Journal articles: 'Jockeys Jockeys Jockeys'

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Legg, Kylie, Darryl Cochrane, Erica Gee, and Chris Rogers. "The External Workload of Thoroughbred Horse Racing Jockeys." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 7572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187572.

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The objectives of this study were to quantify the external workload of thoroughbred racing jockeys in relation to their experience and racing performance. The number of rides of 786 jockeys and apprentices who rode in 407,948 flat and 13,648 jumps racing starts over 14 seasons were examined. Jockey work (ride numbers, seasons riding) and performance characteristics (race falls or wins) between cohorts with low (1–10), middle (10–200) and high (>200) numbers of rides per season were compared. Flat racing apprentices had more rides per season (25, interquartile range [IQR] 7–97 vs. 14, IQR 3–222, p < 0.001) but fewer rides per race day (2, IQR 1–4 vs. 4, IQR 2–6, p < 0.001) than flat racing jockeys. Flat racing jockeys in the high workload cohort (23%) were responsible for 83% of the race-day rides, riding in a median of 375 (IQR 283–520) races per season. These jockeys had half the fall rate (Incidence rate [IR] 1.0, 95% CI 0.9–1.1) and 1.4 times the success rates per 1000 rides (IR 98, 95% CI 97–99) than jockeys in the low and middle workload cohorts (p < 0.05). Most jockeys had light workloads, greater risk of injury and lower winning rates than the smaller cohort of jockeys with heavier workloads. This disparity in opportunity and success between cohorts indicates inefficiencies within the industry in recruitment and retention of jockeys. These data provide a foundation to further studies investigating jockey competition-specific fitness and its effect on both riding success and reducing injury risk.

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Legg, Kylie, Darryl Cochrane, Erica Gee, Paul Macdermid, and Chris Rogers. "Physiological Demands and Muscle Activity of Jockeys in Trial and Race Riding." Animals 12, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182351.

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Physiological parameters and muscle activity of jockeys may affect their fall and injury risk, performance, and career longevity, as well as the performance and welfare of the horses they ride. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the physiological demands, body displacement, and electromyographic (EMG) activity of twelve jockeys riding 52 trials and 16 professional races. The jockeys were instrumented with heart rate (HR) monitors, accelerometers, and integrated EMG clothing (recording eight muscle groups: quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteal, erector spinae/lower back, abdominal external obliques, abdominal, trapezial and pectoral) which recorded continuously whilst riding. During race day, jockeys rode an average of 5 ± 4 trials and 4 ± 2 races over 2–2.5 h. The trials represented lower intensity cardiovascular demand (~81% HRmax) and Training Impulse (TRIMP) scores (4.4 ± 1.8) than races at maximal intensity effort (~94% HRmax, 7.2 ± 1.8 TRIMP, p < 0.05). Jockey head displacement was similar in trials (5.4 ± 2.1 cm) and races (5.6 ± 2.2 cm, p > 0.05), with more vertical (6.7 ± 2.7 cm) and less medio/lateral (2.3 ± 0.7 cm) and fore/aft (3.7 ± 1.6 cm) displacement for jockeys riding in trials than races (5.5 ± 2.3, 2.8 ± 1.0, 5.6 ± 2.5 cm, p < 0.05). Jockeys in races adopted a lower crouched posture, with their centre of mass (COM) shifted anteriorly, using greater hamstring activation and less upper arm muscle activation than in trials. The differences in riding posture and physiological demands on jockeys riding in a race rather than a trial, highlight the requirement for an off-horse race-specific training programme to improve jockey fitness and performance. Greater jockey stability and coordination will have mutual benefits for both horse welfare and performance.

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Velija, Philippa, and Leah Flynn. "“Their Bottoms Are the Wrong Shape” Female Jockeys and the Theory of Established Outsider Relations." Sociology of Sport Journal 27, no. 3 (September 2010): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.27.3.301.

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This paper adopts Elias’ theory of established and outsider relations (Elias and Scotson, 1994) to argue that women riders are “outsiders” within the racing figuration. The paper draws on data collected from eight semi-structured interviews with experienced female jockeys. It is suggested by the authors that female jockeys remain outsiders within the racing figuration in the UK. In particular, female jockeys are largely resigned to their inferior position as their views of male jockeys remain deeply ingrained in stereotypes about gender. The increasing organizational changes that have allowed women to be a part of the Jockey Club, be granted licenses, train and compete alongside males do not appear to have changed attitudes toward female jockeys, who are largely perceived as weaker and less capable than male jockeys.

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Juraid, Akbar Tanjung, Oryza Pneumatica Inderasari, and Khalifatul Syuhada. "The Eksploitasi Anak dalam Tradisi Pacuan Kuda Pada Masyarakat Dompu." RESIPROKAL: Jurnal Riset Sosiologi Progresif Aktual 3, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/resiprokal.v3i2.64.

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The problem studied in this study is the exploitation of children in the tradition of horse racing in the Dompu community. The purpose of this study is to find out the form of expolocitation of children who act as child jockeys in community traditions in Dompu Regency, knowing the implications of parental parenting on the choice of being a child jockey in Dompu regency and knowing the potential implementation of child protection based on Law No. 35 of 2014 on child jockeys. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The data collection techniques used are methods of observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. Analysis of data in this study in the form of narratives obtained during interview activities, as well as some documents related to research topics. Using the paradigm in social definition, with the theory used in this study is the social theory of Max Weber. The results of this study found that (1). A form of child exploitation that acts as a child jockey in the community tradition in Dompu Regency. Consisting of parental coercion, the risk of accidents of child jockeys, safety and health are threatened, educational challenges and an environment that is not conducive (2). Implications of parental parenting on the choice of being a child jockey in Dompu Regency. Consists of parenting models, family economic resources and hereditary habits (3). The potential implementation of child protection under Law number 35 of 2014 on child jockeys. Consisting of a system of resusing and protecting the use of child jockeys, government regulations related to the use of children as child jockeys and horse racing are used as tourism promotion sectors of Dompu Regency, becoming a characteristic of the Dompu Regency area.

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King, Lewis, Sarah Jane Cullen, Jean McArdle, Adrian McGoldrick, Jennifer Pugh, Giles Warrington, and Ciara Losty. "Stressors Experienced by Professional Jockeys." Sport Psychologist 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2020-0128.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the sources of stress reported by professional jockeys. In total, 15 jockeys participated in semistructured interviews that included apprentice, conditional, and senior jockeys. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data that included inductive and deductive approaches. Jockeys reported a wide range of stress sources. Four core themes were identified and categorized as competitive (current form or being in a slump, pressure, horse, injury, opponents, tactical, and race day), racing industry (weight, workload, travel demands, injury concerns, suspension, and facilities), interpersonal (trainer, other jockeys, expectations of others, support networks, and communication), and career stressors (career uncertainty, career opportunities, and transitions). The findings highlight unique stressors to the jockey population, as well as stressors common with other athlete groups. Practical applied recommendations and future research directions are provided.

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Legg, Kylie, Darryl Cochrane, Erica Gee, and Chris Rogers. "Jockey Career Length and Risk Factors for Loss from Thoroughbred Race Riding." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 7443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187443.

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Professional thoroughbred racing jockeys repeatedly work close to physiological capacity during races, whilst maintaining low body weights, on a daily basis with no off-season. The effects of this on their career length is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the career lengths and reasons for loss from the industry of 674 jockeys and apprentices who rode over 14 racing seasons and 421,596 race day starts in New Zealand. Descriptors were compared between jockeys in short (1–2 years), middle (3–9 years) and long (>10 years) career cohorts with descriptive statistics and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. The median career length for jockeys was 2 years (IQR 1–6). Long career cohort jockeys (11%) had lower carried weights (IQR 56–57 kg, p = 0.03), 40 times the median number of rides per season (248, IQR 61–434, p < 0.001), half the rate per 1000 rides of falling (1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.2, p = 0.009) and 1.3 times the rate of winning (100, 95% CI 99–101, p < 0.01) than jockeys in the short career cohort. Jockeys who rode over 200 races per season had careers three times longer than jockeys with fewer races per season (p < 0.001). Half of the 40% of jockeys who failed to complete their apprenticeship were lost from the industry in their first year of race riding. In conclusion, most jockeys had short careers where the workload of a jockey and their ability to obtain rides had greater impact on career longevity than their performance.

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Davies, Madeleine, Kate A. Jackson, Anna Louise Mackinnon, Alison Turner, Kerry Kuznik, Jerry Hill, Julia L. Newton, and Maria Sanchez Santos. "Epidemiology of race day injury in young professional jockeys in Great Britain from 2007 to 2018: a retrospective cohort study." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e044075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044075.

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IntroductionThere are limited injury data in professional horse racing, particularly by sex.ObjectivesTo describe injury incidence, characteristics and falls in male and female, flat and jump jockeys in Great Britain.Design and settingRetrospective cohort study of professional jockeys in Britain.Participants245 jockeys licensed between 2007 and 2017.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was injury on a race day. Injury incidence (per 1000 rides; per 1000 falls) was derived. Incidence-rate ratios (IRR) were calculated to compare incidence between flat and jump racing, male and female jockeys, and male flat and male jump jockeys for: (i) injury incidence, (ii) fall incidence and (iii) injuries per fall.Results234 British professional jockeys were included. Jockeys were on average 19.5±2.0 years old at licence date, 79.9% male and 58.1% flat. The time of follow-up (racing in the study) was 3.7 (SD=2.3) years. There were 278 injuries, occurring in-race (81.7%), in the stalls (10.8%) or parade ring (6.1%). After one injury was removed to preserve anonymity, 57.2% were soft tissue injuries, 25.3% fractures and 10.5% concussion. There were 1634 falls, with 92% in male jump racing. The injury incidence was higher in jump racing (5.1 vs 1.0/1000 jockey rides). The falls incidence was 1.8/1000 rides in flat and 46.2/1000 rides in jump racing (IRR 0.04, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.04). There were over five times higher injuries/1000 falls in flat than jump racing (IRR 5.56, 95% CI 4.05 to 7.53). Male flat jockeys fell less than female flat (IRR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.97).ConclusionMost injuries occurred in-race and were soft tissue injuries. Jump jockeys fell more often than flat, and female flat jockeys fell more often than male flat. Flat jockeys injured more frequently when falling. No sex differences were seen for injuries per fall.

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Poon, Eric Tsz-Chun, John O’Reilly, Sinead Sheridan, Michelle Mingjing Cai, and Stephen Heung-Sang Wong. "Markers of Bone Health, Bone-Specific Physical Activities, Nutritional Intake, and Quality of Life of Professional Jockeys in Hong Kong." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 28, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0176.

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Weight-making practices, regularly engaged in by horse racing jockeys, have been suggested to impair both physiological and mental health. This study aimed to assess bone health markers, nutritional intake, bone-specific physical activity (PA) habits, and quality of life of professional jockeys in Hong Kong (n = 14), with gender-, age-, and body mass index-matched controls (n = 14). Anthropometric measurements, serum hormonal biomarkers, bone mineral density, bone-specific PA habits, nutritional intake, and quality of life were assessed in all participants. The jockey group displayed significantly lower bone mineral density at both calcanei than the control group (left: 0.50 ± 0.06 vs. 0.63 ± 0.07 g/cm2; right: 0.51 ± 0.07 vs. 0.64 ± 0.10 g/cm2, both ps < .01). Thirteen of the 14 jockeys (93%) showed either osteopenia or osteoporosis in at least one of their calcanei. No significant difference in bone mineral density was detected for either forearm between the groups. The current bone-specific PA questionnaire score was lower in the jockey group than the control group (5.61 ± 1.82 vs. 8.27 ± 2.91, p < .05). Daily energy intake was lower in the jockeys than the controls (1,360 ± 515 vs. 1,985 ± 1,046 kcal/day, p < .01). No significant group difference was found for micronutrient intake assessed by the bone-specific food frequency questionnaire, blood hormonal markers, and quality of life scores. Our results revealed suboptimal bone conditions at calcanei and insufficient energy intake and bone-loading PAs among professional jockeys in Hong Kong compared with healthy age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched controls. Further research is warranted to examine the effect of improved bone-loading PAs and nutritional habits on the musculoskeletal health of professional jockeys.

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Legg, K. A., D. J. Cochrane, E. K. Gee, and C. W. Rogers. "Review of physical fitness, physiological demands and performance characteristics of jockeys." Comparative Exercise Physiology 17, no. 4 (June 15, 2021): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep200079.

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This narrative review collates data from different equestrian disciplines, both amateur and professional, to describe the physiological demands, muscle activity and synchronicity of movement involved in jockeys riding in a race and to identify limitations within our current knowledge. A literature search was conducted in Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus using search terms related to jockeys, equestrian riders and their physiological demands, muscle use, movement dynamics and experience. Abstracts, theses and non-peer reviewed articles were excluded from the analysis. Jockeys work at close to their physiological capacity during a race. The quasi-isometric maintenance of the jockey position requires muscular strength and endurance, specifically from the legs and the core, both to maintain their position and adapt to the movement of the horse. Synchronous movement between horse and rider requires a coordinated activation pattern of the rider’s core muscles, resulting in less work done by the horse to carry the rider, possibly leading to a competitive advantage in race riding. Reports of chronic fatigue in jockeys demonstrate poor quantification of workload and recovery. The lack of quantitative workload metrics for jockeys’ limits calculation of a threshold required to reach race riding competency and development of sport-specific training programmes. Until the sport-specific demands of race riding are quantified, the development of evidence-based sport specific and potentially performance enhancing jockey strength and conditioning programmes cannot be realised.

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Velija, Philippa, and Lucinda Hughes. "‘Men fall like boiled eggs. Women fall like raw eggs.’ Civilised female bodies and gender relations in British National Hunt racing." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 54, no. 1 (June 9, 2017): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690217712434.

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This purpose of this article is to contribute to the existing research on the gendered nature of equestrian sports by discussing how power relations continue to position females on the margins of National Hunt (NH) racing. In the UK, NH racing is the most male-dominated form of racing; at the time of writing, 100 males hold a professional jockey licence, compared to just 4 females. In this article we draw on figurational sociology, specifically the concepts of the civilised body, interdependence and habitus to offer a critical analysis of the gendered experiences of eight amateur and professional female jockeys. The experiences of female jockeys cannot be understood without considering their networks of interdependencies with trainers, owners, male jockeys, breeders and the wider racing industry. We argue that early involvement in the figuration through family ties supports the development of a gendered racing habitus that influences the social identities of female jockeys who normalise their own limitations. Civilised female bodies are positioned in the figuration as weaker than males and needing protection from potentially risky horses. We argue that because safe horses are chosen by trainers and owners, these limit the opportunities and number of rides for female jockeys, these (gendered) decisions obscure issues of power that enable male jockeys to dominate in the NH figuration.

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Dolan, Eimear, SarahJane Cullen, Adrian McGoldrick, and Giles D. Warrington. "The Impact of Making Weight on Physiological and Cognitive Processes in Elite Jockeys." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 23, no. 4 (August 2013): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.4.399.

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Purpose:To examine the impact of making weight on aerobic work capacity and cognitive processes in a group of professional jockeys.Methods:Nine male jockeys and 9 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched controls were recruited to take part in two experimental trials, conducted 48 hr apart. The jockeys were asked to reduce their body mass by 4% in the 48 hr between trials, and controls maintained usual dietary and physical activity habits between trials. Aerobic work capacity was assessed by performance during an incremental cycle ergometer test. Motor response, decision making, executive function, and working memory were assessed using a computerized cognitive test battery.Results:The jockey group significantly reduced their body mass by 3.6 ± 0.9% (p < .01). Mean urine specific gravity (Usg) readings increased from 1.019 ± 0.004–1.028 ± 0.005 (p < .01) following this reduction in body mass. Peak work capacity was significantly reduced between trials in the jockey group (213 ± 27 vs. 186 ± 23 W, p < .01), although VO2peak (46.4 ± 3.7 vs. 47.2 ± 6.3 ml·kg·min-1) remained unchanged. No changes were identified for any cognitive variable in the jockey group between trials.Conclusion:Simulation of race day preparation, by allocating a weight that is 4% below baseline body mass caused all jockeys to report for repeat testing in a dehydrated state, and a reduction in aerobic work capacity, both of which may impact on racing performance.

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Smith, L. J., G. Tabor, and J. Williams. "A retrospective case-control study to investigate horse and jockey level risk factors associated with horse falls in Irish Point-to-Point races." Comparative Exercise Physiology 16, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190054.

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Horse racing as a high-risk sport can pose a significant risk to equine welfare. There have been limited epidemiological reviews of fall risk specific to point-to-point racing. This study aimed to identify horse and jockey level risk factors associated with horse falls and compare these to published findings for Hurdle and Steeplechase racing. The study used a retrospective matched case-control design. Relevant variables were identified, and information was collated for all races in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. Cases and controls were matched with a 1:3 ratio. Controls (n=2,547) were selected at random from all horses that completed in the same race (n=849). Horse and jockey level variables were analysed through univariable analysis to inform multivariable model building. A final matched case-control multivariable logistic regression model was refined, using fall/no fall as the dependent variable, through a backward stepwise process. Horse age was associated with an increased risk of horse falls. For every 1 unit increase in age there was a 1.2 times increased fall risk. The number of races ran within 12 months was associated with a decreased risk of falling. The jockeys previous seasons percentage wins was associated with the risk of horse falls. Jockeys who had 0-4% wins and 5-9% wins had an increase in risk compared to those who had over 20% wins/runs. The jockeys previous seasons percentage of falls (F) or unseating of the rider (UR) was associated with the risk of horse falls with jockeys who had over 20% F/UR having a 50% increased chance of falling compared to those who had 0-4% F/UR. Retrospective analysis of horse and jockey falls has exposed risk factors that have been previously identified in hurdle and steeplechase racing. Identification of risk factors is essential when considering future research and interventions aimed at improving horse and jockey safety.

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Wilson, George, Jerry Hill, Daniel Martin, James P. Morton, and Graeme L. Close. "GB Apprentice Jockeys Do Not Have the Body Composition to Make Current Minimum Race Weights: Is It Time to Change the Weights or Change the Jockeys?" International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 30, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0288.

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Flat jockeys in Great Britain (GB) are classified as apprentices if they are aged less than 26 years and/or have ridden less than 95 winners. To gain experience, apprentices are allocated a weight allowance of up to 7 lb (3.2 kg). Given that there is no off-season in GB flat horseracing, jockeys are required to maintain their racing weight all year round. In light of recent work determining that current apprentices are considerably heavier than previous generations and that smaller increases have been made in the minimum weight, the aim of this study was to assess if the minimum weight in GB was achievable. To make the minimum weight (50.8 kg) with the maximal weight allowance requires a body mass of ∼46.6 kg while maintaining a fat mass >2.5 kg (the lowest fat mass previously reported in weight-restricted males). Thirty-two male apprentice jockeys were assessed for body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mean (SD) total mass and fat mass were 56 (2.9) kg and 7.2 (1.8) kg, respectively. Given that the lowest theoretical body mass for this group was 51.2 (2.3) kg, only one of 32 jockeys was deemed feasible to achieve the minimum weight with their current weight allowance and maintaining fat mass >2.5 kg. Furthermore, urine osmolality of 780 (260) mOsmol/L was seen, with 22 (out of 32) jockeys classed as dehydrated (>700 mOsmols/L), indicating that body mass would be higher when euhydrated. Additionally, we observed that within new apprentice jockeys licensed during this study (N = 41), only one jockey was able to achieve the minimum weight. To facilitate the goal of achieving race weight with minimal disruptions to well-being, the authors’ data suggest that the minimum weight for GB apprentices should be raised.

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Akbar, Aldiansyah, and Hanafi Hanafi. "Jockey's interest in traditional horse racing sports championships in central aceh district." International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies 3, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v3i5.5049.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the interest of jockeys in traditional horse racing championships in Central Aceh Regency. This type of research is descriptive research with a qualitative research approach. The sample in this study amounted to 30 people. Data collection techniques by conducting observations, closed interviews and distributing questionnaires. The research instruments used were observation, interviews, and questionnaires. Data processing techniques using the percentage formula. The results showed that the jockey's interest in horse racing was in the high category with a percentage of 100%. The conclusion of the research is that the support from various parties, both from the family, the environment, and the government, makes the children develop their interest in becoming horse racing jockeys.

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Di Tocco, Joshua, Riccardo Sabbadini, Luigi Raiano, Federica Fani, Simone Ripani, Emiliano Schena, Domenico Formica, and Carlo Massaroni. "Breath-Jockey: Development and Feasibility Assessment of a Wearable System for Respiratory Rate and Kinematic Parameter Estimation for Gallop Athletes." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010152.

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In recent years, wearable devices for physiological parameter monitoring in sports and physical activities have been gaining momentum. In particular, some studies have focused their attention on using available commercial monitoring systems mainly on horses during training sessions or competitions. Only a few studies have focused on the jockey’s physiological and kinematic parameters. Although at a glance, it seems jockeys do not make a lot of effort during riding, it is quite the opposite. Indeed, especially during competitions, they profuse a short but high intensity effort. To this extend, we propose a wearable system integrating conductive textiles and an M-IMU to simultaneously monitor the respiratory rate (RR) and kinematic parameters of the riding activity. Firstly, we tested the developed wearable system on a healthy volunteer mimicking the typical riding movements of jockeys and compared the performances with a reference instrument. Lastly, we tested the system on two gallop jockeys during the “137∘ Derby Italiano di Galoppo”. The proposed system is able to track both the RR and the kinematic parameters during the various phases of the competition both at rest and during the race.

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Bolwell, C., C. Rogers, and E. Gee. "Descriptive epidemiology of race-day jockey falls and injuries in New Zealand." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13036.

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The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of race-day jockey falls and describe the reporting of injuries occurring during Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand. Details on jockey falls and injuries were extracted from official stipendiary stewards' reports and denominator data on all race starts were obtained for all races that occurred between 1 August 2008 and 28 February 2013. A fall included any event of the jockey being dislodged from the horse, once the jockey had mounted to start the race proceedings. Incidence rates for jockey falls stratified by type of race were calculated for race-level variables of interest: year, season, race number, race distance and track condition. During the study period there were 816 jockey falls, of which 92 occurred before the race and resulted in the horse being scratched (withdrawn) from the race. The incidence of jockey falls was 2.2 per 1000 rides (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.9-2.5) for flat races and 84.7 per 1000 rides (95% CI=76.6-93.5) for jump races. Just under half of the jockey falls in flat races occurred pre-race (195/418; 46.6%), 42% (179/418) of falls occurred during the race and 10.5% (44/418) of falls occurred post-race. In total, 19.1% (80/418) and 17.3% (69/398) of jockey falls resulted in injury to the jockey in flat and jump races, respectively. Nearly 90% (69/80) of jockeys injured in flat races were stood down from their next race and most injured jockeys required a medical certificate before racing again. The incidence of jockey falls was higher in jump races than flat races, but was comparable to those reported internationally. Incidence rates for falls in flat races were lower than those reported in Europe and Australia.

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von Hippel, Paul T., Caroline G. Rutherford, and Katherine M. Keyes. "Gender and Weight among Thoroughbred Jockeys: Underrepresented Women and Underweight Men." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 3 (January 1, 2017): 237802311771259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023117712599.

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Discrimination can damage health by limiting an occupation to persons who are physically unsuited to it. In thoroughbred racing, male jockeys damage their health to reach racing weights, while women who could reach those weights more easily are excluded. The authors estimate the number of U.S. men and women who are light enough to work as jockeys and contrast them with the number of male and female jockeys. The authors contrast the distribution of body mass index in the general population and among top jockeys. Male jockeys outnumber female jockeys by 7 to 1, and by 50 to 1 in top races, and these numbers have not declined since the 1990s. Yet among adults who are light enough to work as jockeys, women outnumber men by at least 7 to 1, and women are half as likely to be underweight. Jockeys’ health and performance might improve if barriers to women were lowered.

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Leydon, Mark A., and Clare Wall. "New Zealand Jockeys’ Dietary Habits and Their Potential Impact on Health." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 2 (June 2002): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.2.220.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional status, eating behaviors, and body composition of 20 jockeys working in the New Zealand Racing Industry. Seven-day weighed food records showed the mean daily energy intake for male and female jockeys was 6769 ± 1339 kJ and 6213 ± 1797 kJ, respectively. Energy and carbohydrate intakes were below the recommendations for athletes, and the jockeys did not meet the RDI for a number of micronu-trients. Of the jockeys, 67% used a variety of methods to "make weight". including: diuretics, saunas, hot baths, exercise, and the restriction of food and fluids. A number of jockeys (20%) showed signs of disordered eating. Forty-four percent of jockeys were classified as osteopenic, and a number of factors may have contributed to this outcome, namely: reduced calcium intake, delayed menarche (14.5 years) in female jockeys, alcohol intake, and smoking. Percent body fat of male and female jockeys was 11.7 ± 2.9 and 23.6 ± 3.8, respectively. Current weight restrictions imposed on jockeys by the horseracing industry impacts on their nutritional status, which may compromise their sporting performance and both their short- and long-term health.

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King, Lewis, Sarah Jane Cullen, Adrian McGoldrick, Jennifer Pugh, Giles Warrington, Gary Woods, and Ciara Losty. "Mental health difficulties among professional jockeys: a narrative review." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 2 (April 2021): e001078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001078.

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IntroductionEmerging academic literature and high-profile disclosures of mental health difficulties and mental illness from current and former professional jockeys suggest that further exploration of the mental health of jockeys is required. To date, a comprehensive review of jockeys’ mental health has yet to be conducted.ObjectivesTo examine the existing literature related to jockeys’ mental health, including the prevalence of symptoms associated with mental health difficulties and help-seeking.DesignA narrative review of the literature was conducted with articles screened from inception until January 2021.ResultsSixteen studies were included in the narrative review. Studies covered a range of mental health difficulties which included mood (depression), anxiety, distress, disordered eating and substance misuse. Rates of help-seeking among jockeys were also explored. Results indicated that jockeys reported higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms compared with other elite athletes. Substance misuse, in particular adverse alcohol use, also appears greater among jockeys than other elite athletes. Distress symptoms appear comparable with other elite athletes. Risk factors for mental health difficulties included injury, perceived stress, athlete burnout, career dissatisfaction and the contemplation of retirement. Weight-making negatively impacts jockeys’ mood and attitudes towards eating, with lower competitive riding weights associated with more disordered eating attitudes. Moreover, help-seeking from mental health professionals appears low.ConclusionThe review identifies a high prevalence of symptoms of mental health difficulties among professional jockeys. Applied recommendations and future research considerations are proposed throughout the review article.

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NAKANO, Mineo, Atsushi IGARASHI, Joon Hee LEE, Kazuyuki OHASHI, and Atsushi KADOWAKI. "Equestrian Injuries in the Apprentice Jockeys of Japan Jockey Training Institate." Nihon Gekakei Rengo Gakkaishi (Journal of Japanese College of Surgeons) 28, no. 1 (2003): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4030/jjcs1979.28.1_82.

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Mackinnon, Anna-Louise, Kate Jackson, Kerry Kuznik, Alison Turner, Jerry Hill, Madeleine A. M. Davies, Mary Elizabeth Jones, Antonella Delmestri, Maria T. Sanchez-Santos, and Julia Newton. "Increased Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Mental Health Problems in Retired Professional Jockeys: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 11 (August 7, 2019): 732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0902-8601.

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AbstractTo examine the prevalence of chronic disease and mental health problems in retired professional, male jockeys compared to an age-matched reference population. A cross-sectional study comparing data from a cohort of retired professional jockeys with an age-matched general population sample. Male participants (age range: 50–89 years old) were used to compare health outcomes of self-reported physician-diagnosed conditions: heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, depression and anxiety between study populations. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between study groups and health outcome. In total, 810 participants (135 retired professional male jockeys and 675 participants from the reference population) were included, with an average age of 64.7±9.9 years old. Increased odds of having osteoporosis (OR=6.5, 95%CI 2.1–20.5), osteoarthritis (OR=7.5, 95%CI 4.6–12.2), anxiety (OR=2.8, 95%CI 1.3–5.9) and depression (OR=2.6, 95%CI 1.3–5.7) were seen in the retired professional jockeys. No differences were found for the remaining health outcomes. Retired professional jockeys had increased odds of musculoskeletal disease and mental health problems compared to the general population. Understanding the prevalence of chronic disease and mental health problems in retired professional jockeys will help inform screening and intervention strategies for jockeys.

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Caine, Dennis, and Caroline Caine. "Child Camel Jockeys." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 15, no. 5 (September 2005): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jsm.0000181467.36774.fd.

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Wrathall, Robert, Rod Falvey, and Gulasekaran Rajaguru. "Do (Australian) jockeys have hot hands?" Australian Journal of Management 45, no. 2 (November 2, 2019): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896219883675.

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We extend the empirical analysis of hot hands in sports to horse racing, using the winning streaks of a sample of jockeys riding in Australia. Grouping jockeys by strike rate (win percentage), we find evidence of hot hands across almost all strike rates. But considering jockeys individually, only a minority exhibit hot hands. A wagering strategy based on hot hands yields a negative return overall and for most hot hand jockeys, although some do yield a positive return. We conclude that hot hands are present but not ubiquitous and that this is generally recognised in the betting market. JEL Classification: C53, D81, D84

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Grimes, Paul W., and Margaret A. May. "Career Winnings and Gender in Thoroughbred Racing." Sociology of Sport Journal 12, no. 1 (March 1995): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.12.1.96.

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Using career data for the top jockeys in 1993, a two-equation recursive model is estimated to explain the annual number of mounts raced and the total purse winnings earned across gender. The empirical results indicate that after controlling for performance and experience characteristics, female jockeys secure significantly fewer mounts than male jockeys. Holding performance, the quality of mounts, experience, and the number of mounts constant, the model predicts a significant annual winnings differential in favor of female riders. However, the, observed mean winnings differential favors male riders by a factor approaching six. The results suggest that discriminatory barriers may limit the access of female jockeys to quality mounts and premier racing events and thereby may lower their winnings.

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Ryan, Kelly, Gabrielle Garruppo, Kezia Alexander, Christine M. Hluchan, and Andrew E. Lincoln. "Injuries among Maryland jockeys during thoroughbred racing: 2015–2019." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (December 2020): e000926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000926.

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ObjectivesOur goal was to characterise jockey injuries at Maryland racetracks during thoroughbred racing activities over 4 years using medical records maintained by the sports medicine team.MethodsInjury data were prospectively gathered by sports medicine physicians who were onsite for all thoroughbred racing activities in Maryland from 12 September 2015 to 5 May 2019 to evaluate and treat any injury to the jockeys. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, rates with corresponding 95% CIs and proportions) of injury types, body parts, mechanisms, severity and location on track were calculated.ResultsOver nearly 4 years of racing and 45 000 mounts, there were 204 injuries involving 184 incidents and 131 falls during those races. The vast majority of injuries (80%) was related to soft tissue, while 4% were concussions. Most injuries involved the lower extremity (31%) or upper extremity (26%) and typically resulted from a fall from the horse. Among all incidents, 79.3% (n=146) resulted in an injury, while 76.3% (n=100) of falls resulted in an injury. We identified a significant proportion of injuries (41%) in and around the starting gate. Over a quarter of incidents resulting in injury required further medical care in hospital or other medical facility, while surgery was required in 2.5% of injuries.ConclusionAccess to a consistent group of sports medicine providers facilitated jockey injury reporting and tracking. The majority of jockey injuries is related to soft tissue and results from falls, while the starting gate area is associated with the greatest proportion of injuries.

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Macedo, Eliza Maia de Britto, and Wagner Teobaldo Lopes de Andrade. "Queixas auditivas de disc jockeys da cidade de Recife." Revista CEFAC 13, no. 3 (November 12, 2010): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-18462010005000120.

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OBJETIVO: investigar a ocorrência de queixas auditivas em disc jockeys da cidade de Recife/PE. MÉTODOS: foi realizada uma entrevista com 30 disc jockeys, com idade entre 19 e 28 anos, abordando informações ocupacionais, conhecimentos gerais sobre o ruído e queixas auditivas (diminuição da acuidade auditiva, desconforto a sons intensos, zumbido, sensação de ouvido abafado e otalgia). A análise foi realizada por meio de abordagem quantitativa, utilizando o teste estatístico t-student. RESULTADOS: dentre os dados mais relevantes, destacam-se: 46,7% dos disc jockeys apresentaram, espontaneamente, queixas auditivas, em especial, a diminuição da acuidade auditiva (relatada por todos os sujeitos); 14 disc jockeys (46,67%) referiram desconforto a sons intensos e 13 (43,33%) mencionaram zumbido. Todos afirmaram ter conhecimento sobre os riscos do ruído para a saúde auditiva, mas 76,7% não realizam qualquer medida preventiva de suas consequências. A perda auditiva foi referida pelos sujeitos como o principal risco da exposição a níveis intensos de pressão sonora. CONCLUSÃO: todos os disc jockeys apresentaram queixa de perda auditiva e, entre as demais queixas auditivas, destacaram-se o desconforto a sons intensos e o zumbido. Tendo em vista a irreversibilidade da perda auditiva induzida por elevados níveis de pressão sonora, os disc jockeys devem ser periodicamente avaliados a fim de que se confirme ou não a perda auditiva de que se queixaram e, caso ela exista, deve ser monitorada para que seja passível de intervenção pelo fonoaudiólogo. Desta forma, percebe-se a necessidade de atuação da Fonoaudiologia junto aos disc jockeys, uma vez que poder-se-á propiciar a otimização do exercício profissional com o mínimo de risco possível.

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Wilson, George, Jerry Hill, Craig Sale, James P. Morton, and Graeme L. Close. "Elite male Flat jockeys display lower bone density and lower resting metabolic rate than their female counterparts: implications for athlete welfare." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, no. 12 (December 2015): 1318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0354.

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To test the hypothesis that daily weight-making is more problematic to health in male compared with female jockeys, we compared the bone density and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in weight-matched male and female Flat jockeys. RMR (kcal·kg−1 lean mass) was lower in males compared with females as well as lower bone-density Z scores at the hip and lumbar spine. Data suggest the lifestyle of male jockeys compromise health more severely than females, possibly because of making weight more frequently.

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Piantella, Stefan, Stuart J. McDonald, Paul Maruff, and Bradley J. Wright. "Assessing the Long-Term Impact of Concussion upon Cognition: A 5-Year Prospective Investigation." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa012.

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Abstract Objective Jockeys have high rates of concussion, with 5% of jockeys receiving at least one concussion annually. The impact of acute concussion upon cognition is well understood, but less is known about the long-term effects of concussion upon cognition. Our aim was to assess the impact of concussion upon jockeys who had provided pre-concussion assessments of cognition using a prospective design. Method In this study, over a 5-year period, we assessed the cognitive performance of jockeys with ≥1 medically diagnosed concussion (MDC; n = 17, months since concussion, M = 29.18), against those who had not been concussed (NC; n = 41). Jockeys who had not been concussed in the preceding 6 months completed four computer-based cognitive assessments from the CogSport battery. Results Unlike the majority of the small existing literature, there was no difference (p ≥ .05) between the MDC and NC groups after controlling for age and baseline performance. Additionally, we used a measure of reliable change to assess for clinically meaningful decrements from baseline in each test and composite score 5 years later. None of the jockeys in the MDC group recorded significant decrements on any CogSport measure from baseline (z > −1.65). Conclusions The findings suggest that the presence of concussion does not result in persistent decrements in cognitive performance and that when findings are considered collectively, assessing factors beyond medically diagnosed concussion (e.g., chronic stress, undiagnosed concussion) may improve the interpretation of our current findings.

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Barbezat, Debra, and James Hughes. "Finding the Lost Jockeys." Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 47, no. 1 (January 2014): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01615440.2013.821876.

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Rahman, Faqih Zuhdi. "Penerapan Kebijakan Penal dan Non Penal Dalam UU Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 pada Kasus Joki Vaksin dan Joki Karantina." SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 9, no. 4 (June 25, 2022): 1331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v9i4.26549.

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This study aims to prescriptively analyze the urgency and implementation of penal and non-penal policies in the Health Quarantine Law Number 6 of 2018 in the case of vaccine jockeys and quarantine jockeys. In the case of vaccine jockeys and quarantine jockeys, there are two possible ways of law enforcement, namely through penal and non-penal means. The method in this study is normative legal research by focusing on secondary and tertiary materials such as the Health Quarantine Act number 6 of 2018 and the Law on infectious disease outbreaks number 4 of 1984 and its derivatives. From the results of this study, it was found that there is a need for law enforcement on violations of Health protocols in cases of vaccine jockeys and quarantine jockeys based on penal and non-penal policies, whose implementation is adjusted to the urgency of its application so that not only the realization of a fair law is also humanistic.Keywords: Penal Policy; Non-Penal Policy; Health Protocol AbstrakPenelitian Ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa secara preskriptif urgensi dan implementasi penerapan kebijakan penal dan non penal dalam Undang-undang Karantina Kesehatan Nomor 6 tahun 2018 pada kasus joki vaksin dan joki karantina. Dalam kasus joki vaksin dan joki karantina terdapat dua kemungkinan cara penegakan hukum, yakni melalui sarana penal dan non penal. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan berfokus pada bahan sekunder dan tersier seperti Undang-undang karantina kesehatan nomor 6 tahun 2018 dan Undang-undang wabah penyakit menular nomor 4 tahun 1984 dan turunannya. Dari hasil penelitian ini ditemukan perlunya penegakan hukum pada pelanggaran protokol Kesehatan terhadap kasus joki vaksin dan joki karantina berbasis pada kebijakan penal dan non penal, yang implementasinya disesuaikan dengan urgensi penerapannya agar tidak hanya terwujudnya hukum yang adil namun juga humanis.Kata Kunci: Kebijakan Penal; Kebijakan Non Penal; Protokol Kesehatan

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Wilson, George, Dan Martin, James P. Morton, and Graeme L. Close. "Male Flat Jockeys Do Not Display Deteriorations in Bone Density or Resting Metabolic Rate in Accordance With Race Riding Experience: Implications for RED-S." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 28, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0371.

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Despite consistent reports of poor bone health in male jockeys, it is not yet known if this is a consequence of low energy availability or lack of an osteogenic stimulus. Given the rationale that low energy availability is a contributing factor in low bone health, we tested the hypothesis that both hip and lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) should progressively worsen in accordance with the years of riding. In a cross-sectional design, male apprentice (n = 17) and senior (n = 14) jockeys (matched for body mass and fat-free mass) were assessed for hip and lumbar spine BMD, as well as both measured and predicted resting metabolic rate (RMR). Despite differences (p < .05) in years of race riding (3.4 ± 2 vs. 16.3 ± 6.8), no differences were apparent (p > .05) in hip (−0.9 ± 1.1 vs. −0.8 ± 0.7) and lumbar Z-scores (−1.3 ± 1.4 vs. −1.5 ± 1) or measured RMR (1,459 ± 160 vs. 1,500 ± 165 kcal/day) between apprentices and senior jockeys, respectively. Additionally, years of race riding did not demonstrate any significant correlations (p > .05) with either hip or lumbar spine BMD. Measured RMR was also not different (p > .05) from predicted RMR in either apprentice (1,520 ± 44 kcal/day) or senior jockeys (1,505 ± 70 kcal/day). When considered with previously published data examining underreporting of energy intake and direct assessments of energy expenditure, we suggest that low BMD in jockeys is not due to low energy availability per se but rather the lack of an osteogenic stimulus associated with riding.

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Law, Bill. "Bongos, jockeys, and young victors." Journal of the National Institute for Career Education and Counselling 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20856/jnicec.0809.

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&NA;. "Spine Clinics Beckon to Jockeys." Back Letter 16, no. 10 (October 2001): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-200116100-00007.

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Neville-Neil, George. "Saddle Up, Aspiring Code Jockeys." Queue 4, no. 8 (October 2006): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1165754.1165762.

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Wilson, George, S. Andy Sparks, Barry Drust, James P. Morton, and Graeme L. Close. "Assessment of energy expenditure in elite jockeys during simulated race riding and a working day: implications for making weight." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 38, no. 4 (April 2013): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2012-0269.

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Professional jockeys are unique amongst weight-making athletes in that they are required to make weight on a daily basis by often using potentially hazardous methods, such as food deprivation, dehydration, and forced vomiting. To allow the prescription of accurate energy intake (EI), it is essential to understand the energy requirements of jockeys; however, these data are currently not known. Therefore, we measured the energy expenditure (EE) of professional jockeys during a simulated race ride and for a working day (nonracing) that involved typical stable duties. The accuracy of 2 portable lightweight devices, the Polar RS400 commercial heart rate monitor (CHRM) and the Actiheart monitor (AH) were initially assessed during 30 min of exercise compared with respiratory gas analysis (GA) (n = 9). No significant difference was observed (p > 0.05) and 95% limits of agreement analysis (LoA) showed that CHRM was more closely related to GA (bias: –0.015; LoA: –0.049, +0.019 MJ) than AH (bias: –0.007; LoA: –0.073, +0.059 MJ). A laboratory-based 2-mile (3.2-km) racing protocol was created and EE was assessed using CHRM, GA, and AH. We report that a typical race expends 0.18 (SD ±0.03) MJ. Finally, in a separate group of jockeys (n = 8), 24-h EE was assessed using CHRM. The mean (±SD) EE for a typical day was 11.26 (±1.49) MJ. Additionally, we measured EI using 7-day self-reporting food record diaries. Mean EI was 7.24 (±0.92) MJ, largely consumed as 2 main meals. These data provide a platform to implement dietary strategies that create appropriate weight-loss targets and therefore improve the physical and mental well-being of professional jockeys.

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Wilson, George, Neil Chester, Martin Eubank, Ben Crighton, Barry Drust, James P. Morton, and Graeme L. Close. "An Alternative Dietary Strategy to Make Weight While Improving Mood, Decreasing Body Fat, and Not Dehydrating: A Case Study of a Professional Jockey." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 22, no. 3 (June 2012): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.3.225.

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Professional jockeys are unique among weight-making athletes, as they are often required to make weight daily and, in many cases, all year-round. Common methods employed by jockeys include dehydration, severe calorie restriction, and sporadic eating, all of which have adverse health effects. In contrast, this article outlines a structured diet and exercise plan, employed by a 22-yr-old professional National Hunt jockey in an attempt to reduce weight from 70.3 to 62.6 kg, that does not rely on any of the aforementioned techniques. Before the intervention, the client’s typical daily energy intake was 8.2 MJ (42% carbohydrate [CHO], 36% fat, 22% protein) consumed in 2 meals only. During the 9-wk intervention, daily energy intake was approximately equivalent to resting metabolic rate, which the athlete consumed as 6 meals per day (7.6 MJ, 46% CHO, 19% fat, 36% protein). This change in frequency and composition of energy intake combined with structured exercise resulted in a total body-mass loss of 8 kg, corresponding to reductions in body fat from 14.5% to 9%. No form of intentional dehydration occurred throughout this period, and mean urine osmolality was 285 mOsm/kg (SD 115 mOsm/kg). In addition, positive changes in mood scores (BRUMS scale) also occurred. The client was now able to ride light for the first time in his career without dehydrating, thereby challenging the cultural practices inherent in the sport.

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Moore, Jan M., Anna F. Timperio, David A. Crawford, Cate M. Burns, and David Cameron-Smith. "Weight Management and Weight Loss Strategies of Professional Jockeys." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 1 (March 2002): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.1.1.

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Jockeys are required to maintain very low body weight and precise weight control during competition. This study examined the weight loss and weight management strategies of professional horseracing jockeys in the state of Victoria, Australia. An anonymous, self-completed questionnaire was administered (55% response rate, n=116). Almost half (43%) reported that maintaining riding weight was difficult or very difficult, with 75% routinely skipping meals. In preparation for racing, 60% reported that they typically required additional weight loss, with 81% restricting food intake in the 24 hours prior to racing. Additionally, sauna-induced sweating (29%) and diuretics (22%) were frequently employed to further aid in weight loss prior to racing. These rapid weight loss methods did not differ between the 51% of jockeys who followed a weight management plan compared to those who did not. The impact of these extreme weight loss practices on riding performance and health remains unknown.

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Butler, Deborah Ann. "Achieving Against the Odds: Gender, Chance and Contradiction in the Horseracing Industry." Sociology of Sport Journal 31, no. 4 (December 2014): 402–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2012-0210.

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In this paper I ask how it is that women, despite being a significant part of the workforce in horseracing, are still only a minority of professional jockeys. I explore the relationship between social practices and the gender based inequalities and use Bourdieu’s concepts of field, capital and habitus to analyze its classed and gendered nature. I draw on an ethnographic study of a racing yard, focusing particularly on the experiences of Anne Dudley, one of my female interviewees, who, unusually, had ridden as a jockey. She typifies the ways in which women’s career trajectories within the racing field are shaped by access to physical and social capital. I argue that habitus can be used to illustrate how redirection(s) in practices or ideas are brought about within a patriarchal, masculine field of power.

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Schrurs, Charlotte, Guillaume Dubois, Emmanuelle Van Erck-Westergren, and David S. Gardner. "Does sex of the jockey influence racehorse physiology and performance." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): e0273310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273310.

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The racing industry is supported by a predominance of female stablehands and work riders, but few become professional jockeys. Female jockeys have recently had notable race success. No study has assessed whether the sex of the rider may subtly influence racehorse physiology to affect performance. Here, using a validated exercise tracking system (the ‘Equimetre’™) that records many physiological parameters simultaneously, this study characterised racehorse cardiovascular (heart rate, heart rate recovery) and biomechanical (stride length and frequency) parameters at various exercise intensities (slow canter to hard gallop) to address the question whether any parameter varied according to sex of the rider. A total of 530 Thoroughbreds, varying in age (2–7 years old) and sex (including geldings), from one racing yard in Australia, completed a total of 3,568 exercise sessions, monitored by a single trainer, on varying track surfaces (sand, turf, or fibre). Different work riders,103 in total (male, n = 66; female, n = 37) of which n = 43 were current or past registered professional jockeys, participated in the study. Data were analysed using analysis of variation (ANOVA) or mixed-effect models, as appropriate. Sex of the rider did not influence (P > 0.05) racehorse speed nor stride length at any training intensity. Racehorse heart rate and peak heart rate increased with training intensity (P < .001), with no difference according to sex of rider (P > 0.05). Racehorse heart rate recovery was influenced by sex of the rider, but only at the extremes of the reversed, usual training intensity on each surface (e.g. heart rate after galloping on sand was significantly lower with male riders, P = 0.03). Finally, analysis of 52,464 race results indicated a similar chance of a top-three placing for male and female jockeys. In conclusion, this study, using objectively obtained data, demonstrates for the first time no overt effect of the rider’s sex on racehorse physiology in training and performance in racing. Such data could encourage greater female participation in racing and improve access of female jockeys to better quality mounts in racing events.

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O'Connor, Siobhán, Giles Warrington, Adrian McGoldrick MB, and SarahJane Cullen. "A 9-Year Epidemiologic Study (2007–2015) on Race-Day Jockey Fall and Injury Incidence in Amateur Irish Horse Racing." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 950–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-339-17.

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Context Point-to-point racing may place jockeys at risk of serious injuries due to the high incidence of falls as previously reported. Despite many advances in health and safety strategies, the incidence of falls and injuries in point-to-point racing has not been reported since 2006. Objectives To provide a longitudinal analysis of the fall and injury incidence in point-to-point horse racing jockeys in Ireland from 2007 to 2015 and compare these findings with the previous literature. Design Descriptive epidemiologic study. Setting All injuries that occurred due to a fall at every official point-to-point race meeting from 2007 to 2015 were recorded by a medical doctor using a standardized injury report form. Main Outcome Measure(s) Falls and injury rates and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs), 95% confidence intervals and percentage change were compared between point-to-point and professional racing, between previous data and the current results, and from 2007 to 2015. Results An average of 67.40 injuries/1000 falls and 9.08 injuries/1000 rides occurred in point-to-point racing, and this was reduced compared with the previous analysis. Amateur jockeys sustained an overall mean of 134.77 falls/1000 rides and the yearly means decreased over the 9 years of the study. Amateur jockeys sustained a higher fall rate than professional jockeys (flat: IRR = 35.47 [31.03, 40.54]; jump: IRR = 2.72 [2.63, 2.82]); however, their injuries/1000 falls rate was lower (flat: IRR = 0.19 [0.15, 0.24]; jump: IRR = 0.33 [0.30, 0.63]). Soft tissue injuries were predominant (43.09%), with 26.06 fractures and 9.98 concussions/1000 falls occurring. Conclusions Although injuries have been reduced since the previous analysis, more serious injuries such as fractures and concussions were more common in point-to-point racing than professional racing, possibly due to their higher fall risk. Thus, identifying strategies to reduce the fall risk in point-to-point racing should be a priority.

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Cashmore, Vanessa, Neil Coster, David Forrest, Ian McHale, and Babatunde Buraimo. "Female jockeys - what are the odds?" Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 202 (October 2022): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.08.012.

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Nelson, T. "New Horses for Monocot Gene Jockeys." Plant Cell 2, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.2.7.589.

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King, Michael B., and Gillian Mezey. "Eating behaviour of male racing jockeys." Psychological Medicine 17, no. 1 (February 1987): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700013131.

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SynopsisJockeys based in racing stables in the Newmarket and Epsom areas of England were screened using the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test. The mean score of the EAT was 14·9, significantly above that reported for males in other studies. The response rate was poor, but 10 jockeys agreed to a full psychiatric and eating interview. The majority of jockeys interviewed reported food avoidance, the use of saunas, and the abuse of laxatives. Diuretics and appetite suppressants were also used. Bingeing was common, but self-induced vomiting was unusual. Current weights were 13% below, and the lowest reported weights 21% below, matched population mean weights. The relationship between these forms of eating behaviour and clinical eating disorders is discussed.

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김태종. "Apprentice Jockeys’ Learning Experience of Horsemanship." Global Creative Leader: Education & Learning 7, no. 3 (December 2017): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34226/gcl.2017.7.3.45.

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Jander, Caron, and David A. Greene. "Profiling Musculoskeletal Health Of Apprentice Jockeys." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42 (May 2010): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000386046.82702.2c.

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Greene, David A., and Geraldine A. Naughton. "Compromised Musculoskeletal Health of Apprentice Jockeys." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (May 2011): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000400681.61843.13.

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Langlois, Tony. "Can you feel it? DJs and House Music culture in the UK." Popular Music 11, no. 2 (May 1992): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000005031.

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I spent the summer of 1990 studying the work of disk jockeys involved in the ‘House’ club scene in London, Manchester and Belfast. What I was initially intrigued by was how a popular music genre could develop such a following, indeed, some notoriety, without the traditional trappings of ‘rock 'n' roll’ (‘star performers’, ‘groups’), and without a manifest ideological stance adopted in relation to mainstream lifestyles. I came to conclude that a shift of meanings had occurred in the activity of mass dancing to records during the late 1980s, a shift which has created a new and central role for disk jockeys.

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Knight, PK, and NA Hamilton. "Handedness of whip use by Australian Jockeys." Australian Veterinary Journal 92, no. 7 (June 26, 2014): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/avj.12196.

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Cullen, SarahJane, Alex Donohoe, Adrian McGoldrick, Noel McCaffrey, Colin Davenport, Brendan Byrne, Caroline Donaghy, William Tormey, Diarmuid Smith, and Giles Warrington. "Physiological and health characteristics of ex-jockeys." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 19, no. 4 (April 2016): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.05.001.

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Andermahr, J., G. Schiffer, C. Burger, and K. E. Rehm. "Wirbelsäulenverletzung bei Jockeys Zwei Fallberichte und Literaturübersicht." Der Unfallchirurg 103, no. 8 (August 2000): 688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001130050603.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Jockeys Jockeys Jockeys'

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