Journal articles: 'Jocker'

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Bolwell, C., C. Rogers, and E. Gee. "Descriptive epidemiology of race-day jockey falls and injuries in New Zealand." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13036.

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The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of race-day jockey falls and describe the reporting of injuries occurring during Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand. Details on jockey falls and injuries were extracted from official stipendiary stewards' reports and denominator data on all race starts were obtained for all races that occurred between 1 August 2008 and 28 February 2013. A fall included any event of the jockey being dislodged from the horse, once the jockey had mounted to start the race proceedings. Incidence rates for jockey falls stratified by type of race were calculated for race-level variables of interest: year, season, race number, race distance and track condition. During the study period there were 816 jockey falls, of which 92 occurred before the race and resulted in the horse being scratched (withdrawn) from the race. The incidence of jockey falls was 2.2 per 1000 rides (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.9-2.5) for flat races and 84.7 per 1000 rides (95% CI=76.6-93.5) for jump races. Just under half of the jockey falls in flat races occurred pre-race (195/418; 46.6%), 42% (179/418) of falls occurred during the race and 10.5% (44/418) of falls occurred post-race. In total, 19.1% (80/418) and 17.3% (69/398) of jockey falls resulted in injury to the jockey in flat and jump races, respectively. Nearly 90% (69/80) of jockeys injured in flat races were stood down from their next race and most injured jockeys required a medical certificate before racing again. The incidence of jockey falls was higher in jump races than flat races, but was comparable to those reported internationally. Incidence rates for falls in flat races were lower than those reported in Europe and Australia.

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Legg, Kylie, Darryl Cochrane, Erica Gee, and Chris Rogers. "The External Workload of Thoroughbred Horse Racing Jockeys." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 7572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187572.

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The objectives of this study were to quantify the external workload of thoroughbred racing jockeys in relation to their experience and racing performance. The number of rides of 786 jockeys and apprentices who rode in 407,948 flat and 13,648 jumps racing starts over 14 seasons were examined. Jockey work (ride numbers, seasons riding) and performance characteristics (race falls or wins) between cohorts with low (1–10), middle (10–200) and high (>200) numbers of rides per season were compared. Flat racing apprentices had more rides per season (25, interquartile range [IQR] 7–97 vs. 14, IQR 3–222, p < 0.001) but fewer rides per race day (2, IQR 1–4 vs. 4, IQR 2–6, p < 0.001) than flat racing jockeys. Flat racing jockeys in the high workload cohort (23%) were responsible for 83% of the race-day rides, riding in a median of 375 (IQR 283–520) races per season. These jockeys had half the fall rate (Incidence rate [IR] 1.0, 95% CI 0.9–1.1) and 1.4 times the success rates per 1000 rides (IR 98, 95% CI 97–99) than jockeys in the low and middle workload cohorts (p < 0.05). Most jockeys had light workloads, greater risk of injury and lower winning rates than the smaller cohort of jockeys with heavier workloads. This disparity in opportunity and success between cohorts indicates inefficiencies within the industry in recruitment and retention of jockeys. These data provide a foundation to further studies investigating jockey competition-specific fitness and its effect on both riding success and reducing injury risk.

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Dolan, Eimear, SarahJane Cullen, Adrian McGoldrick, and Giles D. Warrington. "The Impact of Making Weight on Physiological and Cognitive Processes in Elite Jockeys." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 23, no. 4 (August 2013): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.4.399.

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Purpose:To examine the impact of making weight on aerobic work capacity and cognitive processes in a group of professional jockeys.Methods:Nine male jockeys and 9 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched controls were recruited to take part in two experimental trials, conducted 48 hr apart. The jockeys were asked to reduce their body mass by 4% in the 48 hr between trials, and controls maintained usual dietary and physical activity habits between trials. Aerobic work capacity was assessed by performance during an incremental cycle ergometer test. Motor response, decision making, executive function, and working memory were assessed using a computerized cognitive test battery.Results:The jockey group significantly reduced their body mass by 3.6 ± 0.9% (p < .01). Mean urine specific gravity (Usg) readings increased from 1.019 ± 0.004–1.028 ± 0.005 (p < .01) following this reduction in body mass. Peak work capacity was significantly reduced between trials in the jockey group (213 ± 27 vs. 186 ± 23 W, p < .01), although VO2peak (46.4 ± 3.7 vs. 47.2 ± 6.3 ml·kg·min-1) remained unchanged. No changes were identified for any cognitive variable in the jockey group between trials.Conclusion:Simulation of race day preparation, by allocating a weight that is 4% below baseline body mass caused all jockeys to report for repeat testing in a dehydrated state, and a reduction in aerobic work capacity, both of which may impact on racing performance.

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Smith, L. J., G. Tabor, and J. Williams. "A retrospective case-control study to investigate horse and jockey level risk factors associated with horse falls in Irish Point-to-Point races." Comparative Exercise Physiology 16, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190054.

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Horse racing as a high-risk sport can pose a significant risk to equine welfare. There have been limited epidemiological reviews of fall risk specific to point-to-point racing. This study aimed to identify horse and jockey level risk factors associated with horse falls and compare these to published findings for Hurdle and Steeplechase racing. The study used a retrospective matched case-control design. Relevant variables were identified, and information was collated for all races in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. Cases and controls were matched with a 1:3 ratio. Controls (n=2,547) were selected at random from all horses that completed in the same race (n=849). Horse and jockey level variables were analysed through univariable analysis to inform multivariable model building. A final matched case-control multivariable logistic regression model was refined, using fall/no fall as the dependent variable, through a backward stepwise process. Horse age was associated with an increased risk of horse falls. For every 1 unit increase in age there was a 1.2 times increased fall risk. The number of races ran within 12 months was associated with a decreased risk of falling. The jockeys previous seasons percentage wins was associated with the risk of horse falls. Jockeys who had 0-4% wins and 5-9% wins had an increase in risk compared to those who had over 20% wins/runs. The jockeys previous seasons percentage of falls (F) or unseating of the rider (UR) was associated with the risk of horse falls with jockeys who had over 20% F/UR having a 50% increased chance of falling compared to those who had 0-4% F/UR. Retrospective analysis of horse and jockey falls has exposed risk factors that have been previously identified in hurdle and steeplechase racing. Identification of risk factors is essential when considering future research and interventions aimed at improving horse and jockey safety.

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Velija, Philippa, and Leah Flynn. "“Their Bottoms Are the Wrong Shape” Female Jockeys and the Theory of Established Outsider Relations." Sociology of Sport Journal 27, no. 3 (September 2010): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.27.3.301.

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This paper adopts Elias’ theory of established and outsider relations (Elias and Scotson, 1994) to argue that women riders are “outsiders” within the racing figuration. The paper draws on data collected from eight semi-structured interviews with experienced female jockeys. It is suggested by the authors that female jockeys remain outsiders within the racing figuration in the UK. In particular, female jockeys are largely resigned to their inferior position as their views of male jockeys remain deeply ingrained in stereotypes about gender. The increasing organizational changes that have allowed women to be a part of the Jockey Club, be granted licenses, train and compete alongside males do not appear to have changed attitudes toward female jockeys, who are largely perceived as weaker and less capable than male jockeys.

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Legg, K. A., D. J. Cochrane, E. K. Gee, and C. W. Rogers. "Review of physical fitness, physiological demands and performance characteristics of jockeys." Comparative Exercise Physiology 17, no. 4 (June 15, 2021): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep200079.

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This narrative review collates data from different equestrian disciplines, both amateur and professional, to describe the physiological demands, muscle activity and synchronicity of movement involved in jockeys riding in a race and to identify limitations within our current knowledge. A literature search was conducted in Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus using search terms related to jockeys, equestrian riders and their physiological demands, muscle use, movement dynamics and experience. Abstracts, theses and non-peer reviewed articles were excluded from the analysis. Jockeys work at close to their physiological capacity during a race. The quasi-isometric maintenance of the jockey position requires muscular strength and endurance, specifically from the legs and the core, both to maintain their position and adapt to the movement of the horse. Synchronous movement between horse and rider requires a coordinated activation pattern of the rider’s core muscles, resulting in less work done by the horse to carry the rider, possibly leading to a competitive advantage in race riding. Reports of chronic fatigue in jockeys demonstrate poor quantification of workload and recovery. The lack of quantitative workload metrics for jockeys’ limits calculation of a threshold required to reach race riding competency and development of sport-specific training programmes. Until the sport-specific demands of race riding are quantified, the development of evidence-based sport specific and potentially performance enhancing jockey strength and conditioning programmes cannot be realised.

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Poon, Eric Tsz-Chun, John O’Reilly, Sinead Sheridan, Michelle Mingjing Cai, and Stephen Heung-Sang Wong. "Markers of Bone Health, Bone-Specific Physical Activities, Nutritional Intake, and Quality of Life of Professional Jockeys in Hong Kong." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 28, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0176.

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Weight-making practices, regularly engaged in by horse racing jockeys, have been suggested to impair both physiological and mental health. This study aimed to assess bone health markers, nutritional intake, bone-specific physical activity (PA) habits, and quality of life of professional jockeys in Hong Kong (n = 14), with gender-, age-, and body mass index-matched controls (n = 14). Anthropometric measurements, serum hormonal biomarkers, bone mineral density, bone-specific PA habits, nutritional intake, and quality of life were assessed in all participants. The jockey group displayed significantly lower bone mineral density at both calcanei than the control group (left: 0.50 ± 0.06 vs. 0.63 ± 0.07 g/cm2; right: 0.51 ± 0.07 vs. 0.64 ± 0.10 g/cm2, both ps < .01). Thirteen of the 14 jockeys (93%) showed either osteopenia or osteoporosis in at least one of their calcanei. No significant difference in bone mineral density was detected for either forearm between the groups. The current bone-specific PA questionnaire score was lower in the jockey group than the control group (5.61 ± 1.82 vs. 8.27 ± 2.91, p < .05). Daily energy intake was lower in the jockeys than the controls (1,360 ± 515 vs. 1,985 ± 1,046 kcal/day, p < .01). No significant group difference was found for micronutrient intake assessed by the bone-specific food frequency questionnaire, blood hormonal markers, and quality of life scores. Our results revealed suboptimal bone conditions at calcanei and insufficient energy intake and bone-loading PAs among professional jockeys in Hong Kong compared with healthy age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched controls. Further research is warranted to examine the effect of improved bone-loading PAs and nutritional habits on the musculoskeletal health of professional jockeys.

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King, Lewis, Sarah Jane Cullen, Jean McArdle, Adrian McGoldrick, Jennifer Pugh, Giles Warrington, and Ciara Losty. "Stressors Experienced by Professional Jockeys." Sport Psychologist 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2020-0128.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the sources of stress reported by professional jockeys. In total, 15 jockeys participated in semistructured interviews that included apprentice, conditional, and senior jockeys. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data that included inductive and deductive approaches. Jockeys reported a wide range of stress sources. Four core themes were identified and categorized as competitive (current form or being in a slump, pressure, horse, injury, opponents, tactical, and race day), racing industry (weight, workload, travel demands, injury concerns, suspension, and facilities), interpersonal (trainer, other jockeys, expectations of others, support networks, and communication), and career stressors (career uncertainty, career opportunities, and transitions). The findings highlight unique stressors to the jockey population, as well as stressors common with other athlete groups. Practical applied recommendations and future research directions are provided.

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Legg, Kylie, Darryl Cochrane, Erica Gee, and Chris Rogers. "Jockey Career Length and Risk Factors for Loss from Thoroughbred Race Riding." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 7443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187443.

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Professional thoroughbred racing jockeys repeatedly work close to physiological capacity during races, whilst maintaining low body weights, on a daily basis with no off-season. The effects of this on their career length is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the career lengths and reasons for loss from the industry of 674 jockeys and apprentices who rode over 14 racing seasons and 421,596 race day starts in New Zealand. Descriptors were compared between jockeys in short (1–2 years), middle (3–9 years) and long (>10 years) career cohorts with descriptive statistics and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. The median career length for jockeys was 2 years (IQR 1–6). Long career cohort jockeys (11%) had lower carried weights (IQR 56–57 kg, p = 0.03), 40 times the median number of rides per season (248, IQR 61–434, p < 0.001), half the rate per 1000 rides of falling (1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.2, p = 0.009) and 1.3 times the rate of winning (100, 95% CI 99–101, p < 0.01) than jockeys in the short career cohort. Jockeys who rode over 200 races per season had careers three times longer than jockeys with fewer races per season (p < 0.001). Half of the 40% of jockeys who failed to complete their apprenticeship were lost from the industry in their first year of race riding. In conclusion, most jockeys had short careers where the workload of a jockey and their ability to obtain rides had greater impact on career longevity than their performance.

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Velija, Philippa, and Lucinda Hughes. "‘Men fall like boiled eggs. Women fall like raw eggs.’ Civilised female bodies and gender relations in British National Hunt racing." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54, no. 1 (June 9, 2017): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690217712434.

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This purpose of this article is to contribute to the existing research on the gendered nature of equestrian sports by discussing how power relations continue to position females on the margins of National Hunt (NH) racing. In the UK, NH racing is the most male-dominated form of racing; at the time of writing, 100 males hold a professional jockey licence, compared to just 4 females. In this article we draw on figurational sociology, specifically the concepts of the civilised body, interdependence and habitus to offer a critical analysis of the gendered experiences of eight amateur and professional female jockeys. The experiences of female jockeys cannot be understood without considering their networks of interdependencies with trainers, owners, male jockeys, breeders and the wider racing industry. We argue that early involvement in the figuration through family ties supports the development of a gendered racing habitus that influences the social identities of female jockeys who normalise their own limitations. Civilised female bodies are positioned in the figuration as weaker than males and needing protection from potentially risky horses. We argue that because safe horses are chosen by trainers and owners, these limit the opportunities and number of rides for female jockeys, these (gendered) decisions obscure issues of power that enable male jockeys to dominate in the NH figuration.

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Davies, Madeleine, Kate A. Jackson, Anna Louise Mackinnon, Alison Turner, Kerry Kuznik, Jerry Hill, Julia L. Newton, and Maria Sanchez Santos. "Epidemiology of race day injury in young professional jockeys in Great Britain from 2007 to 2018: a retrospective cohort study." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e044075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044075.

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IntroductionThere are limited injury data in professional horse racing, particularly by sex.ObjectivesTo describe injury incidence, characteristics and falls in male and female, flat and jump jockeys in Great Britain.Design and settingRetrospective cohort study of professional jockeys in Britain.Participants245 jockeys licensed between 2007 and 2017.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was injury on a race day. Injury incidence (per 1000 rides; per 1000 falls) was derived. Incidence-rate ratios (IRR) were calculated to compare incidence between flat and jump racing, male and female jockeys, and male flat and male jump jockeys for: (i) injury incidence, (ii) fall incidence and (iii) injuries per fall.Results234 British professional jockeys were included. Jockeys were on average 19.5±2.0 years old at licence date, 79.9% male and 58.1% flat. The time of follow-up (racing in the study) was 3.7 (SD=2.3) years. There were 278 injuries, occurring in-race (81.7%), in the stalls (10.8%) or parade ring (6.1%). After one injury was removed to preserve anonymity, 57.2% were soft tissue injuries, 25.3% fractures and 10.5% concussion. There were 1634 falls, with 92% in male jump racing. The injury incidence was higher in jump racing (5.1 vs 1.0/1000 jockey rides). The falls incidence was 1.8/1000 rides in flat and 46.2/1000 rides in jump racing (IRR 0.04, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.04). There were over five times higher injuries/1000 falls in flat than jump racing (IRR 5.56, 95% CI 4.05 to 7.53). Male flat jockeys fell less than female flat (IRR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.97).ConclusionMost injuries occurred in-race and were soft tissue injuries. Jump jockeys fell more often than flat, and female flat jockeys fell more often than male flat. Flat jockeys injured more frequently when falling. No sex differences were seen for injuries per fall.

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Ryan, Kelly, Gabrielle Garruppo, Kezia Alexander, Christine M. Hluchan, and Andrew E. Lincoln. "Injuries among Maryland jockeys during thoroughbred racing: 2015–2019." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (December 2020): e000926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000926.

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ObjectivesOur goal was to characterise jockey injuries at Maryland racetracks during thoroughbred racing activities over 4 years using medical records maintained by the sports medicine team.MethodsInjury data were prospectively gathered by sports medicine physicians who were onsite for all thoroughbred racing activities in Maryland from 12 September 2015 to 5 May 2019 to evaluate and treat any injury to the jockeys. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, rates with corresponding 95% CIs and proportions) of injury types, body parts, mechanisms, severity and location on track were calculated.ResultsOver nearly 4 years of racing and 45 000 mounts, there were 204 injuries involving 184 incidents and 131 falls during those races. The vast majority of injuries (80%) was related to soft tissue, while 4% were concussions. Most injuries involved the lower extremity (31%) or upper extremity (26%) and typically resulted from a fall from the horse. Among all incidents, 79.3% (n=146) resulted in an injury, while 76.3% (n=100) of falls resulted in an injury. We identified a significant proportion of injuries (41%) in and around the starting gate. Over a quarter of incidents resulting in injury required further medical care in hospital or other medical facility, while surgery was required in 2.5% of injuries.ConclusionAccess to a consistent group of sports medicine providers facilitated jockey injury reporting and tracking. The majority of jockey injuries is related to soft tissue and results from falls, while the starting gate area is associated with the greatest proportion of injuries.

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Wilson, George, Jerry Hill, Daniel Martin, James P. Morton, and Graeme L. Close. "GB Apprentice Jockeys Do Not Have the Body Composition to Make Current Minimum Race Weights: Is It Time to Change the Weights or Change the Jockeys?" International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 30, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0288.

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Flat jockeys in Great Britain (GB) are classified as apprentices if they are aged less than 26 years and/or have ridden less than 95 winners. To gain experience, apprentices are allocated a weight allowance of up to 7 lb (3.2 kg). Given that there is no off-season in GB flat horseracing, jockeys are required to maintain their racing weight all year round. In light of recent work determining that current apprentices are considerably heavier than previous generations and that smaller increases have been made in the minimum weight, the aim of this study was to assess if the minimum weight in GB was achievable. To make the minimum weight (50.8 kg) with the maximal weight allowance requires a body mass of ∼46.6 kg while maintaining a fat mass >2.5 kg (the lowest fat mass previously reported in weight-restricted males). Thirty-two male apprentice jockeys were assessed for body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mean (SD) total mass and fat mass were 56 (2.9) kg and 7.2 (1.8) kg, respectively. Given that the lowest theoretical body mass for this group was 51.2 (2.3) kg, only one of 32 jockeys was deemed feasible to achieve the minimum weight with their current weight allowance and maintaining fat mass >2.5 kg. Furthermore, urine osmolality of 780 (260) mOsmol/L was seen, with 22 (out of 32) jockeys classed as dehydrated (>700 mOsmols/L), indicating that body mass would be higher when euhydrated. Additionally, we observed that within new apprentice jockeys licensed during this study (N = 41), only one jockey was able to achieve the minimum weight. To facilitate the goal of achieving race weight with minimal disruptions to well-being, the authors’ data suggest that the minimum weight for GB apprentices should be raised.

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NAKANO, Mineo, Atsushi IGARASHI, Joon Hee LEE, Kazuyuki OHASHI, and Atsushi KADOWAKI. "Equestrian Injuries in the Apprentice Jockeys of Japan Jockey Training Institate." Nihon Gekakei Rengo Gakkaishi (Journal of Japanese College of Surgeons) 28, no. 1 (2003): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4030/jjcs1979.28.1_82.

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Spiers, Edward M. "Jock Gordon, Jock's Jocks: Voices of Scottish Soldiers from the First World War (ed. by Gary West)." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 39, no. 2 (November 2019): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2019.0277.

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Butler, Deborah Ann. "Achieving Against the Odds: Gender, Chance and Contradiction in the Horseracing Industry." Sociology of Sport Journal 31, no. 4 (December 2014): 402–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2012-0210.

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In this paper I ask how it is that women, despite being a significant part of the workforce in horseracing, are still only a minority of professional jockeys. I explore the relationship between social practices and the gender based inequalities and use Bourdieu’s concepts of field, capital and habitus to analyze its classed and gendered nature. I draw on an ethnographic study of a racing yard, focusing particularly on the experiences of Anne Dudley, one of my female interviewees, who, unusually, had ridden as a jockey. She typifies the ways in which women’s career trajectories within the racing field are shaped by access to physical and social capital. I argue that habitus can be used to illustrate how redirection(s) in practices or ideas are brought about within a patriarchal, masculine field of power.

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Thompson, Kirrilly, Phil McManus, Dene Stansall, Bethany J. Wilson, and Paul D. McGreevy. "Is Whip Use Important to Thoroughbred Racing Integrity? What Stewards’ Reports Reveal about Fairness to Punters, Jockeys and Horses." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111985.

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The idea that whip use is critical to thoroughbred racing integrity is culturally entrenched but lacks empirical support. To test the longstanding beliefs that whip use aids steering, reduces interference, increases safety and improves finishing times, we conducted a mixed-method analysis of 126 race reports produced by official stewards of the British Horseracing Authority, representing 1178 jockeys and their horses. We compared reports from 67 “Hands and Heels” races, where whips are held but not used (whipping-free, WF), with 59 reports from case-matched races where whipping was permitted (whipping permitted, WP). Qualitative coding was used to identify and categorise units of analysis for statistical testing via logistic regression and linear mixed model regression. For both types of race, we explored stewards having anything to report at all, movement on course, interference on course, incidents related to jockey behaviour and finishing times. There were no statistically significant differences between WF and WP races for anything to report (OR: 3.06; CI: 0.74–14.73), movement on course (OR: 0.90; CI: 0.37–2.17), interference (OR: 0.90; CI: 0.37–2.17), jockey-related incidents (OR: 1.24; CI: 0.32–5.07), and race times (0.512 s, t = 1.459, p = 0.150). That is, we found no evidence that whip use improves steering, reduces interference, increases safety or improves finishing times. These findings suggest that the WF races do not compromise racing integrity. They also highlight the need for more effective ways to improve the steering of horses.

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Bellany, Alastair. "A Poem on the Archbishop's Hearse: Puritanism, Libel, and Sedition after the Hampton Court Conference." Journal of British Studies 34, no. 2 (April 1995): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386072.

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Late in March 1604, as his biographer John Strype records, Archbishop John Whitgift's “Corps was carried to Croydon … and there honourably interred in the Parish-Church … with a decent Solemnity.” Sir George Paule concurred, noting that the “Funerall was very honourably (as befitted his place) solemnized.” The funeral's honor, decency, and solemnity were somewhat marred, however, for among those laudatory elegies and epitaphs traditionally placed upon hearses, some audacious soul had contrived to pin a far from complimentary piece of doggerel. Entitled “The Lamentation of Dickie for the Death of his Brother Jockie”—Jockie being Whitgift and Dickie his successor as archbishop, Richard Bancroft—the poem was a vicious tirade against the late archbishop and his policies. The fullest extant copy survives in a collection of political papers once owned by the Kentishman Sir Peter Manwood:The prelats pope, the canonists hope,The Cortyers oracle, virginities spectacle,Reformers hinderer, trew pastors slanderer,The papists broker, the Atheists ClokerThe ceremonyes procter, the latyn docterThe dumb doggs patron, non resid[e]ns championA well a daye is dead & gone,and Jockey hath left dumb dickye alone.Prelats relent, Cortyers lamentPapiste bee sadd, Athiests runn maddGrone formalists, mone pluralistsfrowne ye docters, mourne yee ProctersBegge Registers, starve paratorsscowle ye summoners, howle yee songstersYour great Patron is dead & gone,& Jockey hath left dumb dickye alone.Popishe Ambition[,] vaine superstition,coulured conformity[,] canckared envye,Cunninge hipocrisie[,] faigned simplicity,masked ympiety, servile flatterye,Goe all daunce about his hearse,& for his dirge chant this verseOur great patron is dead and gone,& Jhockey hath left dumb dickey alone.Yf store of mourners yet there lackelett Croyden coull[i]ers bee more blackeAnd for a Cophin take a sackebearing the corpes upon their backedickye more blacke then any oneas chief mourner may marche aloneSinginge this requiem Jhocky is gone,& dickye hopes to play Jhocky aloneholla dickye bee not so bould,to woulve yt in Cheif Jhesis fouldas yf to hell thy Soule weare sould,lest as Jhocky was oft foretouldIf thou a persecutor stand,God likewise strike thee wth his hand:A-rankinge thee in the bloudy bandof ravening cleargie woolves in the land.

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Wilson, George, Neil Chester, Martin Eubank, Ben Crighton, Barry Drust, James P. Morton, and Graeme L. Close. "An Alternative Dietary Strategy to Make Weight While Improving Mood, Decreasing Body Fat, and Not Dehydrating: A Case Study of a Professional Jockey." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 22, no. 3 (June 2012): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.3.225.

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Professional jockeys are unique among weight-making athletes, as they are often required to make weight daily and, in many cases, all year-round. Common methods employed by jockeys include dehydration, severe calorie restriction, and sporadic eating, all of which have adverse health effects. In contrast, this article outlines a structured diet and exercise plan, employed by a 22-yr-old professional National Hunt jockey in an attempt to reduce weight from 70.3 to 62.6 kg, that does not rely on any of the aforementioned techniques. Before the intervention, the client’s typical daily energy intake was 8.2 MJ (42% carbohydrate [CHO], 36% fat, 22% protein) consumed in 2 meals only. During the 9-wk intervention, daily energy intake was approximately equivalent to resting metabolic rate, which the athlete consumed as 6 meals per day (7.6 MJ, 46% CHO, 19% fat, 36% protein). This change in frequency and composition of energy intake combined with structured exercise resulted in a total body-mass loss of 8 kg, corresponding to reductions in body fat from 14.5% to 9%. No form of intentional dehydration occurred throughout this period, and mean urine osmolality was 285 mOsm/kg (SD 115 mOsm/kg). In addition, positive changes in mood scores (BRUMS scale) also occurred. The client was now able to ride light for the first time in his career without dehydrating, thereby challenging the cultural practices inherent in the sport.

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Chambers, Eric. "“Thaz how u kno ur dum”." Journal of Language and Sexuality 9, no. 2 (September 7, 2020): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jls.19020.cha.

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Abstract This study analyzes language use among a group of gay men who participate on an online messageboard (OnYourKnees), focused on the attainment of a ‘dumb jock’ identity. Posters align with a series of qualities that largely conform to ideologies of American jock masculinity, but at the same time satirize those ideologies: in particular, many posters view as an integral quality of dumb-jock identity ‘dumbness:’ an unwillingness/inability to engage in scholarly/academic pursuits. The repeated citationality of dumbness as a positive quality creates a distinct identity-type that posters link with erotic desire. Orthographic variation contributes to the attainment and recognition of a jock identity: posters who identify as jocks are more likely to display non-standard American English spelling than those who do not. This study thus highlights the importance of orthographic variation in maintaining distinct identities among local communities, especially in a space where traditional ideologies of masculinity are recontextualized.

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Paredes Tarazona, Mildred. "Formación de actitudes para el éxito en la carrera del jockey." Revista de Investigación en Psicología 5, no. 2 (March 12, 2014): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rinvp.v5i2.5074.

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Este año se estudió a una muestra de 50 Jockeys y aprendices del Hipódromo de Monterrico (Lima-Perú) representativa de la población total. Participan del Programa de Formación Laboral, creado en 1985. Son jóvenes que destacan por su alto nivel de razonamiento abstracto y razonamiento espacial, sus aptitudes visomotoras y sinestésicas, orientación y motivación por el estatus social y disfrute del riesgo (incremento de la noradrenalina) que le proporciona la carrera de caballos de pura sangre, actividad propia de ésta ocupación deportiva de alta competencia y riesgo; se investigó sus actitudes hacia la Organización Personal, Habilidades Sociales, Disciplina en el Trabajo y la Significación de la Carrera y se evalúa las actitudes hacia prácticas exitosas por medio de sus hábitos comportamentales; mediante una escala ad hoc para la investigación. Asimismo, se utiliza la "Escala M-L" de Vicuña y Cols. para correlacionar dichas actitudes con su nivel de motivación de logro. El grupo evaluado presenta el predominio de la motivación de afiliación, coherencia entre la autoevaluación y los comportamientos y oscila entre los niveles aceptable y bueno en cuanto a actitudes y comportamientos del jockey exitoso.

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Wilson, Brian. "The “Anti-Jock” Movement: Reconsidering Youth Resistance, Masculinity, and Sport Culture in the Age of the Internet." Sociology of Sport Journal 19, no. 2 (June 2002): 206–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.19.2.206.

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This paper explores issues relevant to youth, masculinity, Internet, and sport studies through a case study of the “anti-jock” (cyber)movement. The anti-jock movement is group of self-described “marginalized youth” who, through the production and consumption of anti-jock Websites, express dissatisfaction with and anger toward institutions that uncritically adulate hyper-masculine/high-contact sport culture and the athletes who are part of this culture (i.e., the “jocks"). Through these Websites, strategies of resistance against the “pro-jock” establishment are offered. An analysis of these sites acts as a departure point for considering how existing approaches to understanding youth cultural activity might be integrated with strands of new social movement theory to better account for more advanced forms of youth opposition/activism that have emerged following (and as a partial result of) the mass adoption of Internet-based communication. Also included is a discussion of the potential for anti-jock Websites specifically, and youth produced alternative-media generally, to empower youth and/or alter the oppressive forces that impact various “outsider” youth groups. The paper concludes with suggestions for future work that would extend and evaluate the ideas proposed here.

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Sparber, Sandra R. "Disc Jockey." TEACHING Exceptional Children 29, no. 1 (September 1996): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004005999602900120.

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Bridge, J. W., C. A. Mahaffey, and M. L. Peterson. "Analytical Test Methods Used to Characterize Granular Composite Sport Surface Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 440 (October 2013): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.440.74.

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Thoroughbred horse racetracks consisting of granular composite materials, also referred to as synthetic tracks, were developed for the racing industry with the goal of increasing safety to horses and jockeys and reducing maintenance efforts. These granular composites consist of sand, polymer fiber, and rubber bound together with a high-oil wax binder. The mechanical properties of these surfaces are significantly influenced by material composition, environmental factors, and surface maintenance procedures, and are susceptible to both environmental and mechanical-induced degradation over time. Using a combination of material analytical tests, surface mechanical and chemical properties and changes to them are assessed. Tests used to characterize the surface materials composition include Soxhlet wax extraction, wax oil extraction and sand morphology. Additionally, water-holding capacity, wax differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gas chromatography (GC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) provide insight to the thermal mechanical response of these surfaces as temperature and track composition/conditions change. Pertinent test results for two U.S. synthetic racetracks are included in this work to demonstrate the practicality of using this suite of testing. These tests and results provide a basis for racetrack maintenance decisions with the goal of achieving a more consistent racing surface that should ultimately reduce equine, and by extension jockey, injuries.

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Kwan, Ming, Anthony Kong, and Terry Lam. "Promoting Green Living by The Jockey Club Museum of Climate Change in Hong Kong." International Journal of Marketing Studies 11, no. 2 (May 23, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v11n2p55.

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Using the case study of The Jockey Club Museum of Climate Change in Hong Kong, the purpose is to explore how museum can take part to promote green living. Design/Methodology/Approach—This paper explores the contributions of The Jockey Club Museum of Climate Change as a means to increase environmental awareness for the society. The objectives of The Jockey Club Museum of Climate Change aimed at showing the importance of community involvement, advocating environmentally friendly education and nurturing visitors’ moral obligation to engage in pro-environmental protection behavior. Authors conducted twenty-five in-depth semi-structured interviews with visitors so as to fully understand the influences brought by the museum. Findings—The Jockey Club Museum of Climate Change was perceived by all of the study visitors as a meaningful, influencing and educative museum, which raised environmental awareness, upheld moral obligation to engage in environmental protection, and induced greater pro-environmental behavior. Based on the results, eight benefits are generated by The Jockey Club Museum of Climate Change to environmental protection for the entire globe. Practical implications—Based on the insights gained from visitors, eight positive influences are contributed by The Jockey Club Museum of Climate Change for nurturing visitors to adopt a green living in order to combat climate change. Originality/value—This paper urges for the importance of all communities, all business sectors, all kinds of organizations and governments to engage in environmental protection for sustainable development. The aim of such an episode is to arouse all the communities, business sectors, organizations, museums, educational institutions and countries to promote and adopt green living so as to combat climate change.

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Miller, Kathleen E., Merrill J. Melnick, Grace M. Barnes, Michael P. Farrell, and Don Sabo. "Untangling the Links among Athletic Involvement, Gender, Race, and Adolescent Academic Outcomes." Sociology of Sport Journal 22, no. 2 (June 2005): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.22.2.178.

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Although previous research has established that high school sports participation might be associated with positive academic outcomes, the parameters of the relationship remain unclear. Using a longitudinal sample of nearly 600 western New York adolescents, this study examined gender- and race-specific differences on the impact of two dimensions of adolescent athletic involvement (“jock” identity and athlete status) on changes in school grades and school misconduct over a 2-year interval. Female and Black adolescents who identified themselves as jocks reported lower grades than did those who did not, whereas female athletes reported higher grades than female nonathletes. Jocks also reported significantly more misconduct (including skipping school, cutting classes, having someone from home called to the school for disciplinary purposes, and being sent to the principal’s office) than did nonjocks. Gender moderated the relationship between athlete status and school misconduct; athletic participation had a less salutary effect on misconduct for girls than for boys.

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Mclntosh, A., K. Thai, and D. Patton. "Jockey helmet performance." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12 (January 2010): e181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.381.

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Blythe, Jenny. "Disc jockey doctor." BMJ 323, Suppl S1 (July 1, 2001): 0107248a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.0107248a.

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Stephens, Ann S. "The Jockey Cap." American Periodicals: A Journal of History, Criticism, and Bibliography 18, no. 1 (2008): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/amp.2008.0007.

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Suttle, Allan L., and Erik A. Wallace. "Disc Jockey Tenosynovitis." American Journal of Medicine 124, no. 4 (April 2011): e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.09.025.

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Jockey, Grayson. "Grayson–Jockey Club." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 25, no. 7 (July 2005): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2005.06.013.

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White, Lisa D., and James W. Jacobson. "Insertion of the retroposable element, jockey, near the Adh gene of Drosophila melanogaster is associated with altered gene expression." Genetical Research 68, no. 3 (December 1996): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300034170.

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SummaryThe alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene of Drosophila melanogaster is well suited to be a gene expression reporter system. Adh produces a measurable phenotype at both the enzyme and mRNA levels. We recovered a spontaneous transposable element (TE) insertion mutation near the Adh gene. The insertion is a truncated retroposable element, jockey, inserted upstream of the adult Adh enhancer region. Comparisons between the Adhjockey allele and its direct wild-type ancestral allele were made in an isogenic background (i.e. identical cis and trans factors). Differences in Adhjockey expression compared with the wild-type can be attributed solely to the presence of the jockey element. This jockey insertion results in a decrease in adult mRNA transcript levels in the Adhjockey homozygous lines relative to the wild-type counterpart and accounts for a correlated decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme activity. The larval ADH activity levels are not detectably different.

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McCrory, P. "A punch drunk jockey?" British Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): e3-e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2003.006338.

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von Hippel, Paul T., Caroline G. Rutherford, and Katherine M. Keyes. "Gender and Weight among Thoroughbred Jockeys: Underrepresented Women and Underweight Men." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 3 (January 1, 2017): 237802311771259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023117712599.

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Discrimination can damage health by limiting an occupation to persons who are physically unsuited to it. In thoroughbred racing, male jockeys damage their health to reach racing weights, while women who could reach those weights more easily are excluded. The authors estimate the number of U.S. men and women who are light enough to work as jockeys and contrast them with the number of male and female jockeys. The authors contrast the distribution of body mass index in the general population and among top jockeys. Male jockeys outnumber female jockeys by 7 to 1, and by 50 to 1 in top races, and these numbers have not declined since the 1990s. Yet among adults who are light enough to work as jockeys, women outnumber men by at least 7 to 1, and women are half as likely to be underweight. Jockeys’ health and performance might improve if barriers to women were lowered.

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Leydon, Mark A., and Clare Wall. "New Zealand Jockeys’ Dietary Habits and Their Potential Impact on Health." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 2 (June 2002): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.2.220.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional status, eating behaviors, and body composition of 20 jockeys working in the New Zealand Racing Industry. Seven-day weighed food records showed the mean daily energy intake for male and female jockeys was 6769 ± 1339 kJ and 6213 ± 1797 kJ, respectively. Energy and carbohydrate intakes were below the recommendations for athletes, and the jockeys did not meet the RDI for a number of micronu-trients. Of the jockeys, 67% used a variety of methods to "make weight". including: diuretics, saunas, hot baths, exercise, and the restriction of food and fluids. A number of jockeys (20%) showed signs of disordered eating. Forty-four percent of jockeys were classified as osteopenic, and a number of factors may have contributed to this outcome, namely: reduced calcium intake, delayed menarche (14.5 years) in female jockeys, alcohol intake, and smoking. Percent body fat of male and female jockeys was 11.7 ± 2.9 and 23.6 ± 3.8, respectively. Current weight restrictions imposed on jockeys by the horseracing industry impacts on their nutritional status, which may compromise their sporting performance and both their short- and long-term health.

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Dehghanian, Amin, Jeffrey P. Kharoufeh, and Mohammad Modarres. "STRATEGIC DYNAMIC JOCKEYING BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL QUEUES." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 30, no. 1 (October 21, 2015): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964815000273.

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Consider a two-station, heterogeneous parallel queueing system in which each station operates as an independent M/M/1 queue with its own infinite-capacity buffer. The input to the system is a Poisson process that splits among the two stations according to a Bernoulli splitting mechanism. However, upon arrival, a strategic customer initially joins one of the queues selectively and decides at subsequent arrival and departure epochs whether to jockey (or switch queues) with the aim of reducing her own sojourn time. There is a holding cost per unit time, and jockeying incurs a fixed non-negative cost while placing the customer at the end of the other queue. We examine individually optimal joining and jockeying policies that minimize the strategic customer's total expected discounted (or undiscounted) costs over finite and infinite time horizons. The main results reveal that, if the strategic customer is in station 1 with ℓ customers in front of her, and q1 and q2 customers in stations 1 and 2, respectively (excluding herself), then the incentive to jockey increases as either ℓ increases or q2 decreases. Numerical examples reveal that it may not be optimal to join, and/or jockey to, the station with the shortest queue or the fastest server.

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Morozov, Sergey Y., Ekaterina A. Lazareva, and Andrey G. Solovyev. "RNA helicase domains of viral origin in proteins of insect retrotransposons: possible source for evolutionary advantages." PeerJ 5 (August 16, 2017): e3673. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3673.

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Recently, a novel phenomenon of horizontal gene transfer of helicase-encoding sequence from positive-stranded RNA viruses to LINE transposons in insect genomes was described. TRAS family transposons encoding an ORF2 protein, which comprised all typical functional domains and an additional helicase domain, were found to be preserved in many families during the evolution of the order Lepidoptera. In the present paper, in species of orders Hemiptera and Orthoptera, we found helicase domain-encoding sequences integrated into ORF1 of retrotransposons of the Jockey family. RNA helicases encoded by transposons of TRAS and Jockey families represented separate brunches in a phylogenetic tree of helicase domains and thus could be considered as independently originated in the evolution of insect transposons. Transcriptome database analyses revealed that both TRAS and Jockey transposons encoding the helicase domain represented transcribed genome sequences. Moreover, the transposon-encoded helicases were found to contain the full set of conserved motifs essential for their enzymatic activities. Taking into account the previously reported ability of RNA helicase encoded by TRAS ORF2 to suppress post-transcriptional RNA silencing, we propose possible scenarios of evolutionary fixation of actively expressed functional helicases of viral origin in insect retrotransposons as genetic elements advantageous for both transposons and their insect hosts.

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Quigg, Chris. "Future colliders symposium in Hong Kong: Scientific overview." International Journal of Modern Physics A 31, no. 33 (November 22, 2016): 1644001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x16440012.

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Blaisdell, Bob. "The jockey and his horse." English Today 19, no. 3 (July 2003): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078403003055.

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It is told, that in the art of education he performed wonders; and a formidable list is given of the authors, Greek and Latin, that were read in Aldersgate-street, by youth between ten and fifteen or sixteen years of age. Those who tell or receive these stories should consider that nobody can be taught faster than he can learn. The speed of the horseman must be limited by the power of his horse. Every man that has ever undertaken to instruct others, can tell what slow advances he has been able to make, and how much patience it requires to recall vagrant inattention, to stimulate sluggish indifference, and to rectify absurd misapprehension.Samuel Johnson, “John Milton”The greatest man of letters in English continually reminds us in his essays and in Boswell's Life that we need to expect an awful lot of resistance to learning, and that he himself, Dr. Samuel Johnson (who had single-handedly composed a dictionary in seven years) lived full of “vagrant inattention” and “sluggish indifference” – though not of “absurd misapprehension”.

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Press, Joel M., Patricia Dietz Davis, Steven L. Wiesner, Allen Heinemann, Patrick Semik, and Robert G. Addison. "The National Jockey Injury Study." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 5, no. 4 (October 1995): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199510000-00005.

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Hines, J. R. "Virtual machines jockey for position." IEEE Spectrum 34, no. 7 (July 1997): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.1997.609806.

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Karlin, Susan. "Engineer Turned Jet Jockey [Careers]." IEEE Spectrum 45, no. 1 (2008): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2008.4428306.

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Etling, Laurence W. "Al Jarvis: Pioneer disc jockey." Popular Music and Society 23, no. 3 (September 1999): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007769908591744.

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BLAISDELL, BOB. "Talk shows." English Today 20, no. 3 (July 2004): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026607840400313x.

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King, Lewis, Sarah Jane Cullen, Adrian McGoldrick, Jennifer Pugh, Giles Warrington, Gary Woods, and Ciara Losty. "Mental health difficulties among professional jockeys: a narrative review." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 2 (April 2021): e001078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001078.

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IntroductionEmerging academic literature and high-profile disclosures of mental health difficulties and mental illness from current and former professional jockeys suggest that further exploration of the mental health of jockeys is required. To date, a comprehensive review of jockeys’ mental health has yet to be conducted.ObjectivesTo examine the existing literature related to jockeys’ mental health, including the prevalence of symptoms associated with mental health difficulties and help-seeking.DesignA narrative review of the literature was conducted with articles screened from inception until January 2021.ResultsSixteen studies were included in the narrative review. Studies covered a range of mental health difficulties which included mood (depression), anxiety, distress, disordered eating and substance misuse. Rates of help-seeking among jockeys were also explored. Results indicated that jockeys reported higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms compared with other elite athletes. Substance misuse, in particular adverse alcohol use, also appears greater among jockeys than other elite athletes. Distress symptoms appear comparable with other elite athletes. Risk factors for mental health difficulties included injury, perceived stress, athlete burnout, career dissatisfaction and the contemplation of retirement. Weight-making negatively impacts jockeys’ mood and attitudes towards eating, with lower competitive riding weights associated with more disordered eating attitudes. Moreover, help-seeking from mental health professionals appears low.ConclusionThe review identifies a high prevalence of symptoms of mental health difficulties among professional jockeys. Applied recommendations and future research considerations are proposed throughout the review article.

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Rogers, Nicholas. "Pigott’s Private Eye: Radicalism and Sexual Scandal in Eighteenth-Century England." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 4, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031065ar.

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Abstract Charles Pigott hailed from a Shropshire gentry family that made the transition from Jacobitism to Jacobinism in the eighteenth-century. A bon vivant and man of the turf, Pigott scandalised the establishment by exposing the decadent habits of the landed aristocracy in the Jockey Club and the Female Jockey Club. These scurrilous exposés brought Pigott fame and persecution; they also established him as one of the first radical writers to make political capital out of the "boudoir politics" of the aristocracy. This paper examines the language of defamation in these pamphlets, their antecedents and their political purchase. Although the Jockey Club proved a resounding success, its sequel was less so; and this fact raises the question of why sexual scandal ultimately proved a more potent weapon of political criticism in late-eighteenth century France than in Britain. One reason is related to Britain's counter-revolution, to the reaction of the propertied classes towards French revolutionary violence, however critical they may have been to aristocratic libertinism. But another has to do with the nature of political society in France, the closer articulation between the “noble body” and the body politic. In Britain's more pluralist society, dominated by Parliament rather than the Court, attacks on the morals of the aristocracy were less politically damaging than they were in the France of the ancien regime.

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Samosir, Rahmad, Kimar Turnip, and Leonard Michael Odi Nathanael. "DESIGN OF A BUILDING FIRE PUMP SYSTEM WITH INTEGRATED PARALLEL PUMP." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i2.2021.3374.

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Multi-storey building must be equipped with a reliable building fire extinguishing system. The existing fire extinguishing system design is not equipped with a backup pump and a jockey pump. Based on The DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation No. 92/2014 and the Indonesian National Standard, to solve this problem, a building fire pump system is designed with a combination of the jockey pump, main pump and backup pump that connected in an integrated parallel arrangement. This design allows the backup pump to automatically run due to a pressure drop in the system pipe if the main pump fails or unable to build up pressure. When a fire occurs and a lot of hydrants are used, the backup pump will automatically run to help the main pump with a signal triggered by the pressure switch.

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Mackinnon, Anna-Louise, Kate Jackson, Kerry Kuznik, Alison Turner, Jerry Hill, Madeleine A. M. Davies, Mary Elizabeth Jones, Antonella Delmestri, Maria T. Sanchez-Santos, and Julia Newton. "Increased Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Mental Health Problems in Retired Professional Jockeys: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 11 (August 7, 2019): 732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0902-8601.

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AbstractTo examine the prevalence of chronic disease and mental health problems in retired professional, male jockeys compared to an age-matched reference population. A cross-sectional study comparing data from a cohort of retired professional jockeys with an age-matched general population sample. Male participants (age range: 50–89 years old) were used to compare health outcomes of self-reported physician-diagnosed conditions: heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, depression and anxiety between study populations. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between study groups and health outcome. In total, 810 participants (135 retired professional male jockeys and 675 participants from the reference population) were included, with an average age of 64.7±9.9 years old. Increased odds of having osteoporosis (OR=6.5, 95%CI 2.1–20.5), osteoarthritis (OR=7.5, 95%CI 4.6–12.2), anxiety (OR=2.8, 95%CI 1.3–5.9) and depression (OR=2.6, 95%CI 1.3–5.7) were seen in the retired professional jockeys. No differences were found for the remaining health outcomes. Retired professional jockeys had increased odds of musculoskeletal disease and mental health problems compared to the general population. Understanding the prevalence of chronic disease and mental health problems in retired professional jockeys will help inform screening and intervention strategies for jockeys.

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Williams, J. M., D. M. Marlin, N. Langley, T. D. Parkin, and H. Randle. "The Grand National: a review of factors associated with non-completion and horse-falls, 1990 to 2012." Comparative Exercise Physiology 9, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2013): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13013.

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The Grand National (GN) attracts high profile press and subsequent public attention. This study aimed to establish if factors influential to non-completion, horse-falls and specific fence risk in the GN supported the measures implemented by the British Horseracing Authority (BHA) to improve equine welfare in the GN. Horse, jockey, trainer and race related factors associated with non-completion, horse-falls and horse-falls at specific fences of the GN were collated over a 22 year period from 1990 to 2012. Descriptive analysis calculated non-completion rates per year, according to age and reason for non-completion. The distribution of fallers during the race in relation to fence number, design and key feature fences were also determined. Univariable analysis informed multivariable model building to identify factors associated with non-completion (n=840) and horse-falls (n=514) in the GN. Two final logistic regression models were refined through a backward stepwise process with variables retained if likelihood ratio test P-values were <0.05. Chi-square goodness of fit analyses evaluated fall risk at fence level. During the period investigated 347 horses completed the GN; the probability of a horse falling in the race was 0.24. The first fence, Becher's brook and drop fences increased the risk of falling compared to plain fences. Good-soft going increased the number of horses that completed the race and reduced the number of fallers suggesting this is the optimal ground condition for the race. GNs run at a faster than average speed increased the risk of horses not completing and falling. Inexperienced horses and jockeys show a greater risk of not completing and falling. Our work supports BHA measures implemented to improve safety in the GN; controlling speed, modifying fence design, promoting race experience and ground maintenance to produce good-soft going can increase completions and reduce falls, therefore enhancing equine welfare.

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Wrathall, Robert, Rod Falvey, and Gulasekaran Rajaguru. "Do (Australian) jockeys have hot hands?" Australian Journal of Management 45, no. 2 (November 2, 2019): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896219883675.

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We extend the empirical analysis of hot hands in sports to horse racing, using the winning streaks of a sample of jockeys riding in Australia. Grouping jockeys by strike rate (win percentage), we find evidence of hot hands across almost all strike rates. But considering jockeys individually, only a minority exhibit hot hands. A wagering strategy based on hot hands yields a negative return overall and for most hot hand jockeys, although some do yield a positive return. We conclude that hot hands are present but not ubiquitous and that this is generally recognised in the betting market. JEL Classification: C53, D81, D84

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Journal articles on the topic 'Jocker'

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