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1
Maybury, Ronald B. "Codex Alimentarius Approach to Pesticide Residue Standards." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 3 (May 1, 1989): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.3.538.
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Abstract To protect consumers' health, most countries have maximum legal limits for pesticide residues in foods. Trade difficulties can arise when limits differ between countries. The Codex Alimentarius Commission was established in 1962 to implement the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, the purpose of which is to protect consumer health and ensure fair practices in international food trade. The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR), an intergovernmental body which advises the Commission on matters related to pesticide residues, is responsible for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides in foods and feeds that move in international trade. Codex MRLs are based on residue data obtained mainly from supervised trials that reflect approved pesticide use in accordance with "good agricultural practice." MRLs must be toxicologically acceptable in terms of estimated pesticide intake by consumers. CCPR Working Groups examine problems related to establishing and implementing MRLs, including sampling and methods of analysis. Despite time and effort expended, acceptance and application of Codex MRLs face many problems in international trade.
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Stanković, Ivan, and Milica Zrnić-Ćirić. "Food additives: Risk analysis and legislation." Arhiv za farmaciju 71, no. 1 (2021): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/arhfarm71-30117.
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Food additive is any substance not normally consumed as a food, the intentional addition of which to food for a technological purpose results in it or its by-products becoming a component of such foods. The use of each new additive is preceded by a risk analysis consisting of three interrelated components: risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. At the international level in the Codex Alimentarius system, risk assessment is performed by the Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and risk management by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) that, based on the results of the risk assessment, prepares international standards and recommendations that Member States incorporate into national regulations. At the level of the European Union (EU), risk assessment is performed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as a basis for risk management by the European Commission (EC) that prepares food additive legislation, and member states authorities responsible for official control of additives on the market. Risk communication takes place between all stakeholders including academia, food producers and consumers. The regulation on additives in the Republic of Serbia is fully harmonized with the EU legislation in this area.
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Ivanova, L. P., T. V. Adamchuk, A. P. Hrynko, O. P. Kravchuk, and H. I. Petrashenko. "Analysis of international approaches to regulation of pesticides in processed agricultural products (literature review)." One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 55, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2021-55-2-94-99.
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Object . Analysis of pesticide regulations documents and scientific works regarding processed agricultural products. Results. The principles to establish maximum residue levels (MRLs) for active ingredients of pesticides in raw agricultural commodities (RACs) and processed products are currently available in the European Union and Ukraine and are provided by the WHO Commission “Codex Alimentarius” and the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) were reviewed. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) project with the overall objective is to develop a database of validated processing factors based on the residue definitions for enforcement, which is compatible with the EFSA food classification and description system was outlined. The European Association of Plant Producers of the EU Vegetable Oil and Proteinmeal Industry (FEDIOL) position on pesticide MRLs in vegetable oils and fats were described. This concept has identified two main elements allowing to give an indication of the fat solubility of an substances. In particular, variants of interpretation of the octanol/water partition coefficient (log Pow) were analyzed. It can be used to predict whether the substance is fat - or water-soluble and to provides an estimate of the tendency of a active ingredients of pesticides to bioaccumulate in fat. In the case of vegetable oils, MRLs can be approximated based on the physico/chemical properties of the pesticides and on the oil content of the raw agricultural commodities (theoretical processing factors from oilseeds seed to oil). Conclusions. The review determines the necessity of improve Ukrainian pesticides regulation procedure and the development of a risk-oriented approach to the selection of priority indicators for the set of MRLs of pesticides in agricultural processed products. Key Words: pesticides, residues, processed products, oilseeds.
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Vojir, Franz, Erwin Schübl, and Ibrahim Elmadfa. "The Origins of a Global Standard for Food Quality and Safety: Codex Alimentarius Austriacus and FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 82, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000115.
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In the second half of the 19th century the incidence of food adulterations increased very rapidly, prompting many European countries to put into force food laws to fight these practices. A number of parallel attempts were undertaken to establish a collection of instructions for the assessment of food samples to warrant the comparability of results obtained and interpreted by different experts. The first official steps towards such a standardization was made in 1891 at an international meeting of food chemists and microscopic scientists in Vienna. As a consequence, Austria installed a Scientific Commission in 1891, which drafted chapters for a future Codex Alimentarius Austriacus. In 1907, a Codex Commission was installed by the Ministry of Interior, but it took about four years, from 1907 to 1911, before the first edition of this compendium was published. So far, four editions have followed. The Codex Alimentarius Austriacus is a set of standards and guidelines for stakeholders, authorities, and law courts as a base for their activities. It has evolved over the past 100 years to become a flexible instrument, which has become indispensable for Austria. After 1945, attempts were made in different parts of the world to develop standardized rules for the testing of food samples to prevent trade barriers within the respective region. In Europe for instance, the development of a Codex Alimentarius Europaeus initiated by the Austrian Hans Frenzel, and based upon the model of the Codex Alimentarius Austriacus, made good progress. A number of other European countries were involved in this project. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations were intent on impeding such regional activities to prevent trade barriers at a global level. Between 1960 and 1963, steps were taken to install a FAO/WHO Codex partly in close cooperation with the Codex Alimentarius Europaeus. Since 1963, the FAO/WHO Codex Commission has issued the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius, which took its name and some organizational aspects from Codex Alimentarius Europaeus, that was itself modeled after the Codex Alimentarius Austriacus. The Codex Alimentarius Europaeus was incorporated into the Codex Alimentarius Commission as the regional coordinating committee for Europe, thus providing a model for the six regional coordination committees of the Codex Alimentarius Commission existing today.
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LeJeune, Jeffrey T., Kang Zhou, Christine Kopko, and Haruka Igarashi. "FAO/WHO Joint Expert Meeting on Microbiological Risk Assessment (JEMRA): Twenty Years of International Microbiological Risk Assessment." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081873.
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Since the late 1990s, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO) has convened expert meetings and consultations to address the microbiological risk assessment (MRA). These meetings are held to provide scientific advice in response to requests for from Codex Alimentarius, the international food standard-setting body. Individuals participate in the FAO/WHO joint expert meetings on the microbiological risk assessment (JEMRA) in their personal capacity, as technical experts, yet bring diverse regional and national perspectives that contribute to practical applications, particularly for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Over 370 experts from around the globe have contributed to the meeting outcomes that have been published in nearly 40 monographs in the FAO/WHO microbial risk assessment (MRA) series, addressing particular food commodities with microbial hazard(s) combinations or a methodological aspect of microbial risk assessment. FAO/WHO MRA series inform Codex decision-making for the development of international standards for safe food and faire trade in food products; are consulted by risk managers such as food safety authorities and food business operators to make science-based decisions; and are used by academics to advance food safety research and educate the next generation of food safety professionals.
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SDEPANIAN, Vera Lucia, Isabel Cristina Affonso SCALETSKY, Mauro Batista de MORAIS, and Ulysses FAGUNDES-NETO. "Pesquisa de gliadina em medicamentos: informação relevante para a orientação de pacientes com doença celíaca." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 38, no. 3 (September 2001): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032001000300007.
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Racional — Alguns medicamentos podem conter gliadina, portanto, sua utilização poderá ser prejudicial aos pacientes com doença celíaca. Objetivo - Detectar a presença de gliadina em medicamentos comumente comercializados no Brasil. Métodos - Foram analisados 78 medicamentos sorteados a partir de uma lista de 180 produtos comumente comercializados. Os medicamentos analisados foram: analgésicos (n = 9), anti-helmínticos (n = 3), antiácidos (n = 8), antibióticos (n = 13), anticolesterolêmicos (n = 1), anticonvulsivantes (n = 2), antidepressivos (n = 2), antidiabéticos (n = 1), antieméticos (n = 3), anti-hipertensivos (n = 3), anti-histamínicos (n = 3), antiinflamatórios (n = 7), antitérmicos (n = 2), broncodilatadores (n = 1), descongestionantes (n = 4), laxantes (n = 1), contraceptivos orais (n = 5) e vitaminas (n = 10). As amostras foram analisadas pela técnica de ELISA utilizando anticorpo monoclonal ômega-gliadina, considerada de eleição segundo o Codex Alimentarius Commission WHO/FAO. Todas as amostras foram analisadas em duplicata. O nível de detecção do teste é de 4 mg de gliadina/100 g de produto. Resultados - Dentre os 78 medicamentos analisados, em apenas 1 (1,3%) foi detectada a presença de gliadina (5,5 mg/100 g). O componente ativo do medicamento é ranitidina. De acordo com o Codex Alimentarius Commission WHO/FAO, o limite máximo diário permitido ao consumo pelos indivíduos com doença celíaca é igual a 10 mg de gliadina. Considerando a quantidade de gliadina num único comprimido de ranitidina, a quantidade ingerida seria bem menor do que a máxima permitida ao consumo pelo paciente com doença celíaca. Conclusões - Neste estudo não foi identificada gliadina em medicamentos em quantidade que constitua risco para pacientes com doença celíaca.
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Gumienna, Małgorzata, and Barbara Górna. "Gluten hypersensitivities and their impact on the production of gluten-free beer." European Food Research and Technology 246, no. 11 (August 6, 2020): 2147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03579-9.
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Abstract This article consists of a study of the literature and an assessment of available data on the production of gluten-free beer and its constituents. The article shows how the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission for Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses defines celiac disease, gluten-free products, and gluten-free beer. It describes diet-dependent diseases, which require a gluten-free diet, and groups of potential consumers of gluten-free beer. This article describes the use of oats as a raw material for the production of brewing malt and its usefulness in the production of beer. It specifies how the technological process of standard beer production needs to be modified so that the product meets the requirements of patients with celiac disease. The article also provides an overview of literature data on the production of gluten-free beer from pseudocereal malts, such as sorghum malt, buckwheat malt, amaranth malt, and quinoa malt.
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Ogbonna, P. C., O. O. Osim, and E. Biose. "Determination of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil and Accumulation in Cassava (Manihot Esculenta) in Automobile Waste Dumpsite at Ohiya Mechanic Village." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 2020): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2020.01.0173.
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Human health challenges resulting from consumption of food contaminated by heavy metals necessitated the investigation of soil and cassava plants around automobile waste dumpsite at Ohiya mechanic village, Abia State, Nigeria. Soil and cassava samples collected randomly at the site were analyzed for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). The values of highest concentration of Cu and Pb in soil was recorded in 0-10 cm, Cr was obtained in 21-30 cm while Cd was in 11-20 cm soil depth. The concentration of Cd (0.11±0.00 to 0.26±0.00 mg/kg) in soil exceed maximum permitted level of 0.1 mg/kg (Cd) by FAO/WHO. The concentration of Pb (0.01±0.001 to 3.24±0.00 mg/kg) and Cd (0.07±0.00 to 2.08±0.00 mg/kg) in cassava plants exceed the permissible limit of 0.3 mg/kg (Pb) and 0.2 mg/kg (Cd) set by FAO/WHO. The Pearson correlation analysis show very strong positive relationship between Cu and Cu (r=0.996) and Pb and Pb (r=0.986) while strong negative relationship exist between Cr and Cr (r= -0.686) and Cd and Cd (r= -0.981) in soil and plant. Based on our findings, the concentrations of Cd in soil vis-à-vis Pb and Cd in plants which exceed maximum permitted level set by Codex Alimentarius Commission FAO/WHO will expose man and animals that relied on soil and cassava plants for food to serious health risks. Consequently, Abia State government should prevent farmers’ access to the site by fencing round the automobile waste dumpsite.
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Ogbonna, P. C., E. C. Nzegbule, K. O. Obasi, and H. Obasi. "Heavy Metals in Soil and Accumulation in Medicinal Plants at an Industrial Area in Enyimba city, Abia State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 2, no. 1 (March 2018): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.01.0067.
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The study assessed heavy metals in the soil and subsequent accumulation in plants at an industrial site at Enyimba city, Abia State, Nigeria. Soil and medicinal plant samples were analyzed for zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). The highest concentration of Zn (142.06 ± 2.91 mg/kg), Pb (18.06 ± 1.30 mg/kg) and Cd (27.055 ± 2.468 mg/kg) were obtained at the sampling points of 2, 7 and 5, respectively. The highest concentrations of Zn (27.09 ± 1.44 mg/kg) and Cd (2.000 ± 0.156 mg/kg) were accumulated by Azadiractha indica while the highest concentration of Pb (4.58 ± 0.51 mg/kg) was accumulated by Mangifera indica. The levels of Zn and Cd in soil were 13.77 ± 1.35 to 142.06 ± 2.91 and 0.695 ± 0.106 to 27.055 ± 2.468, and their concentrations in Azadiractha indica were 5.06 ± 0.35 to 27.09 ± 1.44 and 0.002 ± 0.001 to 2.000 ± 0.156 mg/kg, respectively. The concentrations of Zn and Cd in soil and Cd in Azadiractha indica reflected a state of pollution relative to Dutch criteria for soil and the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission for soil and herbal plants.
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Žikić, Dragan, Slobodan Stojanović, and Gordana Ušćebrka. "INTERNATIONAL REGULATION AND STANDARDS IN FOOD SAFETY." International Journal "Advanced Quality" 44, no. 4 (March 11, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25137/ijaq.n4.v44.y2016.p33-36.
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The food production in the past period was mainly quantity-oriented. Nowadays the food production is transformed into an international System of Quality, implying production of food that has preserved its identity. This change has been caused by often incidents (Salmonella, BSE, E. coli O157:H7, dioxin), and these incidents were caused by interruption of food-safety chain. International organizations (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations - FAO, World Health Organization - WHO, Office International des Epizooties - OIE, Codex Alimentarius Commission - CAC, International Organization for Standardization – ISO), on the basis of latest science acknowledgements, submitted new recommendations and standards of food-safety, with emphasis on integrated approach in development and applying of standards of food-safety as opportunity to access to global world market. By the other hand, high requests from developed countries could result in perplexity ‘standards as barriers’ and ‘standards as catalysts’ in the context of food safety standards in international trade in agricultural and food products. This paper explores the food safety concept through international regulation and food safety standards.
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Tivana, L., J. da Cruz Francisco, B. Bergenståhl, and P. Dejmek. "Cyanogenic Potential of Roasted Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots Rale from Inhambane Province, Mozambique." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S375—S378. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1102-cjfs.
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Roasted cassava roots flour is part of a common meal in Africa, it is known as <I>rale</I> in Mozambique. Fifty six samples of <I>rale</I> were collected from homes and markets in Inhambane Province, Mozambique, for cyanogenic potential (CNp) analyses. The names of cassava varieties used for preparing the <I>rale</I> samples could be determined in the home-collected samples, three varieties were recorded. <I>Xinhembwe</I> variety gave <I>rale</I> samples with 30 ± 8 mg CNp/kg (mean + standard error), <I>Precoce de angola</I> with 43 ± 11 mg CNp/kg and <I>Rungo sabonete</I> with 58 ± 22 mg CNp/kg dry weight. The mean cyanogenic value for all the 56 samples collected was 41 ± 16 mg CNp/kg. Cyanogenic potentials in all the <I>rale</I> samples were above 10 mg HCN/kg, the value regarded by the Codex Alimentarius Commission of the FAO/WHO as safe.
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Ogbonna, P. C., E. N. Kalu, and O. U, Nwankwo. "Determination of Heavy Metals in Sawdust Particles, Distribution in Soil and Accumulation in Plants at Ahiaeke Timber Market in Umuahia, Nigeria." October 2018 2, no. 2 (September 2018): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0071.
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Farmers are constrained to farming on lands adjoined to sources of pollution without considering the health implications of consuming crops grown on such lands. The main route of entry of heavy metals in human body is via ingestion of food contaminated with heavy metals. Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it. This, therefore, necessitated the determination of heavy metals in sawdust, distribution in soil and accumulation in plants at Ahiaeke timber market in Umuahia, Abia State. The study assessed metals (chromium [Cr], zinc [Zn], cadmium [Cd], and copper [Cu]) in sawdust particles, their distribution in soil and accumulation in plants. The highest concentration of Zn (51.00±1.84 mg/kg) and Cr (0.170±0.014 mg/kg) was observed at the sawdust dump 2, Cu (8.24±0.60 mg/kg) was highest at sawdust dump 1 while Cd (4.72±0.071 mg/kg) was highest at sawdust dump 3. The values of the highest concentration of Zn (119.7±7.02 mg/kg), Cu (75.85±4.80 mg/kg) and Cd (22.39±3.30 mg/kg) in soil were observed in 0-10 cm depth at the distance of 20 m. The values of Zn (119.7±7.02 mg/kg) and Cd (22.39±3.30 mg/kg) in soil is above the maximum permitted levels of 60 mg/kg (Zn) and 0.1 mg/kg (Cd) established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The highest concentration of Zn (34.70±7.05 mg/kg), Cu (5.34±0.11 mg/kg) and Cd (2.94±0.515) in plants was assimilated by Centrosema pubescence. The level of Cd in plants is well above the permissible limit (PL) 0.3 mg/kg set by FAO/WHO for vegetables and herbs. Consumption of such contaminated C. pubescence can be a route of entry of Cd in grazing animals’ vis-à-vis the people who depend on such herbivores for protein.
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Georgieva, Olga V., L. S. Konovalova, and I. Ya Kon'. "The system of the quality control and the safety of baby food, the prospects of its development." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-11-1091-1095.
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In the article there is considered the substantiation of raise demands to the chemical composition of children’s food and indices of their safety, with taking into account the immaturity of metabolic and physiological processes and limitations of “depot” of nutrients in babies. Based on research results of leading experts in the field of children’s nutritiology and according to the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius of the Commission of FAO/WHO, ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition, the EFSA recommendations and EUDirectives there were specified requirements for the ingredient composition, content of essential components and indices of the nutritional value of substitutes for human milk and functional products for the nutrition of infants of the first year of life. There are shown stages of the development of the Russian system of hygienic requirements for baby food, and the direction of its harmonization with international and European standards, particularly for substitutes for human milk and products of dietary therapeutic and dietary preventive nutrition for babies. There are considered aspects of the introduction ofproducts and weaning food dishes into the food ration of infants. There is presented the classification ofproducts of children’s food and the assortment of each group of weaning foods. There is provided the modern legislative framework in the field of the quality and safety for infant nutrition. There was shown the difference between domestic legislation and regulatory framework of the EurAsEC Customs Union of the European countries in the field offood products safety for children older three years. There are presented proposals on the creation of the single regulatory base within the framework of the EurAsEC Customs Union for control the quality and safety of all the baby foods
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Anongo, M'ember Catherine, and Victor Vincent. "TRACE METAL LEVELS OF SOIL-GROWN AMARANTHS ON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DRAINAGE OF WUKARI METROPOLIS." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2022-0601-851.
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Soil metal levels of municipal solid waste (MSW) drainage and morphological traits of Amaranthus spp growing in the natural drainage of Wukari Metropolis was investigated as an ecological monitoring data survey and food chain contamination assessment. Selected morphological traits, physico-chemical parameters and the status of selected trace metal (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) levels of the municipal solid waste drainage used for dry season cultivation of Amaranthus spp were determined according to standard analytical procedures. Results reveals a significant soil Pb and Cr levels in the MSW drainage arising from traffic density fallouts. A higher soil organic matter content, slightly acidic pH and CEC of MSW drainage indicate the suitability of MSW drainage for Amaranths cultivation as reveals in the selected morphological traits which agrees with the findings of other works. This reflect high microbial activity in the compositing of MSW in the drainage. Trace metal levels were below the Joint WHO/FAO Codex Alimentarius permissible limits (Pb = 2mg/kg; Cr = 1.30mg/kg; Cu = 10mg/kg; Zn = 5mg/kg) but higher for Cr and Pb revealing the close proximity of study area to high traffic density of the Katsina –Ala – Jalingo Highway. Dry season irrigation farming of vegetables should be far from high traffic density. Natural treatment of MSW and subsequent utilization of drainages or dumpsites for dry season vegetable farming is environmentally-friendly than the application of inorganic fertilizers that pollute agricultural soils, groundwater surface waters and the soil ecosystem.
Keywords - Municipal Solid Waste, Drainage, Dumpsite, Trace Metals, Amaranths,
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Ulomi, Winstone J., Fauster X. Mgaya, Zuhura Kimera, and Mecky I. Matee. "Determination of Sulphonamides and Tetracycline Residues in Liver Tissues of Broiler Chicken Sold in Kinondoni and Ilala Municipalities, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Antibiotics 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091222.
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In Tanzania, the increased demand for animal-derived foods, particularly eggs, meat, and milk, has resulted in the intensification of farming systems with the use of antimicrobials, particularly sulphonamides and tetracyclines. According to the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius commission, concentrations of antimicrobial residues in food exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and maximum residual limit (MRL) pose a health risk to consumers. This cross-sectional study determined the concentrations of sulphonamide and tetracycline residues in the liver tissues of commercial broiler chicken sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to find out whether the amounts of residues were within the legally permitted and acceptable limits in food. We conveniently sampled eighty-four liver tissue samples from broiler chicken sold in two out of six large markets in Dar es Salaam. The amounts of tetracycline and sulphonamide residues were determined using an ELISA kit (Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology Company, Shenzhen, China). The results showed that all 100% (n = 84) samples contained tetracycline residues and 21.4% (n = 18) samples contained sulphonamide residues, while 21.4% (n = 18) contained both sulphonamide and tetracycline residues. The concentrations of sulphonamide residues were within the maximum residual limit (MRL). However, 90.5% (n = 76) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) range 0–3 µg/kg and 13.1% (n = 11) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the maximum residue limit of 300 µg/kg. The observed presence of antibiotic residues in the poultry tissues poses a health risk to consumers, and may lead to antimicrobial resistance micro-organisms, which may spread to humans and animals via the environment. Vigorous surveillance and observation of the withdrawal periods should be advocated to ensure that the food from animals is safe with regard to the residues of veterinary medicines.
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Finardi, Corrado, and Gianluca Tognon. "“Is ‘junk food’ an ‘healthy’ concept?” the challenges of the current debate." British Food Journal 116, no. 8 (July 29, 2014): 1222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-06-2013-0155.
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Purpose – The term “junk food” is for the most part currently used in the widest political and media debate, without reference to something tangible. The purpose of this paper is to pinpoint the delicate issues involved in moving towards a trans-national, unified, consensual definition of the term “junk food”, including social, economic, cultural, nutritional and methodological problems. Design/methodology/approach – Departing from the work done by international bodies (WHO, FAO-Codex Alimentarius, OECD, EFSA and European Commission) authors descriptively investigate possible background elements able to frame the surrounding debate about “junk food” (“nutrient profiles”, labelling provisions, institutional aspects, etc.). Findings – Presently there is a lack of a global consensus and of scientific basis to define clearly what constitutes “junk food” either on regional areas or globally. Despite of good metrics able to classify foods according to their nutritional quality, policy making relies yet on the concept that only diets or single nutrients can be focused as “good or bad”. Practical implications – A “junk food” taxonomy could be helpful to harmonize trade policies in internal markets (i.e. the EU) and at global level; but also to gain a wider social support for “hard” policy measures intending to counteract non-communicable-diseases (NCDs), and more generally, obesity and overweight. Social implications – A clear basis for “junk food” definition could be the first step to introduce otherwise controversial and easily opposable public health policies and campaigns, due to private interests of the different stakeholders. Even consumers may perceive food policies (in the sake of “food taxes” or “traffic light labelling”) as unfair, whereas not robust scientific ground has been previously given at the highest possible level. Originality/value – The value of this descriptive paper consists in addressing the shortcomings of global and regional nutritional policies framework in front of the emerging trend of “globesity”. Conclusions stress the need to find support for broader food policies (labelling, taxes, education, bans, etc.) which currently are on the rise but lack fundamental aspects of scientific and hence social support.
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Dacera, Dominica, Jennifer Fronteras, Daisic Bello, and Kathleen Joy delos Santos. "Acetic Acid as Value-added Product from Pesticide-free Banana and Pineapple Peels." Philippine Journal of Science 150, no. 2 (December 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.56899/150.02.03.
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Wastes from banana and pineapple peels pose increasing disposal and pollution problems as they represent a large fraction of the fruit. One mitigating measure to address this concern is the conversion of these wastes into high-value products. This study explored the potential of producing acetic acid from banana and pineapple peels through fermentation. Physicochemical characterization showed an initial sugar content of 12.60% for banana peel and 11.61% for pineapple peel, thus indicating their potential for conversion to acetic acid. Further, the pesticide residue analysis in the peels revealed that organochlorines, organophosphorus, and pyrethroids are way below the maximum residue limit (MRL) values set by the Bureau of Philippine Standards (BPS), Joint FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), and the European Commission (EC) Regulation No. 396/2005, which enhanced their suitability as raw material for use in fermentation. Processing the peels to achieve various sugar concentrations of 15% (15°Brix), 20% (20°Brix), and 25% (25°Brix), and the subsequent addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae allowed the peels to undergo anaerobic fermentation to produce ethanol. The maximum amount of ethanol obtained at a temperature of 26.7 °C and pH of 3.63 was 10.81% v/v (Day 10) from banana peels and 10.60% v/v (Day 10) from pineapple peels at 27 °C and pH of 3.27, both from 20% (20°Brix) sugar concentration. Aerobic fermentation of the extract with Acetobacter aceti converted ethanol to acetic acid. The maximum amount of acetic acid produced, which was from 20% sugar solution at 27.4 °C and pH of 3.59, was 4.56% for banana peels after 16 d while that of pineapple was obtained after 18 d of fermentation at 28 °C and pH of 3.34. For both banana and pineapple peels, no significant differences in the amount of acetic acid produced from three different sugar concentration were observed. The acetic acid produced from banana and pineapple peels can be explored further for potential industrial applications
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"The Legal Foundations of Organic Agriculture as a Means of Security of Public Health." Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 5, no. 2 (May 15, 2022): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-5.2-n000220.
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Background: The decisive role in the process of organic agriculture and organic food production belongs to legal regulation. This article sets out the relevance of the study of the issues of legal provision of organic agriculture as a means of maintaining public health, both nationally and internationally. Having this in mind, the aim of the article is to find ways to solve medical and legal problems of public health by forming an effective legal mechanism for organic agriculture at both national and international levels. Methods: The methodological basis for the study of legal support of organic agriculture are general and special methods of scientific knowledge: dialectical, analysis and synthesis, synergism, historical and legal, formal-logical, system-structural, comparative-legal, formal- legal, and statistical. The empirical materials for the article were theoretical developments of representatives of legal and economic science, international legal acts (the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations, Codex Alimentarius), legislation of Ukraine (Law of Ukraine ‘On basic principles and requirements for organic production, circulation and labelling of organic products’ (2018)), acts from the UN (Commission Regulation (EC) 889/2008 with provisions on the implementation of Council Regulation (EU) No. 834/2007 on organic production, labeling of organic products and control, Council Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007 of 28 June 2007 on organic production and labeling of organic products), acts from the USA (Organic Foods Production Act, OFPA (1990)), and documentation from other states that regulate public relations in the field of legal support of organic agriculture and analyse UN, WHO, FAO, and IFOAM Statistics. Results and Conclusions: The need to address medical and legal issues of public health requires a joint effort of the world community in the development and creation of unified legal foundations for organic production and universal standards for organic agricultural products, as well as the introduction of an effective international legal mechanism for legal support of organic agriculture, stimulating its development and promoting a healthy lifestyle and organic foods.
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van Ree, Ronald, Dexter Sapiter Ballerda, M. Cecilia Berin, Laurent Beuf, Alexander Chang, Gabriele Gadermaier, Paul A. Guevera, et al. "The COMPARE Database: A Public Resource for Allergen Identification, Adapted for Continuous Improvement." Frontiers in Allergy 2 (August 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2021.700533.
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Motivation: The availability of databases identifying allergenic proteins via a transparent and consensus-based scientific approach is of prime importance to support the safety review of genetically-modified foods and feeds, and public safety in general. Over recent years, screening for potential new allergens sequences has become more complex due to the exponential increase of genomic sequence information. To address these challenges, an international collaborative scientific group coordinated by the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), was tasked to develop a contemporary, adaptable, high-throughput process to build the COMprehensive Protein Allergen REsource (COMPARE) database, a publicly accessible allergen sequence data resource along with bioinformatics analytical tools following guidelines of FAO/WHO and CODEX Alimentarius Commission.Results: The COMPARE process is novel in that it involves the identification of candidate sequences via automated keyword-based sorting algorithm and manual curation of the annotated sequence entries retrieved from public protein sequence databases on a yearly basis; its process is meant for continuous improvement, with updates being transparently documented with each version; as a complementary approach, a yearly key-word based search of literature databases is added to identify new allergen sequences that were not (yet) submitted to protein databases; in addition, comments from the independent peer-review panel are posted on the website to increase transparency of decision making; finally, sequence comparison capabilities associated with the COMPARE database was developed to evaluate the potential allergenicity of proteins, based on internationally recognized guidelines, FAO/WHO and CODEX Alimentarius Commission
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van der Meulen, Bernd M. J. "Codex Alimentarius: The Impact of the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme on EU Food Law." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3192451.
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Liu, Zhongdong, Boxiang Liu, and Gaowei Chen. "Retrospective analysis of the development history of the Chinese food additive standards system based on the CODEX principles." npj Science of Food 3, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41538-019-0060-x.
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AbstractIn 1984, China joined the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), which was established by the United Nations’ World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which consists of 188 member states and one member organization. Since then, China has taken an active role in various initiatives organized by the Codex Committee on Food Additives (CCFA) and has shared resources and experience with its Codex member states, thus effectively promoting the development of the Chinese food additive standards system. Instead of a country where almost no systematic food additive standard were available, China has become the host country of the CCFA’s sessions. China’s food additive industry is the only one that is supported by international standards, out of the industries of the International Standard Industrial Classification and China’s national economy. Based on this case, four strategic milestones are summarized by retrospectively analyzing the history of the development of Chinese food additive standards from 1978 to the present. China is expected to share its valuable experience and provide references for the improvement of food additive standards systems in multiple developing countries, so promoting food safety and trade harmonization. With the advances in core technologies in the food industry, the future development of food additive standardization is also forecast in this review.
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Бурмистров, Евгений, Evgeny Burmistrov, Ольга Бурмистрова, Olga Burmistrova, Наталья Леонидовна Наумова, and Natalia L. Naumova. "Analysis of the range and quality of olive oil." Agrarian Bulletin of the, October 26, 2019, 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/article_5db430d777b612.09424240.
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Abstract. Assortment falsification and low quality of expensive imported food products contribute to the development of mistrust on the part of consumers and, thereby, decrease their sales volumes, which impedes the expansion of sales markets and profit from sales. The aim of the research was to study the assortment and quality of olive oil sold on the commodity market. The studies used generally accepted test methods: marketing, organoleptic, physico-chemical, statistical. Results. It has been established that the assortment of olive oils is represented by 24 names of products: mainly unrefined by the production method, of Spanish origin, in green glass bottles of 0.5 l and 0.25 l, with a price range of 1 liter from 479.9 rubles. (trademark “Altera”) up to 1220 rubles. (trademark “Borges”). The labeling of the samples taken for testing of unrefined olive oil Extra Virgin Olive Oil of the “Borges” and “Sitia” brands and the refined Olive oil of the “Fillippo Berio” trademark was complete and complies with the requirements of current technical regulations. Consumer labeling of „Olivesco“ brand squeezed oil needs to be corrected in the name and composition of the products. The quality of consumer packaging, sensory and physico-chemical (relative density, refractive index, color number, acidity, acid and peroxide numbers) indicators were within the Russian and international standards. The best example of Extra Virgin Olive Oil can be considered “Sitia” brand products, which have confirmed their status of Protected Appellation of Origin (PDO). The scientific novelty of the research is to identify the quality of oils for compliance with the requirements of the international regulatory document – CODEX STAN 33-1981, REV.2-2003, developed by the Codex Alimentarius and adopted by the FAO / WHO International Commission.
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Edwin, O. Clarke, O. Adeboyejo Akintade, P. Ndimele Emeka, and M. Olarinmoye Oluwatosin. "Assessment of Persistent Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Commercially Important Fin and Shell Fishes of River Majidun, Lagos, Nigeria." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, March 4, 2021, 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2021/v40i131244.
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Aim: The pesticide pollution of aquatic ecosystems has developed serious environmental anxiety, provoking a necessity for continuous evaluation of harmful constituents.
Study Design: A quantitative cum descriptive experimental design was used to evaluate the occurrence and concentration of Persistent Organochlorine Pesticides (POPs) in water, sediment, fish (Tilapia zilli and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) and shell fishes (Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, Littorina littorea and Callinectes pallidus) of River Majidun, Lagos, Nigeria.
Place and Duration of Study: Nigerian Institute of Oceanography and Marine Research (NIOMR) between June and December, 2019.
Methodology: Sediment samples were collected by the Rigosha grab sampler and fish samples were purchased from commercial fishermen. Sample preparation was done according to the Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 3570 method. POPs were evaluated using Hewlett Packard 5890 series II gas chromatography with electron capture detector.
Results: Twenty-one organochlorine residues were identified including p’p’DDT, Lindane (γ-HCH), Dieldrin, Heptachlor, Aldrin, Chlordane, Endrin aldehyde, Endrin ketone, Methoxichlor and Endosulphan. Concentrations in water ranged between 0.03 µg l-1 (Endrin ketone) and 1.97 µg l-1 (Methoxychlor). In sediment, it is between 4.55 µg kg-1 (β-HCH) and 128.25 µg kg-1 (Methoxychlor). In Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, Methoxychlor was 123.83 µg kg-1 and Lindane ((γ)- HCH) was highest here (39.35 µg kg-1). Callinectes pallidus had a high concentration of Endrin ketone (133.13 µg kg-1). The Tilapia zilli highest concentration was 110.35 µg kg-1 (endrin ketone) and it had the highest pp’DDT which was 41.40 µg kg-1.
Conclusion: Evidently, there was sequestration of POPs from water into sediment and bioaccumulation in the organisms, due to exposure. The level of POPs in all samples were below the limits of 200 µg kg-1 fresh weight in fish and sea food set by Codex Alimentarius Commission by FAO/WHO. The attendant environmental/human menace cum inherent danger of the raised levels of POPs, calls for continuous monitoring of River Majidun.