Journal articles on the topic 'Johnstown, PA'

Adverse sensory changes prevent the addition of highly bioavailable ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) to most wheat flours. Poorly absorbable reduced Fe powders are commonly used. Encapsulation of FeSO4can overcome these sensory changes, but the particle size of commercial compounds is too large to be used by flour mills. The first objective of the study was to measure the efficacy in wheat flour of two newly developed Fe compounds, an H-reduced Fe powder (NutraFine™ RS; North America Höganäs High Alloys LLC, Johnstown, PA, USA) and small particle-sized (40 μm) encapsulated FeSO4. As a second objective, the microcapsules were evaluated as a vehicle for iodine fortification. A randomised, double-blind controlled intervention trial was conducted in Kuwaiti women (n279; aged 18–35 years) with low body Fe stores (serum ferritin (SF) < 25 μg/l) randomly assigned to one of three groups (20 mg Fe as NutraFine™ RS, 10 mg Fe as encapsulated FeSO4and 150 μg iodine, or no fortification Fe) who consumed wheat-based biscuits 5 d per week. At baseline and 22 weeks, Hb, SF, transferrin receptor, urinary iodine and body Fe stores were measured. Relative to control, mean SF in the encapsulated FeSO4group increased by 88 % (P < 0·001) and body Fe stores increased from − 0·96 to 2·24 mg/kg body weight (P < 0·001), while NutraFine™ RS did not significantly increase SF or body Fe stores. The median urinary iodine concentration increased from 140 to 213 μg/l (P < 0·01). NutraFine™ RS added at double the amount of Fe as FeSO4was not efficacious in improving Fe status. The newly developed microcapsules were highly efficacious in improving both Fe stores and iodine status.

ABSTRACT Arboviral infections are an important cause of emerging infections due to the movements of humans, animals, and hematophagous arthropods. Quaranfil virus (QRFV) is an unclassified arbovirus originally isolated from children with mild febrile illness in Quaranfil, Egypt, in 1953. It has subsequently been isolated in multiple geographic areas from ticks and birds. We used high-throughput sequencing to classify QRFV as a novel orthomyxovirus. The genome of this virus is comprised of multiple RNA segments; five were completely sequenced. Proteins with limited amino acid similarity to conserved domains in polymerase (PA, PB1, and PB2) and hemagglutinin (HA) genes from known orthomyxoviruses were predicted to be present in four of the segments. The fifth sequenced segment shared no detectable similarity to any protein and is of uncertain function. The end-terminal sequences of QRFV are conserved between segments and are different from those of the known orthomyxovirus genera. QRFV is known to cross-react serologically with two other unclassified viruses, Johnston Atoll virus (JAV) and Lake Chad virus (LKCV). The complete open reading frames of PB1 and HA were sequenced for JAV, while a fragment of PB1 of LKCV was identified by mass sequencing. QRFV and JAV PB1 and HA shared 80% and 70% amino acid identity to each other, respectively; the LKCV PB1 fragment shared 83% amino acid identity with the corresponding region of QRFV PB1. Based on phylogenetic analyses, virion ultrastructural features, and the unique end-terminal sequences identified, we propose that QRFV, JAV, and LKCV comprise a novel genus of the family Orthomyxoviridae.

Jones, Stanley C., SPE, Marathon Oil Co. Abstract Displacements were conducted in Berea cores to gain insight into the mechanism of tertiary oil displacement and propagation by a micellar slug. Contrary to expectation, propagation by a micellar slug. Contrary to expectation, the first oil mobilized by micellar fluid was among the first oil (instead of the last oil) to be produced, giving the appearance of either viscous fingering or of unusually large dispersion. To eliminate the possibility of unfavorable mobility ratios caused by oil/water/surfactant interaction, we conducted several runs in which an injected hydrocarbon displaced another hydrocarbon, initially at residual saturation. In other experiments, water (the wetting phase) at irreducible saturation was displaced by a distinguishable injected aqueous phase. Injected hydrocarbon appeared in the produced fluids immediately after oil breakthrough, yielding behavior similar to the micellar-slug experiments. Even with a favorable viscosity ratio of less than 0.01, the apparent dispersion was huge. However, mixing zones in the wetting-phase displacements were quite normal and similar to those observed for single-phase flow. Nonwetting-phase fronts (injected hydrocarbon displacing resident hydrocarbon) are smeared much more than wetting-phase fronts because the entrance of hydrocarbon into smaller water-filled pore throats is delayed until the capillary entrance pressure is overcome by differences in the flowing oil and water pressure gradients. Oil might not be displaced from the smaller pores until long after oil breakthrough. Nonwetting-phase dispersion, which occurs in many EOR processes, can be expected to be one or two orders of magnitude greater than dispersion measured in single-phase-flow experiments. Entrance of the wetting phase, however, is not delayed; hence, wetting-phase Mixing zones are short. Introduction Experiments for this study were inspired by the question: How is residual oil, which has been mobilized by a micellar slug, transported? More specifically, does the first oil mobilized by a slug (near the injection end of a core) contact and mobilize oil downstream from it, which displaces more oil even farther downstream? If this were the case, the first oil to be produced would be the most-downstream oil (i.e., oil nearest the outlet). The last oil produced would be the first oil mobilized from the produced would be the first oil mobilized from the injection end of the core. This scheme is somewhat analogous to pushing a broom across a floor covered with a heavy layer of dust. The first dust encountered by the broom stays next to the broom. As the accumulated layer of dust in front of the broom becomes adequately compacted, it pushes dust ahead of it to from an ever-widening band or "dust bank" ahead of the broom. The dust farthest ahead of the broom is the first to be pushed into the dustpan, and the dust first encountered by the broom is the last to be pushed in. Or is this concept all wrong? Another model postulates that the oil first contacted by a micellar slug is mobilized and quickly travels away from the slug so that the downstream oil is contacted and mobilized by the slug, not by the first-mobilized oil. If this process were to proceed to its logical conclusion, the first-produced oil would proceed to its logical conclusion, the first-produced oil would be from the inlet end of the core, and the last-produced from the outlet end. Either of these two extremes would be modified by dispersion, which smears sharp fronts by mixing displaced and displacing fluids. Dispersion in porous media has been investigated extensively. Perkins and Johnston have reviewed several studies, mostly involving single-phase flow. The simultaneous injection of the water with light hydrocarbon solvents is a technique used to reduce solvent mobility and viscous fingering. Raimondi et al. performed steady-state experiments in which flowing performed steady-state experiments in which flowing water and oil were miscibly displaced by the simultaneous injection of water and solvent. They found that the longitudinal mixing coefficient for the hydrocarbon phase increased sharply with increasing water above the irreducible saturation. The displacement of the wetting phase was not greatly affected by the presence of the nonwetting phase. However, a large amount of oil that initially phase. However, a large amount of oil that initially seemed to be trapped by water was eventually recovered by continued solvent injection. Raimondi and Torcaso later found that some oil, particularly at high water-to-solvent injection ratios, was particularly at high water-to-solvent injection ratios, was trapped permanently, provided that injection rates, ratios, and pressure drops were unchanged in switching from water/oil to water/solvent injection. Fitzgerald and Nielsen also found that only part of the in-place crude was recovered by solvent injection. Moreover, solvent appeared in the effluent shortly after oil breakthrough. Oil recovery was further decreased when solvent and water were injected simultaneously. Thomas et al. reported slightly increased wetting-phase longitudinal mixing during simultaneous water/oil injection as the wetting-phase saturation decreased. Non-wetting-phase mixing increased substantially as the nonwetting-phase saturation decreased from 100%. SPEJ p. 101

BackgroundQuantification of changes in disease states or clinical conditions is essential to establish drug effects and dosing guidelines. When single endpoints for direct measurements are lacking, multi-factorial observational scales may be used, like for instance pain or sedation scales.1 2MethodsAnalysis of data from multi-factorial observational scales is commonly based on total scores. This assumes each item to be equally informative, which is generally not true. Item Response Theory (IRT), a long existing method in social sciences and psychology, has only recently been recognized for its ideal applicability to the analysis of multi-factorial observational scales. In this approach a latent variable is derived from all item-level data and the information that each item adds to establishing the latent variable is being weighted appropriately. The basic concepts, assumptions and applications of IRT in pharmacological research are introduced and illustrated with examples from studies on analgesia and sedation in the PICU and NICU.ResultsWith IRT modeling, the performance of individual items of the COMFORT and PIPP scales were assessed, and the information or noise that each item adds to the total score was quantified.3 By introducing IRT in a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling approach, the effect of morphine was establish on both procedural pain in preterm neonates4 and post-operative pain at rest in children [unpublished data]. For this, statistical significance of drug effects were evaluated based on changes in the latent variable and back calculation to the total score of the observational scales allowed for the clinical interpretation of findings.ConclusionIRT offers a desperately needed data analysis framework that may revolutionize pharmacological studies for diseases or conditions that cannot be directly quantified in children. New techniques augmenting the performance of the classical IRT approach when assumptions are violated are currently being developed in our group.Referencesvan Dijk M, de Boer JB, Koot HM Tibboel D, Passchier J, Duivenvoorden HJ. The reliability and validity of the comfort scale as a postoperative pain instrument in 0 to 3-year-old infants. Pain 2000 Feb;84(2–3):367–77.Stevens B, Johnston C, Petryshen P, Taddio A. Premature infant pain profile: development and initial validation. Clin J Pain. 1996 Mar;12(1):13–22.Välitalo PA, van Dijk M, Krekels EH, Gibbins S, Simons SH, Tibboel D, Knibbe CA. Pain and distress caused by endotracheal suctioning in neonates is better quantified by behavioural than physiological items: a comparison based on item response theory modelling. Pain. 2016 Aug;157(8):1611–7.Välitalo PA, Krekels EH, van Dijk M, Simons S, Tibboel D, Knibbe CA. Morphine pharmacodynamics in mechanically ventilated preterm neonates undergoing endotracheal suctioning. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2017 Apr;6(4):239–248Disclosure(s)Nothing to disclose

Background: Over 50% of adults in Latin America and the Caribbean have a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 suggesting excess energy intakes relative to energy expenditure. Accurate estimation of resting metabolic rate (RMR), the largest component of total energy requirements, is crucial to strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity. Aim: We evaluated the accuracies of established and locally developed RMR prediction equations (RMRP) among adults. Methods: Four hundred adult volunteers ages 20 to 65 years had RMR measured (RMRM) with a MedGem® indirect calorimeter according to recommended procedures. RMRP were compared to RMRM with values ± 10% of RMRM deemed accurate. Anthropometry was measured using standard procedure. Linear regression with bootstrap analyses was used to develop local RMRP equations based on anthropometric and demographic variables. The University of the West Indies Ethics Committee approved the study. Results: Males had higher mean absolute RMR ( p < 0.001) but similar mean age-adjusted measured RMR per kg of body (20.9 vs. 21.5 kcals/day; p = 0.1) to females. The top performing established anthropometry-based RMRP among participants by sex, physical activity (PA) level and BMI status subgroups were Mifflin-St Jeor, Owen, Korth, Harris–Benedict, and Livingston, while Johnstone, Cunningham, Müller (body composition (BC)), Katch and McArdle, Mifflin-St Jeor (BC) were the most accurate BC-based RMRP. Locally developed RMRP had accuracies comparable to their top-ranked established RMRP counterparts. Conclusions: Accuracies of established RMRP depended on habitual PA level, BMI status, BC and sex. Furthermore, locally developed RMRP provide useful alternatives to established RMRP.

Synthetic biomechanical test specimens are frequently used for preclinical evaluation of implant performance, often in combination with numerical modeling, such as finite-element (FE) analysis. Commercial and freely available FE packages are widely used with three FE packages in particular gaining popularity: abaqus (Dassault Systèmes, Johnston, RI), ansys (ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA), and febio (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT). To the best of our knowledge, no study has yet made a comparison of these three commonly used solvers. Additionally, despite the femur being the most extensively studied bone in the body, no freely available validated model exists. The primary aim of the study was primarily to conduct a comparison of mesh convergence and strain prediction between the three solvers (abaqus, ansys, and febio) and to provide validated open-source models of a fourth-generation composite femur for use with all the three FE packages. Second, we evaluated the geometric variability around the femoral neck region of the composite femurs. Experimental testing was conducted using fourth-generation Sawbones® composite femurs instrumented with strain gauges at four locations. A generic FE model and four specimen-specific FE models were created from CT scans. The study found that the three solvers produced excellent agreement, with strain predictions being within an average of 3.0% for all the solvers (r2 > 0.99) and 1.4% for the two commercial codes. The average of the root mean squared error against the experimental results was 134.5% (r2 = 0.29) for the generic model and 13.8% (r2 = 0.96) for the specimen-specific models. It was found that composite femurs had variations in cortical thickness around the neck of the femur of up to 48.4%. For the first time, an experimentally validated, finite-element model of the femur is presented for use in three solvers. This model is freely available online along with all the supporting validation data.

Introdução: O restabelecimento de um sorriso harmônico constitui um grande desafio para a odontologia restauradora. A sincronia entre diversas especialidades se faz necessária para diagnosticar e tratar alterações estéticas, buscando a excelência do resultado e a satisfação do paciente. Um método bastante citado na literatura e aplicado por muitos clínicos é baseado na teoria da regra de proporção áurea. Quando adotada para situações complexas a proporção áurea pode ser um ponto de referência para a reabilitação. Deste modo, o trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar uma reabilitação estética de diastemas múltiplos após tratamento ortodôntico, por meio de laminados vitrocerâmicos reforçados com dissilicato de lítio, onde o conceito de proporção áurea é aplicado. Descrição do caso clínico: Primeiramente, o plano de tratamento consistiu na distribuição uniforme dos diastemas, sendo posicionados da maneira mais harmônica e favorável para a oclusão na reabilitação com laminados vitrocerâmicos. A segunda fase consistiu na cimentação dos laminados, a fim de obter um resultado estético agradável. Discussão: A associação de ortodontia prévia a instalação dos laminados, permite uma melhor harmonia estética e oclusal, garantindo uma longevidade do tratamento. Opções restauradoras como laminados vitrocerâmicos reforçados com dissilicato de lítio permitem reabilitações extensas minimamente invasivas. Para casos complexos a proporção áurea, quando alinhada com os conceitos de macro e microestética, pode levar ao sucesso estético.Descritores: Estética Dentária; Facetas Dentárias; Diastema.ReferênciasSoares GP, Silva FAP, Lima DANL, Paulillo LAMS, Lovadino JR. Prevalência da proporção áurea em indivíduos adultos-jovens. Rev odonto ciênc. 2006;21:346-50.Higashi C, Amaral RC, Hilgenberg SP, Gomes JC, Hirata R, Loguercio R, et al. Finalização estética em dentes anteriores pós tratamento ortodôntico: relato de caso clínico. Int J Bras Dent. 2007;3:388-98.Kalia A, Mirdehghan N, Khandekar S, Patil W. Multi-disciplinary approach for enhancing orthodontic esthetics - case report. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2015;13:83-9.Otani T, Raigrodski AJ, Mancl L, Kanuma I, Rosen J. In vitro evaluation of accuracy and precision of automated robotic tooth preparation system for porcelain laminate veneers. J Prosthet Dent. 2015;114:229-35.BaratierI LN. Estética: restaurações adesivas diretas em dentes anteriores fraturados. São Paulo: Santos Editora; 1998.Levin, EI. Dental esthetics and the golden proportion. J Prosthet Dent. 1978;3:244-52.Siqueira PM, Nahsan FPS, Naufel FS, Formighieri LA, Schmitt VL. Incidência da proporção áurea regressiva após tratamento ortodôntico. Rev Odontol Bras Central. 2012;21:515-18.Melo GFB, Menezes Filho PFM. Proporção áurea e sua relevância para a odontologia estética. Int J Dent. 2008;7:234-238.Oliveira VLR. Estudo da proporção áurea entre incisivos centrais. SOTAU R. Virtual Odontol. 2008;5:2-6.Proffit W, Fields HW, Sarver DM. Contemporary orthodontics Fourth edition. Oxford: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.Moon JE. Esthetic restorations of maxillary anterior teeth with orthodontic treatment and porcelain laminate veneers: a case report. J Adv Prosthodont. 2010;2:61-63.Keene HJ. Distribution of diastemas in the dentition of man. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1963;21:437-41.Nagalakshmi S, Sathish R, Priya K, Dhayanithi D. Changes in quality of life during orthodontic correction of midline diastema. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2014;6:162-64.Jacobson N, Frank CA. The myth of instant orthodontics: an ethical quandary. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139:224-34.Bona AD. Bonding to ceramics: scientific evidences for clinical dentistry. São Paulo: Artes Médicas; 2009. p. 91-132.Griggs JA. Recent advances in materials for all-ceramic restorations. Dent Clin North Am. 2007;51:713-27.Gurel G, Sesma N, Calamita MA, Coachman C, Morimoto S. Influence of enamel preservation on failure rates of porcelain laminate veneers. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2013;33:31-9.Vargas MA, Bergeron C, Diaz-Arnold A. Cementing all-ceramic restorations: recommendations for success. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011;142:20-24.Runnacles P, Correr GM, Baratto Filho F, Gonzaga CC, Furuse AY. Degree of conversion of a resin cement light-cured through ceramic veneers of different thicknesses and types. Braz Dent J. 2014; 25:38-42.Almeida JR, Schmitt GU, Kaizer MR, Boscato N, Moraes RR. Resin-based luting agents and color stability of bonded ceramic veneers. J Prosthet Dent. 2015;114:272-77.Marubayashi AMW, Shinike, AY, Terada, HH, Kurihara, E, Terada RSS. Avaliação da proporção áurea em pacientes submetidos ou não a tratamento ortodôntico. Rev Dental Press Estét. 2010;7:72-80.Morley J1, Eubank J. Macroesthetic elements of smile design. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132:39-45.Johnston CD, Burden DJ, Stevenson MR. The influence of dental to facial midline discrepancies on dental attractiveness ratings. Eur J Orthod. 1999;21:517-22.Kokich VO Jr, Kiyak HA, Shapiro PA. Comparing the perception of dentists and lay people to altered dental esthetics. J Esthet Dent. 1999;11:311-24.

With globalization, the university-work transition has become increasingly challenging for graduates and employers. In the new context, the mission of university has shifted, and knowledge is no longer considered as singular [1]. The traditional role of universities in producing knowledge has changed to give more focus on the demands of society. The “codified knowledge” acquired from didactic teaching in universities can be at odds with the often “informal and tacit” knowledge required in the workplace. The development of information technology makes the nature of work changing very fast; graduates need to achieve attributes that help them not only do the work corresponding with their disciplines, but be able to learn new skills and new knowledge. This paper presents the primary results of a questionnaire survey among 25 employers of VNU School of Law’s graduates to explore employers’ evaluation of the employability of graduates from Vietnam National University Hanoi. Applying theories of graduate attributes [2], employability [3] and graduate transferable skills [4], [5], the survey explores the gap between university study and the requirements at the work market of graduates. This paper argues that there is considerable distance between university knowledge and skills and the nature of the work. Graduates lack transferable skills, those that allow them to acquire the necessary skills, to satisfy the requirements of the morden workplace, to transfer abstract cognitive skills. These skills are needed before the graduates enter the work market as the employers expect them to practice these skills competently at work. Although these skills can be generated through work, the employers do emphasise their importance for univesrity graduates. Therefore the university teaching and learning process should be reviewed and revised (if necessary) to develop these transferable skills during the time at the university. Keywords Graduate attributes, employability, Vietnam, general competences, transferable skills References [1] Bennett, N., Dunne, E., Carré, C. (2000). Skills development in higher education and employment, (Buckingham; Philadelphia, PA :, Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press).[2] Barrie, S. (2006). Understanding What We Mean by the Generic Attributes of Graduates. Higher Education, 51(2), 215-241. [3] Knight, P. T., & Yorke, M. (2002). Employability through the curriculum. Tertiary Education & Management, 8(4), 261-276.[4] Bennett, R. (2002). Employers' Demands for Personal Transferable Skills in Graduates: a content analysis of 1000 job advertisements and an associated empirical study, Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 54:4, 457-476, DOI: 10.1080/13636820200200209[5] Harvey, L. (2005). Embedding and integrating employability. New Directions for Institutional Research. (128), 13-26. doi:10.1002/ir.160[6] Sen, A. (2002). How to judge globalism. The American Prospect Online. Online resource. http://www.prospect.org/print/V13/1/sen-a.html. Accessed on 30 March 2013.[7] Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.[8] Marginson, S., & van der Wende, M. (2009). The new global landscape of nations and institutions. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Higher education to 2030, 2(Globalization), 17-62.[9] Altbach, P. G. (2010). The realities of mass higher education in a globalized world. In D. B. Johnstone, M. d'Ambrosio & P. J. Yakoboski (Eds.), Higher education in a global society (pp. 25-41). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.[10] Marginson, S. (2008). Global field and global imagining: Bourdieu and worldwide higher education. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 29(3), 303 - 315.[11] Douglass, J., Thomson, G., & Zhao, C.-M. (2012). The learning outcomes race: the value of self-reported gains in large research universities. Higher Education, 64(3), 317-335.[12] Eraut, M. (2004). Transfer of knowledge between education and workplace settings. In H. Rainbird, A. Fuller & A. Munro (Eds.), Workplace learning in context (pp. 201-221). London ; New York: Routledge.[13] Hernández-March, J., Martín del Peso, M., & Leguey, S. (2009). Graduates’ Skills and Higher Education: The employers’ perspective. Tertiary Education and Management, 15(1), 1-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13583880802699978[14] Harvey, L., Moon, S., Geall, V., & Bower, R. (1997). Graduates' Work: Organisational Change and Students' Attributes. Centre for Research into Quality, 90 Aldridge Road, Perry Barr, Birmingham B42 2TP, England, United Kingdom (5 British pounds).[15] Holden, R., & Jameson, S. (2002). Employing graduates in SMEs: towards a research agenda. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 9(3), 271-284.[16] Fallows, S., & Steven, C. (2013). Integrating key skills in higher education: Employability, transferable skills and learning for life. Routledge.[17] Haigh, M. J., & Kilmartin, M. P. (1999). Student perceptions of the development of personal transferable skills. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 23(2), 195-206. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/214735353?accountid=39811[18] Lowden, K., Hall, S., Elliot, D., & Lewin, J. (2011). Employers’ perceptions of the employability skills of new graduates. London: Edge Foundation.[19] Suleman, F. (2016). Employability skills of higher education graduates: Little consensus on a much-discussed subject. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 228, 169-174. Paper presented in the Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Higher Education Advances, HEAd´16, 21-23 June 2016, València, Spain.[20] Little, B. (2006). Employability and work-based learning. York: Higher Education Academy, 2006.[21] Stephenson, J. (2013). “The Concept of Capability and Its Importance in Higher Education,” in Capability and quality in higher educationJ. Stephenson and M. Yorke, Eds. Routledge, pp. 1-13.[22] Yorke, M., & Harvey, L. (2005). Graduate Attributes and Their Development. In R. A. Voorhees & L. Harvey (Eds.), Workforce development and higher education: a strategic role for institutional research (pp. 41-58). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.[23] Maclean, R., & Ordonez, V. (2007). Work, skills development for employability and education for sustainable development. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 6(2), 123-140.[24] De Weert, E. (2007). Graduate Employment in Europe: The Employers' Perspective. In U. Teichler (Ed.), Careers of University Graduates (Vol. 17, pp. 225-246): Springer Netherlands.[25] Tran Quang Trung, & Swierczek, F. W. (2009). Skills development in higher education in Vietnam. Asia Pacific Business Review, 15(4), 565-586.[26] Nguyen Thi Thanh Hong. (2008). “Factors influencing the self-study quality for education theory subject of the students at Universities of Education”. Vietnamese Education Review, vol. 182, no.2, pp. 22-24.[27] World Bank. (2008). Vietnam - Higher education and skills for growth. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008.[28] Mai Thi Quynh Lan (2017). The ‘person-in-between’ role of young graduates at INGOs in Vietnam. Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability, 8(1), 137-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2017vol8no1art626[29] World Bank. (2013). Vietnam development report: preparing the work force for a modern market economy: Main report. Washington DC; World Bank, vol. 2.

O clareamento dental tem sido uma opção conservadora para o tratamento estético dos dentes. A procura pelo procedimento tornou-se popular, sendo considerado ainda um procedimento minimamente invasivo, seguro e eficaz quando feito corretamente e acompanhado por um profissional habilitado. Esse procedimento poderá mudar significativamente a aparência dos dentes, tornando-a agradável. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do clareamento de consultório do esmalte dental sobre sua alteração de cor e a rugosidade superficial após o envelhecimento artificial embebidas fitness. 100 dentes bovinos foram submetidos a uma análise cromática inicial, por meio de um Espectrofotômetro de Reflexão Ultravioleta Visível*,Modelo* VITA Easyshade® Compact, com a avaliação de cor calculada através do Sistema CIE L*a*b*. A análise de rugosidade superficial (Ra) dos blocos de esmalte foi realizada em rugosímetro HommelEtamic W10 (JENOPTIK Industrial Metrology Germany GmbH). Após as análises iniciais os dentes foram divididos em10 grupos de estudo (n=10)- 50 amostras clareadas e 50 amostras não clareadas (3sessões-1/semana)-sendo imersas em sucos detox de açai (DTXAc), rosa (DTXRs), verde (DTXV), amarelo (DTXAm) e água mineral(A) por 1 hora/ dia. A alteração de cor (ΔE) e rugosidade (Ra) foram calculados.Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante na porcentagem de aumento da rugosidade das amostras. Apresentaram maior alteração de cor, as amostras clareadas que foram submetidas a envelhecimento artificial em DTXAm e DTXRs. Entre os grupos que não foram clareados, os Sucos DTXRs, de DTXAc e DTXV apresentaram maior alteração de cor. O uso de Sucos DTXRs e DTXAm entre as sessões de clareamento de consultório resultou em maior alteração de cor.Descritores: Esmalte Dentário; Clareamento Dental; Clareadores Dentários.ReferênciasAttia ML, Gomes ACO, César ICR, Munin E, Aguiar FHB, Liporoni PCS. Avaliação da eficácia de clareamento e da susceptibilidade ao manchamento de blocos dentais humanos e bovinos submetidos a dois agentes pigmentantes. In: Anais do IX Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica e V Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação. João Pessoa: Universidade do Vale do Paraíba; 2005.Ramos APB, Cesar ICR, Alves GL, Alves LP, Munin E, Rego MA, Liporoni PC. Avaliação do clareamento dental com peróxido de carbamida a 16%, submetidos a diferentes pigmentos, através de análise de fotorreflectância e rugosidade. In: Anais do X Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica e VI Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação – Universidade do Vale do Paraíba. João Pessoa: Universidade do Vale do Paraíba; 2005.Souto CMC. Avaliação da influência de ingestão de bebidas corantes em diferentes tempos na estabilidade do clareamento dental: análise de fotorreflectância. [dissertação]. Taubaté: Universidade de Taubaté; 2006.Sundfeld RH. Clareamento de Dentes Vitais com Peróxido de Carbamida. Araçatuba: Unesp, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.foa.unesp.br/include/ arquivos/foa/restauradora/files/capitulo-clareamento-de-dentes-vitais-com-peroxido-de-carbmida.pdfAraújo LS, Santos PH, Anchieta RB, Catelan A, Fraga Briso AL, Fraga Zaze AC, Sundfeld RH. Mineral loss and color change of enamel after bleaching and staining solutions combination. J Biomed Opt. 2013;18(10):108004-6.Anaraki SN, Shahabi S, Chiniforush N, Nokhbatolfoghahaei H, Assadian H, Yousefi B. Evaluation of the effects of conventional versus laser bleaching techniques on enamel microroughness. Lasers Med Sci. 2015;30(3):1013-18.Esberard RR, Consolaro A, Esberard RM, Bonetti I, Esberard RR.Efeitos das técnicas e dos agentes clareadores externos na morfologia da junção amelocementária e nos tecidos dentários que a compõem. Rev Dental Press Estét. 2004;1(1):58-72.Rezende M, Cerqueira RR, Loguercio AD, Reis A, Kossatz S. Corantes com e sem açúcar versus efetividade do clareamento dental: estudo ex vivo. Rev Odontol Bras Central 2014;23(66):146-49.Berger SB, Coelho AS, Oliveira VAP, Cavalli V, Giannini M. Enamel susceptibility to red wine staining after 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 2008;16(3):201-4.Whiteness. Clareador dental para uso em consultório somente uso profissional. Joenvile, SC: Dentscare; 2015. Disponível em: http://www.fgm.ind.br/site/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Whiteness-HP-manual-de-info.pdfSchulze KA, Marshall SJ, Gansky AS, Marshall GW. Color stability and hardness in dental composites after accelerated aging. Dent Mater. 2003;19(7):612-19.Miranda TAM, Moura SK, Amorim VHO, Terada RSS, Pascotto RC. Influence of exposure time to saliva and antioxidant treatment on bond strength to enamel after tooth bleaching: an in situ study. J Appl Oral Science. 2013;21(6):567-74.Tober T, Gilde H, Lenz P. Color stability of highly filled composite resin materials for facings. Dent Mater. 2001;17(1):87-94Da Cunha FB, Rodrigues e Silva BH, Freitas De Paula BL, Alencar CM, de Albuquerque Jassé FF, Silva CM. Effect of high concentrated fluoride-based dentifrice on the hardness, roughness, and color of the bleached enamel. J Conserv Dent. 2018;21(4):433-37.Carlos NR, Pinto A, Amaral FD, França F, Turssi CP, Basting RT. Influence of staining solutions on color change and enamel surface properties during at-home and in-office dental bleaching: an in situ study. Oper Dent. 2019;44(6):595-608.Attia ML, Cavalli V, do Espírito Santo AM, Martin AA, D'Arce MB, Aguiar FH et al. Effects of bleaching agents combined with regular and whitening toothpastes on surface roughness and mineral content of enamel. Photomed Laser Surg. 2015;33(7):378-83.Liporoni PC, Souto CM, Pazinatto RB, Cesar IC, de Rego MA, Mathias P et al. Enamel susceptibility to coffee and red wine staining at different intervals elapsed from bleaching: a photoreflectance spectrophotometry analysis. 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Introdução: O recém-nascido (RN) é classificado como prematuro quando apresenta idade gestacional inferior a 37 semanas e peso de nascimento igual ou abaixo de 2.550g. Devido à imaturidade do sistema respiratório, o neonato está sujeito a apresentar diversas complicações, dentre elas, as respiratórias, o que ocasiona o seu prolongamento na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN). A fisioterapia respiratória é de grande importância no tratamento e recuperação do RN através da aplicação de técnicas de higiene brônquica (HB). O estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da fisioterapia respiratória no recém-nascido prematuro publicados na literatura científica. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um a revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, LILACS, Medline, SciELO, SCOPUS e ISI Web of Knowledge, incluindo artigos publicados no período de 2007 a 2015. Oito artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Resultados e Discussão: A atuação da fisioterapia respiratória foi analisada mediante os efeitos da aplicação das técnicas de HB mais utilizadas no recém-nascido pré-termo (RNPT), podendo destacar a tapotagem, vibrocompressão, drenagem postural e aspiração. Foram realizadas comparações para comprovar a eficácia e os possíveis efeitos colaterais que pudessem alterar o funcionamento da mecânica respiratória do RN. Os estudos mostraram a efetividade da fisioterapia respiratória e os efeitos das manobras na condição respiratória do neonato de risco. Conclusão: A fisioterapia tem um papel importante no cuidado ao recém-nascido pré-termo, mas necessita de mais estudos que comprovem sua eficácia e sua importância na melhora da condição de vida do neonato.Descritores: Recém-Nascido; Nascimento Prematuro; Fisioterapia.ReferênciasNikolovi V. Congenital malformations and perinatal mortality at the Saint Antoine University Obstetric. 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Einstein. 2010;8(1):102-6.Piva JP, Garcia PCR. Insuficiência Respiratória Aguda. IN: Piva JP, Carvalho P, Garcia PCR. Terapia Intensiva em Pediatria. Medsi: Rio de Janeiro; 2009.p.163.Nicolau CM, Falcão MC. Influência da fisioterapia resiratória sobre a função cardiopulmonar em recém-nascido de muito baixo peso. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2010; 28(2):170-75.Souza JAQ, Moran CA. Fisioterapia respiratória em recém-nascidos pré-termo: ensaio clínico randomizado. Rev Bras Med. 2013;49(11):434-38.Antunes LCO, Silva EG, Bocardo P, Daher DR, Faggiotto RD, Rugolo LMSS. Efeitos da fisioterapia convencional versus aumento do fluxo expiratório na saturação de O2, freqüência cardíaca e freqüência respiratória em prematuro no período pós-extubação. Rev bras fisioter. 2006; 10(1):97-103.Nicolau CM, Falcão MC. Efeitos da fisioterapia respiratória em recém-nascidos: análise crítica da literatura. Rev Paul Pediatria. 2007;25(1):72-5.Santos MLM, Souza LA, Batiston AP, Palhares DB. Efeitos de técnicas de desobstrução brônquica na mecânica respiratória de neonatos prematuros em ventilação pulmonar mecânica. Rev. bras. ter. intensiva . 2009;21(2):183-89. Martins AP, Segre CAM. Fisioterapia respiratória em neonatologia: importância e cuidados. Pediatr mod. 2010;46(2):56-60.Johnston C, Zanetti NM, Comaru T, Ribeiro SNS, Andrade LB, Santos SLL. I Recomendação brasileira de fisioterapia respiratória em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica e neonatal. Rev bras ter intensiva. 2012;24(2):119-29.De Paula LC, Ceccon ME. Análise comparativa randomizada entre dois tipos de sistema de aspiração traqueal em recém-nascidos. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2010;56(4):434-39.Gonçalves RL, Tsuzuki, LM, Carvalho, MGS. Aspiração endotraqueal em recém-nascidos intubados: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Rev bras ter intensiva. 2015;27(3):284-92.American Association for Respiratory Care. AARC Clinical Practice Guidelines. Endotracheal suctioning of mechanically ventilated patients with artificial airways. Respir care. 2010;55(6):758-64.Rosa FK, Roese CA, Savi A, Dias AS, Monteiro MB. Comportamento da mecânica pulmonar após a aplicação de protocolo de fisioterapia respiratória e aspiração traqueal em pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva. Rev bras ter intensiva. 2007;19(2):170-75.Pederson CM, Rosendahl-Nielsen M, Hjermind J, Egerod I. Endotracheal suctioning of the adult intubated patiente—what is the evidence? Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2009;25(1):21-30Gonçalves RL, Tsuzuki LM, Carvalho MGS. Aspiração endotraqueal em recém-nascidos intubados: uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Rev bras ter intensiva. 2015;27(3):284-92.Selsby DS. Chest physiotherapy. BMJ. 1989; 298(6673):541-42.Ferreira ACL, Troster EJ. Atualização em terapia intensiva pediátrica. Rio de Janeiro: Interlivros; 1996.Holloway R, Adams EB, Desai SD, Thambiran AK. Effect of chest physiotherapy on blood gases of neonates treated by intermittent positive pressure respiration. Thorax. 1996;24(4):421-26.Wood BP. Infant ribs: gereralized periosteal reaction resulting from vibrator chest physiotherapy. Radiology. 1987;162(3):811-12.Raval D, Yeh TF, Mora A. Chest physiotherapy in preterm infants wih RDS in the first 24 hours of life. J Perinatol. 1987;7(4):301-4.Juliani RCTP, Lahóz ALC, Nicolau CM, Paula LCS, Cunha MT. Fisioterapia nas unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica e neonatal. Programa Nacional de educação continuada em Pediatria. PRONAP 2003/2004; 70: 9-24.Gava MV, Picanço PSA. Fisioterapia pneumológica. São Paulo: Manole; 2007.Figueira F. Pediatria. 3. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koongan; 2004.Crane LD, Zombek M, Krauss NA, Auld PA. Comparison of chest physiotherapy techniques in infants with RDS. Pediatr Res.1978;12:559A.Duara S, Bessard K, Keszler L. Evaluation of different percussion time intervals at chest physiotherapy on neonatal pulmonary function parameters. Pediatr Res. 1983;17:310A.Tudehope DI, Bagley C. Techniques of physiotherapy in intubated babies with the respiratory distress syndrome. Aust Paediatr J. 1980;16(4):226-28.Selestrin CC, Oliveira AG, Ferreira C, Siqueira AAF, Abreu LC, Murad N. Avaliação dos parâmetros fisiológicos em recém-nascidos pré-termo em ventilação mecânica após procedimentos de fisioterapia neonatal. Rev bras crescimento desenvolv hum. 2007;17(1):146-55.Nicolau CM. Estudo das repercussões da fisioterapia respiratória sobre a função cardiopulmonar em recém-nascido pré-termo de muito baixo peso [dissertação]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina USP; 2006.Cuelo AF, Arcodaci CS, Feltrim MIZ. Broncoobstrução. São Paulo: Panamericana. 1987.Curran LC, Kachoyeanos MK. The effects of neonates of two methods of chest physical therapy. Mothercraft Nursing. 1979;4:309-13.Oliveira LRC. Padronização do desmame da ventilação mecânica em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva: resultados após um ano. Rev bras ter intensiva. 2006;18(2):131-36.Finer NN, Boyd J. Chest physiotherapy in the neonate: a controlled study. Pediatrics. 1978; 61(2):282-85.Alcântara PC, Filho JOS, Lima TCP. Atuação da fisioterapia respiratória em recém-nascido com a síndrome do desconforto respiratório. Revisão da literatura. EFDeportes.2015;19(202).Goto K, Maeda T, Mirmiram M; Ariagno R. Effects of prone and supine position on sleep characteristics in preterm infants. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999, 53(2):315-17.Lanza FC, Gazzotti MR, Luque A, Cadrobbi C, Faria R, Solé D. Fisioterapia respiratória em lactantes com bronquiolite: realizar ou não? Mundo Saúde. 2008;32(2):183-88.Haddad ER, Costa LCD, Negrini F, Sampaio LMM. Abordagens fisioterapêuticas para remoção de secreções das vias aéreas em recém-nascidos: relato de casos. Pediatria. 2006;28(2):135-40.

Every act of art is able to reveal, balance and revive the relations between a territory and its inhabitants (François Davin, Southern Forest Sculpture Walk Catalogue)Introducing the Understory Art in Nature TrailIn February 2015, a colossal wildfire destroyed 98,300 hectares of farm and bushland surrounding the town of Northcliffe, located 365 km south of Perth, Western Australia (WA). As the largest fire in the recorded history of the southwest region (Southern Forest Arts, After the Burn 8), the disaster attracted national attention however the extraordinary contribution of local knowledge in saving a town considered by authorities to be “undefendable” (Kennedy) is yet to be widely appreciated. In accounting for a creative scene that survived the conflagration, this case study sees culture mobilised as a socioeconomic resource for conservation and the healing of community spirit.Northcliffe (population 850) sits on a coastal plain that hosts majestic old-growth forest and lush bushland. In 2006, Southern Forest Arts (SFA) dedicated a Southern Forest Sculpture Walk for creative professionals to develop artworks along a 1.2 km walk trail through pristine native forest. It was re-branded “Understory—Art in Nature” in 2009; then “Understory Art in Nature Trail” in 2015, the understory vegetation layer beneath the canopy being symbolic of Northcliffe’s deeply layered caché of memories, including “the awe, love, fear, and even the hatred that these trees have provoked among the settlers” (Davin in SFA Catalogue). In the words of the SFA Trailguide, “Every place (no matter how small) has ‘understories’—secrets, songs, dreams—that help us connect with the spirit of place.”In the view of forest arts ecologist Kumi Kato, “It is a sense of place that underlies the commitment to a place’s conservation by its community, broadly embracing those who identify with the place for various reasons, both geographical and conceptual” (149). In bioregional terms such communities form a terrain of consciousness (Berg and Dasmann 218), extending responsibility for conservation across cultures, time and space (Kato 150). A sustainable thematic of place must also include livelihood as the third party between culture and nature that establishes the relationship between them (Giblett 240). With these concepts in mind I gauge creative impact on forest as place, and, in turn, (altered) forest’s impact on people. My abstraction of physical place is inclusive of humankind moving in dialogic engagement with forest. A mapping of Understory’s creative activities sheds light on how artists express physical environments in situated creative practices, clusters, and networks. These, it is argued, constitute unique types of community operating within (and beyond) a foundational scene of inspiration and mystification that is metaphorically “rising from the ashes.” In transcending disconnectedness between humankind and landscape, Understory may be understood to both culturalise nature (as an aesthetic system), and naturalise culture (as an ecologically modelled system), to build on a trope introduced by Feld (199). Arguably when the bush is cultured in this way it attracts consumers who may otherwise disconnect from nature.The trail (henceforth Understory) broaches the histories of human relations with Northcliffe’s natural systems of place. Sub-groups of the Noongar nation have inhabited the southwest for an estimated 50,000 years and their association with the Northcliffe region extends back at least 6,000 years (SFA Catalogue; see also Crawford and Crawford). An indigenous sense of the spirit of forest is manifest in Understory sculpture, literature, and—for the purpose of this article—the compilation CD Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests (henceforth Canopy, Figure 1).As a cultural and environmental construction of place, Canopy sustains the land with acts of seeing, listening to, and interpreting nature; of remembering indigenous people in the forest; and of recalling the hardships of the early settlers. I acknowledge SFA coordinator and Understory custodian Fiona Sinclair for authorising this investigation; Peter Hill for conservation conversations; Robyn Johnston for her Canopy CD sleeve notes; Della Rae Morrison for permissions; and David Pye for discussions. Figure 1. Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests (CD, 2006). Cover image by Raku Pitt, 2002. Courtesy Southern Forest Arts, Northcliffe, WA.Forest Ecology, Emotion, and ActionEstablished in 1924, Northcliffe’s ill-founded Group Settlement Scheme resulted in frontier hardship and heartbreak, and deforestation of the southwest region for little economic return. An historic forest controversy (1992-2001) attracted media to Northcliffe when protesters attempting to disrupt logging chained themselves to tree trunks and suspended themselves from branches. The signing of the Western Australian Regional Forest Agreement in 1999 was followed, in 2001, by deregulation of the dairy industry and a sharp decline in area population.Moved by the gravity of this situation, Fiona Sinclair won her pitch to the Manjimup Council for a sound alternative industry for Northcliffe with projections of jobs: a forest where artists could work collectively and sustainably to reveal the beauty of natural dimensions. A 12-acre pocket of allocated Crown Land adjacent to the town was leased as an A-Class Reserve vested for Education and Recreation, for which SFA secured unified community ownership and grants. Conservation protocols stipulated that no biomass could be removed from the forest and that predominantly raw, natural materials were to be used (F. Sinclair and P. Hill, personal interview, 26 Sep. 2014). With forest as prescribed image (wider than the bounded chunk of earth), Sinclair invited the artists to consider the themes of spirituality, creativity, history, dichotomy, and sensory as a basis for work that was to be “fresh, intimate, and grounded in place.” Her brief encouraged artists to work with humanity and imagination to counteract residual community divisiveness and resentment. Sinclair describes this form of implicit environmentalism as an “around the back” approach that avoids lapsing into political commentary or judgement: “The trail is a love letter from those of us who live here to our visitors, to connect with grace” (F. Sinclair, telephone interview, 6 Apr. 2014). Renewing community connections to local place is essential if our lives and societies are to become more sustainable (Pedelty 128). To define Northcliffe’s new community phase, artists respected differing associations between people and forest. A structure on a karri tree by Indigenous artist Norma MacDonald presents an Aboriginal man standing tall and proud on a rock to become one with the tree and the forest: as it was for thousands of years before European settlement (MacDonald in SFA Catalogue). As Feld observes, “It is the stabilizing persistence of place as a container of experiences that contributes so powerfully to its intrinsic memorability” (201).Adhering to the philosophy that nature should not be used or abused for the sake of art, the works resonate with the biorhythms of the forest, e.g. functional seats and shelters and a cascading retainer that directs rainwater back to the resident fauna. Some sculptures function as receivers for picking up wavelengths of ancient forest. Forest Folk lurk around the understory, while mysterious stone art represents a life-shaping force of planet history. To represent the reality of bushfire, Natalie Williamson’s sculpture wraps itself around a burnt-out stump. The work plays with scale as small native sundew flowers are enlarged and a subtle beauty, easily overlooked, becomes apparent (Figure 2). The sculptor hopes that “spiders will spin their webs about it, incorporating it into the landscape” (SFA Catalogue).Figure 2. Sundew. Sculpture by Natalie Williamson, 2006. Understory Art in Nature Trail, Northcliffe, WA. Image by the author, 2014.Memory is naturally place-oriented or at least place-supported (Feld 201). Topaesthesia (sense of place) denotes movement that connects our biography with our route. This is resonant for the experience of regional character, including the tactile, olfactory, gustatory, visual, and auditory qualities of a place (Ryan 307). By walking, we are in a dialogue with the environment; both literally and figuratively, we re-situate ourselves into our story (Schine 100). For example, during a summer exploration of the trail (5 Jan. 2014), I intuited a personal attachment based on my grandfather’s small bush home being razed by fire, and his struggle to support seven children.Understory’s survival depends on vigilant controlled (cool) burns around its perimeter (Figure 3), organised by volunteer Peter Hill. These burns also hone the forest. On 27 Sept. 2014, the charred vegetation spoke a spring language of opportunity for nature to reassert itself as seedpods burst and continue the cycle; while an autumn walk (17 Mar. 2016) yielded a fresh view of forest colour, patterning, light, shade, and sound.Figure 3. Understory Art in Nature Trail. Map Created by Fiona Sinclair for Southern Forest Sculpture Walk Catalogue (2006). Courtesy Southern Forest Arts, Northcliffe, WA.Understory and the Melody of CanopyForest resilience is celebrated in five MP3 audio tours produced for visitors to dialogue with the trail in sensory contexts of music, poetry, sculptures and stories that name or interpret the setting. The trail starts in heathland and includes three creek crossings. A zone of acacias gives way to stands of the southwest signature trees karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor), jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), and marri (Corymbia calophylla). Following a sheoak grove, a riverine environment re-enters heathland. Birds, insects, mammals, and reptiles reside around and between the sculptures, rendering the earth-embedded art a fusion of human and natural orders (concept after Relph 141). On Audio Tour 3, Songs for the Southern Forests, the musician-composers reflect on their regionally focused items, each having been birthed according to a personal musical concept (the manner in which an individual artist holds the totality of a composition in cultural context). Arguably the music in question, its composers, performers, audiences, and settings, all have a role to play in defining the processes and effects of forest arts ecology. Local musician Ann Rice billeted a cluster of musicians (mostly from Perth) at her Windy Harbour shack. The energy of the production experience was palpable as all participated in on-site forest workshops, and supported each other’s items as a musical collective (A. Rice, telephone interview, 2 Oct. 2014). Collaborating under producer Lee Buddle’s direction, they orchestrated rich timbres (tone colours) to evoke different musical atmospheres (Table 1). Composer/Performer Title of TrackInstrumentation1. Ann RiceMy Placevocals/guitars/accordion 2. David PyeCicadan Rhythmsangklung/violin/cello/woodblocks/temple blocks/clarinet/tapes 3. Mel RobinsonSheltervocal/cello/double bass 4. DjivaNgank Boodjakvocals/acoustic, electric and slide guitars/drums/percussion 5. Cathie TraversLamentaccordion/vocals/guitar/piano/violin/drums/programming 6. Brendon Humphries and Kevin SmithWhen the Wind First Blewvocals/guitars/dobro/drums/piano/percussion 7. Libby HammerThe Gladevocal/guitar/soprano sax/cello/double bass/drums 8. Pete and Dave JeavonsSanctuaryguitars/percussion/talking drum/cowbell/soprano sax 9. Tomás FordWhite Hazevocal/programming/guitar 10. David HyamsAwakening /Shaking the Tree /When the Light Comes guitar/mandolin/dobro/bodhran/rainstick/cello/accordion/flute 11. Bernard CarneyThe Destiny Waltzvocal/guitar/accordion/drums/recording of The Destiny Waltz 12. Joel BarkerSomething for Everyonevocal/guitars/percussion Table 1. Music Composed for Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests.Source: CD sleeve and http://www.understory.com.au/art.php. Composing out of their own strengths, the musicians transformed the geographic region into a living myth. As Pedelty has observed of similar musicians, “their sounds resonate because they so profoundly reflect our living sense of place” (83-84). The remainder of this essay evidences the capacity of indigenous song, art music, electronica, folk, and jazz-blues to celebrate, historicise, or re-imagine place. Firstly, two items represent the phenomenological approach of site-specific sensitivity to acoustic, biological, and cultural presence/loss, including the materiality of forest as a living process.“Singing Up the Land”In Aboriginal Australia “there is no place that has not been imaginatively grasped through song, dance and design, no place where traditional owners cannot see the imprint of sacred creation” (Rose 18). Canopy’s part-Noongar language song thus repositions the ancient Murrum-Noongar people within their life-sustaining natural habitat and spiritual landscape.Noongar Yorga woman Della Rae Morrison of the Bibbulmun and Wilman nations co-founded The Western Australian Nuclear Free Alliance to campaign against the uranium mining industry threatening Ngank Boodjak (her country, “Mother Earth”) (D.R. Morrison, e-mail, 15 July 2014). In 2004, Morrison formed the duo Djiva (meaning seed power or life force) with Jessie Lloyd, a Murri woman of the Guugu Yimidhirr Nation from North Queensland. After discerning the fundamental qualities of the Understory site, Djiva created the song Ngank Boodjak: “This was inspired by walking the trail […] feeling the energy of the land and the beautiful trees and hearing the birds. When I find a spot that I love, I try to feel out the lay-lines, which feel like vortexes of energy coming out of the ground; it’s pretty amazing” (Morrison in SFA Canopy sleeve) Stanza 1 points to the possibilities of being more fully “in country”:Ssh!Ni dabarkarn kooliny, ngank boodja kookoorninyListen, walk slowly, beautiful Mother EarthThe inclusion of indigenous language powerfully implements an indigenous interpretation of forest: “My elders believe that when we leave this life from our physical bodies that our spirit is earthbound and is living in the rocks or the trees and if you listen carefully you might hear their voices and maybe you will get some answers to your questions” (Morrison in SFA Catalogue).Cicadan Rhythms, by composer David Pye, echoes forest as a lively “more-than-human” world. Pye took his cue from the ambient pulsing of male cicadas communicating in plenum (full assembly) by means of airborne sound. The species were sounding together in tempo with individual rhythm patterns that interlocked to create one fantastic rhythm (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Composer David Pye). The cicada chorus (the loudest known lovesong in the insect world) is the unique summer soundmark (term coined by Truax Handbook, Website) of the southern forests. Pye chased various cicadas through Understory until he was able to notate the rhythms of some individuals in a patch of low-lying scrub.To simulate cicada clicking, the composer set pointillist patterns for Indonesian anklung (joint bamboo tubes suspended within a frame to produce notes when the frame is shaken or tapped). Using instruments made of wood to enhance the rich forest imagery, Pye created all parts using sampled instrumental sounds placed against layers of pre-recorded ambient sounds (D. Pye, telephone interview, 3 Sept. 2014). He takes the listener through a “geographical linear representation” of the trail: “I walked around it with a stopwatch and noted how long it took to get through each section of the forest, and that became the musical timing of the various parts of the work” (Pye in SFA Canopy sleeve). That Understory is a place where reciprocity between nature and culture thrives is, likewise, evident in the remaining tracks.Musicalising Forest History and EnvironmentThree tracks distinguish Canopy as an integrative site for memory. Bernard Carney’s waltz honours the Group Settlers who battled insurmountable terrain without any idea of their destiny, men who, having migrated with a promise of owning their own dairy farms, had to clear trees bare-handedly and build furniture from kerosene tins and gelignite cases. Carney illuminates the culture of Saturday night dancing in the schoolroom to popular tunes like The Destiny Waltz (performed on the Titanic in 1912). His original song fades to strains of the Victor Military Band (1914), to “pay tribute to the era where the inspiration of the song came from” (Carney in SFA Canopy sleeve). Likewise Cathie Travers’s Lament is an evocation of remote settler history that creates a “feeling of being in another location, other timezone, almost like an endless loop” (Travers in SFA Canopy sleeve).An instrumental medley by David Hyams opens with Awakening: the morning sun streaming through tall trees, and the nostalgic sound of an accordion waltz. Shaking the Tree, an Irish jig, recalls humankind’s struggle with forest and the forces of nature. A final title, When the Light Comes, defers to the saying by conservationist John Muir that “The wrongs done to trees, wrongs of every sort, are done in the darkness of ignorance and unbelief, for when the light comes the heart of the people is always right” (quoted by Hyams in SFA Canopy sleeve). Local musician Joel Barker wrote Something for Everyone to personify the old-growth karri as a king with a crown, with “wisdom in his bones.”Kevin Smith’s father was born in Northcliffe in 1924. He and Brendon Humphries fantasise the untouchability of a maiden (pre-human) moment in a forest in their song, When the Wind First Blew. In Libby Hammer’s The Glade (a lover’s lament), instrumental timbres project their own affective languages. The jazz singer intended the accompanying double bass to speak resonantly of old-growth forest; the cello to express suppleness and renewal; a soprano saxophone to impersonate a bird; and the drums to imitate the insect community’s polyrhythmic undercurrent (after Hammer in SFA Canopy sleeve).A hybrid aural environment of synthetic and natural forest sounds contrasts collision with harmony in Sanctuary. The Jeavons Brothers sampled rustling wind on nearby Mt Chudalup to absorb into the track’s opening, and crafted a snare groove for the quirky eco-jazz/trip-hop by banging logs together, and banging rocks against logs. This imaginative use of percussive found objects enhanced their portrayal of forest as “a living, breathing entity.”In dealing with recent history in My Place, Ann Rice cameos a happy childhood growing up on a southwest farm, “damming creeks, climbing trees, breaking bones and skinning knees.” The rich string harmonies of Mel Robinson’s Shelter sculpt the shifting environment of a brewing storm, while White Haze by Tomás Ford describes a smoky controlled burn as “a kind of metaphor for the beautiful mystical healing nature of Northcliffe”: Someone’s burning off the scrubSomeone’s making sure it’s safeSomeone’s whiting out the fearSomeone’s letting me breathe clearAs Sinclair illuminates in a post-fire interview with Sharon Kennedy (Website):When your map, your personal map of life involves a place, and then you think that that place might be gone…” Fiona doesn't finish the sentence. “We all had to face the fact that our little place might disappear." Ultimately, only one house was lost. Pasture and fences, sheds and forest are gone. Yet, says Fiona, “We still have our town. As part of SFA’s ongoing commission, forest rhythm workshops explore different sound properties of potential materials for installing sound sculptures mimicking the surrounding flora and fauna. In 2015, SFA mounted After the Burn (a touring photographic exhibition) and Out of the Ashes (paintings and woodwork featuring ash, charcoal, and resin) (SFA, After the Burn 116). The forthcoming community project Rising From the Ashes will commemorate the fire and allow residents to connect and create as they heal and move forward—ten years on from the foundation of Understory.ConclusionThe Understory Art in Nature Trail stimulates curiosity. It clearly illustrates links between place-based social, economic and material conditions and creative practices and products within a forest that has both given shelter and “done people in.” The trail is an experimental field, a transformative locus in which dedicated physical space frees artists to culturalise forest through varied aesthetic modalities. Conversely, forest possesses agency for naturalising art as a symbol of place. Djiva’s song Ngank Boodjak “sings up the land” to revitalise the timelessness of prior occupation, while David Pye’s Cicadan Rhythms foregrounds the seasonal cycle of entomological music.In drawing out the richness and significance of place, the ecologically inspired album Canopy suggests that the community identity of a forested place may be informed by cultural, economic, geographical, and historical factors as well as endemic flora and fauna. Finally, the musical representation of place is not contingent upon blatant forms of environmentalism. The portrayals of Northcliffe respectfully associate Western Australian people and forests, yet as a place, the town has become an enduring icon for the plight of the Universal Old-growth Forest in all its natural glory, diverse human uses, and (real or perceived) abuses.ReferencesAustralian Broadcasting Commission. “Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests.” Into the Music. Prod. Robyn Johnston. Radio National, 5 May 2007. 12 Aug. 2014 <http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/intothemusic/canopy-songs-for-the-southern-forests/3396338>.———. “Composer David Pye.” Interview with Andrew Ford. The Music Show, Radio National, 12 Sep. 2009. 30 Jan. 2015 <http://canadapodcasts.ca/podcasts/MusicShowThe/1225021>.Berg, Peter, and Raymond Dasmann. “Reinhabiting California.” Reinhabiting a Separate Country: A Bioregional Anthology of Northern California. Ed. Peter Berg. San Francisco: Planet Drum, 1978. 217-20.Crawford, Patricia, and Ian Crawford. Contested Country: A History of the Northcliffe Area, Western Australia. Perth: UWA P, 2003.Feld, Steven. 2001. “Lift-Up-Over Sounding.” The Book of Music and Nature: An Anthology of Sounds, Words, Thoughts. Ed. David Rothenberg and Marta Ulvaeus. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan UP, 2001. 193-206.Giblett, Rod. People and Places of Nature and Culture. Bristol: Intellect, 2011.Kato, Kumi. “Addressing Global Responsibility for Conservation through Cross-Cultural Collaboration: Kodama Forest, a Forest of Tree Spirits.” The Environmentalist 28.2 (2008): 148-54. 15 Apr. 2014 <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10669-007-9051-6#page-1>.Kennedy, Sharon. “Local Knowledge Builds Vital Support Networks in Emergencies.” ABC South West WA, 10 Mar. 2015. 26 Mar. 2015 <http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/03/09/4193981.htm?site=southwestwa>.Morrison, Della Rae. E-mail. 15 July 2014.Pedelty, Mark. Ecomusicology: Rock, Folk, and the Environment. Philadelphia, PA: Temple UP, 2012.Pye, David. Telephone interview. 3 Sep. 2014.Relph, Edward. Place and Placelessness. London: Pion, 1976.Rice, Ann. Telephone interview. 2 Oct. 2014.Rose, Deborah Bird. Nourishing Terrains: Australian Aboriginal Views of Landscape and Wilderness. Australian Heritage Commission, 1996.Ryan, John C. Green Sense: The Aesthetics of Plants, Place and Language. Oxford: Trueheart Academic, 2012.Schine, Jennifer. “Movement, Memory and the Senses in Soundscape Studies.” Canadian Acoustics: Journal of the Canadian Acoustical Association 38.3 (2010): 100-01. 12 Apr. 2016 <http://jcaa.caa-aca.ca/index.php/jcaa/article/view/2264>.Sinclair, Fiona. Telephone interview. 6 Apr. 2014.Sinclair, Fiona, and Peter Hill. Personal Interview. 26 Sep. 2014.Southern Forest Arts. Canopy: Songs for the Southern Forests. CD coordinated by Fiona Sinclair. Recorded and produced by Lee Buddle. Sleeve notes by Robyn Johnston. West Perth: Sound Mine Studios, 2006.———. Southern Forest Sculpture Walk Catalogue. Northcliffe, WA, 2006. Unpaginated booklet.———. Understory—Art in Nature. 2009. 12 Apr. 2016 <http://www.understory.com.au/>.———. Trailguide. Understory. Presented by Southern Forest Arts, n.d.———. After the Burn: Stories, Poems and Photos Shared by the Local Community in Response to the 2015 Northcliffe and Windy Harbour Bushfire. 2nd ed. Ed. Fiona Sinclair. Northcliffe, WA., 2016.Truax, Barry, ed. Handbook for Acoustic Ecology. 2nd ed. Cambridge Street Publishing, 1999. 10 Apr. 2016 <http://www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio/handbook/Soundmark.html>.

The Digital TurnMuch of the 19th century disappeared from public view during the 20th century. Historians recovered what they could from archives and libraries, with the easy pickings-the famous and the fortunate-coming first. Latterly, social and political historians of different hues determinedly sought out the more hidden, forgotten, and marginalised. However, there were always limitations to resources-time, money, location, as well as purpose, opportunity, and permission. 'History' was principally a professionalised and privileged activity dominated by academics who had preferential access to, and significant control over, the resources, technologies and skills required, as well as the social, economic and cultural framework within which history was recovered, interpreted, approved and disseminated.Digitisation and the broader development of new communication technologies has, however, transformed historical research processes and practice dramatically, removing many constraints, opening up many opportunities, and allowing many others than the professional historian to trace and track what would have remained hidden, forgotten, or difficult to find, as well as verify (or otherwise), what has already been claimed and concluded. In the 21st century, the SEARCH button has become a dominant tool of research. This, along with other technological and media developments, has altered the practice of historians-professional or 'public'-who can now range deep and wide in the collection, portrayal and dissemination of historical information, in and out of the confines of the traditional institutional walls of retained information, academia, location, and national boundaries.This incorporation of digital technologies into academic historical practice generally, has raised, as Cohen and Rosenzweig, in their book Digital History, identified a decade ago, not just promises, but perils. For the historian, there has been the move, through digitisation, from the relative scarcity and inaccessibility of historical material to its (over) abundance, but also the emerging acceptance that, out of both necessity and preference, a hybridity of sources will be the foreseeable way forward. There has also been a significant shift, as De Groot notes in his book Consuming History, in the often conflicted relationship between popular/public history and academic history, and the professional and the 'amateur' historian. This has brought a potentially beneficial democratization of historical practice but also an associated set of concerns around the loss of control of both practice and product of the professional historian. Additionally, the development of digital tools for the collection and dissemination of 'history' has raised fears around the commercialised development of the subject's brand, products and commodities. This article considers the significance and implications of some of these changes through one protracted act of recovery and reclamation in which the digital made the difference: the life of a notorious 19th century professional agitator on both sides of the Atlantic, John De Morgan. A man thought lost, but now found."Who Is John De Morgan?" The search began in 1981, linked to the study of contemporary "race riots" in South East London. The initial purpose was to determine whether there was a history of rioting in the area. In the Local History Library, a calm and dusty backwater, an early find was a fading, but evocative and puzzling, photograph of "The Plumstead Common Riots" of 1876. It showed a group of men and women, posing for the photographer on a hillside-the technology required stillness, even in the middle of a riot-spades in hand, filling in a Mr. Jacob's sandpits, illegally dug from what was supposed to be common land. The leader of this, and other similar riots around England, was John De Morgan. A local journalist who covered the riots commented: "Of Mr. De Morgan little is known before or since the period in which he flashed meteorlike through our section of the atmosphere, but he was indisputably a remarkable man" (Vincent 588). Thus began a trek, much interrupted, sometimes unmapped and haphazard, to discover more about this 'remarkable man'. "Who is John De Morgan" was a question frequently asked by his many contemporary antagonists, and by subsequent historians, and one to which De Morgan deliberately gave few answers. The obvious place to start the search was the British Museum Reading Room, resplendent in its Victorian grandeur, the huge card catalogue still in the 1980s the dominating technology. Together with the Library's newspaper branch at Colindale, this was likely to be the repository of all that might then easily be known about De Morgan.From 1869, at the age of 21, it appeared that De Morgan had embarked on a life of radical politics that took him through the UK, made him notorious, lead to accusations of treasonable activities, sent him to jail twice, before he departed unexpectedly to the USA in 1880. During that period, he was involved with virtually every imaginable radical cause, at various times a temperance advocate, a spiritualist, a First Internationalist, a Republican, a Tichbornite, a Commoner, an anti-vaccinator, an advanced Liberal, a parliamentary candidate, a Home Ruler. As a radical, he, like many radicals of the period, "zigzagged nomadically through the mayhem of nineteenth century politics fighting various foes in the press, the clubs, the halls, the pulpit and on the street" (Kazin 202). He promoted himself as the "People's Advocate, Champion and Friend" (Allen). Never a joiner or follower, he established a variety of organizations, became a professional agitator and orator, and supported himself and his politics through lecturing and journalism. Able to attract huge crowds to "monster meetings", he achieved fame, or more correctly notoriety. And then, in 1880, broke and in despair, he disappeared from public view by emigrating to the USA.LostThe view of De Morgan as a "flashing meteor" was held by many in the 1870s. Historians of the 20th century took a similar position and, while considering him intriguing and culturally interesting, normally dispatched him to the footnotes. By the latter part of the 20th century, he was described as "one of the most notorious radicals of the 1870s yet remains a shadowy figure" and was generally dismissed as "a swashbuckling demagogue," a "democratic messiah," and" if not a bandit … at least an adventurer" (Allen 684). His politics were deemed to be reactionary, peripheral, and, worst of all, populist. He was certainly not of sufficient interest to pursue across the Atlantic. In this dismissal, he fell foul of the highly politicised professional culture of mid-to-late 20th-century academic historians. In particular, the lack of any significant direct linkage to the story of the rise of a working class, and specifically the British Labour party, left individuals like De Morgan in the margins and footnotes. However, in terms of historical practice, it was also the case that his mysterious entry into public life, his rapid rise to brief notability and notoriety, and his sudden disappearance, made the investigation of his career too technically difficult to be worthwhile.The footprints of the forgotten may occasionally turn up in the archived papers of the important, or in distant public archives and records, but the primary sources are the newspapers of the time. De Morgan was a regular, almost daily, visitor to the pages of the multitude of newspapers, local and national, that were published in Victorian Britain and Gilded Age USA. He also published his own, usually short-lived and sometimes eponymous, newspapers: De Morgan's Monthly and De Morgan's Weekly as well as the splendidly titled People's Advocate and National Vindicator of Right versus Wrong and the deceptively titled, highly radical, House and Home. He was highly mobile: he noted, without too much hyperbole, that in the 404 days between his English prison sentences in the mid-1870s, he had 465 meetings, travelled 32,000 miles, and addressed 500,000 people. Thus the newspapers of the time are littered with often detailed and vibrant accounts of his speeches, demonstrations, and riots.Nonetheless, the 20th-century technologies of access and retrieval continued to limit discovery. The white gloves, cradles, pencils and paper of the library or archive, sometimes supplemented by the century-old 'new' technology of the microfilm, all enveloped in a culture of hallowed (and pleasurable) silence, restricted the researcher looking to move into the lesser known and certainly the unknown. The fact that most of De Morgan's life was spent, it was thought, outside of England, and outside the purview of the British Library, only exacerbated the problem. At a time when a historian had to travel to the sources and then work directly on them, pencil in hand, it needed more than curiosity to keep searching. Even as many historians in the late part of the century shifted their centre of gravity from the known to the unknown and from the great to the ordinary, in any form of intellectual or resource cost-benefit analysis, De Morgan was a non-starter.UnknownOn the subject of his early life, De Morgan was tantalisingly and deliberately vague. In his speeches and newspapers, he often leaked his personal and emotional struggles as well as his political battles. However, when it came to his biographical story, he veered between the untruthful, the denial, and the obscure. To the twentieth century observer, his life began in 1869 at the age of 21 and ended at the age of 32. His various political campaign "biographies" gave some hints, but what little he did give away was often vague, coy and/or unlikely. His name was actually John Francis Morgan, but he never formally acknowledged it. He claimed, and was very proud, to be Irish and to have been educated in London and at Cambridge University (possible but untrue), and also to have been "for the first twenty years of his life directly or indirectly a railway servant," and to have been a "boy orator" from the age of ten (unlikely but true). He promised that "Some day-nay any day-that the public desire it, I am ready to tell the story of my strange life from earliest recollection to the present time" (St. Clair 4). He never did and the 20th century could unearth little evidence in relation to any of his claims.The blend of the vague, the unlikely and the unverifiable-combined with an inclination to self-glorification and hyperbole-surrounded De Morgan with an aura, for historians as well as contemporaries, of the self-seeking, untrustworthy charlatan with something to hide and little to say. Therefore, as the 20th century moved to closure, the search for John De Morgan did so as well. Though interesting, he gave most value in contextualising the lives of Victorian radicals more generally. He headed back to the footnotes.Now FoundMeanwhile, the technologies underpinning academic practice generally, and history specifically, had changed. The photocopier, personal computer, Internet, and mobile device, had arrived. They formed the basis for both resistance and revolution in academic practices. For a while, the analytical skills of the academic community were concentrated on the perils as much as the promises of a "digital history" (Cohen and Rosenzweig Digital).But as the Millennium turned, and the academic community itself spawned, inter alia, Google, the practical advantages of digitisation for history forced themselves on people. Google enabled the confident searching from a neutral place for things known and unknown; information moved to the user more easily in both time and space. The culture and technologies of gathering, retrieval, analysis, presentation and preservation altered dramatically and, as a result, the traditional powers of gatekeepers, institutions and professional historians was redistributed (De Groot). Access and abundance, arguably over-abundance, became the platform for the management of historical information. For the search for De Morgan, the door reopened. The increased global electronic access to extensive databases, catalogues, archives, and public records, as well as people who knew, or wanted to know, something, opened up opportunities that have been rapidly utilised and expanded over the last decade. Both professional and "amateur" historians moved into a space that made the previously difficult to know or unknowable now accessible.Inevitably, the development of digital newspaper archives was particularly crucial to seeking and finding John De Morgan. After some faulty starts in the early 2000s, characterised as a "wild west" and a "gold rush" (Fyfe 566), comprehensive digitised newspaper archives became available. While still not perfect, in terms of coverage and quality, it is a transforming technology. In the UK, the British Newspaper Archive (BNA)-in pursuit of the goal of the digitising of all UK newspapers-now has over 20 million pages. Each month presents some more of De Morgan. Similarly, in the US, Fulton History, a free newspaper archive run by retired computer engineer Tom Tryniski, now has nearly 40 million pages of New York newspapers. The almost daily footprints of De Morgan's radical life can now be seen, and the lives of the social networks within which he worked on both sides of the Atlantic, come easily into view even from a desk in New Zealand.The Internet also allows connections between researchers, both academic and 'public', bringing into reach resources not otherwise knowable: a Scottish genealogist with a mass of data on De Morgan's family; a Californian with the historian's pot of gold, a collection of over 200 letters received by De Morgan over a 50 year period; a Leeds Public Library blogger uncovering spectacular, but rarely seen, Victorian electoral cartoons which explain De Morgan's precipitate departure to the USA. These discoveries would not have happened without the infrastructure of the Internet, web site, blog, and e-mail. Just how different searching is can be seen in the following recent scenario, one of many now occurring. An addition in 2017 to the BNA shows a Master J.F. Morgan, aged 13, giving lectures on temperance in Ledbury in 1861, luckily a census year. A check of the census through Ancestry shows that Master Morgan was born in Lincolnshire in England, and a quick look at the 1851 census shows him living on an isolated blustery hill in Yorkshire in a railway encampment, along with 250 navvies, as his father, James, works on the construction of a tunnel. Suddenly, literally within the hour, the 20-year search for the childhood of John De Morgan, the supposedly Irish-born "gentleman who repudiated his class," has taken a significant turn.At the end of the 20th century, despite many efforts, John De Morgan was therefore a partial character bounded by what he said and didn't say, what others believed, and the intellectual and historiographical priorities, technologies, tools and processes of that century. In effect, he "lived" historically for a less than a quarter of his life. Without digitisation, much would have remained hidden; with it there has been, and will still be, much to find. De Morgan hid himself and the 20th century forgot him. But as the technologies have changed, and with it the structures of historical practice, the question that even De Morgan himself posed – "Who is John De Morgan?" – can now be addressed.SearchingDigitisation brings undoubted benefits, but its impact goes a long way beyond the improved search and detection capabilities, into a range of technological developments of communication and media that impact on practice, practitioners, institutions, and 'history' itself. A dominant issue for the academic community is the control of "history." De Groot, in his book Consuming History, considers how history now works in contemporary popular culture and, in particular, examines the development of the sometimes conflicted relationship between popular/public history and academic history, and the professional and the 'amateur' historian.The traditional legitimacy of professional historians has, many argue, been eroded by shifts in technology and access with the power of traditional cultural gatekeepers being undermined, bypassing the established control of institutions and professional historian. While most academics now embrace the primary tools of so-called "digital history," they remain, De Groot argues, worried that "history" is in danger of becoming part of a discourse of leisure, not a professionalized arena (18). An additional concern is the role of the global capitalist market, which is developing, or even taking over, 'history' as a brand, product and commodity with overt fiscal value. Here the huge impact of newspaper archives and genealogical software (sometimes owned in tandem) is of particular concern.There is also the new challenge of "navigating the chaos of abundance in online resources" (De Groot 68). By 2005, it had become clear that:the digital era seems likely to confront historians-who were more likely in the past to worry about the scarcity of surviving evidence from the past-with a new 'problem' of abundance. A much deeper and denser historical record, especially one in digital form seems like an incredible opportunity and a gift. But its overwhelming size means that we will have to spend a lot of time looking at this particular gift horse in mouth. (Cohen and Rosenzweig, Web).This easily accessible abundance imposes much higher standards of evidence on the historian. The acceptance within the traditional model that much could simply not be done or known with the resources available meant that there was a greater allowance for not knowing. But with a search button and public access, democratizing the process, the consumer as well as the producer can see, and find, for themselves.Taking on some of these challenges, Zaagsma, having reminded us that the history of digital humanities goes back at least 60 years, notes the need to get rid of the "myth that historical practice can be uncoupled from technological, and thus methodological developments, and that going digital is a choice, which, I cannot emphasis strongly enough, it is not" (14). There is no longer a digital history which is separate from history, and with digital technologies that are now ubiquitous and pervasive, historians have accepted or must quickly face a fundamental break with past practices. However, also noting that the great majority of archival material is not digitised and is unlikely to be so, Zaagsma concludes that hybridity will be the "new normal," combining "traditional/analogue and new/digital practices at least in information gathering" (17).ConclusionA decade on from Cohen and Rozenzweig's "Perils and Promises," the digital is a given. Both historical practice and historians have changed, though it is a work in progress. An early pioneer of the use of computers in the humanities, Robert Busa wrote in 1980 that "the principal aim is the enhancement of the quality, depth and extension of research and not merely the lessening of human effort and time" (89). Twenty years later, as Google was launched, Jordanov, taking on those who would dismiss public history as "mere" popularization, entertainment or propaganda, argued for the "need to develop coherent positions on the relationships between academic history, the media, institutions…and popular culture" (149). As the digital turn continues, and the SEARCH button is just one part of that, all historians-professional or "amateur"-will take advantage of opportunities that technologies have opened up. Looking across the whole range of transformations in recent decades, De Groot concludes: "Increasingly users of history are accessing the past through complex and innovative media and this is reconfiguring their sense of themselves, the world they live in and what history itself might be about" (310). ReferencesAllen, Rob. "'The People's Advocate, Champion and Friend': The Transatlantic Career of Citizen John De Morgan (1848-1926)." Historical Research 86.234 (2013): 684-711.Busa, Roberto. "The Annals of Humanities Computing: The Index Thomisticus." Computers and the Humanities 14.2 (1980): 83-90.Cohen, Daniel J., and Roy Rosenzweig. Digital History: A Guide to Gathering, Preserving, and Presenting the Past on the Web. Philadelphia, PA: U Pennsylvania P, 2005.———. "Web of Lies? 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De Morgan, Elocutionist, and Tribune of the People. Leeds: De Morgan & Co., 1880.Vincent, William T. The Records of the Woolwich District, Vol. II. Woolwich: J.P. Jackson, 1890.Zaagsma, Gerban. "On Digital History." BMGN-Low Countries Historical Review 128.4 (2013): 3-29.