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Journal articles on the topic 'Joe and Mac'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Park, Min Kyoung, and Volkan Rodoplu. "UWAN-MAC: An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 32, no. 3 (July 2007): 710–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2007.899277.

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2

Zhao, X., B. W. McBride, I. Politis, H. T. Huynh, R. M. Akers, J. H. Burton, and J. D. Turner. "Receptor binding and growth-promoting activity of insulin-like growth factor-I in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T3)." Journal of Endocrinology 134, no. 2 (August 1992): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1340307.

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ABSTRACT Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been known to be mitogenic to a variety of cell types, although a growth-regulatory role for IGF-I on bovine mammary epithelial cells has not been fully investigated. In the present study, we examined the receptor binding of IGF-I and its effect on growth in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T3). Specific receptors for IGF-I were detected on cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells. Competitive binding revealed that half-maximal inhibition of 125I-labelled IGF-I binding by IGF-I was approximately 3 μg/l. Dissociation rate constant of the IGF-I receptor was 3·10±0·06 nmol/l (s.e.m.) with a receptor site concentration of 366 ± 8 fmol/mg protein for the average of three experiments. IGF-I exerted a positive mitogenic effect on MAC-T3 cells according to both direct DNA assay and thymidine incorporation assay. Moreover, the mitogenic effect of IGF-I on MAC-T3 cells was enhanced by the addition of fetal calf serum in the culture media. The present results suggest that the bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T3) provides a useful model system with which to study the biological actions of insulin-like growth factors on the bovine mammary secretory tissue in vitro. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 134, 307–312

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3

Shahabudeen, Shiraz, Mehul Motani, and Mandar Chitre. "Analysis of a High-Performance MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 39, no. 1 (January 2014): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2013.2246741.

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4

Morozs, Nils, Paul D. Mitchell, and Yuriy Zakharov. "Dual-Hop TDA-MAC and Routing for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 44, no. 4 (October 2019): 865–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2019.2933130.

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5

Ng, Hai-Heng, Wee-Seng Soh, and Mehul Motani. "A Bidirectional-Concurrent MAC Protocol With Packet Bursting for Underwater Acoustic Networks." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 38, no. 3 (July 2013): 547–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2012.2227553.

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6

Xiaoxing Guo, M. R. Frater, and M. J. Ryan. "Design of a Propagation-Delay-Tolerant MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 34, no. 2 (April 2009): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2009.2015164.

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7

Chao, Chih-Min, Ming-Wei Lu, and Yu-Cheng Lin. "Energy-Efficient Multichannel MAC Protocol Design for Bursty Data Traffic in Underwater Sensor Networks." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 40, no. 2 (April 2015): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2014.2304311.

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8

Cohick, WS, and JD Turner. "Regulation of IGF binding protein synthesis by a bovine mammary epithelial cell line." Journal of Endocrinology 157, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1570327.

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IGF-I has been proposed as a key regulator of mammary epithelial cell (MEC) growth and differentiation. As IGF-I bioactivity is modulated by specific, high-affinity binding proteins (IGFBP), the forms of IGFBP that are secreted by the bovine MEC line, MAC-T, were identified. Media conditioned by MAC-T cells contained four forms of IGFBP that were identified, by western blotting with specific antibodies, as IGFBP-2, -3, -4 and -6. The amounts of IGFBP-3 in conditioned media were relatively low under basal conditions when analyzed by ligand blotting with 125I-IGF-II, but were increased dramatically relative to serum-free controls by exposure to IGF-I (100 ng/ml) or IGF-II (100 ng/ml) for 24 h. These increases in IGFBP-3 protein corresponded with dose-dependent increases in IGFBP-3 mRNA, with IGF-II eliciting a smaller response than was elicited by IGF-I at each concentration. Leu-IGF-I, which has reduced affinity for the IGF-I receptor but normal affinity for IGFBPs, failed to increase IGFBP-3 protein and mRNA levels, whereas B-chain IGF-I (normal affinity for the receptor but reduced affinity for IGFBPs) elicited the response, thus implying an IGF-I receptor-mediated event. Time-course studies indicated that IGFBP-3 mRNA was increased fourfold by 3 h of IGF-I treatment, with maximal increases of eightfold above serum-free controls observed between 8 and 13 h of treatment. By 24 h of treatment, IGFBP-3 mRNA levels had declined and were approximately threefold above controls in cells exposed to IGF-I. Amounts of messenger RNA of IGFBP-6 and IGFBP-2 were not increased by IGF treatment. However, retinoic acid (10(-6) M) stimulated both IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-6 protein and mRNA levels, but it decreased IGFBP-3 mRNA levels relative to controls. The combination of retinoic acid plus IGF-I had no additional effect on IGFBP-6 or -2 above that observed with retinoic acid alone, whereas IGF-I together with retinoic acid attenuated the decrease in IGFBP-3 observed with retinoic acid alone. Protein kinase A-mediated pathways were also shown to alter IGFBP synthesis. Forskolin, which increases cAMP, increased IGFBP-3 protein and mRNA levels. The combination of IGF-I plus forskolin resulted in greater increases in both protein and mRNA than were observed with either treatment alone. In contrast, forskolin decreased IGFBP-6 mRNA relative to controls, but had no effect on IGFBP-2. The decrease in IGFBP-6 was less marked when cells were treated with a combination of IGF-I and forskolin. Forskolin had no effect on IGFBP-2 mRNA levels. In summary, the ability of IGF-I specifically to regulate IGFBP-3 synthesis represents a mechanism whereby IGF-I may regulate its own bioactivity. In addition, the differential regulation of IGFBP-2, -3 and -6 by retinoic acid (which inhibits proliferation) and IGF-I (which stimulates proliferation) suggests that these forms of IGFBP have different roles in regulating mammary epithelial cell physiology.

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9

Shahabudeen, Shiraz, Mehul Motani, and Mandar Chitre. "Corrections to “Analysis of a High-Performance MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks” [S. Shahabudeen, M. Motani, M. Chitre, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., [DOI: 10.1109/JOE.2013.2246741]." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 39, no. 1 (January 2014): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2013.2272486.

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10

Thorn, Stephanie R., Stig Purup, Mogens Vestergaard, Kris Sejrsen, Matthew J. Meyer, Micheal E. Van Amburgh, and Yves R. Boisclair. "Regulation of mammary parenchymal growth by the fat pad in prepubertal dairy heifers: role of inflammation-related proteins." Journal of Endocrinology 196, no. 3 (December 4, 2007): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-07-0501.

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In prepubertal heifers, the mammary parenchyma consists of epithelial and myoepithelial cells growing within a mammary fat pad (MFP). The MFP produces IGF-I that stimulates epithelial cell proliferation. In other species, adipose tissue expansion induces inflammation-related proteins (IRP), such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β transforming growth factor β, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). The MFP production of IRP may influence mammary development because they impair not only insulin but also IGF-I actions. Moreover, the MFP expansion seen with development and increased nutrition coincides with reduced parenchymal growth. Our first objective was to identify IRP capable of altering proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. TNFα, but neither IL-6, IL-1β MCP-1 nor PAI-1, inhibited basal and IGF-I-stimulated proliferation in MAC-T cells and primary cells isolated from heifers. Our second objective was to determine whether MFP expression of IRP changed in a manner consistent with inhibition of parenchymal growth. MFP expression was measured from 100 to 350 kg body weight (experiment 1) or at 240 kg body weight (experiment 2) in dairy heifers offered restricted or high planes of nutrition. In experiment 1, neither nutrition nor development altered MFP expression of TNFα. Nutrition increased MCP-1 and PAI-1 but only before MFP expansion and after cessation of allometric parenchymal growth. In experiment 2, nutrition increased TNFα and PAI-1, but not MCP-1. Thus, MFP expansion increases IRP production in cattle, but this is unlikely to contribute to reduced parenchymal growth observed with development or increased nutrition.

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11

Gable, Myron, and Martin T. Topol. "Machiavellianism and Job Satisfaction of Retailing Executives in a Specialty Store Chain." Psychological Reports 64, no. 1 (February 1989): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.107.

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The Mach TV scale and the Job Descriptive Index were administered to 60 managers of specialty stores. Female store managers scored significantly higher on the Mac IV scale, and no significant differences were observed between men and women on the five subscales of the Job Descriptive Index. A significant relation for women was observed between Machiavellianism and satisfaction with opportunities for promotion. This was the only significant finding of 15 regression analyses examining the relations between Machiavellianism and job satisfaction for the entire sample, for men and for women.

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12

Gonzales, GF, A. Cordova, K. Vega, A. Chung, A. Villena, and C. Gonez. "Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a root with aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties, on serum reproductive hormone levels in adult healthy men." Journal of Endocrinology 176, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1760163.

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Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is a Peruvian hypocotyl that grows exclusively between 4000 and 4500 m in the central Andes. Maca is traditionally employed in the Andean region for its supposed aphrodisiac and/or fertility-enhancing properties. This study was a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel trial in which active treatment with different doses of Maca Gelatinizada was compared with a placebo. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that Maca has no effect on serum reproductive hormone levels in apparently healthy men when administered in doses used for aphrodisiac and/or fertility-enhancing properties. Men aged between 21 and 56 Years received 1500 mg or 3000 mg Maca. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone and 17-beta estradiol were measured before and at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment with placebo or Maca (1.5 g or 3.0 g per day). Data showed that compared with placebo Maca had no effect on any of the hormones studied nor did the hormones show any changes over time. Multiple regression analysis showed that serum testosterone levels were not affected by treatment with Maca at any of the times studied (P, not significant). In conclusion, treatment with Maca does not affect serum reproductive hormone levels.

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13

Emtner, M., J. Brandt, U. Johansson, B. Jouper, L. Fryklund, and P. Roos. "A monoclonal antibody to lactogenic receptors from female rat liver." Journal of Endocrinology 120, no. 3 (March 1989): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1200401.

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ABSTRACT Affinity-purified lactogenic receptors from female rat liver microsomal membranes were used to raise antibodies in female Balb/c mice. Mouse spleen and myeloma cells were fused and hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were produced by in-vitro cell culture. Mab from a selected clone was sequentially purified by chromatography on a thiophilic gel and on agarose-bound protein A. The Mab was found to be of IgG1 subclass and of κ type. The Mab recognized membrane-bound and solubilized (by the detergent heptaoxyethylene lauryl ether; G3707) receptors as well as receptors purified by affinity chromatography and subsequent sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis from female rat liver. The Mab bound to receptors from several other female rat tissues, such as ovary, kidney and adrenal, whereas there was no binding to liver receptors from cow and rabbit. Displacement experiments showed that the Mab was specific for a lactogenic type of receptor, in agreement with the finding that the Mab did not recognize receptors from male rat liver. The Mab also bound to cytoplasmic receptors (present in the supernatant after centrifugation at 100 000 g) from female rat liver, suggesting a structural similarity between the cytoplasmic and the microsomal receptors. Analysis of purified receptors by SDS electrophoresis and subsequent Western blot with 125I-labelled Mab as a probe showed one band corresponding to an Mr of 45 500 ± 2500 (n=5). The same band was obtained with 125I-labelled human GH, showing that the Mab binds to the unit which accommodates the hormone-binding site. The binding sites are, however, not identical since the binding of Mab to the receptor did not inhibit the hormone–receptor interaction. Whether this binding unit represents the intact receptor molecule or a part of it cannot be concluded. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 120, 401–407

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14

Gonzales, GF, M. Gasco, A. Cordova, A. Chung, J. Rubio, and L. Villegas. "Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on spermatogenesis in male rats acutely exposed to high altitude (4340 m)." Journal of Endocrinology 180, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1800087.

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Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is a Peruvian hypocotyl that grows exclusively between 4000 and 4500 m in the central Andes. Maca is traditionally employed in the Andean region for its supposed fertility-enhancing properties.The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that Maca can prevent high altitude-induced testicular disturbances. Adult male rats were exposed for 21 days to an altitude of 4340 m and treated with vehicle or aqueous extract of Maca (666.6 mg/day). The lengths of the stages of the seminiferous epithelium and epididymal sperm counts were obtained at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure. The stages of the seminiferous tubules were assessed by transillumination. A dose-response study was also performed at sea level to determine the effect of Maca given to male rats at doses of 0, 6.6, 66.6 and 666.6 mg/day for 7 days on body weight, seminiferous tubule stages and epididymal sperm count. The length of stage VIII and the epididymal sperm count were increased in a dose-dependent manner in Maca-treated rats but treatment reduced the length of stage I. At the highest dose, sperm count increased 1.58 times, the length of stage VIII increased 2.4 times and the length of stage I was reduced 0.48 times compared with the value at dose 0. Exposure to high altitude resulted in a reduction in epididymal sperm count after 7 days and lower values were maintained up to 21 days. Altitude reduced spermiation (stage VIII) to half and the onset of spermatogenesis (stages IX-XI) to a quarter on days 7 and 14 but treatment with Maca (666.6 mg/day) prevented these changes. Data on transillumination and epididymal sperm count in the Maca-treated group exposed to high altitude were similar to those obtained at sea level. Maca increased the sperm count on day 21 of exposure to high altitude to values similar (1095.25 +/- 20.41x10(6) sperm, means +/- S.E.M.) to those obtained in the Maca-treated group at sea level (1132.30 +/- 172.95x10(6) sperm). Furthermore, in the Maca-treated group exposed for 21 days to high altitude, epididymal sperm count was higher than in the non-treated group at sea level (690.49 +/- 43.67x10(6) sperm). In conclusion, treatment of rats with Maca at high altitude prevented high altitude-induced spermatogenic disruption.

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15

Kerr, D. E., B. Laarveld, and J. G. Manns. "Effects of passive immunization of growing guinea-pigs with an insulin-like growth factor-I monoclonal antibody." Journal of Endocrinology 124, no. 3 (March 1990): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1240403.

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ABSTRACT The physiological importance of circulating as opposed to locally produced insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has not been determined. By using a passive immunoneutralization technique, our objectives were to evaluate the role of circulating IGF-I in the regulation of animal growth and pituitary GH content. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) to IGF-I, generated in our laboratory, has an affinity (Ka) of 0·13 litres/pmol for recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I). Cross-reactivities of recombinant des-tripeptide IGF-I and recombinant bovine IGF-II were approximately 40 and 8% respectively. This MAb inhibited binding of purified hIGF-I to human placental membranes. In a radioimmunoassay based on displacement of 125I-labelled rhIGF-I from the MAb, displacement curves generated with dilutions of acid–gel chromatography extracts of guinea-pig serum and rhIGF-I standards were parallel. Twenty-four, 3-week-old male guinea-pigs were treated with the IGF-I MAb, a bovine herpes virus-I (BHV-I) MAb (control MAb) or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) (n = 8 per group). Treatments were administered i.p. every 3 days for 24 days at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. Blood was obtained on day 23 (48 h after treatment) and on day 25 (24 h after treatment). In a liquid-phase assay, serum from the IGF-I MAb-treated group bound 38 ± 8% (mean ± s.e.m.) (day 23) and 56 ± 7% (day 25) of an 125I-labelled rhIGF-I trace at a final dilution of 1:10 000. Because of the development of an anti-mouse immune response in the guinea-pigs, these parameters would probably have been much greater during the first 2 weeks of the trial. Of the total IGF-I in serum, 50 ± 5% and 61±4% could be immunoprecipitated with an excess of rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin in samples from days 23 and 25 respectively. Comparisons between the groups treated with IGF-I MAb and BHV-I MAb revealed no significant differences in whole animal growth rate, growth of individual tissues, or pituitary GH content. Mean serum concentrations of IGF-I were 69 and 99% greater in IGF-I MAb-treated group than in the BHV-I MAb-treated group on days 23 and 25 respectively. These differences probably resulted from an extension of the half-life of IGF-I in serum of animals treated with the IGF-I MAb. The lack of effect of treatment with the IGF-I MAb suggests that local production of IGF-I is generally sufficient to maintain normal growth or that local production or activity of IGF-I is increased in a compensatory fashion. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 124, 403–415

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16

Choi, Woo-Yong. "Hybrid MAC protocol for IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs with hidden node problem." Journal of Electrical Engineering 69, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2018-0046.

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Abstract Combining the IEEE 802.11 basic MAC (medium access control) protocols, which are the DCF (distributed coordination function) and the PCF (point coordination function), we propose a hybrid MAC protocol to improve the performance of IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs and mitigate the hidden node problem.

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17

Holder, A. T., R. Aston, M. A. Preece, and J. Ivanyi. "MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY-MEDIATED ENHANCEMENT OF GROWTH HORMONE ACTIVITY IN VIVO." Journal of Endocrinology 107, no. 3 (December 1985): R9—R12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.107r009.

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ABSTRACT This work demonstrates that complexing hGH with monoclonal antibody EBl (MAB-EBl) can produce a striking potentiation of the somatogenic actions of hGH in vivo in Snell dwarf mice. In short-term experiments significant increases in cartilage metabolism and body weight were noted; these responses were dose-dependent for both MAB-EBl and hGH concentration. Increased growth was also observed in long-term experiments. In marmosets where MAB-EBl cross-reacts with endogenous GH, MAB-EBl alone enhanced the actions of endogenous GH. A new perspective may be necessary to incorporate these results into the current concept of antibody action.

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18

Park, Chun-Bae, Yong-Hyun Lee, Gwang-Hoon Park, Kyu-Heon Kim, Young-Sik Chung, Jae-Doo Huh, and Doug-Young Suh. "Control of HD Video Streaming Using IEEE802.11e MAC Parameters." Journal of Broadcast Engineering 13, no. 5 (September 30, 2008): 696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2008.13.5.696.

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19

Bates, P. C., R. Aston, and A. T. Holder. "Growth hormone control of tissue protein metabolism in dwarf mice: enhancement by a monoclonal antibody." Journal of Endocrinology 132, no. 3 (March 1992): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1320369.

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ABSTRACT Monoclonal antibody (MAb) to GH has been shown to increase the anabolic response induced by the hormone in individual tissues of dwarf mice. Dwarf mice were treated with GH at a low and a high dose (2·5 and 50 mU/day respectively), with and without complexing to an MAb. Treatment was for 7 and 14 days, at which times protein synthesis rates in skeletal muscle, liver and heart were determined from incorporation of labelled phenylalanine following injection of a flooding dose. The MAb potentiated the actions of GH and produced increases in the rates of protein synthesis in each of the tissues to a significantly greater extent than did GH alone. The increase in protein synthesis rate induced by MAb appears to be mechanistically distinct from that observed by increasing the dose of GH. In skeletal muscle and liver there was a dose–response to the GH alone in terms of the RNA concentration, i.e. the capacity for protein synthesis, whereas in each tissue examined the MAb caused very little further response in the RNA concentration. The MAb-induced enhancement of protein synthesis rate was almost entirely due to an increase in the RNA activity, i.e. the efficiency of the synthesizing system. Complexing GH to a particular MAb, or to antisera of restricted epitope specificity, has previously been shown to enhance the in-vivo effects of GH on whole body protein content; the mechanism for this enhancement has not been adequately determined. The present results suggest that the mechanism of MAb enhancement of GH activity is unlikely to be through prolonging GH action by increasing its serum half-life, but may be through effects on GH-receptor response, possibly through targeting of the GH to a particular receptor sub-type or through inhibition of internalization of the GH-receptor complex. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 132, 369–375

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20

Shieh, H.-M., R. T. Bass, B. S. Wang, M. J. Corbett, and B. L. Buckwalter. "Epitope mapping and analysis of a growth-enhancing monoclonal antibody by limited tryptic digestion of porcine GH." Journal of Endocrinology 145, no. 1 (April 1995): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1450169.

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Abstract In this study, the epitope of a murine PS-7·6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) which was raised against the recombinant porcine GH (pGH) and subsequently shown to enhance the growth-promoting activity of pGH in a hypophysectomized rat model, was mapped by the limited tryptic digestion of pGH. A pGH fragment corresponding to amino acid residues 70–95 was separated by reverse-phase HPLC and also immunoprecipitated by PS-7·6 mAb. This fragment was found in an RIA to compete with radiolabelled pGH for the binding of PS-7·6 mAb in a dose-dependent fashion. Several peptides covering this potential epitope region of pGH(70–95) were synthesized and assayed by competitive RIA. The results suggested that pGH(75–90) was the optimal sequence recognized by PS-7·6 mAb. Sequential alanine substitution of each residue of pGH(75–90) revealed that the side chains of Leu76, Ile83 and Leu87 were critical for binding to PS-7·6 mAb. Other residues could be replaced by alanine without substantially altering the binding affinity. The region of amino acids 75–95 comprises the C-terminal end of the second helix of pGH and the repeating pattern of i and i+3 (i+7) of the critical amino acids appears consistent with PS-7·6 mAb binding to the hydrophobic side of the helix. The sequence and the helical structure of the epitope of PS-7·6 mAb provide the basis for designing the effective peptide vaccines to enhance the growth performance of animals. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 145, 169–174

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21

Massart, S., D. Maiter, D. Portetelle, E. Adam, R. Renaville, and J. M. Ketelslegers. "Monoclonal antibodies to bovine growth hormone potentiate hormonal activity in vivo by enhancing growth hormone binding to hepatic somatogenic receptors." Journal of Endocrinology 139, no. 3 (December 1993): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1390383.

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ABSTRACT Administration of GH complexed with monoclonal antibodies (MABs) potentiates the in vivo actions of the hormone. In particular, growth and serum IGF-I concentrations of GH-treated hypophysectomized rats are increased by concomittant injection of anti-GH MABs. Among 37 anti-bovine GH (bGH) MABs, we selected one MAB with the most potentiating effects to investigate the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. Hypophysectomized rats were killed 18 h after a single s.c. injection of bGH (100 μg/rat), alone or complexed with increasing doses of MAB (4, 40, 400 μg/rat; MAB:bGH molar ratio: 0·005, 0·05, 0·5). IGF-I was measured by radioimmunoassay in acid–extracted sera and livers, whereas liver IGF-I mRNA was quantified by Northern blot hybridization. The in vivo occupancy of liver somatogenic (GH) receptors was derived from the determinations of total and free 125I-labelled bGH binding to liver homogenates treated with 4 mol MgCl2/l or water. Injection of MAB–bGH complexes enhanced body weight gain and raised serum IGF-I, liver IGF-I and liver IGF-I mRNA more than bGH alone (1·6-, 6-, 10- and 7-fold increases at the highest dose of MAB, compared with bGH alone; P < 0·001). These potentiating effects of the MAB were dose-dependent and significant potentiation of the growth response was already observed with the lowest dose of MAB. In vivo occupancy of liver GH receptors was markedly higher 18 h after injection of MAB–bGH complexes than after bGH alone, and this effect was also dose-dependent (receptor occupancy of 28%, 37% and 83% after 4, 40 and 400 μg of MAB respectively compared with 6% after bGH alone; P < 0·05, 0·05 and 0·001 respectively). In contrast, the in vitro binding of 125I-labelled bGH to liver homogenates was decreased in the presence of high doses of MAB. We conclude that low amounts of MABs complexed with bGH potentiate the stimulation by the hormone of liver IGF-I synthesis and secretion in a dose–dependent manner. These effects are mediated, at least in part, through changes in hormone-receptor interaction in vivo, leading to enhanced and/or prolonged binding of bGH to its somatogenic receptors. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 139, 383–393

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22

Glencross, R. G., R. D. Lovell, and A. T. Holder. "MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY ENHANCEMENT OF FSH-INDUCED UTERINE GROWTH IN SNELL DWARF MICE." Journal of Endocrinology 136, no. 3 (March 1993): R5—R7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.136r005.

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ABSTRACT The enhancing effect of bovine FSH monoclonal antibody (bFSH-MAb) on the gonadotrophic activity of FSH was investigated in dwarf mice using a uterine weight bioassay. Increasing doses of bovine FSH (NIH-FSH-B1; 3.3, 10 or 30 μg/day) were administered for 5 days to dwarf mice (groups of five) with or without administration of a bFSH-MAb preparation (USDA-bFSH-MC28; 100 μg protein/day) which at a dilution of 1:15 000 bound 50% of 125I-labelled bFSH (USDA-bFSH-BP3). The bFSH, at the doses given, gave no increases in uterine weight; when, however, these doses were given with bFSH-MAb, significant (three- to four fold) increases in uterine weight resulted.

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23

Zhang, Xiaoliang, Xifan Wang, Xiuli Wang, Qihang Huang, Jiajie Fan, and Qian Zhou. "Start control of an M3C-based FFTS." Journal of Engineering 2019, no. 16 (March 1, 2019): 3284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8401.

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24

Hall, Robert E., and Sam Schulhofer-Wohl. "Measuring Job-Finding Rates and Matching Efficiency with Heterogeneous Job-Seekers." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20170061.

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Matching efficiency is the productivity of the process for matching job-seekers to available jobs. Job-finding is the output; vacant jobs and active job-seekers are the inputs.We develop a framework for measuring matching productivity when the population of job-seekers is heterogeneous. We find that overall matching efficiency declined smoothly over the period from 2001 through 2013. Measures of matching efficiency that neglect heterogeneity among the unemployed and also neglect job-seekers other than the unemployed suggest a large 28 percent decline in efficiency between 2007 and 2009. Most of this apparent decline results from changes in the composition of job-seekers. (JEL E24, J22, J23, J24, J41, J63)

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Albert, Christoph. "The Labor Market Impact of Immigration: Job Creation versus Job Competition." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 35–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20190042.

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This paper studies the labor market effects of both documented and undocumented immigration in a search model featuring nonrandom hiring. As immigrants accept lower wages, they are preferably chosen by firms and therefore have higher job finding rates than natives, consistent with evidence found in US data. Immigration leads to the creation of additional jobs but also raises competition for natives. The dominant effect depends on the fall in wage costs, which is larger for undocumented immigration than it is for legal immigration. The model predicts a dominating job creation effect for the former, reducing natives’ unemployment rate, but not for the latter. (JEL E24, J15, J23, J31, J61, M51)

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Holder, A. T., J. A. Blows, R. Aston, and P. C. Bates. "Monoclonal antibody enhancement of the effects of human growth hormone on growth and body composition in mice." Journal of Endocrinology 117, no. 1 (April 1988): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1170085.

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ABSTRACT Dwarf mice were treated for 10 days with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), human growth hormone (hGH) or hGH with monoclonal antibody EB1 (hGH/MAB-EB1); for each treatment there were three groups which received 50, 75 or 100% of the amount of food eaten when available ad libitum. The PBS control groups lost more or gained less weight than equivalent groups receiving hGH alone, and mice given hGH/MAB-EB1 showed a greater weight gain than those in comparable groups receiving hGH alone. When weight gain or loss was expressed as g/g food eaten, groups treated with hGH gained more or lost less than the PBS groups. Similarly, weight gain/g food was significantly greater in hGH/MAB-EB1 animals than in the comparable groups given hGH alone. A similar pattern of response was observed for increases in tail length and uptake of 35SO42− into costal cartilage in vivo. For mice given hGH alone, fat content was decreased compared with that in the equivalent group given PBS, and mice treated with hGH/MAB-EB1 had less fat than the equivalent group given hGH alone. Administration of hGH alone caused a concomitant increase in protein content and body weight such that, compared with mice given PBS, there was no significant increase in protein as a proportion of body weight. However, hGH/MAB-EB1 caused an increase in whole body protein which was significantly greater than that for the equivalent group given hGH alone, when expressed as per cent body weight. Monoclonal antibody EB1 has been shown to enhance the actions of hGH on growth and body composition in Snell dwarf mice and to increase food conversion efficiency. J. Endocr. (1988) 117,85–90

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Jang, S., and L. S. H. Yi. "Identification of a 71 kDa protein as a putative non-genomic membrane progesterone receptor in boar spermatozoa." Journal of Endocrinology 184, no. 2 (February 2005): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.05607.

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A putative non-genomic progesterone receptor was identified by Western blot analysis from the membrane fraction but not the cytosolic fraction of boar spermatozoa using monoclonal antibody (mAb) C-262. When the membrane and the cytosolic fractions of boar liver, kidney, uterus and spermatozoa were analyzed with mAb C-262, protein bands with molecular masses of 86 and 120 kDa were detected from the cytosolic fraction of the uterus, whereas a 71 kDa protein was detected from the membrane fraction of spermatozoa. Apparently, while the 86 and 120 kDa proteins from the uterus correspond to the genomic progesterone receptor isoforms A and B in boar, the 71 kDa protein of the sperm membrane fraction seems to be a novel membrane-associated progesterone receptor. Ligand blot assay of the membrane and the cytosolic fractions of boar spermatozoa performed with peroxidase-conjugated progesterone revealed that only the 71 kDa membrane protein binds specifically to progesterone, reinforcing the results obtained from the Western blot analysis. Also ligand blot assays performed in the presence of mAb C-262 demonstrated that mAb C-262 inhibited progesterone binding to the 71 kDa protein in a dose-dependent manner. Ligand blot assays performed in the presence of free progesterone, RU486 or estrogen revealed that binding of peroxidase-conjugated progesterone to the 71 kDa protein was inhibited by free progesterone and RU486 in a dose-dependent manner but not by estrogen, which further confirms that progesterone binds to the 71 kDa protein specifically. Furthermore, the progesterone-induced acrosome reaction was inhibited by mAb C-262 in a dose-dependent manner. These results strongly imply that spermatozoa possess a progesterone receptor in a membrane-bound form and can be influenced by progesterone via non-genomic progesterone receptor.

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Wagner, L., E. Templ, G. Reining, W. Base, M. Weissel, P. Nowotny, K. Kaserer, and W. Waldhausl. "Culture of human insulinoma cells: development of a neuroendocrine tumor cell- and human pancreatic islet cell-specific monoclonal antibody." Journal of Endocrinology 156, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1560469.

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We report on the culture of human insulinoma cells derived from a 32-year-old male patient with hyperinsulinism due to an insulinoma of the pancreas. A single-cell suspension was made by passing insulinoma fragments through a fine-gauge stainless-steel mesh. Cluster-forming insulinoma cells resembling pancreatic islets grew in the presence of fibroblasts. The insulinoma cell clusters could be differentiated from fibroblasts by using in situ pan optic staining and specific immunocytochemical staining (anti-human insulin and anti-human insulinoma monoclonal antibody (mAb) D24). mAb D24 was generated using insulinoma cells as antigen for immunization of a Balb/C mouse and cell fusion by the hybridoma cell technique. The anti-insulinoma cell mAb recognized a 32 kDa protein on immunoblot analysis of neuroendocrine tumor cells. D24 mAb also reacted immunohistochemically with normal pancreatic beta-cells and tumors such as vipoma, gastrinoma and carcinoid. Insulinoma cell clusters separated from fibroblasts by micromanipulation and plated into multiwell culture dishes exhibited an insulin-secretion rate of approximately 30 U/100 cells per 24 h with no insulin-secretory response to elevated glucose concentration. Purified insulinoma cells incubated with 1 ng/ml human nerve growth factor expressed neurofilament and neurite extension. These findings together with earlier observations in animal models suggest that human pancreatic beta-cells share some properties with neurons and are related to other neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract.

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Nguyen, VanDung, Eui-Nam Huh, and Choong Seon Hong. "An Efficient and Adaptable Hybrid Multi-channel Multi-hop MAC Protocol in VANETs." Journal of KIISE 45, no. 10 (October 31, 2018): 981–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5626/jok.2018.45.10.981.

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Mañes, S., L. Kremer, B. Vangbo, A. López, C. Gómez-Mouton, E. Peiró, J. P. Albar, I. B. Mendel-Hartvig, R. Llopis, and C. Martínez-A. "Physical mapping of human insulin-like growth factor-I using specific monoclonal antibodies." Journal of Endocrinology 154, no. 2 (August 1997): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1540293.

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Abstract The primary structure of recombinant human (h) insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) epitopes recognized by a panel of 28 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is characterized. Pairwise mAb epitope mapping defines eight 'epitopic clusters' (I–VIII) which cover nearly the entire solvent-exposed IGF-I surface. Monoclonal antibody reactivity with 32 overlapping synthetic peptides and with IGF-I mutants is used to associate these epitopic clusters with the probable primary IGF-I sequences recognized. Epitopic cluster I involves residues in the C-domain and the first α-helix of the A-domain; clusters II, V and VII involve principally the B-domain; clusters III and IV map to amino acid sequences (55–70) and (1–13) respectively; cluster VI includes the A- and B-domains; and cluster VIII involves mainly the C-terminal part of the B-domain. Data indicate that this mAb panel defines 14 distinct IGF-I epitopes. The specific inhibition of HEL 92.1.7 IGF-I-promoted proliferation by these mAbs was explored. Direct correlation between mAb affinity and inhibitory activity was observed except in the case of clusters III- and VII-specific mAbs. Finally, the combination of epitopic cluster I and II mAbs detect 0·5–10 ng/ml hIGF-I in a sandwich immunoassay, with no IGF-II crossreactivity. These anti-IGF-I mAbs are, therefore, useful for both the inhibition of IGF-I mitogenic activity and for the quantification of this growth factor. The potential use of this mAb panel in tumor cell growth control is discussed. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 154, 293–302

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Wilmer, Franke. "The Management of Peace Processes. John Darby , Roger Mac Ginty." Journal of Politics 64, no. 1 (February 2002): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jop.64.1.2691704.

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Lobie, P. E., J. García-Aragón, and M. J. Waters. "Prolactin receptor expression in the gastrointestinal tract: characterization of the prolactin receptor of gastric mucosa." Journal of Endocrinology 139, no. 3 (December 1993): 371—NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1390371.

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ABSTRACT There is evidence that prolactin (PRL) influences gastrointestinal function. However, the sites at which prolactin exerts these effects are not known. A monoclonal antibody was therefore generated against the rabbit mammary gland prolactin receptor (MAb 218) and used to study the distribution of the prolactin receptor in the rabbit gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by immunohistochemistry. MAb 218 is an IgG 1 κprecipitating antibody which precipitates major affinity cross-linked mammary gland prolactin receptor subunits of molecular masses 45 and 80 kDa. It has an affinity of 0·8 × 109 mol/l for the prolactin receptor and does not react with GH or insulin receptors in precipitation assays. MAb 218 immunoreactivity was observed in classical prolactin target cells such as mammary gland epithelium, and this immunoreactivity was abolished by preincubation of MAb 218 with purified prolactin receptor but not by preincubation with purified GH receptor. In the GIT, the most intense immunoreactivity was associated with the oesophageal epithelium, chief (zymogenic) cells of the fundic mucosa, pancreatic islets of Langerhans and surface epithelial cells of the duodenum and jejunum. Other specific elements of the GIT were immunoreactive at lower levels or were immunonegative. No immunoreactivity was observed in these locations with a control monoclonal antibody (MAb 50·8) of identical isotype to 218. To support the immunohistochemical findings, rabbit gastric mucosal membranes were used to show the presence of lactogen-specific binding. Scatchard analysis of 125I-labelled human GH binding to the gastric mucosal membranes with rat prolactin as displacing ligand yielded an affinity constant (Ka) of 1·0 ± 0·2 × 109 mol/l with a capacity of 3·5 ± 0·4 fmol/mg protein. Affinity cross-linking and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the gastric receptor revealed lactogenic hormone-binding subunits of molecular masses 43, 68 and 83 kDa. The 68 kDa subunit was not seen in rabbit mammary gland or ovarian tissue, and may be unique to gastric mucosa. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the presence of a high affinity lactogenic receptor in specific epithelial cell subpopulations of the GIT. This localization of the prolactin receptor in the GIT will assist in further functional assignment of prolactin to gastrointestinal physiology. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 139, 371–382

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Wang, B. S., M. J. Corbett, H.-M. Shieh, and H. Sadeghi. "Augmentation of the effectiveness of porcine GH with swine antibodies induced by a synthetic GH peptide." Journal of Endocrinology 145, no. 1 (April 1995): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1450163.

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Abstract An effort was made to evaluate the potential usefulness of a peptide vaccine in improving the growth performance of farm animals. It was previously reported that a murine PS-7·6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) which was specific to porcine GH (pGH) enhanced the growth-promoting activity of pGH in an experimental hypophysectomized rat model. Additional data from a epitope mapping study suggested that PS-7·6 mAb recognized a pGH fragment corresponding to an amino acid sequence 54–95. In this report, therefore, a peptide pGH(54–95) was synthesized in an attempt to induce PS-7·6-like antibodies in swine. It was demonstrated that the peptide pGH(54–95) competed with PS-7·6 mAb for the binding to radioactive pGH in a competition radioimmunoassay and also caused pigs to elicit polyclonal antibodies immunoreactive to pGH protein. The association and dissociation rate constants of the swine antibody to pGH were 1·9 × 102 m−1 s−1 and 3·2×10−4 s−1 respectively, thus producing an overall binding affinity of Kd=1·6 × 10−6 m. The swine anti-body partially competed with murine PS-7·6 mAb for the binding to pGH, suggesting that the pGH-recognizing sites for both antibodies might be closely related. The biological effect of the swine antibody was examined in hypophysectomized rats and shown to significantly augment pGH activity in promoting the growth of these GH-deficient animals. The present findings suggest that a synthetic peptide may be developed as a potential growth vaccine for swine to generate antibodies capable of enhancing the effectiveness of endogenous pGH. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 145, 163–167

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Bárány, ZsÓfia L., and Christian Siegel. "Job Polarization and Structural Change." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 57–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20150258.

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We document that job polarization—contrary to the consensus— has started as early as the 1950s in the United States: middle-wage workers have been losing both in terms of employment and average wage growth compared to low- and high-wage workers. Given that polarization is a long-run phenomenon and closely linked to the shift from manufacturing to services, we propose a structural change driven explanation, where we explicitly model the sectoral choice of workers. Our simple model does remarkably well not only in matching the evolution of sectoral employment, but also of relative wages over the past 50 years. (JEL E24, J21, J22, J24, J31)

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Tjaden, Volker, and Felix Wellschmied. "Quantifying the Contribution of Search to Wage Inequality." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 134–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.6.1.134.

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We empirically establish that one-third of job transitions leads to wage losses. Using a quantitative on-the-job search model, we find that 60 percent of them are movements down the job ladder. Accounting for them, our baseline calibration matches the large residual wage inequality in US data while attributing only 13.7 percent of overall wage inequality to the presence of search frictions in the labor market. We can trace the difference between ours and previous much higher estimates to our explicit modeling of nonvalue improving job-to-job transitions. (JEL J24, J31, J64)

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Kukita, T., A. Kukita, T. Watanabe, and T. Iijima. "Osteoclast differentiation antigen, distinct from receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B, is involved in osteoclastogenesis under calcitonin-regulated conditions." Journal of Endocrinology 170, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1700175.

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Although calcitonin has been clinically utilized as a primary treatment for several metabolic bone diseases, its inhibitory effects against osteoclastic function diminish after several days owing to the calcitonin 'escape phenomenon'. We have previously found a unique cell-surface antigen (Kat1-antigen) expressed on rat osteoclasts. Here we show evidence that, in the presence of calcitonin, the Kat1-antigen is involved in osteoclastogenesis. Treatment of bone marrow cultures for forming osteoclast-like cells with anti-Kat1-antigen monoclonal antibody (mAb Kat1) provoked a marked stimulation of osteoclast-like cell formation only in the presence of calcitonin but not in its absence. Osteoclastogenesis stimulated by the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) ligand/osteoclast differentiation factor was further augmented by mAb Kat1 in the presence of calcitonin. Furthermore, even in the presence of the osteoprotegerin/osteoclast inhibitory factor, mAb Kat1 induced osteoclast-like cell formation. Our current data suggest that the Kat1-antigen is a molecule that is distinct from receptor activator of NF-kappaB. The presence of the unique Kat1-antigen on cells in the osteoclast lineage appears to contribute to the fine regulation of osteoclastogenesis in vivo. Expression of this cell-surface molecule in cells in the osteoclast lineage may partly explain the mechanism responsible for the escape phenomenon.

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Marinescu, Ioana, and Roland Rathelot. "Mismatch Unemployment and the Geography of Job Search." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 42–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160312.

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Could we significantly reduce US unemployment by helping job seekers move closer to jobs? Using data from the leading employment board CareerBuilder.com, we show that, indeed, workers dislike applying to distant jobs: job seekers are 35 percent less likely to apply to a job 10 miles (mi.) away from their zip code of residence. However, because job seekers are close enough to vacancies on average, this distaste for distance is fairly inconsequential: our search and matching model predicts that relocating job seekers to minimize unemployment would decrease unemployment by only 5.3 percent. Geographic mismatch is thus a minor driver of aggregate unemployment. (JEL E24, J41, J61, J63, J64, R23)

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Fujita, Shigeru, and Garey Ramey. "Exogenous versus Endogenous Separation." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 68–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.4.4.68.

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This paper assesses how various approaches to modeling the separation margin affect the quantitative ability of the Mortensen-Pissarides labor matching model. The model with a constant separation rate fails to produce realistic volatility and productivity responsiveness of the separation rate and worker flows. The specification with endogenous separation succeeds along these dimensions. Allowing for on-the-job search enables the model to replicate the Beveridge curve. All specifications, however, fail to generate sufficient volatility of the job finding rate. While adopting the Hagedorn-Manovskii calibration remedies this problem, the volume of job-to-job transitions in the on-the-job search specification becomes essentially zero. (JEL E24, J41, J64)

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39

Waldrop, Thomas C., Donald C. Anderson, William W. Hallmon, Frank C. Schmalstieg, and Robert L. Jacobs. "Periodontal Manifestations of the Heritable Mac-1, LFA-1, Deficiency Syndrome." Journal of Periodontology 58, no. 6 (June 1987): 400–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1987.58.6.400.

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Sharpe, R. M., J. M. S. Bartlett, and G. Allenby. "Evidence for the control of testicular interstitial fluid volume in the rat by specific germ cell types." Journal of Endocrinology 128, no. 3 (March 1991): 359—NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1280359.

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ABSTRACT Following on from our recent evidence that Sertoli cells may regulate testicular interstitial fluid (IF) volume, this study has assessed whether depletion of specific germ cell types in vivo is associated with changes in recovered IF volume. Germ cell depletion was induced by either a single oral administration of 650 mg methoxyacetic acid (MAA)/kg or exposure of the testes to local heating (43 °C for 30 min). Treatment with MAA induced depletion or loss of most pachytene and later spermatocytes at 1–3 days and, because of maturation depletion, this resulted in the specific depletion of later germ cell types at 7–35 days. Testicular IF volume was unchanged at 1–7 days after MAA treatment but was increased significantly (P < 0·01) at 14 days and was nearly doubled (P< 0·001) at 21 days, before returning to control levels at 28–42 days. Serum LH (and FSH) levels were generally higher in MAA-treated rats, especially at 21 and 28 days, but there was no obvious correlation between LH levels and IF volume changes. Similarly, there was no relationship between IF volume changes and testicular weight or IF levels of testosterone. The increase in IF volume at 14–21 days after MAA treatment coincided with specific depletion of the later elongate spermatids (steps 14–19) and, when these cells reappeared in the testis, IF volume normalized. This possible causal association was studied further in rats exposed to local testicular heating which, within 3 days, caused major depletion of pachytene spermatocytes and early (step 1–8) spermatids. However, testicular IF volume in heat-exposed rats did not change until 14 days, a time at which depletion of the later (step 9–19) spermatids first became evident; IF volume remained increased whilst these germ cells were absent or depleted. The pattern of change in IF volume in heat-exposed rats was not related to LH (or FSH) levels, which were raised at most time-points after heat treatment, nor to testicular weight which was decreased considerably at 3 days and declined progressively thereafter. These data thus provide evidence that specific depletion of the most mature germ cell types (the elongate spermatids) is associated with specific changes in testicular IF volume, presumably via modulation of the secretion of vasoactive factors by the Sertoli cells. These findings also reinforce the growing evidence for the mutual interdependence of all of the cell types in the testis. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 128, 359–367

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Maddocks, S., J. B. Kerr, G. Allenby, and R. M. Sharpe. "Evaluation of the role of germ cells in regulating the route of secretion of immunoactive inhibin from the rat testis." Journal of Endocrinology 132, no. 3 (March 1992): 439—NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1320439.

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ABSTRACT During normal sexual maturation of the male rat there is a progressive change in the route of secretion of inhibin by the Sertoli cell, from a predominantly basal route of secretion in prepuberty to a predominantly apical route of secretion in adulthood. This change may be monitored by comparing the levels of inhibin in testicular (TV), spermatic and peripheral (PV) venous blood and the levels in testicular interstitial fluid (IF). This study has assessed the role of germ cells in effecting this change by assessing (a) the effect of total germ cell depletion by X-irradiation of the males in utero, and (b) the effect of selective germ cell depletion in adulthood using the testicular toxicant, methoxyacetic acid (MAA). Female rats were X-irradiated on day 20 of gestation to produce male offspring whose testes were germ-cell deficient. Blood and IF samples were collected from groups of these offspring and age-matched controls at 35 and 100 days of age. In blood and IF samples, inhibin concentrations were significantly higher at 35 days of age than at 100 days. The absence of germ cells in X-irradiated animals did not affect the age-related fall in inhibin levels, nor the change in the predominant route of secretion of inhibin from the testis into blood. Testosterone was almost undetectable in 35-day-old controls, but was raised significantly by 100 days of age. In X-irradiated animals, testosterone levels were increased significantly at 35 days of age, and the levels in most samples were increased even more substantially by 100 days of age. However, PV levels of testosterone in 100-day-old X-irradiated animals were significantly lower than in controls. LH and FSH levels were raised in X-irradiated animals compared with their age-matched controls, but FSH levels in X-irradiated animals still fell with age, as in the controls. The role of specific germ cell types in regulating the route of secretion of inhibin from the normal adult testis was studied after depletion (80–100%) of pachytene and later spermatocytes by a single oral administration of MAA (650 mg/kg) to adult rats. At 3 days after MAA treatment, coincident with the loss of pachytene spermatocytes, plasma inhibin levels were increased significantly in blood and IF samples, and this was associated with a dramatic change in the route of secretion of inhibin from the testis, with increased secretion of this peptide via the base of the Sertoli cell into IF and TV blood. However, previous studies suggest that this may be a consequence of direct stimulation by MAA, rather than the absence of pachytene spermatocytes. By 21 days after MAA treatment, when late-stage spermatids are absent, plasma inhibin levels were reduced significantly compared with controls, although the route of secretion of inhibin from the testis was comparable with that of controls. By 42 days, when a normal germ cell complement has been restored, plasma concentrations and the route of secretion of inhibin from the testis were similar to controls. It is concluded that: (1) the presence of germ cells is not necessary for the maturational changes in the rate and route of secretion of inhibin by the Sertoli cell; these changes are most likely a consequence of formation of the blood–testis barrier, (2) in the normal adult testis, MAA-induced depletion of the most mature germ cell types affects the rate, but not the route, of inhibin secretion, whilst depletion of pachytene spermatocytes affects both parameters; the latter may indicate an early effect of MAA on the functional competence of the blood–testis barrier. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 132, 439–448

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Davis, Steven J., R. Jason Faberman, John Haltiwanger, Ron Jarmin, and Javier Miranda. "Business Volatility, Job Destruction, and Unemployment." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 259–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.2.259.

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Unemployment inflows fell from 4 percent of employment per month in the early 1980s to 2 percent by the mid 1990s. Using low frequency movements in industry-level data, we estimate that a 1 percentage point drop in the quarterly job destruction rate lowers the monthly unemployment inflow rate by 0.28 points. By our estimates, declines in job destruction intensity account for 28 (55) percent of the fall in unemployment inflows from 1982 (1990) to 2005. Slower job destruction accounts for similar fractions of long-term declines in the rate of unemployment. (JEL E24, E32, J64)

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Faberman, R. Jason, and Marianna Kudlyak. "The Intensity of Job Search and Search Duration." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 327–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20170315.

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We use online job application data to study the relationship between search intensity and search duration. The data allow us to control for job seeker composition and the evolution of available job openings over the duration of search. We find that, within an individual search spell, search intensity declines continuously. We also find that longer-duration job seekers search more intensely throughout their search. They tend to be older, male, nonemployed, and live in areas with weaker labor markets. Our findings contradict standard assumptions of labor search models. We discuss how to reconcile the theory with our evidence. (JEL E24, J24, J63, J64)

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Krolikowski, Pawel. "Job Ladders and Earnings of Displaced Workers." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20140064.

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Workers who suffer job displacement experience surprisingly large and persistent earnings losses. This paper proposes an explanation for this robust empirical puzzle in a model of search with a significant job ladder and increased separation rates for the recently hired. In addition to capturing the depth and persistence of displaced worker earnings losses, the model matches: employment-to-nonemployment and employer-to-employer probabilities by tenure; the empirical decomposition of earnings losses into reduced wages and employment; observed wage dispersion; and the distribution of wage changes around a nonemployment event. (JEL J31, J63, J64)

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Mukoyama, Toshihiko, Christina Patterson, and Ayşegül Şahin. "Job Search Behavior over the Business Cycle." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 190–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160202.

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We create a novel measure of job search effort exploiting the American Time Use and Current Population Surveys. We examine the cyclicality of search effort using time-series, cross-state, and individual variation and find that it is countercyclical. We then set up a search and matching model with endogenous search effort and show that search effort does not amplify labor market fluctuations but rather dampens them. Lastly, we examine the role of search effort in driving recent unemployment dynamics and show that the unemployment rate would have been 0.5 to 1 percentage points higher in the 2008–2014 period had search effort not increased. (JEL E24, E32, J22, J64)

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Chen, Wen-Ping, Jih-Hsin Ho, Wen-Shyang Hwang, and Ce-Kuen Shieh. "Novel MAC protocol with idle detection for all-optical WDM ring networks." Journal of Optical Networking 8, no. 2 (January 12, 2009): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jon.8.000112.

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Lobie, P. E., W. Breipohl, D. T. Lincoln, J. García-Aragón, and M. J. Waters. "Localization of the growth hormone receptor/binding protein in skin." Journal of Endocrinology 126, no. 3 (September 1990): 467—NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1260467.

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ABSTRACT Acromegaly is characterized by coarsening of facial features, acanthosis nigricans, hypertrichosis and oily skin. To determine the site through which GH exerts these effects, we have used immunohistochemistry to localize the GH receptor/binding protein (BP) in rat, rabbit and human skin. Three monoclonal antibodies (MAb 1, 43, 263) were immunoreactive in identical locations, whereas no immunoreactivity was evident when control monoclonal antibodies (MAb 50.8 and MAb 7 (rat)) were used. Skin from neonatal and adult animals was used to determine whether GH receptor/BP expression was developmentally regulated. Immunoreactivity of the GH receptor/BP in the three species was consistently localized in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum. Intermittent staining was observed in the stratum granulosum. Scattered basal epidermal cells often displayed more intense immunoreactivity. This distribution was observed at all maturational stages examined. Intense GH receptor/BP immunoreactivity was observed in all histological layers of the lower one-third of hair follicles and in hair matrix cells of the dermal papillae. Immunoreactivity was also detected in the outer epithelial root sheath of the upper two-thirds of hair follicles, in sebaceous glands and in fibroblasts of the connective tissue sheath surrounding the follicle. GH receptor/BP immunoreactivity was also present in the secretory duct and myoepithelial cells of human eccrine sweat glands. Fibroblasts, Schwann cells of peripheral nerve fascicles, skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes of the dermis were also immunoreactive as were medial smooth muscle and endothelial cells of arteries. These results provide evidence that GH acts locally on the epidermis and epidermal appendages concordant with our recent localization of GH receptor/BP to epithelial cell types of the gastrointestinal and reproductive systems. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 126, 467–472

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Galsgaard, Elisabeth Douglas, Birgitte Bruun Rasmussen, Charlotta Grånäs Folkesson, Louise Maymann Rasmussen, Martin Werner Berchtold, Leif Christensen, and Svetlana Panina. "Re-evaluation of the prolactin receptor expression in human breast cancer." Journal of Endocrinology 201, no. 1 (January 19, 2009): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-08-0479.

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The pituitary hormone PRL is involved in tumorigenesis in rodents and humans. PRL promotes proliferation, survival and migration of cancer cells acting via the PRL receptor (PRLR). Aiming to perform a large-scale immunohistochemical (IHC) screening of human mammary carcinomas for PRLR expression, we evaluated the specificity of commercially available anti-human PRLR antibodies (B6.2, U5, PRLRi pAb, 1A2B1, 250448 and H-300). The latter three antibodies were found to specifically recognise PRLR. The relative PRLR expression level detected with these antibodies closely reflected the level of 125I-PRL binding to the cell surface. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) 250448 was specific for the N-glycosylated form of PRLR and blocked PRL binding and signalling. The PRLRi polyclonal antibody recognised cytokeratin-18. The mAb B6.2, previously used in a number of studies, was found to lack specificity for PRLR and to rather recognise a PRLR-associated protein. The mAb U5 raised against the rat PRLR did not cross-react with the human receptor. Only one mAb, 1A2B1, was found useful for detection of PRLR in IHC applications. This antibody recognised PRLR expressed in human breast cancer cell lines and decidual cells in tissue sections of human placenta. Screening of 160 mammary adenocarcinomas demonstrated significant immunoreactivity in only four tumours, indicating that PRLR is generally not strongly upregulated in human breast cancer. However, even a very low level of PRLR expression was found to be sufficient to mediate PRL responsiveness in breast cancer cell lines.

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Hall, Robert E., and Alan B. Krueger. "Evidence on the Incidence of Wage Posting, Wage Bargaining, and On-the-Job Search." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.4.4.56.

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Some workers bargain with prospective employers before accepting a job. Others face a posted wage as a take-it-or-leave-it opportunity. Both modes of wage determination have generated large bodies of research. We surveyed a representative sample of US workers to inquire about the wage determination process at the time they were hired into their current or most recent jobs. A third of the respondents reported bargaining over pay before accepting their current jobs. Almost a third of workers had precise information about pay when they first met with their employers, a sign of wage posting. About 40 percent of workers were on-the-job searchers—they could have remained at their earlier jobs at the time they accepted their current jobs, indicating a more favorable bargaining position than is held by unemployed job-seekers. About half of all workers reported that their employers had learned their pay in their earlier jobs before making the offer that led to the current job. (JEL C83, J31, J52, J64)

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Coles, Melvyn G., and Ali Moghaddasi Kelishomi. "Do Job Destruction Shocks Matter in the Theory of Unemployment." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 118–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20150040.

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Because the data show that market tightness is not orthogonal to unemployment, this paper identifies the many empirical difficulties caused by adopting the free entry of vacancies assumption in the Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides (DMP) framework. Relaxing the free entry assumption and using Simulated Method of Moments (SMM) finds the vacancy creation process is less than infinitely elastic. Because a recession-leading job separation shock then causes vacancies to fall as unemployment increases, the ad hoc restriction to zero job separation shocks (to generate Beveridge curve dynamics) becomes redundant. In contrast to standard arguments, the calibrated model finds the job separation process drives unemployment volatility over the cycle. (JEL E24, E32, J24, J63, J64)

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