Journal articles on the topic 'Joint Budget Committee'

The evolving federal budget process has placed increasing demands on, and given unique powers to, the economic forecasters at OMB, Treasury, CBO, and the Joint Tax Committee of Congress. On the whole, the forecasters have been highly professional in their work, but differences in estimating techniques and, especially, constraints imposed on their analysis by elected officials have limited their credibility. Both the Administration and Congress “game” the system and even ignore the budget rules when convenient. Thus, a sophisticated budget process can help, but cannot assure, sound fiscal policy in the absence of political will to make hard decisions.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, association governance has been taking place virtually since March 2020. With the ALA Midwinter Meeting taking place online, the ACRL Board met virtually in January and February. The Board held a virtual update session on January 25, 2021, and held Board meetings on January 27 and 29, 2021. In addition, the Board and Budget and Finance Committee convened for their annual joint meeting on February 2, 2021. As the Board did not meet in-person to approve confirmation of synchronous virtual actions taken during the fall meeting, this article also includes actions taken by the Board on November 16, 2020.

Through an active administration approach, the Local Living Security Commission (LLSC) has provided relief to protect the poor strata and reinforce the distribution of entitlements. However, the absence of a system to monitor operational performance makes it difficult to manage it efficiently. The purpose of this study is to find ways to strengthen and efficiently operate the functions of the LLSC through priority analysis of its operation. To this end, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was conducted based on the results of the focus group interview to derive priorities for the operation of the LLSC. The variables used in the AHP analysis included regional conditions, operational performance, organizational method, and network. The result of the analysis revealed, first, that the performance of the committee has increased due to a joint evaluation or verification survey conducted at the end of each year, second, that the creation of a budget for the organization and the operation of an independent LLSC is necessary, and third, that operational performance is the most important, followed by organizational method, network, and regional conditions. Therefore, a system for monitoring performance should be established to improve the operation performance of the LLSC. Additionally, it is necessary to establish an independent LLSC and secure the budget for each city and county. It should be possible to provide feedback on operations through regular priority analysis.

A brief description of the attitude of the state to the resettlement movement in the 1880s is given. The significance of studies of the 1880s is estimated in the process of including the Steppe region in the resettlement policy. The main changes that have occurred in the financing of resettlement activities with the establishment of the Committee of the Siberian Railway are highlighted. The author analyzes the details of the organization and activities of the statistical expedition of F. A. Shcherbina and hydrotechnical expedition of I. I. Zhilinsky. The degree of influence of the results of expeditions on the financing of related branches and other parts of the resettlement budget of the Steppe Territory is revealed. The key aspects of the impact of the new resettlement policy on scientific research in the second half of the 1900s are shown. A change in attitude towards Shcherbina’s expert assessments is shown in connection with the growth of the resettlement movement in 1906-1907. Using soil and botanical expeditions as an example, we consider the features of financing scientific research in 1906-1910: regularity, planning, joint development of estimates by scientists and officials of the Resettlement Department.

AbstractSweden has a long tradition in planning for disaster situations in which the National Board of Health and Welfare has a key responsibilty within the health sector. One important part of this disaster preparedness is education and training. Since 11 September 2001, much focus has been placed on the acts of terrorism with special reference to the effects of the use of chemical, biological, or nuclear/radiological (CBNR) agents. In the health sector, the preparedness for such situations is much the same as for other castastrophic events. The National Board of Health and Welfare of Sweden is a national authority under the government, and one of its responsibilities is planning and the provision of supplies for health and medical services, environmental health, and social services in case of war or crises. “Joint Central Disaster Committees” in each County Council/Region in the country are responsible for overseeing major incident planning for their respective counties/regions. The “Disaster Committee” is responsible for ensuring that: (1) plans are established and revised; (2) all personnel involved in planning receive adequate information and training; (3) equipment and supplies are available; and (4) maintenance arrangements are in place.Sweden adopts a “Total Defense” strategy, which means that it places a high value in preparing for peacetime and wartime major incidents. The Swedish Emergency Management Agency coordinates the civilian Total Defense strategy, and provides funding to the relevant responsible authority to this end. The National Board of Health and Welfare takes responsibility in this process. In this area, the main activities of the National Board of Health and Welfare are: (1) the establishment of national guidelines and supervision of standards in emergency and disaster medicine, social welfare, public health, and prevention of infectious diseases; (2) the introduction of new principles, standards, and equipment; (3) the conducting education and training programmes; and (4) the provision of financial support. The budget for National Board of Health and Welfare in this area is approximately 160 million SEK (US$18 million). The National Board of Health and Welfare also provides funding to the County Councils/Regions for the training of healthcare professionals in disaster medicine and crises management by arranging (and financing) courses primarily for teachers and by providing financial support to the County Councils/Regions for providing their own educational and training programmes. The National Board of Health and Welfare provides funding of approximately 20 million SEK (US$2.4 million) to the County Councils/Regions for this training of healthcare professionals in disaster medicine and crises.

AbstractBackgroundThe Joint Committee on Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM) has recently created the Task Force on Reference Measurement System Implementation (TF-RMSI) for providing guidance on traceability implementation to in vitro diagnostics (IVD) manufacturers. Using serum creatinine (sCr) as an example, a preliminary exercise was carried out by checking what type of information is available in the JCTLM database and comparing this against derived analytical performance specifications (APS) for measurement uncertainty (MU) of sCr.ContentAPS for standard MU of sCr measurements were established as a fraction (≤0.75, minimum quality; ≤0.50, desirable quality; and ≤0.25, optimum quality) of the intra-individual biological variation of the measurand (4.4%). By allowing no more than one third of the total MU budget for patient samples to be derived from higher-order references, two out of the four JCTLM reference materials (RMs) at least allow minimum APS to be achieved for the MU of patient samples. Commutability was explicitly assessed for one of the JCTLM-listed matrixed RMs, which was produced in compliance with ISO 15194:2009 standard, whereas the remaining three RMs were assessed against the ISO 15194:2002 version of the standard, which only required the extent of commutability testing to be reported. Regarding the three listed reference methods, the MU associated with isotopic dilution-mass spectrometry coupled to gas chromatography (ID/GC/MS) and isotopic dilution-mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (ID/LC/MS) would allow APS to be fulfilled, while the isotope dilution surface-enhanced Raman scattering (ID/SERS) method displays higher MU.SummaryThe most recently listed RM for sCr in the JCTLM database meets the ISO 15194:2009 requirements with MU that would allow APS to be fulfilled and has had commutability demonstrated for use as a common calibrator in implementing traceability of sCr measurements. Splitting clinical samples with a laboratory performing ID/GC/MS or ID/LC/MS provides an alternative but would also require all components of uncertainty of these materials to be assessed.OutlookUsing appropriately derived APS to judge whether reference measurement system components are fit for purpose represents a novel approach. The TF-RMSI is planning to review a greater number of measurands to provide more robust information about the state of the art of available reference measurement systems and their impact on the ability of clinical measurements to meet APS.

Abstract. The amount of additional future temperature change following a complete cessation of CO2 emissions is a measure of the unrealized warming to which we are committed due to CO2 already emitted to the atmosphere. This “zero emissions commitment” (ZEC) is also an important quantity when estimating the remaining carbon budget – a limit on the total amount of CO2 emissions consistent with limiting global mean temperature at a particular level. In the recent IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 ∘C, the carbon budget framework used to calculate the remaining carbon budget for 1.5 ∘C included the assumption that the ZEC due to CO2 emissions is negligible and close to zero. Previous research has shown significant uncertainty even in the sign of the ZEC. To close this knowledge gap, we propose the Zero Emissions Commitment Model Intercomparison Project (ZECMIP), which will quantify the amount of unrealized temperature change that occurs after CO2 emissions cease and investigate the geophysical drivers behind this climate response. Quantitative information on ZEC is a key gap in our knowledge, and one that will not be addressed by currently planned CMIP6 simulations, yet it is crucial for verifying whether carbon budgets need to be adjusted to account for any unrealized temperature change resulting from past CO2 emissions. We request only one top-priority simulation from comprehensive general circulation Earth system models (ESMs) and Earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs) – a branch from the 1 % CO2 run with CO2 emissions set to zero at the point of 1000 PgC of total CO2 emissions in the simulation – with the possibility for additional simulations, if resources allow. ZECMIP is part of CMIP6, under joint sponsorship by C4MIP and CDRMIP, with associated experiment names to enable data submissions to the Earth System Grid Federation. All data will be published and made freely available.

Keberhasilan lembaga pendidikan Islam (madrasah) dalam menyelenggarakan pendidikan sangat ditentukan oleh kemampuannya dalam mengimplementasikan fungsi-fungsi manajemen secara profesional. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis implementasi fungsi-fungsi manajemen dalam pengelolaan Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) Islahul Muta’allim Pagutan Kota Mataram. Untuk mendapatkan data, teknik yang digunakan yaitu observasi partisipan, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Data yang diperolah analisis dengan model interaktif seperti yang dikembangkan oleh Miles dan Huberman (1994). Kesimpulan penelitian ini, bahwa dalam pengelolaan MI Ishlahul Muta’allim mengimplementasikan fungsi-fungsi manajemen antara lain fungsi perencanaan, pengorganisasian, dan pengawasan. Fungsi perencanaan dimulai dengan mekanisme penentuan arah dan tujuan yang hendak dicapai dengan melibatkan ketua yayasan, kepala sekolah, guru, dan komite. Fungsi pengorganisasian dilakukan dengan pembagian tugas dan tanggung jawab kepada seluruh civitas madrasah melalui rapat pembagian tugas sebelum tahun ajaran baru dilaksanakan. Fungsi pengawasan dilakukan dengan mengontrol kuantitas dan kualitas kerja personil melalui supervisi kelas, rapat kerja guru dan kepala madrasah, serta audit penggunaan anggaran dilakukan melalui rapat bersama komite madrasah. Title: The Implementation of Management Functions at Islamic Education Institutions (Case Study of Islahul Muta’allim Islamic Elementary School [MI] Management of Pagutan) Abstract: The objectives of this research are to describe and analyze the implementation of management functions in the management of Islahul Muta’allim Islamic Elementary School of Pagutan in Mataram city. To find the data, researcher used the data collection techniques namely: participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. While for data analysis, researcher used data analysis techniques of interactive model developed by Miles and Huberman (1994). The conclusion of this research are; 1) Implementation of the planning function in the management of Islahul Muta’allim Islamic Elementary School is carried out with a mechanism of determination of the directions and objectives to be achieved by the school (madrasah), namely by determining the vision, mission and planned activities in the management of school (madrasah). The people involved in the planning of the school management program are the head of foundation, principal, teachers, and committees. 2) The implementation of the organizing function in the management of Islahul Muta’allim Islamic Elementary School is carried out with a mechanism of the distribution of jobs and responsibilities to the entire school civitas academica through the job sharing meeting for the all teachers and employees before the new school academic year is started. The facilities and equipments needed in the implementation of job are prepared by the school to support the school activities. Whereas for the determination of work methods and procedures, it is carried out based on the family system with the aim that all activities carried out are not neglected when there is a teacher who cannot fulfill the obligation for certain reasons. 3) The implementation of the supervisory function in the management of Islahul Muta’allim Islamic Elementary School is done by controlling the quantity and quality of personnel work, namely by conducting class supervision. For the investigation technique of the work relevance with school planning, it is done by discussing together to the problems which are considered heavy on the programs which have been undertaken and discussing problems through teacher and principal work meetings. While the budget use audit is carried out by prioritizing kinship carried out through joint meetings of school committee.

Abstract The provision of Article 13 TSCG to create an Interparliamentary Conference was the starting point for long discussions after which national parliaments and the European Parliament eventually reached a compromise. This article pursues a two-fold objective: It first examines the different phases of interparliamentary negotiations from 2012 to 2015. On the basis of a distinction between three competing models for interparliamentary cooperation, the article shows that the two models of EP-led scrutiny and creating a collective parliamentary counterweight did not prevail: Parliaments agreed that the new Interparliamentary Conference on Stability, Economic Coordination and Governance (SECG) would follow the ‘standard’ interparliamentary conference (COSAC model). In terms of national parliaments’ actual participation, the lowest common denominator compromise has not changed the numbers of participating MPs: Attendance records are stable over time, the size of national delegations continues to vary and participating MPs are still twice as likely to be members of Budget or Finance committees than to be members of European affairs committees.

Since moving into a shared building in 2009, the Biochemical Society (BS), British Ecological Society (BES) and Society for Experimental Biology (SEB) have worked together on a portfolio of joint ventures. The first joint Society conference took place in January at Charles Darwin House, London, and proved to be a great start to 2011 and the Biochemical Society Centenary celebrations. Organizing a joint conference between Societies can be a challenge and a workable model for joint events takes time to agree. Publication rights need to be discussed and budgets approved. In addition, the operational aspects of running joint events often mean that each Society must amend its practices, procedures and culture. On top of that, to keep the event truly joint, care must be taken at every stage of the planning process to ensure the science is cross-disciplinary, and that sessions are not biased towards one of the organizing Societies. Undeterred, the three Societies committed to running a joint conference, and agreed that maintaining communications every step of the way was the key to success. Regular planning meetings were helped in no small part by the fact that we can now holler over our shared office space at Charles Darwin House!

Since the 2004 enlargement the European Union has reiterated the need to deepen its relations with its eastern neighbours and work out a coherent European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) to maintain the relations with its eastern and southern neighbours. In March 2009 the European Council unanimously expressed its support for the ‘ambitious Eastern Partnership project which has become a part of its ENP and covered eastern neighbourhood countries. The aims and mechanisms of the Eastern Partnership are described in the joint declaration of the E.U. member states and the partner countries. The Partnership offers more to those who show greater progress in reforming their institutions to E.U.standards. According to the authors, the main benefit of this project is the progressive integration of the partner countries with the E.U. structures. The Eastern Partnership project was allocated a budget of 1.9 billion Euros for the 2010–2013 time period. That budget was approved by the European Commission and the money was committed through the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The sumincludes the funds for the programmes and initiatives of the Partnership of multilateral character as well as the funds for cooperation with particular partner countries that meet the main goals of the EP

The International Federation of Societies for Electron Microscopy (IFSEM) was established in the mid-1950s out of a postwar desire to foster communications and collaboration among electron microscopists around the world and, to some extent, in response to growing recognition of the need for formal endorsement of an expanding calendar of meetings featuring foreign speakers and soliciting attendance from the rapidly swelling international community of electron microscopists. The present oversight function, pertaining to the scientific program, adequacy of the budgets, capacity of the facilities, and special amenities of the setting, came later. It must be said that the international ”Olympic Committee” system has worked well with an admirable string of successful meetings and no major problems. This short account deals primarily with the early IFSEM period. Developments during the middle and more recent IFSEM years have been described in a joint publication by Arvid Maunsbach and Gareth Thomas (1996)—both past Presidents of IFSEM. A subsequent account of the present structure, membership, and functions of IFSEM will also appear in a later issue of the Journal.

BackgroundCapacity in health research ethics review is key in Africa, given the increase in research activities, complexity, and use of advanced technologies. Harmonising ethics review frameworks can address challenges attributable to these complexities. Establishing an effective harmonised framework that is optimum or protection of the research subjects requires assessment of review capacity.The East African Health Research Commission commissioned a study to assess the capacity of Review Ethics Committees (RECs) in the East African Community (EAC) countries, as a step towards strengthening and harmonising the regions’ capacity and review frameworks.MethodsA desktop review of documentation (national and institutional guidelines, policies and SOPs) was conducted in five EAC countries. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data from key informants. Qualitative interviews were used to collect views on stakeholders’ perception of benefits, opportunities and challenges of harmonisation.ResultsSixty-nine (69) accredited RECs were mapped. All countries had national ethics guidelines and National Research Regulatory Authorities, whose mandates varied across countries. 57% of RECs reviewed local and international research, 43% reviewed local studies only. On average, 91 protocols were reviewed annually across all RECs (range 15 to 200). Membership ranged from 6 to 22 members per REC, with age range of 29 to 75 years.Annual budget allocation ranged from $3000 to $2.9 mil„lion financed through review fees (84%) or/and institutional budget (14%). 71% of RECs had education policy but 41%had members with training in ethics. Review turn-around time ranged from 14 to 90 days. All RECs supported harmonisation and attributed it to improved efficiency, quality and standardised costs.ConclusionSimilarities and dissimilarities were noted in the EAC countries’ ethics review frameworks. Harmonisation should consider 1) harmonisation of policy frameworks and tools; 2) institutionalisation of regional joint review mechanisms, 3) standardisation of training and capacity strengthening, 4) Review of the REC operational and financing models.

Following D. Allan Bromley's plenary lecture at the 1991 MRS Fall Meeting, the MRS Bulletin conducted a telephone interview with him on December 27. The following is an edited version of that interview. Bromley is Assistant to the President for Science and Technology and also Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). His plenary address is published in the Bulletin's Material Matters column this month.Bulletin: You have obviously managed to sustain excellent relations with the administration while also being an effective spokesperson for science. During your term in office, both the FCCSET (Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology) and PCAST (President's Council of Advisers on Science and Technology) committees have been revitalized. Could you briefly describe the impact of their increased effectiveness?Bromley: I think the best way to do that is to indicate what they're doing now. The FCCSET was established in 1976 at the same time that the OSTP was put in place through joint action of the administration and Congress. The charge to the Council was that of integrating and coordinating issues that transcend the boundaries of any single agency, so it focused on interdisciplinary and multi-agency programs. In the early days, however, it did not function as had been intended because the members were at too low a political level. Decisions reached in the Council could, later in the budget process, be disowned by more senior people in the agencies. Having recognized that problem and with strong support from President Bush, I was able to reconstitute the FCCSET so that its members now consist of secretaries or deputy secretaries from all the relevant agencies, as well as heads of independent agencies like EPA, NSF, and NASA.

A MESSAGE FROM ASCO'S PRESIDENTI am delighted to present you with “Clinical Cancer Advances 2012: Annual Report on Progress Against Cancer From the American Society of Clinical Oncology.” The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) uses this opportunity each year to share the steady progress occurring in our understanding and treatment of cancer. For 2012, we offer again an inspiring perspective on clinical cancer advances over the past year, but with a cautionary note: if current threats to federal funding materialize, future progress in cancer research will be seriously undermined.Continued progress against cancer. As you read the following pages of this report, I hope you will share my unabashed enthusiasm—and pride—in how far we have come. To appreciate what this progress has meant to the millions of people who receive a cancer diagnosis each year, consider the following: (1) two of three people in the United States live at least 5 years after a cancer diagnosis (up from roughly one of two in the 1970s); (2) the nation's cancer death rate has dropped 18% since the early 1990s, reversing decades of increases; and (3) individuals with cancer are increasingly able to live active, fulfilling lives because of better management of symptoms and treatments with fewer adverse effects.Importance of clinical cancer trials. These dramatic trends—and the advances highlighted in this report—would have been unthinkable without the engine that drives life-saving cancer treatment: clinical cancer research. Advances in technology and in our knowledge of how patient-specific molecular characteristics of the tumor and its environment fuel the growth of cancer have brought new hope to patients. Clinical trials are the key to translating cutting-edge laboratory discoveries into treatments that extend and improve the lives of those with cancer.But progress is only part of the story. Cancer remains a challenge, with many cancers undetected until their latest stages and others resisting most attempts at treatment. Tragically, cancer still kills more than 500,000 people in the United States every year, and its global burden is growing rapidly.Bridges to better care. To conquer cancer, we need to build bridges to the future—bridges that will get scientific advances to the patient's bedside quicker, bridges that will enable us to share information and learn what works in real time, and bridges that will improve care for all patients around the world.At ASCO, we recognize the unique role that oncologists must play. ASCO's “Accelerating Progress Against Cancer: Blueprint for Transforming Clinical and Translational Cancer Research,”1published last year, presents our vision and recommendations to make cancer research and patient care vastly more targeted, more efficient, and more effective. We have also launched a groundbreaking initiative, CancerLinQ, that aims to improve cancer care and speed research by drawing insights from the vast pool of data on patients in real-world settings.Renewing a national commitment to cancer research. We are on the threshold of major advances in cancer prevention, detection, and treatment—but only if, as a nation, we remain committed to this critical endeavor.The federally funded cancer research system is currently under threat by larger federal budget concerns. Clearly, Congress faces a complex budget environment, but now is not the time to retreat from our nation's commitment to conquering a disease that affects nearly all of us. Bold action must be taken to ensure that we can take full advantage of today's scientific and technologic opportunities.Please join me in celebrating our nation's progress against cancer and in recommitting ourselves to supporting cancer research. Millions of lives depend on it.Sandra M. Swain, MDPresidentAmerican Society of Clinical Oncology

Abstract The registration system of death and cause of death as part of a good Civil Registration and Vital Statistics System (CRVS) form the basis for planning, monitoring and evaluating development programs. Ambon City as one of the development areas for recording death and causes of death since 2010 shows results that are still under-estimated (below 7 permill). Evaluation of the implementation process is needed to find out the obstacles. The qualitative methods include in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and collecting secondary data as supporting data. The analysis is part of the Comprehensive Evaluation Study on the Development of the Death Registration System and the Causes of Death in 14 districts/cities in Indonesia in 2014, carried out by triangulation and thematically compiled. The results obtained that the system of birth and death registration in the city of Ambon is already well-organized: there are regional regulations regarding the administration of population administration even though they have not included information on causes of death; the difference in vital registration data from various agencies; limited human resources, funds, facilities and infrastructure; and public awareness to report births/deaths still low. To increase the coverage of death registration and causes of death, it is necessary: local government regulations that include the cause of death; formation of joint committees and “one data” vital statistics; Autopsy Verbal (AV) workshop/training; utilization of funds from the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget and Health Operational Costs optimally; cooperation with community leaders (Muhabet) and socialization to the community. Abstrak Sistem registrasi kematian dan penyebab kematian sebagai bagian dari Sistem Registrasi Sipil dan Statistik Vital (Civil Registrations and Vital Statistics/CRVS) yang baik menjadi dasar untuk perencanaan, monitoring, dan evaluasi program pembangunan. Kota Ambon sebagai salah satu daerah pengembangan kegiatan pencatatan kematian dan penyebab kematian sejak tahun 2010, menunjukkan hasil yang masih under estimate (dibawah 7 permil). Evaluasi proses pelaksanaan diperlukan untuk mengetahui kendala yang dihadapi. Metode yang digunakan kualitatif meliputi wawancara mendalam, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) dan mengumpulkan data sekunder sebagai data pendukung. Analisis merupakan bagian dari Studi Evaluasi Menyeluruh Pengembangan Sistem Registrasi Kematian dan Penyebab Kematian di 14 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia Tahun 2014, dilakukan dengan triangulasi dan disusun secara tematik. Hasil yang diperoleh bahwa sistem pencatatan kelahiran dan kematian di Kota Ambon sudah tersistem dan tertata cukup baik, ada peraturan daerah tentang penyelenggaraan administrasi kependudukan walaupun belum mencakup keterangan penyebab kematian; adanya perbedaan data registrasi vital dari berbagai instansi; keterbatasan sumber daya manusia, dana, sarana prasarana; serta kesadaran masyarakat untuk melaporkan kejadian kelahiran/kematian yang masih rendah. Untuk meningkatkan cakupan registrasi kematian dan penyebab kematian, diperlukan: regulasi pemerintah daerah yang menyertakan penyebab kematian; pembentukan komite bersama dan “one data” statistik vital; workshop/pelatihan Autopsy Verbal (AV); pemanfaatan dana Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD) dan Biaya Operasional Kesehatan (BOK) secara optimal; kerjasama dengan tokoh masyarakat (Muhabet), dan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat.

The article assesses the state of oversight of the budget and expenditure of the South African civilian intelligence services (now called the State Security Agency). The roles of various structures, including the National Treasury, the Executive, the Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence (JSCI) and the Auditor-General, during the period 1995 to 2014, are examined. The article argues that whilst the system of financial oversight has strengths, there are systemic weaknesses which have resulted in uneven levels of financial accountability over the years. The article therefore proposes that measures to strengthen the system of oversight are needed to improve financial accountability. These include reforming the relevant legislation and providing more robust powers to the oversight actors.

The 2008 Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals required healthcare organizations to adopt practices to reduce the likelihood of harm associated with use of anticoagulation therapy. Assessment of our anticoagulation programs in 2008 demonstrated gaps that did not meet these new requirements. Patients were enrolled in two large anticoagulation clinics (separately managed by pharmacy and cardiology) with smaller programs linked to their clinical service lines. Identified gaps included: separate programs that were not standardized and had no integrated governance/oversight, inadequate budget and staffing models to meet growing demand, lack of unified practice policy and anticoagulation information systems, and lack of standardized quality measures and reporting. Vanderbilt leadership commissioned an Anticoagulation Executive Steering Committee to perform an operational redesign of the anticoagulation programs to meet National Patient Safety Goals. The committee appointed working groups to: evaluate and redesign clinical operations and finance, perform a technology assessment to develop standard anticoagulation information systems, and develop standardized reporting of quality metrics. The key redesign features were: 1) merging of the existing anticoagulation clinics into a single unified program; 2) dedicated institutional budget for ambulatory anticoagulation services with costs shared across the clinical enterprise; 3) implementation of standard policies and protocols for anticoagulation management and education; 4) creation of dedicated oral anticoagulation management software (AMS) fully integrated into the electronic health record; 5) creation of medical director and program manager positions for operational oversight of the unified program, and an Anticoagulation Oversight Committee for clinical practice supervision; 6) development of a bundle of quality metrics and operational/clinical data reports derived from the AMS. Our redesign experience provides a blueprint for other organizations that provide anticoagulation management to meet National Patient Safety Goals.

AbstractReference laboratories providing reference services recognized by the Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM) must be accredited as calibration laboratories according to ISO 17025 and ISO 15195. These standards require laboratories to establish an uncertainty budget, in which the uncertainty contributions of the relevant uncertainty components are specified. We present a model to estimate the measurement uncertainty of creatine kinase catalytic activity concentration results obtained by IFCC primary reference measurement procedure.The measurement uncertainty has been estimated by following the next steps: 1) specification of the measurand; 2) identification of the most relevant uncertainty sources; 3) estimation of standard uncertainties by either type A or type B evaluation; 4) estimation of combined uncertainty while taking into account sensitivity coefficients, as well as existence of correlated uncertainty sources; and 5) estimation of expanded uncertainty with a defined coverage probability.The estimated expanded uncertainty was 2.2% (The present model is an approach to establish the uncertainty budget of primary reference procedures for the measurement of the catalytic activity concentration of enzymes, and aims at being an example to be followed by other reference laboratories, as well as by laboratories that carry out primary reference measurement procedures.

The 1995 local-level government reforms undertaken in Papua New Guinea (PNG) were largely in response to increasing concern that the public service was failing in its responsibility towards the people. As a result, the 1995 Organic Law on Provincial and Local Governments (OLPLLG) was established. The prime purpose of this was to address this issue through deeper engagement of the lower levels of government, particularly local-level governments (LLGs). Almost two decades on, poor socio-economic conditions and deterioration in infrastructure/services suggest that the proposed change has not materialised. The purpose of this paper is to address the question of whether the lower tiers of government are capable of implementing the development plans under the reforms. The paper finds that the 1995 reforms have made LLGs dependent upon their Joint District Planning and Budget Priorities Committee (JDP & BPC) and their district administration, which have become the main impediment to local government effectiveness. This in turn has greatly hindered LLG capacity and has reinforced unequal relations, rather than assisting service delivery in PNG. There is therefore a need to make LLGs more effective players.

In March 2006, the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the President of the World Bank commissioned the External Review Committee on IMF-World Bank Collaboration to look at the status of institutional collaboration and provide suggestions for improvement. The Committee’s report, released in February 2007, called for the strengthening of the culture of collaboration in the two institutions, and made a number of specific proposals in that direction. The Joint Management Action Plan (JMAP) was prepared against this background, and the actions agreed between Bank and Fund managements in the JMAP are scheduled to be presented in informal Board meetings in early October. The JMAP will be launched immediately after the Annual Meetings. The goal is for most new systems to be operational in time for the preparation of FY09 budgets.

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The Joint Research Committee between St. Olavs Hospital and the faculty of Medicine, NTNU. The Norwegian Association for Children with Congenital Heart Disease Research Foundation, FFHB Background There is a risk of gaseous- and solid micro embolus formation during transcatheter procedures (CATH) and surgery in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Silent strokes during surgery or CATH may contribute to neurological impairment. NeoDoppler is a non-invasive ultrasound system based on plane wave transmissions to continuously monitor cerebral blood flow in infants with an open fontanelle. Gaseous- and solid micro embolus passing through the ultrasound beam create High Intensity Transient Signals (HITS) in the Doppler signal. Purpose We aimed to study the amount of HITS during CATH and surgery in infants using NeoDoppler. Methods The NeoDoppler probe operates at a frequency of 7.8 MHz. The frame rate is 300 fps and the beam covers a wide cylindrical area (10/35mm width/depth). The system displays a color M-mode Doppler and a spectrogram. The broad ultrasound beam permits prolonged scanning time of each event as the HITS move through the ultrasound beam. The high framerate and color M-mode allows for tracking of embolies in depth. In this study the NeoDoppler probe was attached to the anterior fontanelle of infants with CHD during CATH (n = 15) and cardiac surgery (n = 13). HITS were defined as high intensity signal creating skewed lines in the color M-mode Doppler moving away or towards the probe (blue/red) with a corresponding high intensity signal in the spectrogram. HITS were grouped into single HITS and HITS with curtain effect. Single HITS were defined as single skewed lines in the color M-mode Doppler and spectrogram. HITS with curtain effect were defined as skewed broad lines or multiple intensity increase lines in the color M-mode Doppler with corresponding intensity increase that filled the entire doppler curve. HITS with curtain effect are believed to represent numerous HITS that could not be separated from each other in the spectrogram. HITS were manually detected in an in-house MatLab application. Results The study group consisted of 28 infants (17 males) with different CHD who underwent CATH or surgery. The median age and weight was 96 days (range 3-240 days) and 5650 g (range 2400-8085 g). HITS were detected in 13/15 patients during CATH with a total of 392 HITS (Median 12, Range 0-149) and in all patients during surgery with a total of 772 HITS (Median 45, Range 11-150). The picture shows examples of single HITS (panel A) and HITS with curtain effect (panel B). One can appreciate the embolic trajectory pattern in depth over time in the color M-mode Display. Conclusion In this study we found that NeoDoppler enables detection of frequent HITS in patients with CHD undergoing surgery or CATH. NeoDoppler could become a useful tool to guide modifications of procedures, with aim to reduce the risk of silent stroke. However, further studies are needed to validate the technique. Abstract Figure.

Since independence, Malaysia has gradually built a robust and resilient economy, which has sustained strong economic growth. We have almost eradicated hardcore poverty, and at the same time, have been able to provide the society near universal access to basic health, education, communications and other public services. As a result, the quality of life for the vast majority of Malaysians has improved. However, achieving our bold aspirations of Vision 2020, by the year 2020, will be challenging. Despite the resilient economic condition, Malaysia still belongs to the middle-income group. In order to join the high-income nations, Malaysia needs to transform economically. This government is committed in pursuing this strategy to achieve high-income status. We have embarked on an Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) to propel our economy to 2020. The ETP builds upon the policy directions, strategies and programmes of the 10th Malaysia Plan incorporated in the New Economic Policy. In this ETP strategy programmes have laid out the long-term budget in order to achieve the vision 2020 objectives. Using these figures, this study has forecasted the expected economic impact on Malaysia in the year 2020 using the input-output analysis technique. The results of the study reveal that, by year 2020 Malaysia is expected to produce a total output estimated at RM1,603 billion, increase the total household income to RM 138.365 billion, and create 9.784 million employments for the Malaysian. Keyword: Economic transformation programme, economic impact, inputoutput analysis.

Abstract. The function of supervision by Inspectorate is crucial to ensure the management of local government is running effectively and efficiently. As the internal supervisor institution, Inspectorate should be able to optimize its functions based on The Rule of Minister of Home Affairs Number 64/2007 to create the good governance and clean government. This study is aimed to (1) determine the optimilising the function of Inspectorate in Talaud Island Municipality; (2) analyse the obstacles in optimilising the function of Inspectorate in Talaud Island Municipality; (3) analyse the strategies to optimize the function of Inspectorate in supervising local finance. This study is an exploratory qualitative research. Data were collected by in-depth interviews, observation, and study documentation from primary data and secondary data. The results show the function of Inspectorate in supervising local finance in Talaud Island Municipality is not optimal yet. It is, thus, strategies are required to overcome the obstacles in supervision of local finance by Inspectorate of Talaud Island Municipality. Strategies consist of to: (1) increase the quantitiy of inspector/audit staff; (2) increase of auditor competencies; (3) increase the allocation of supervision budget; (4) increase of facility supervision; (5) optimize the rule of internal auditor as consultant and catalyst; (6) punishment to local work unit (SKPD) staff who are not committed to conduct supervision; and (7) joint commitment of local government in supervision field. Keywords : supervision, optimilising, local finance, the rule of minister of home affairs number 64/2007 Abstrak. Fungsi Pengawasan Inspektorat sangat penting dalam menjamin penyelenggaraan pemerintahan daerah yang efektif dan efisien. Inspektorat sebagai lembaga pengawas internal pemerintah daerah harus mampu melaksanakan fungsinya berdasarkan Permendagri No. 64 Tahun 2007 secara optimal untuk mewujudkan tata kelola pemerintahan yang baik dan bersih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : (1) mengetahui apakah fungsi Inspektorat Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud sudah optimal; (2) menganalisis kendala-kendala yang dihadapi Inspektorat Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud dalam optimalisasi fungsi pengawasan keuangan daerah; (3) menganalisis upaya atau strategi Inspektorat Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud dalam mengoptimalkan fungsi pengawasan keuangan daerah. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan eksploratori. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumentasi yang bersumber dari data primer dan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan fungsi Inspektorat dalam pengawasan keuangan daerah di Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud belum optimal, sehingga dibutuhkan strategi untuk mengatasi kendala-kendala dalam pelaksanaan fungsi pengawasan yakni (1) penambahan tenaga pengawas; (2) meningkatkan kompetensi APIP; (3) meningkatkan alokasi anggaran pengawasan; (4) penambahan fasilitas pengawasan; (5) mengoptimalkan peran APIP sebagai konsultan dan katalis; (6) pemberian sanksi tegas bagi SKPD yang lalai atau kurang berkomitmen terhadap pelaksanaan pengawasan; dan (7) adanya komitmen bersama pemerintah daerah dalam bidang pengawasan. Kata kunci: pengawasan, optimalisasi, keuangan daerah, Permendagri No. 64 Tahun 2007

Since the first days of the World Wide Web, artists like myself have been exploring the new possibilities of network interactivity. Some good tools and languages have been developed and made available free for the public to use. This has empowered individuals to participate in the media in ways that are quite remarkable. Nonetheless, the future of independent media is clouded by legal, regulatory, and organisational challenges that need to be addressed. It is not clear to what extent independent content producers will be able to build upon the successes of the 90s – it is yet to be seen whether their efforts will be largely nullified by the anticyclones of a hostile media market. Not so long ago, American news magazines were covering the Browser War. Several real wars later, the terms of surrender are becoming clearer. Now both of the major Internet browsers are owned by huge media corporations, and most of the states (and Reagan-appointed judges) that were demanding the break-up of Microsoft have given up. A curious about-face occurred in U.S. Justice Department policy when John Ashcroft decided to drop the federal case. Maybe Microsoft's value as a partner in covert activity appealed to Ashcroft more than free competition. Regardless, Microsoft is now turning its wrath on new competitors, people who are doing something very, very bad: sharing the products of their own labour. This practice of sharing source code and building free software infrastructure is epitomised by the continuing development of Linux. Everything in the Linux kernel is free, publicly accessible information. As a rule, the people building this "open source" operating system software believe that maintaining transparency is important. But U.S. courts are not doing much to help. In a case brought by the Motion Picture Association of America against Eric Corley, a federal district court blocked the distribution of source code that enables these systems to play DVDs. In addition to censoring Corley's journal, the court ruled that any programmer who writes a program that plays a DVD must comply with a host of license restrictions. In short, an established and popular media format (the DVD) cannot be used under open source operating systems without sacrificing the principle that software source code should remain in the public domain. Should the contents of operating systems be tightly guarded secrets, or subject to public review? If there are capable programmers willing to create good, free operating systems, should the law stand in their way? The question concerning what type of software infrastructure will dominate personal computers in the future is being answered as much by disappointing legal decisions as it is by consumer choice. Rather than ensuring the necessary conditions for innovation and cooperation, the courts permit a monopoly to continue. Rather than endorsing transparency, secrecy prevails. Rather than aiming to preserve a balance between the commercial economy and the gift-economy, sharing is being undermined by the law. Part of the mystery of the Internet for a lot of newcomers must be that it seems to disprove the old adage that you can't get something for nothing. Free games, free music, free pornography, free art. Media corporations are doing their best to change this situation. The FBI and trade groups have blitzed the American news media with alarmist reports about how children don't understand that sharing digital information is a crime. Teacher Gail Chmura, the star of one such media campaign, says of her students, "It's always been interesting that they don't see a connection between the two. They just don't get it" (Hopper). Perhaps the confusion arises because the kids do understand that digital duplication lets two people have the same thing. Theft is at best a metaphor for the copying of data, because the original is not stolen in the same sense as a material object. In the effort to liken all copying to theft, legal provisions for the fair use of intellectual property are neglected. Teachers could just as easily emphasise the importance of sharing and the development of an electronic commons that is free for all to use. The values advanced by the trade groups are not beyond question and are not historical constants. According to Donald Krueckeberg, Rutgers University Professor of Urban Planning, native Americans tied the concept of property not to ownership but to use. "One used it, one moved on, and use was shared with others" (qtd. in Batt). Perhaps it is necessary for individuals to have dominion over some private data. But who owns the land, wind, sun, and sky of the Internet – the infrastructure? Given that publicly-funded research and free software have been as important to the development of the Internet as have business and commercial software, it is not surprising that some ambiguity remains about the property status of the dataverse. For many the Internet is as much a medium for expression and the interplay of languages as it is a framework for monetary transaction. In the case involving DVD software mentioned previously, there emerged a grass-roots campaign in opposition to censorship. Dozens of philosophical programmers and computer scientists asserted the expressive and linguistic bases of software by creating variations on the algorithm needed to play DVDs. The forbidden lines of symbols were printed on T-shirts, translated into different computer languages, translated into legal rhetoric, and even embedded into DNA and pictures of MPAA president Jack Valenti (see e.g. Touretzky). These efforts were inspired by a shared conviction that important liberties were at stake. Supporting the MPAA's position would do more than protect movies from piracy. The use of the algorithm was not clearly linked to an intent to pirate movies. Many felt that outlawing the DVD algorithm, which had been experimentally developed by a Norwegian teenager, represented a suppression of gumption and ingenuity. The court's decision rejected established principles of fair use, denied the established legality of reverse engineering software to achieve compatibility, and asserted that journalists and scientists had no right to publish a bit of code if it might be misused. In a similar case in April 2000, a U.S. court of appeals found that First Amendment protections did apply to software (Junger). Noting that source code has both an expressive feature and a functional feature, this court held that First Amendment protection is not reserved only for purely expressive communication. Yet in the DVD case, the court opposed this view and enforced the inflexible demands of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Notwithstanding Ted Nelson's characterisation of computers as literary machines, the decision meant that the linguistic and expressive aspects of software would be subordinated to other concerns. A simple series of symbols were thereby cast under a veil of legal secrecy. Although they were easy to discover, and capable of being committed to memory or translated to other languages, fair use and other intuitive freedoms were deemed expendable. These sorts of legal obstacles are serious challenges to the continued viability of free software like Linux. The central value proposition of Linux-based operating systems – free, open source code – is threatening to commercial competitors. Some corporations are intent on stifling further development of free alternatives. Patents offer another vulnerability. The writing of free software has become a minefield of potential patent lawsuits. Corporations have repeatedly chosen to pursue patent litigation years after the alleged infringements have been incorporated into widely used free software. For example, although it was designed to avoid patent problems by an array of international experts, the image file format known as JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) has recently been dogged by patent infringement charges. Despite good intentions, low-budget initiatives and ad hoc organisations are ill equipped to fight profiteering patent lawsuits. One wonders whether software innovation is directed more by lawyers or computer scientists. The present copyright and patent regimes may serve the needs of the larger corporations, but it is doubtful that they are the best means of fostering software innovation and quality. Orwell wrote in his Homage to Catalonia, There was a new rule that censored portions of the newspaper must not be left blank but filled up with other matter; as a result it was often impossible to tell when something had been cut out. The development of the Internet has a similar character: new diversions spring up to replace what might have been so that the lost potential is hardly felt. The process of retrofitting Internet software to suit ideological and commercial agendas is already well underway. For example, Microsoft has announced recently that it will discontinue support for the Java language in 2004. The problem with Java, from Microsoft's perspective, is that it provides portable programming tools that work under all operating systems, not just Windows. With Java, programmers can develop software for the large number of Windows users, while simultaneously offering software to users of other operating systems. Java is an important piece of the software infrastructure for Internet content developers. Yet, in the interest of coercing people to use only their operating systems, Microsoft is willing to undermine thousands of existing Java-language projects. Their marketing hype calls this progress. The software industry relies on sales to survive, so if it means laying waste to good products and millions of hours of work in order to sell something new, well, that's business. The consequent infrastructure instability keeps software developers, and other creative people, on a treadmill. From Progressive Load by Andy Deck, artcontext.org/progload As an Internet content producer, one does not appeal directly to the hearts and minds of the public; one appeals through the medium of software and hardware. Since most people are understandably reluctant to modify the software running on their computers, the software installed initially is a critical determinant of what is possible. Unconventional, independent, and artistic uses of the Internet are diminished when the media infrastructure is effectively established by decree. Unaccountable corporate control over infrastructure software tilts the playing field against smaller content producers who have neither the advance warning of industrial machinations, nor the employees and resources necessary to keep up with a regime of strategic, cyclical obsolescence. It seems that independent content producers must conform to the distribution technologies and content formats favoured by the entertainment and marketing sectors, or else resign themselves to occupying the margins of media activity. It is no secret that highly diversified media corporations can leverage their assets to favour their own media offerings and confound their competitors. Yet when media giants AOL and Time-Warner announced their plans to merge in 2000, the claim of CEOs Steve Case and Gerald Levin that the merged companies would "operate in the public interest" was hardly challenged by American journalists. Time-Warner has since fought to end all ownership limits in the cable industry; and Case, who formerly championed third-party access to cable broadband markets, changed his tune abruptly after the merger. Now that Case has been ousted, it is unclear whether he still favours oligopoly. According to Levin, global media will be and is fast becoming the predominant business of the 21st century ... more important than government. It's more important than educational institutions and non-profits. We're going to need to have these corporations redefined as instruments of public service, and that may be a more efficient way to deal with society's problems than bureaucratic governments. Corporate dominance is going to be forced anyhow because when you have a system that is instantly available everywhere in the world immediately, then the old-fashioned regulatory system has to give way (Levin). It doesn't require a lot of insight to understand that this "redefinition," this slight of hand, does not protect the public from abuses of power: the dissolution of the "old-fashioned regulatory system" does not serve the public interest. From Lexicon by Andy Deck, artcontext.org/lexicon) As an artist who has adopted telecommunications networks and software as his medium, it disappoints me that a mercenary vision of electronic media's future seems to be the prevailing blueprint. The giantism of media corporations, and the ongoing deregulation of media consolidation (Ahrens), underscore the critical need for independent media sources. If it were just a matter of which cola to drink, it would not be of much concern, but media corporations control content. In this hyper-mediated age, content – whether produced by artists or journalists – crucially affects what people think about and how they understand the world. Content is not impervious to the software, protocols, and chicanery that surround its delivery. It is about time that people interested in independent voices stop believing that laissez faire capitalism is building a better media infrastructure. The German writer Hans Magnus Enzensberger reminds us that the media tyrannies that affect us are social products. The media industry relies on thousands of people to make the compromises necessary to maintain its course. The rapid development of the mind industry, its rise to a key position in modern society, has profoundly changed the role of the intellectual. He finds himself confronted with new threats and new opportunities. Whether he knows it or not, whether he likes it or not, he has become the accomplice of a huge industrial complex which depends for its survival on him, as he depends on it for his own. He must try, at any cost, to use it for his own purposes, which are incompatible with the purposes of the mind machine. What it upholds he must subvert. He may play it crooked or straight, he may win or lose the game; but he would do well to remember that there is more at stake than his own fortune (Enzensberger 18). Some cultural leaders have recognised the important role that free software already plays in the infrastructure of the Internet. Among intellectuals there is undoubtedly a genuine concern about the emerging contours of corporate, global media. But more effective solidarity is needed. Interest in open source has tended to remain superficial, leading to trendy, cosmetic, and symbolic uses of terms like "open source" rather than to a deeper commitment to an open, public information infrastructure. Too much attention is focussed on what's "cool" and not enough on the road ahead. Various media specialists – designers, programmers, artists, and technical directors – make important decisions that affect the continuing development of electronic media. Many developers have failed to recognise (or care) that their decisions regarding media formats can have long reaching consequences. Web sites that use media formats which are unworkable for open source operating systems should be actively discouraged. Comparable technologies are usually available to solve compatibility problems. Going with the market flow is not really giving people what they want: it often opposes the work of thousands of activists who are trying to develop open source alternatives (see e.g. Greene). Average Internet users can contribute to a more innovative, free, open, and independent media – and being conscientious is not always difficult or unpleasant. One project worthy of support is the Internet browser Mozilla. Currently, many content developers create their Websites so that they will look good only in Microsoft's Internet Explorer. While somewhat understandable given the market dominance of Internet Explorer, this disregard for interoperability undercuts attempts to popularise standards-compliant alternatives. Mozilla, written by a loose-knit group of activists and programmers (some of whom are paid by AOL/Time-Warner), can be used as an alternative to Microsoft's browser. If more people use Mozilla, it will be harder for content providers to ignore the way their Web pages appear in standards-compliant browsers. The Mozilla browser, which is an open source initiative, can be downloaded from http://www.mozilla.org/. While there are many people working to create real and lasting alternatives to the monopolistic and technocratic dynamics that are emerging, it takes a great deal of cooperation to resist the media titans, the FCC, and the courts. Oddly enough, corporate interests sometimes overlap with those of the public. Some industrial players, such as IBM, now support open source software. For them it is mostly a business decision. Frustrated by the coercive control of Microsoft, they support efforts to develop another operating system platform. For others, including this writer, the open source movement is interesting for the potential it holds to foster a more heterogeneous and less authoritarian communications infrastructure. Many people can find common cause in this resistance to globalised uniformity and consolidated media ownership. The biggest challenge may be to get people to believe that their choices really matter, that by endorsing certain products and operating systems and not others, they can actually make a difference. But it's unlikely that this idea will flourish if artists and intellectuals don't view their own actions as consequential. There is a troubling tendency for people to see themselves as powerless in the face of the market. This paralysing habit of mind must be abandoned before the media will be free. Works Cited Ahrens, Frank. "Policy Watch." Washington Post (23 June 2002): H03. 30 March 2003 <http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A27015-2002Jun22?la... ...nguage=printer>. Batt, William. "How Our Towns Got That Way." 7 Oct. 1996. 31 March 2003 <http://www.esb.utexas.edu/drnrm/WhatIs/LandValue.htm>. Chester, Jeff. "Gerald Levin's Negative Legacy." Alternet.org 6 Dec. 2001. 5 March 2003 <http://www.democraticmedia.org/resources/editorials/levin.php>. Enzensberger, Hans Magnus. "The Industrialisation of the Mind." Raids and Reconstructions. London: Pluto Press, 1975. 18. Greene, Thomas C. "MS to Eradicate GPL, Hence Linux." 25 June 2002. 5 March 2003 <http://www.theregus.com/content/4/25378.php>. Hopper, D. Ian. "FBI Pushes for Cyber Ethics Education." Associated Press 10 Oct. 2000. 29 March 2003 <http://www.billingsgazette.com/computing/20001010_cethics.php>. Junger v. Daley. U.S. Court of Appeals for 6th Circuit. 00a0117p.06. 2000. 31 March 2003 <http://pacer.ca6.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/getopn.pl?OPINION=00a0... ...117p.06>. Levin, Gerald. "Millennium 2000 Special." CNN 2 Jan. 2000. Touretzky, D. S. "Gallery of CSS Descramblers." 2000. 29 March 2003 <http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery>. Links http://artcontext.org/lexicon/ http://artcontext.org/progload http://pacer.ca6.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/getopn.pl?OPINION=00a0117p.06 http://www.billingsgazette.com/computing/20001010_cethics.html http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery http://www.democraticmedia.org/resources/editorials/levin.html http://www.esb.utexas.edu/drnrm/WhatIs/LandValue.htm http://www.mozilla.org/ http://www.theregus.com/content/4/25378.html http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A27015-2002Jun22?language=printer Citation reference for this article Substitute your date of access for Dn Month Year etc... MLA Style Deck, Andy. "Treadmill Culture " M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0304/04-treadmillculture.php>. APA Style Deck, A. (2003, Apr 23). Treadmill Culture . M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 6,< http://www.media-culture.org.au/0304/04-treadmillculture.php>