duras – Bray Connection." Journal of Beckett Studies 32, no. 1 (2023): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2023.0386.
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Revisiting the romantic myth of the isolated man of letters in his Ussy-Ivory Tower, this chapter highlights some of the translatory collaborative processes in which Beckett was involved. Barbara Bray, whom Beckett met at the BBC in 1956, was then a script editor. At the BBC she translated, adapted and produced a great many texts from the French language. Beckett offered his help with this, as is testified by his lengthy and detailed remarks on Bray’s version of The Square by Duras in an unpublished 1957 letter. In return, it is likely he was influenced by Duras through the agency of Bray. What is more, the correspondence attests to the fact that Bray extensively and systematically helped Beckett with self-translating. Investigation of this collaborative translation highlights the minoritising process (Deleuze) that the art of (self-)translation involved for both Bray and Beckett via Duras.
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Nielsen, Kristian, and Heiko Paabo. "How Russian Soft Power Fails in Estonia: Or, Why the Russophone Minorities Remain Quiescent." Journal on Baltic Security 1, no. 2 (2015): 125–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jobs-2016-0023.
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Abstract This article evaluates the significance of Russian soft power in Estonia, particularly in connection to the minority issue, and compares this soft power to the countervailing pull of the European Union on the other side. It concludes that although Russia does indeed have a number of soft power resources, their potential for being translated into actual power and influence is too often exaggerated, not least because Europe provides a much more attractive focus point for the disgruntled than Moscow. Moreover, Estonia has it fully within its power to bolster its own attractiveness in the eyes of the minority populations. Thus, although relations with Russia should be handled with care, it is not Russia’s soft power that should be feared.
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Sing Turner, Valerie. "The Tao of Translation: Interpreting the Life of an Unsung Champion of Canadian Theatre." Canadian Theatre Review 139 (July 2009): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.139.012.
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ToyoshiYoshihara. Though he isn’t a household name in Canada, he ought to be – at least among those who value Canadian theatre. Because this slight, retiring Japanese gentleman has literally translated his passion for Canadian plays into a thriving theatre industry in Japan. Case in point: nine of his translations are being produced in Japan in 2009, eight of which are Canadian plays: Anne Chislett’s Another Season’s Promise, Wajdi Mouawad’s Scorched and Carole Frechette’s John and Beatrice, all of which are receiving their Japanese premieres; Colin Thomas’s One Thousand Cranes, George F. Walker’s Filthy Rich, Frank Moher’s Odd Jobs and Lee MacDougall’s High Life; and Sharon Pollock’s Blood Relations, which, along with Scorched, will be the first Canadian play their Japanese producers have ever programmed. And those are just eight of the forty-three Canadian works he’s translated over the years, along with nineteen British, American, South African and Australian playwrights.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Jobs translated"
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Carter, Ellen Angharad. "Inside job ? : how cultural outsiders write, translate, and read cross-cultural crime fiction." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0134.
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Cette thèse combine l’approche des études cognitives et culturelles ainsi que de la traductologie afin d’examiner l’écriture, l’édition, la traduction et la réception internationale des romans policiers interculturels, en prenant comme modèle deux romans qui se déroulent en Nouvelle-Zélande par le romancier français Caryl Férey, Haka (1998) et Utu (2004). Nous situons d’abord Férey par rapport aux polars français du pacifique sud et aux polars néo-zélandais, et nous montrons que ses livres en diffèrent de façon significative, surtout à cause de son choix d’écrire de l’intérieur de la Nouvelle-Zélande et de la culture maorie. Dans une étude de cas qualitative fondée sur des interviews, nous situons Férey vis-à-vis de ses éditeurs et de ses lecteurs et nous identifions des thèmes récurrents dans son écriture avant d’identifier et d’analyser son emprunt à d'autres textes. Puis, au moyen d’une analyse de la traduction américaine d’Utu (2011), nous soutenons que certains choix culturels ont pour effet d’aliéner les lecteurs néo-zélandais, tandis que les choix linguistiques suggèrent que ceux qui lisent le texte en anglais ont moins l’opportunité de se sentir proche du texte sur les plans intellectuel et émotionnel. Mon analyse de la réception de ces œuvres, la première étude empirique longitudinale et interculturelle de l’influence d’un roman entier sur les opinions (culturelles) des lecteurs, montre que l’information fictionnelle est absorbée par les lecteurs et se mêle aux opinions et aux croyances portant sur une culture. Nous explorons des théories littéraires cognitives afin d’éclairer à la fois l’écriture et la lecture de la fiction interculturelle et du polar<br>My research combines cognitive, cultural and translation studies approaches to examine the writing, publishing, translation, and international reception of cross-cultural crime fiction, taking as exemplars two novels set in New Zealand by french crime writer Caryl Férey: Haka (1998) and Utu (2004). I first situate Férey against corpus norms of South Pacific french crime fiction and of New Zealand crime fiction and show that he differs in significant ways, not least in his choice to write from within New Zealand and Māori culture. In an interview-based qualitative case study situating Férey alongside his publishers and his readers, I identify recurring themes in his writing before identifying and analysing his borrowing from other texts. In analysing the american english translation of Utu (2011), I then argue that cultural choices alienate New Zealand readers, while linguistic choices mean readers in english have less opportunity to connect intellectually and emotionally with the text. My reader reception study, which is the first empirical, longitudinal, cross-cultural, novel-length reception study of the influence of a text on readers’ (cultural) opinions, shows with statistical significance that fictional information is absorbed into factual beliefs and opinions about a culture. I use approaches from cognitive literary studies to illuminate both the writing and reading of cross-cultural and crime fiction
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WU, WEN-LUNG, and 吳文龍. "The relationship between employee competency and job performance: An example of bilingual translator in manpower agency." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f87zv3.
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碩士<br>東海大學<br>高階經營管理碩士在職專班<br>106<br>This study explored employee competency and job performance of translator in foreign-worker manpower agency. Investigated manager's perception on competency behavior and job performance of translators. And understand the evaluation of translators’ self-expression in various competency, at the same time through the employers of foreign workers, understand the situation of translators in the competency behavior and analysis of the strength of the importance of various competency. Expect manpower agency manager and translators value and improve various key competency to increase customer satisfaction.
Research subjects covers north, middle and south area in Taiwan. Result found that competency behavior and job performance has significant relation, self-appraisal of the competency behavior of translators has significant different with other-report questionnaire of manager of manpower agency and employer, and the result of the employer value on competency behavior, pointed out the focus of the manpower agency on strengthening and improving the on-the-job education of translators.
The research results suggest several suggestions:
1.The competency behavior and job performance has significant relation
For the recruitment of translators, it's recommended to include key competency items in the selection criteria to achieve high performance output.
2.The degree of emphasis on the competency of employers and the performance of translators of manpower agency are significantly different.
There is a gap between importance rating of the employers and the competence shown by the translators. It's recommended that the manpower agency should make appropriate improvements on the unsatisfactory competency in order to enhance the quality of service.
Books on the topic "Jobs translated"
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Press, Southwestern, ed. Hable Inglés en el trabajo: Cómo decir las palabras correctas para obtener el trabajo perfecto para usted! : para casi todo tipo de trabajos : jonaleros, jardinería, construcción, restaurante, servicio doméstico : hable inglés en segundos = Speak English on the job : how to instantly speak thousands of English words and phrases specialized for : construction and landscaping, housekeeping and restaurants, home and building maintenance : carefully translated using phonetics, you can speak employment English in just seconds! Southwestern Press, 2007.
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Cazes, Sandrine, and Sher Verick. Labour Markets of Emerging Economies: Has Growth Translated into More and Better Jobs? International Labour Organisation (ILO), 2013.
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Cazes, Sandrine, and Sher Verick. Labour Markets of Emerging Economies: Has Growth Translated into More and Better Jobs? Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
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Cazes, Sandrine, and Sher Verick. The Labour Markets of Emerging Economies: Has growth translated into more and better jobs? Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
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Armbruster, Bernd. Translator Prince Crown Translate Job Gift: Journal with 120 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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Publishing, Pexfri. Translator Queen Crown Translate Job Gift: Graph Paper 1 Cm with 120 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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Translator Prince Crown Translate Job Gift: Graph Paper 1 Cm with 120 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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Translator King Crown Translate Job Gift: Graph Paper 1 Cm with 120 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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Translator Princess Crown Translate Job Gift: Graph Paper 1 Cm with 120 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.
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Johnson-Hakim, Sharon, and Ashley Boal. Putting Your Training to Work. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190457938.003.0009.
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The search for a community practice-oriented job can be at once exciting and overwhelming, especially if it is your first job out of graduate school. Because the skill set and perspective of a community psychologist can be applied in a growing number of applied settings, the largest challenge is not in finding job opportunities outside of academia but rather in selling yourself in a non–community psychology world. Creativity and flexibility during the job search will prove to be valuable in identifying organizations and positions with roles that can be filled successfully by community psychologists. After identifying organizations and positions that align with your interests, it is vital to translate your competencies, experience, and values to match the job description and organization, and to demonstrate your ability to work with colleagues from different backgrounds. This chapter highlights aspects of the job search that are unique for practice (in contrast to academic) jobs, with the goal of serving as a resource for individuals as they begin to think about potential careers in community psychology practice.
Book chapters on the topic "Jobs translated"
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Constantin, Felicia, Anamaria-Mirabela Pop, and Monica-Ariana Sim. "Human Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence in Professional Translations — Redesigning the Translator Profession." In Strategic Innovative Marketing and Tourism. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51038-0_27.
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AbstractHuman intelligence (HI) has used artificial intelligence (AI) in professional translations for many years. What has been so far a helpful tool for translators, turns out to be a formidable competitor. The article tackles the topic of the danger represented by the dramatic reconfiguration of a job, which risks losing much of its consistency, getting closer and closer to post-editing. HI and AI performances in the translator profession are approached from an economic perspective, setting as criteria for analysis the elements that define the price and survival on the market: source language, target language, type of document, content subject, delivery date, the volume of text to be translated, the competence of the translator, availability of the translator, capability to learn, costs, accuracy and risk of errors. The methodological analysis of a representative sample of different texts from the economic field translated into five foreign languages, reveals that the results provided by AI are fully acceptable and competitive with the versions generated by HI. In this context, the article warns about the need to rethink the training of translators and the sustainability of their activity in the economic market.
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Penet, JC. "Finding that first job." In Working as a Professional Translator. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003220442-5.
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Reynolds, Susan. "‘The mysteries of the nerves in a starving body’." In Translating Russian Literature in the Global Context. Open Book Publishers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0340.13.
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Thomas Mann described the Norwegian author Knut Hamsun (1859-1952) as ‘a descendant of Fyodor Dostoevsky and Friedrich Nietzsche’ in a festschrift compiled for Hamsun’s 70th birthday, featuring articles by Heinrich Mann, Musil, Schoenberg, Hesse, Gorky, Masaryk and Gide. However, Hamsun’s reputation subsequently declined so much that on his eightieth birthday he received tributes only from Goebbels, Alfred Rosenberg and Hitler. Although Hamsun won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1920, his controversial political views overshadowed his literary reputation, and the influence of Nietzsche on his later work has received more attention than that of Dostoevsky. Examination of his novels and correspondence, however, reveals the considerable importance of Dostoevsky in Hamsun’s literary development. Hamsun felt that contemporary fiction was only concerned with psychology as a serviceable element within a specific plot. He contrasted this with the unpredictability of Dostoevsky’s characters, which he saw as true to his own experience of subsisting through menial jobs, and planned to make the basis of his own writings. Despite visiting Russia and the Caucasus, Hamsun never mastered Russian, and read Dostoevsky only in translations. This essay examines those works available to Norwegian readers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and the evidence in Hamsun’s novels and plays of their impact on his creative life. While overviewing the reception of Russian literature in both Sweden and Norway in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, I focus on three of Hamsun’s novels, Sult (Hunger: 1890), Mysterier (Mysteries; 1892) and Pan (1894), analysing the influence of Dostoevsky on Hamsun’s portrayal of poverty, hunger and their effects on his protagonists’ behaviour, and on his treatment of religious and existential themes. I also note the reciprocal process by which Hamsun’s works were translated into Russian, achieved considerable popularity, and had a strong influence on Gorky.
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Marín García, Álvaro, and Tamara Pérez Fernández. "Chapter 10. Task-based L2 skill development for TI trainees." In Instrumentalising Foreign Language Pedagogy in Translator and Interpreter Training. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.161.10mar.
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The present chapter reports on the design and implementation of a C2-level English course for TI trainees in an attempt to move away from the more traditional instruction based on linguistic competence. We intend to bring the classroom closer to industry demands by facilitating the students’ language skill development in context-relevant tasks. The course presents students with an expertise-oriented, task-based learning experience that is structured in a portfolio aiming at the development of skills identified as needs in the industry. This shift in focus – from competence to its subsumed skills – allows for more flexibility in addressing identified needs from an L2 training perspective (communication skills, general knowledge, information gathering and processing) in graduates entering the job market.
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Schulte, Kim. "Chapter 11. Do translators need a different knowledge of their target language?" In Instrumentalising Foreign Language Pedagogy in Translator and Interpreter Training. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.161.11sch.
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This chapter aims to identify areas in which students of translation can benefit from specific language teaching geared towards their needs as future translators who will normally be expected to translate from as well as into their second language. Drawing on data from translations by several hundred students at a Spanish university, it is shown that general English teaching as it is currently conceived is not sufficient to prepare these students for the job, mainly because they require specific knowledge and contrastive awareness to be able to produce linguistically, stylistically and formally correct translations of the written texts they will be confronted with as professional translators. The data allows us to distinguish several types of frequent mistakes caused by linguistic interference, providing insights into the specific language teaching needs of translation students and setting a starting point for establishing a cross-linguistically valid inventory of the most common types of interference-based errors in translation.
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Kleinert, Corinna, Kathrin Leuze, Ann-Christin Bächmann, Dörthe Gatermann, Anna Erika Hägglund, and Kai Rompczyk. "Occupational Sex Segregation and its Consequences for the (Re-)Production of Gender Inequalities in the German Labour Market." In Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27007-9_13.
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AbstractIn Germany, the structuring principle connecting the educational system and the labour market is occupations. In theory, this occupational principle is gender-neutral, because both women and men are channelled into jobs according to the occupations for which they are trained. In practice, however, it means that patterns of occupational sex segregation in the education system are reproduced in the labour market. As a consequence, occupational sex segregation has important consequences for the subsequent employment biographies and life courses of women and men. In this chapter, we study the relevance of occupational sex segregation for the (re-)production of gender inequalities in the German labour market. More specifically, we examine long-term trends in occupational sex segregation, how occupational sex segregation is causally linked to other occupational characteristics, how these occupational characteristics translate into gender inequalities regarding non-monetary labour market outcomes, and how these occupational characteristics affect the gender wage gap.
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Hefler, Günter, Denisa Fedáková, Eva Steinheimer, Ivana Studená, and Janine Wulz. "Early Career Workers’ Agency in the Workplace: Learning and Beyond in Cross-Country Comparative Perspective." In Lifelong Learning, Young Adults and the Challenges of Disadvantage in Europe. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14109-6_15.
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AbstractWorkplace learning opportunities are closely linked to the type of job an individual has, and people’s use of available opportunities differs. Learning opportunities do not translate automatically into learning: individuals need to take advantage of them. This chapter presents a novel approach to investigating individual agency in workplace learning, studying early career employees in three sectors (Retail, Metals and Adult Education) across nine countries. It develops accounts of 71 workers’ learning across 17 organisations, thereby investigating workplace learning as embedded both in contexts of work and individuals’ wider life structures. When individuals’ agency in workplace learning is considered in isolation from its context, it cannot be properly explained; other areas of life add to and/or limit individuals’ learning opportunities. Employment interacts with other parts of life.
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Panarello, Demetrio, and Giorgio Tassinari. "Job loss and financial struggle among the older age groups in 2021: Lessons from the European Union." In Proceedings e report. Firenze University Press and Genova University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0106-3.26.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused detrimental economic effects worldwide. Adults around retirement age are especially vulnerable in this respect, being more likely to experience disturbances to their employment patterns: indeed, older adults are in general more affected by COVID-19 than the younger ones and less comfortable with working remotely, particularly as this often implies the possession of specific technological skills. Here, we examine the different impacts of the pandemic crisis on the various socio-demographic groups, particularly focusing on workers aged 50 and above who have experienced an involuntary job loss in the first year of the pandemic. We make use of the second Corona round of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), with data collected in all continental EU countries plus Switzerland and Israel during the summer of 2021. We analyse the extent to which the older European population kept being able to make ends meet, especially as a significant number of people in the sample experienced retirement or involuntary loss of employment, which translates into rising inequalities. Our results rely on subjective measures of economic well-being, measuring the respondents' self-perceived economic vulnerability. We show the ability to cover households' expenses to be associated with increasing age; however, also the likelihood of job loss results to be higher among the older individuals. Indeed, economic vulnerability is generally stronger among the individuals with poorer health and, thus, the oldest ones. We reveal the existence of a social component of poverty and highlight the need for economic support for ageing individuals in Europe, with some interesting differences across the EU countries.
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Nesbitt, Paula D. "Ordination and Entry Jobs." In Feminization of the Clergy in America. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195106862.003.0004.
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Abstract Earlier research on women clergy identified a relationship between the length of time that women have been ordained and increased support among male clergy for feminism. But to what extent does such liberalized attitudinal support become translated into actual employment opportunities?
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Belitski, Maksim, and David Audretsch. "Why Some Places Do Better in Economic Growth and Other Do Not? Entrepreneurial Difference: An Essay." In Economic Development and Growth - Foundations and Frontiers [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1009576.
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What matters for economic growth? How we can facilitate economic growth via entrepreneurship? Policy makers needs to invest in culture for creativity, better education, physical capital, digital technologies to create more conducive environment for growth and entrepreneurship. We apply endogenous growth theory to understand how investment into knowledge can and should be translated into productivity, growth, society, creating a better economy. We also discuss why some assumptions of endogenous growth models fail, talking about the European paradox of knowledge - high investment in human capital, training, cultural awareness but this does not translate into growth, jobs and startups. It is not enough to have those investments, but there is a missing link for knowledge to spill over and this is entrepreneurship activity and creating a well-functioning entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Conference papers on the topic "Jobs translated"
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Islamov, Rafael, Eghbal Motaei, Bahrom Madon, Khairul Azhar Abu Bakar, Victor Hamdan, and Luqman W M Zani. "Maximising Asset Value through Implementation of Dynamic Well Operating Envelop." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21768-ms.
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Abstract Dynamic Well Operating Envelop (WOE) allows to ensure that well is maintained and operated within design limits and operated in the safe, stable and profitable way. WOE covers the Well Integrity, Reservoir constraints and Facility limitations and visualizes them on well performance chart (Hamzat et al., 2013). Design and operating limits (such as upper and lower completion/facilities design pressures, sand failure, erosion limitations, reservoir management related limitations etc) are identified and translated into two-dimensional WOE (pressure vs. flowrate) to ensure maximum range of operating conditions that represents safe and reliable operation are covered. VLP/IPR performance curves were incorporated based on latest Validated Well Model. Optimum well operating window represents the maximum range of operating conditions within the Reservoir constraints assessed. By introducing actual Well Performance data the optimisation opportunities such as production/injection enhancement identified. During generating the Well Operating Envelops tremendous work being done to rectify challenges such as: most static data (i.e. design and reservoir limitations) are not digitized, unreliable real-time/dynamic data flow (i.e. FTHP, Oil/Gas rates etc), disintegrated and unreliable well Models and no solid workflows for Flow assurance. As a pre-requisite the workflows being developed to make data tidy i.e.ready and right, and Well Model inputs being integrated to build updated Well Models. Successful WOE prototype is generated for natural and artificially lifted Oil and Gas wells. Optimisation opportunities being identified (i.e. flowline pressure reduction, reservoir stimulation and bean-up) Proactive maintenance is made possible through dynamic WOE as a real time exceptional based surveillance (EBS) tool which is allowing Asset engineers to conduct the well performance monitoring, and maintain it within safe, stable and profitable window. Additionally, it allows to track all Production Enhancement jobs and seamless forecasting for new opportunities.
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Xia, Pengxiang, Kevin P. McSweeney, Zhuoyuan Song, and Eric Du. "ROV Teleoperation based on Sensory Augmentation and Digital Twins." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32376-ms.
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Abstract ROV operations are mainly performed via a traditional control kiosk and limited data feedback methods, such as the use of joysticks and camera view displays equipped on a surface vessel. This traditional setup requires significant personnel on board (POB) time and imposes high requirements for personnel training. This paper proposes a virtual reality (VR) based haptic-visual ROV teleoperation system that can substantially simplify ROV teleoperation and enhance the remote operator's situational awareness. This study leverages the recent development in Mixed Reality (MR) technologies, sensory augmentation, sensing technologies, and closed-loop control, to visualize and render complex underwater environmental data in an intuitive and immersive way. The raw sensor data will be processed with physics engine systems and rendered as a high-fidelity digital twin model in game engines. Certain features will be visualized and displayed via the VR headset, whereas others will be manifested as haptic and tactile cues via our haptic feedback systems. We applied a simulation approach to test the developed system. With our developed system, a high-fidelity subsea environment is reconstructed based on the sensor data collected from an ROV including the bathymetric, hydrodynamic, visual, and vehicle navigational measurements. Specifically, the vehicle is equipped with a navigation sensor system for real-time state estimation, an acoustic Doppler current profiler for far-field flow measurement, and a bio-inspired artificial literal-line hydrodynamic sensor system for near-field small-scale hydrodynamics. Optimized game engine rendering algorithms then visualize key environmental features as augmented user interface elements in a VR headset, such as color-coded vectors, to indicate the environmental impact on the performance and function of the ROV. In addition, augmenting environmental feedback such as hydrodynamic forces are translated into patterned haptic stimuli via a haptic suit for indicating drift-inducing flows in the near field. A pilot case study was performed to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the system design in a series of simulated ROV operation tasks. ROVs are widely used in subsea exploration and intervention tasks, playing a critical role in offshore inspection, installation, and maintenance activities. The innovative ROV teleoperation feedback and control system will lower the barrier for ROV pilot jobs.
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Kumar, P., U. Gogoi, B. Bhatt, A. Dhiman, C. Chatterjee, and S. Subbiah. "Automated Sand Influx Mitigation Workflow Using Geomechanical Analysis and Minimum Tubing-Head Pressure Estimation." In SPE Symposium and Exhibition - Production Enhancement and Cost Optimisation. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/220649-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Sand production is a major challenge for oil and gas companies worldwide. We describe an automated workflow that helps mitigate sanding caused by excessive drawdown by determining the minimum tubing-head pressure (THP). The automated workflow is designed to autocalibrate, analyze, and recommend actionable measures to control THP to prevent sand ingression. This enables oil and gas operators to control sand production, resulting in production enhancement and fewer workover jobs. The operating philosophy consists of four components: 1D geomechanical analysis, sand ingression analysis, wellbore modeling and automated calibration, and automated minimum THP estimation. A 1D Mechanical Earth Model (1D MEM) calibrated with drilling events and caliper data was used as an input to the sand prediction model. The sand prediction model evaluates critical drawdown pressure (CDDP) and establishes a sand-free envelope. A calibrated digital twin is created using well test parameters. The automated sand mitigation workflow uses CDDP values and well models. The minimum flowing bottomhole pressure estimated from CDDP is translated into minimum THP for regular monitoring and sand control by the production team. In this work, we examined the scale, complexity, technology, and advantages of using the digital oil and gas field workflow. Self-flow gas wells were considered as potential candidate wells for the study. The excellent results obtained from this study in terms of production enhancement can set a benchmark for projects concerning efficiency and output gains. Detailed analysis helped classify wells where production gain can be realized without any sand production. Through the study, it was observed that in two wells, THP reduction in steps can potentially lead to sand-free production, with a possible cumulative incremental gas production increase over 100%. Such analysis reiterated the significance of maintaining the minimum THP estimated by the workflow and resulted in a significant shift towards the adoption of digital and integrated workflows for problem solving, ultimately leading to improved operational efficiency and profitability. The integration of state-of-the-art geomechanical analysis and automated workflows produced outstanding results in terms of production gain and reduced analysis time, thereby leading to extended well deliverability, delayed sand production and reduced workover frequencies. This approach provided efficient management and control of minimum THP values without relying on downhole pressure gauges, thus empowering the production team to make informed decisions and optimize production, ultimately saving on well maintenance costs.
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Valente, Federico. "THE IMPACT OF AI ON HUMAN TRANSLATION: WILL TRANSLATORS AND LOCALIZATION EXPERTS DISAPPEAR IN THE JOB MARKET AND BE REPLACED BY AI-POWERED TRANSLATION TOOLS." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2024/fs11.25.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of AI in translation, particularly in the context of machine-translated texts and the differences between HT and MT. The focus of this investigation is to discover whether this software can compete with the skills of professional translators and eventually replace them. The trigger comes mainly from articles on machine translation vs human translation that I read to have a broader view of this topic. Artificial intelligence seems to have revolutionized machine translation technology in recent times. On the one hand, one of the benefits is that AI-powered translation tools can quickly translate large volumes of content, whereas on the other hand, AI translation still has plenty of pitfalls: some source texts can be misinterpreted and this could lead to inaccuracies and errors, as well as to cultural insensitivity or bias. My research aims to discover whether in the future translators and localization experts will disappear in the job market or whether new job roles will emerge instead as a result of AI. The literature review describes in detail theoretical issues with regard to ethical considerations for AI-powered translation. It also makes reference to a few key findings from former research. The data gathering process consists mainly of qualitative semi-structured interviews with Italian four professional translators, interview transcripts and content analysis which I used to examine and interpret data and findings.
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Selladurai, Jagaan, Cheol Hwan Roh, Amr Zeidan, et al. "Redefining Fracpack For Sand And Fines Control Completion in 30 Years Old Producing Field." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21183-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Malaysian clastic reservoirs are plagued with high fines content which rapidly deteriorates the productivity from wells completed with conventional form of sand control techniques. To mitigate the fines production issue, Petronas recently successfully completed 3 reservoirs in two wells in Field-D using enhanced gravel pack technique. This paper explains in detail the workflow, challenges such as depleted reservoirs, coal streaks, and nearby water contacts and operational execution for the successful re-defined extension pack jobs. This new approach consists of a re-defined Extension Pack / Frac Pack job with fine movement control resin and a re-defined perforation strategy. Perforation strategy consists of limited number of 180 deg phasing non-oriented perforations done under dynamic underbalance conditions. The key requirement to have fracturing as a sand control method is to have a tip screen out (TSO) or high net pressure placement to ensure the fracture has good conductivity. To obtain a good TSO, data acquisition is of paramount importance. The fracturing jobs in the Field – D wells were preceded with step-rate tests, injection tests, minifrac and Diagnostic Fracture Injection Test (DFIT). The data from diagnostic tests were used diligently to have best possible fracturing treatment in the target zones. Excellent pack factors of greater than 500 lbs. per ft were obtained for all the treatment jobs using only linear gel with proppant concentration up to 7 ppa. This high pack factor translates to very good frac conductivity which is essential in fracturing for sand control. Some of the fracturing treatments concluded with a TSO signature which is a big achievement considering the challenges that were associated with fracturing in Field – D. In addition, DFIT and ACA (After Closure Analysis) was performed to estimate permeability and results were compared with various techniques such as log derived and formation tester permeability. Ultimate objective from this analysis is to have a work-flow which can screen candidate wells for such treatments from openhole logs and give an estimated liquid rate post treatment. Also, the workflow for planning and executing fracturing jobs will be presented for Malaysian clastic reservoirs. This work-flow will be vetted against the extensive diagnostic and fracturing data that has been acquired during fracturing treatments in Field – D. Design, actual diagnostic, and fracturing data will be presented in this paper. It is expected that this modified form of sand and fines control will help in reducing the fines issue in Field – D to a great extent along with expected incremental in oil production. If long term production sustainability is proven, similar approach will be adopted by Petronas and can be shared amongst other South East Asia operators in many similar other fields.
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Duque, Helman, Alexander López Briceño, Alexander Duarte Perez, et al. "Reducing Environmental Footprint of Borehole Seismic Acquisition by Using DAS on Hybrid Logging Cable." In SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213169-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Borehole seismic data from vertical seismic profiles (VSP) provide valuable information in different stages of reservoir evaluation. Land VSPs are generally acquired using a wireline-specific run involving a logging unit, a downhole geophone-based tool, and vibrator truck operating 10 hours to 1 day for typical zero-offset VSP surveys (ZOVSP). Nowadays, novel technologies, such as fiber optic cable, allow geoscientists to get VSP measurements while reducing logging times to minutes and reducing the environmental footprint of the operation. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and electric hybrid logging cable allow borehole seismic information to be efficiently obtained over the entire well in a fraction of the time required by conventional methods. The land ZOVSP surveys discussed in this work were acquired while conveying various logging tools with a hybrid optical heptacable by Ecopetrol S.A. in Colombia onshore. In many of these jobs, data acquisition is carried out in areas close to communities, houses, or infrastructure that may be impacted by closing roads or by vibrations emitted by the seismic source. Also, high levels of noise for long periods could distress nearby inhabitants. The reduction of carbon footprint is a direct benefit when using this technology. Less operating time can reduce CO2 emissions over 90% in a VSP acquisition. ZOVSPs with conventional geophone technology were estimated to take in average 17 hours in wells with the profiles considered here. In contrast, with DAS on hybrid logging cable, this operation takes 1.5 hours, which immediately translates into a lower carbon emission footprint equating to an estimated 95% CO2 reduction per job.
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Carrasco, Brisa, Francisco Monroy, Edel Cadena, and Juan Campos. "Análisis del desarrollo económico y la desigualdad social en las metrópolis de México." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7996.
Full textAbstract:
Con el cambio político y económico hacia formas de organización neoliberales, en el mundo se
 han propagado nuevas formas en que los gobiernos gestionan el territorio y sus recursos. Lo
 que en un principio se promovió como formas más competitivas para el desarrollo económico y
 social, a la vuelta de los años se traduce en formas de organización que han fortalecido a los
 grupos de poder económico, pero que han generado efectos adversos para la población, al
 contar con cada vez menos acceso a empleos de calidad, a servicios públicos básicos y a
 mejores remuneraciones. En las zonas urbanas los efectos se traducen en una exacerbada
 polarización socio espacial, contrastando zonas de gran calidad urbana y ambiental, con otras
 precarias ausentes de los mínimos satisfactores para la calidad de vida. En este trabajo se
 analizan diversas variables censales como población, empleo, ingreso y crecimiento por sector
 socioeconómico para medir las condiciones de vida en las zonas metropolitanas de México en
 el período 1989-2009, considerando este lapso como el de promoción y ejecución de la política
 neoliberal en el país. La intención es constatar si los cambios propuestos son en realidad
 catalizadores para el desarrollo económico y social, en la población de las zonas urbanas, o si
 por el contrario los efectos de la política neoliberal han resultado adversos para la población
 urbana. With the political and economic change towards neoliberal forms of organization in the world
 have spread new ways in which governments manage the land and its resources. What was
 initially promoted as being more competitive for economic and social development, along the
 years translates into forms of organization that have strengthened the economic power groups,
 but have generated adverse effects for the population, to have less access to quality jobs, to basic public services and worst payment for its jobs. In urban areas the effects translate into
 socio-spatial polarization exacerbated contrasting areas urban and environmental of high
 quality, with other precarious absent satisfactions for the minimum quality of life. In this paper
 we analyze several census variables such as population, employment, income and
 socioeconomic sector growth to measure the conditions of life in the metropolitan areas of
 Mexico in the period 1989-2009, considering this period as the promotion and implementation of
 policy neoliberal in the country. The intent is to determine whether the proposed changes are
 actually catalysts for economic and social development in the urban population, or if instead the
 effects of neoliberal policies have resulted adversed to urban population.
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Nistor, Gabriel calin, and Adrian Iacob. "THE ADVANTAGES OF GAMIFICATION AND GAME-BASED LEARNING AND THEIR BENEFITS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION." In eLSE 2018. ADL Romania, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-18-042.
Full textAbstract:
In the United States, gamification is used in education for more than 10 years. Gamification is a procedure that employs certain game specific elements in different fields like education, health, sport or human resources. This process is known as "Human-Focused Design", as opposed to "Function-Focused Design." It's a design process that optimizes for human motivation in a system, as opposed to pure efficiency. Most systems are "function-focused", designed to get the job done quickly. This is like a factory that assumes its workers will do their jobs because they are required to. However, Human-Focused Design remembers that people in a system have feelings, insecurities, and reasons why they want or do not want to do certain things, and therefore optimizes for their feelings, motivations, and engagement. Since games have spent decades learning how to master motivation and engagement, we are now learning from games, and that is why we call it Gamification. Take for example Duolingo, a massive online collaboration which combines a free language-learning website with a paid crowdsourced text translation platform. The service is designed so that students can learn a given language online, while helping to translate websites and documents. The traditional motivational methods are less and less efficient and thus the companies are forced towards more attractive and innovative methods, fit for the psychological profile of the current generation, a generation raised and schooled in close connection with the technological progress. European Union started to show interest for these aspects, as proven by the Game-Based Learning and Gamification training course that was organized in Spain by the means of a European Commission project.
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Reddicharla, Nagaraju, Manar Maher Mohamed Elabrashy, Subba Ramarao Rachapudi Venkata, Geetha Selvamoorthy, and Mayada Ali Sultan Ali. "Digitalization of Rig-Less Interventions Management in Giant Middle Eastern Oil Fields – A Novel Collaborative AI Solution for Improving Production Performance and Optimization." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-25010-ea.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract When field matured, reservoir and well conditions are continuously changing and deteriorating, production declines rapidly due to an increase in water cut, lift equipment inefficiencies, lack of sufficient reservoir pressure support or surface back pressure bottlenecks. Consequently, the percentage of idle & inactive wells has dramatically increased over the last few years with opportunities to rejuvenate reservoirs and wells being lost or postponed for months or even years. Resources utilization at right candidate is critical concern to improve the profitability by minimizing OPEX and CAPEX. The middle east field operator established one of kind data driven solution to integrate planning, execution and performance analysis for handling rig-less intervention and reservoir monitoring activities. Rig-less work intervention has been the most dynamic field operations in the view of daily workload, number of packages, size of manpower, logistic arrangement, and budget allocation. It is common that well planning is exposed to a constant and frequent adjustment in weekly or more than often in daily basis. The main drivers of these changes are in-accuracy of candidate selection, overlooked well inventory, un-readiness well site, SIMOPS operations, or logistic arrangement. The digital solution has been built on data driven analytics and automation across all processes of rig-less interventions. It provides auto recommendations for potential candidates for pressure surveys based on historical data and well performance. The solution ranks and priorities rig-less intervention candidates based on technical complexity, economics, and logistics. The Integrated collaborative platform automates the entire process, allows you to create an end-to-end plan for all jobs, schedule and improved right through to the end of that job. Post work-over job analysis is incorporated to assess job success and further integrated to improve the knowledge base. Rig-less utilization KPIs are calculated based on productive and non-productive events. Generative natural language search has been embedded in the system to provide guided search experience with suggestions based on relevance and historical queries. The field operator has successfully implemented this platform across four giant oil fields and one gas field. It has helped create more realistic plans and track progress against the plan. This solution has reduced 60% decision making time. It has integrated best practices and lessons learned. It helped easily to analyze the cause of NPT events and track performance of your standard practices to drive increase efficiency by 50%. It improves an improvement of in rig less package utilization by rig-less operation clustering that translates to potential cost saving per year for a giant oil field. The planning process and rig-less unit allocation was improved by monitoring the KPIs. Digital transformation is critical to improve efficiency in rig-less interventions. Data driven accurate planning and collaborative operations aided by digital automation can significantly improve transparency and decision making.
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Hussain, Mohamad Hafez, and Hana Maslinda Md Idrus. "Capability Development of Technician in Oil and Gas Operation: A Story of PETRONAS Upstream Business in Revolutionizing Competency Development in Meeting the Aspiration for the Field of the Future." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216354-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The objective of the paper is to share on PETRONAS Upstream (Upstream) journey in the development of technicians in meeting the business demands in volatile Oil & Gas industry. Being at the "Front Line" their competency & effectiveness in ensuring high uptime and reduction of unplanned production deferment will directly translate to meeting the Production Outputs and Business delivery. The competency of technicians is revolutionized through upskilling of current and future technicians to be Multiskilled. The development consists of structured capability program, which encompasses the learning of knowledge and skill to ensure technicians are fundamentally equipped with proactive & predictive mindset. This is done through e-Learning process for knowledge and the ‘On-The-Job’ training exposure at the worksites (offshore and terminals) for honing their skills in the multi-disciplinary areas of Production, Instrument, Mechanical and Electrical. To ensure the learning outcomes for knowledge and skill in the multi-disciplinary areas are met, a structured knowledge and ‘On-site’ assessment is carried out. This is to ensure technicians can carry out their role in the multi-disciplinary areas safely and correctly. PETRONAS Upstream journey in multiskilling of technicians started in 1998, with the introduction of the ‘Second Skill’. In 2018, the organization revolutionized the multiskilling program with the introduction of the ‘Third’ and ‘Fourth’ skill for technicians. We are also utilizing our very own Technical Training Centre, INSTEP to train these technicians. Further to that, to ensure that the multi-disciplinary role of technicians who have mastered the four skills set and being utilized accordingly, the remodeling of required Production and Maintenance task listed through the introduction of Competency Level Indicators (CLI) for all listed Production and Maintenance task and the merging of task into multi-disciplinary task. With the new multi-disciplinary task, it is shown that there will be a significant increase in Operation Efficiency up to 25%. This can be translated into a manpower efficiency for manning of every Offshore and Terminal facilities and promote the concept of ‘do more with less’. With the introduction of multiskilling, PETRONAS Upstream ambition of managing operating cost, particular in a low oil price situation, and managing increased cost of aging facilities will be realized and to remain competitive in all eventualities of possible volatility of the Oil & Gas price.
Reports on the topic "Jobs translated"
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Hajdini, Ina, Edward S. Knotek, John Leer, Mathieu O. Pedemonte, Robert W. Rich, and Raphael S. Schoenle. Low passthrough from inflation expectations to income growth expectations: why people dislike inflation. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202221r.
Full textAbstract:
We implement a novel methodology to disentangle two-way causality in inflation and income expectations in a large, nationally representative survey of US consumers. We find a 20 percent passthrough from expected inflation to expected income growth, but no statistically significant effect in the other direction. Passthrough is higher for higher-income individuals and men. Higher inflation expectations increase consumers’ likelihood to search for higherpaying new jobs. In a calibrated search-and-matching model, dampened responses of wages to demand and supply shocks translate into greater output fluctuations. The survey results and model analysis provide a labor market channel for why people dislike inflation.
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Cavalcanti, Filipe, Laísa Ratcher, Livia Gouvea, and Luiz Felipe Fontes. Evidence In Labor Market Policies and Implications for Brazil: Job Search Assistance. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013175.
Full textAbstract:
This publication, produced in collaboration between JOI Brazil, a J-PAL LAC initiative, and the Inter-American Development Bank, analyzes the available evidence on job search assistance programs and discusses their implications for public policy formulation in Brazil. Difficulties in communicating skills, lack of information about the job market, behavioral biases, and geographic and financial limitations may constitute some of the challenges faced by workers in the job search process. In response to these barriers, various solutions have been proposed to make the job search process more efficient, reducing the time required for searching and improving the quality of matches between candidates and companies. However, assessments show mixed results from these programs, which do not always translate into lasting improvements in employment and income. These mixed effects underscore the need to evaluate which characteristics have been associated with better outcomes, in order to inform the design and enhancement of future interventions.
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Hendrick, Stephen, and Ana Jimenez Santamaria. The 2023 State of OSPOs and OSS Initatives: Open Source Software Programs and Initiatives Become Mainstream. The Linux Foundation, 2023. https://doi.org/10.70828/dqap9709.
Full textAbstract:
Earlier this year, the TODO Group partnered with Linux Foundation Research to run its sixth annual state of the OSPO survey. Survey data was collected from participants in a wide variety of job roles, companies, industries, and geographies, with the goal of capturing a global view of OSPOs. Overall, the research found that as OSS use and contributions are becoming more mainstream, the role of OSPOs and OSS initiatives are better understood. This translates to greater support for innovation, compliance, and security, growth in OSPO adoption, and increased project sustainability. However, there are important financial and cultural concerns that may hinder growth.
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Ronconi, Lucas, Juan Sanguinetti, Maria Victoria Murillo, and Mariano Tommasi. The Economic Effects of Unions in Latin America: Teachers' Unions and Education in Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011247.
Full textAbstract:
This paper considers the effects of trade unions on the education sector in Argentina and the channels of union influence on the performance of this crucial sector. The authors find that those provinces where teacher unionism is fragmented, where union density is higher and where political relations with the governor are more conflictual, have more strikes (fewer class days). Based on estimates of education production functions both in this paper and elsewhere, we expect this to translate into lower student performance. The authors then find a number of weak conclusions related to the impact that unions have on several variables that affect students' performance (i.e., teachers' tenure, job satisfaction, class size, education budget and teachers' salaries). Reviewing these results, we conclude that the impact of unions on students' performance depends on the channel and kind of political market where unions operate, but not on the existence of unions per se.
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Hertel, Thomas, Maros Ivanic, Paul Preckel, and John Cranfield. Trade Liberalization and the Structure of Poverty in Developing Countries. GTAP Working Paper, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp25.
Full textAbstract:
“Globalization increases poverty” is a common assertion made by critics of globalization. The proliferation of low-wage jobs and higher food prices are some of the arguments brought forward in support of this argument. One of the hallmarks of globalization is the systematic dismantling of barriers to trade. Advocates of trade liberalization – particularly industrialized country agriculture reform – argue that the ensuing rise in world prices for agriculture products will boost rural incomes, thereby reducing poverty in the poorest countries, where the bulk of world poverty resides. Who is right? The goal of this paper is take a systematic look at the structure of poverty across a range of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, and explore how national poverty rates in some of the poorest countries in the world are likely to be affected by global trade liberalization. Our analysis of the structure of poverty is based on national household surveys from 14 developing countries. While we consider both spending and earnings effects of trade liberalization, it is argued that the earnings effects will generally be the dominant factor. This is particularly true in the short run for households that are highly specialized in their earnings patterns. Consider the case of a self-employed farm household. Assuming that trade liberalization results in higher farm prices, we expect the short run effect on the returns to family labor and land to be positive, and somewhat larger in percentage terms (the so-called “magnification effect”). Furthermore, if this household is not employed off-farm, then the farm profitability effect translates directly into an income effect, and this is likely to be sufficient to lift some of the farm households out of poverty. Of course this same effect can work in reverse, with commodity price declines increasing poverty. This makes specialized households highly vulnerable to trade policy shocks. In addition to agriculture-specialized households, we focus on self-employed non-agriculture specialized households, households specialized in wage labor and those relying on transfer payments for 95% or more of their income. Together, these four types of specialized households account for an average of 56% of the poor in the 14 countries examined. Thus a majority of the poor have specialized earnings patterns and are likely to be disproportionately affected by trade liberalization. The same is not true of the non-poor, where a majority of the households are diversified, and are therefore less vulnerable to sector-specific commodity price changes. We also find that the poor are over-represented among the agriculture-specialized households. With this background, we turn to an examination of the broad effects of multilateral trade liberalization on relative commodity prices and factor returns across the 14 countries in question. We distinguish between per capita effects – or the impact of trade liberalization on the “average” household in each country, and the effects on the poorest households. Our per capita results are quite similar to other studies of multilateral trade liberalization, with most countries gaining modestly, while a few gain substantially and a few lose due to the erosion of benefits from existing preferences. Some argue that this “rising tide will lift all boats” and so the positive per capita gains from trade liberalization will reduce poverty. However, we show that the short run impact of trade liberalization on different household groups is quite varied, and not always positive. First of all, global trade liberalization tends to raise food prices – particularly for staples, relative to non-food prices. This is true in all but 2 of the countries in our sample. This food price hike has an adverse effect on the poor, relative to the per capita household, since they spend a disproportionate share of their income on food. Also, the short run earnings impacts are quite varied, with agricultural profits rising relative to per capita income in 11 of the 14 countries, while relative non-agricultural profits and wages fall in many of these countries. Thus the overall impact on poverty depends on the structure of poverty in each country – hence our emphasis on this topic. We proceed to systematically explore the impact of trade liberalization on poverty utilizing a recently developed analytical framework that combines the detailed household survey data with a global economic model in order to measure the poverty impacts of trade liberalization on the five different household strata in each country. Each of the first four strata corresponds to one of the groups of earnings-specialized households, while the fifth encompasses the diversified households in each country. We conduct our analysis at the level of one hundred income percentiles, ranging from poorest to richest in each stratum. In this way, we uncover the differential impact of trade liberalization, by country, stratum and by income level. We also calculate the change in poverty rates, both at the stratum and national levels. Our findings emphasize the differential short run poverty impacts of multilateral trade liberalization on poverty across countries, across strata, and within strata, thereby highlighting the links between the structure of poverty and the national impacts of trade liberalization.